Dinh Ly Thang Du Trung Hoa

NUMBER THEORY - VMO 2014-2015 20 NH L THNG D TRUNG HOA
20. NH L THNG D TRUNG HOA

20.1. GII THIU
Chng ta xt bi ton m u sau. Gii h phng trnh ng d

x 3( mod 5) (1)

x 7( mod 8) (2)

x 5( mod 7) (3).
Gii. T ng d (1) ta c
x = 5q1 + 3. (4)
Thay kt qu (4) trn vo ng d (2) ta c
5q1 + 3 7( mod 8) 5q1 4( mod 8).
Do 5.5 = 25 1( mod 8) v (5, 8) = 1 nn
5.5q1 5.4( mod 8) q1 4( mod 8) q1 = 8q2 + 4.
T (4) cho ta x = 5(8q2 + 4) + 3 = 40q2 + 23 (5). Thay (5) vo (3) ta c
40q2 + 23 5( mod 7) 40q2 18( mod 7) 5q2 3( mod 7).
V 3.5 = 15 1( mod 7) v (3, 7) = 1 nn
3.5q2 3.3( mod 7) 15q2 9( mod 7) q2 2( mod 7) q2 = 7q3 + 2.
Li thay kt qu trn vo (5) ta c
x = 40(7q3 + 2) + 23 = 280q3 + 103 x 103( mod 280).
280 = 5 8 7. Tc h phng trnh trn c nghim
x 103( mod 5 8 7).
20.2. NH L
nh l 20.2.1. Cho k s nguyn dng i mt nguyn t cng nhau m1 , m2 , . . . , mk , v a1 , a2 , . . . , ak
l k s nguyn ty . Khi h ng d tuyn tnh

x a1 ( mod m1 )

x a ( mod m )
2 2

.........

x a ( mod m )
k k
c nghim duy nht mod m1 m2 . . . mk .
Ths Trn Minh Hin (0989.541.123) - Trng THPT chuyn Quang Trung 158
Chng minh. 1. Chng minh s duy nht. Gi s ta c hai nghim l x, y. Dn n
x y( a1 ( mod m1 )), x y( a2 ( mod m2 )), . . . , x y( ak ( mod mk )).
V m1 , m2 , . . . , mn nguyn t cng nhau i mt nn
x y( mod m1 m2 . . . mk ).
Tc y v x cng thuc mt lp thng d theo mod m1 m2 . . . mk
2. Chng minh s tn ti. Ta mun vit cc nghim nh l mt t hp tuyn tnh ca cc a1 , a2 , . . . , ak
x = A 1 a1 + A 2 a2 + + A k ak .
Vi cc Ai phi tm tha mn
A j 0( mod mi ), j 6= i v Ai 1( mod mi ).
N1 = m2 m3 . . . mk
N2 = m1 m3 . . . mk
.........
Ni = m1 m2 . . . mi1 mi+1 . . . mk .
Khi (Ni , mi ) = 1 v (mi , m1 ) = (mi , m2) = . . . = (mi , mi1 ) = (mi , mi+1 ) = . . . = (mi , mk ) = 1
v m j |Ni , j 6= i. V (Ni , mi ) = 1 nn tn ti Ni1 , tc l
Ni .Ni1 1( mod mi ).
n y t
Ai = Ni .Ni1
th
Ai 1( mod mi ) v Ai 0( mod m j ), j 6= i(v Ni 0( mod m j ) Ai 0( mod m j )).
Khi
x = A1 a1 + A2 a2 + + Ak ak = N1 .N11 a1 + N2 N21 a2 + + Nk Nk1 ak
s tha mn
x Ni Ni1 ai ai ( mod mi )
(v tt c cc tha s cn li u ng d 0 do mi |N j , j 6= i).
20.3. P DNG C BN
V d 20.3.1. Gii h phng trnh ng d

x 2( mod 3)

x 3( mod 5)

x 5( mod 7).
Gii. Ta c
N1 = 5.7 = 35 2( mod 3) N11 = 2,
N2 = 3.7 = 21 1( mod 5) N21 = 1,
N3 = 3.5 = 15 1( mod 7) N31 = 1.
T ta c
x = 2.35.2 + 1.21.3 + 1.15.5 = 278 68( mod 105)
l nghim ca h phng trnh.
V d 20.3.2. Gii h phng trnh

x 6( mod 11)

x 13( mod 16)

x 9( mod 21)

x 19( mod 25).
Chng minh. Ta c
N1 = 16.21.25 = 8400 7( mod 11) N11 = 8,
N2 = 11.21.25 = 5775 15( mod 16) N21 = 15,
N3 = 11.16.25 = 4400 11( mod 21) N31 = 2,
N4 = 11.16.21 = 3696 21( mod 25) N41 = 6.
Khi nghim ca h phng trnh l
x = 6.8400.8 + 13.5775.15 + 9.4400.2 + 19.3696.6 = 2029869 51669( mod 11.16.21.25 = 92400).
V d 20.3.3. Tm tt c cc nghim ca phng trnh x2 1( mod 144).
Chng minh. V 144 = 16.9, v (16, 9) = 1. Do theo nh l thng d Trung Hoa th nghim ca
bi ton chnh l nghim ca h phng trnh
(
x 1( mod 16)
x 1( mod 9).
V x2 1( mod 16) c 4 nghim x 1, 7( mod 16) v x2 1( mod 9) c hai nghim x 1( mod

9). Do ta c tt c 8 trng hp xy ra
x 1( mod 16) v x 1( mod 9) (1),
x 1( mod 16) v x 1( mod 9) (2),

x 1( mod 16) v x 1( mod 9) (3),
x 1( mod 16) v x 1( mod 9) (4),
x 7( mod 16) v x 1( mod 9) (5),
x 7( mod 16) v x 1( mod 9) (6),
x 7( mod 16) v x 1( mod 9) (7),
x 7( mod 16) v x 1( mod 9) (8).
C tm h phng trnh trn u ng vi k = 2 v
N1 = 9 9( mod 16) N11 = 9 N1 .N11 = 81,
N2 = 16 7( mod 9) N21 = 4 N2 .N21 = 64.

Do phng trnh ban u c tt c 8 nghim sau
(1) : x 1.81 + 1.64 = 145 1( mod 144),

(2) : x 1.81 + (1).64 = 17 17( mod 144),
(3) : x (1).81 + 1.64 = 17 17( mod 144),
(4) : x (1).81 + (1).64 = 145 1( mod 144),
(5) : x 7.81 + 1.64 = 631 55( mod 144),
(6) : x 7.81 + (1).64 = 503 71( mod 144),
(7) : x (7).81 + 1.64 = 503 71( mod 144),
(8) : x (7).81 + (1).64 = 603 55( mod 144).
20.4. CHNG MINH S TN TI MT MNH TON HC

Bi 20.4.1. Cho a, b l hai s nguyn dng ln hn 1, (a, b) = 1. Chng minh rng tn ti k Z sao
cho
A = (ab 1)n .k + 1
l hp s vi mi n nguyn dng.
Phn tch v gii. 1. chng minh A l hp s, th cn chng minh A chia ht cho mt s no .
T nhin nht trong bi ny l chng minh lun A chia ht cho a hoc chia ht cho b. Xt theo
mod a th (
A k + 1( mod a) vi n chn
A k + 1( mod a) vi n l.
. .
2. Khi cn A .. a th cn iu kin g ca k? A .. a th
(
k 1( mod a) vi n chn
k 1( mod a) vi n l.
. .
3. Hon ton tng t cho iu kin ca k mun A .. b?? Tng t A .. b th
(
k 1( mod b) vi n chn
.
k 1( mod b) vi n l.
4. T y, m bo A lun chia ht cho c a hoc b ng vi n chn hoc n l, th phi chn k

nh th no? Theo nh l thng d Trung hoa th h
(
k 1( mod a)
k 1( mod b)
c nghim.
5. Kim tra li thng tin ca A ng vi k chn l nghim ca h trn? Khi

A ... a vi n l
..
A . b vi n chn
Ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi 20.4.2. Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn dng n ty , lun tn ti n s nguyn dng lin
tip gm ton hp s.
Phn tch v gii. 1. chng minh n s nguyn dng lin tip gm ton hp s, th ta phi
chng minh mi s trong n s ny phi c mt c nguyn t. T cn phi bt u t u?
Gi p1 < p2 < . . . < pn l n s nguyn t ty .
2. Ta mun n s dng: m + 1, m + 2, . . . , m + n, mi s chia ht cho mt tha s nguyn t trn? Hy

trin khai chi tit ny? Ta ch ra tn ti s m m

m + 1 0( mod p1 )

m 1( mod p1 )

m + 2 0( mod p )
m 2( mod p )
2 2

.........

.........

m + n 0( mod p )
m n( mod p ).
n n
Theo nh l thng d Trung Ha th h trn c nghim m ln ty . T vi mi i = 1, 2, . . . , n

th
pi |m + i.
(tuy nhin v pi |m + i nn c th m + i = pi , lc th m + i li l s nguyn t. m bo m + i

l hp s th ta chn m sao cho m > pn l c). Ta chn m > pn th n s
m + 1, m + 2, . . . , m + n
u l hp s (mi s m + i chia ht cho mt c nguyn t pi ).
Bi 20.4.3 (IMO 1989). Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn dng n ty , lun tn ti n s nguyn
dng lin tip m mi s khng l ly tha ca mt s nguyn dng no khc.
Phn tch v gii. 1. Nhn bi ton ny, ta ngh ngay n mt s tng t vi bi 20.2. Tuy nhin
i vi bi 20.2 chng minh mi s l hp s. Cn trong bi ton ny chng minh mi s
khng l ly tha ca mt s nguyn dng. Mn tng ca bi trn, t hp s n khng l
ly tha, ta lu iu g? Mt s nguyn a chia ht cho s nguyn t p, nhng khng chia ht
cho p2 th a khng l ly tha ca mt s nguyn.
2. Gi p1 < p2 < . . . < pn l n s nguyn t ty . Ta mun n s dng: m + 1, m + 2, . . . , m + n, mi

s m + i chia ht cho mt tha s nguyn t pi , nhng khng c chia ht cho p2i . T xy
dng ng d nh th no? Ta ch ra tn ti s m m

2 2

m + 1 p 1 ( mod p 1 ) m p1 1( mod p1 )

m + 2 p ( mod p2 )
m p 2( mod p2 )
2 2 2 2

.........

.........

m + n p ( mod p2 )
m p n( mod p2 ).
n n n n
Theo nh l thng d Trung Ha th h trn c nghim m ln ty , chn m > pn . T vi mi

i = 1, 2, . . . , n th
pi |m + i nhng p2i m + i.
Chng t n s lin tip m + 1, m + 2, . . . , m + n u khng l ly tha ca mt s nguyn no .
Cch 2. Vi mi m Z+ , xt 2n s nguyn t phn bit p1 , p2 , . . . , pn , q1 , q2 , . . . , qn v h phng trnh

ng d

x 1( mod p1 q1 )

x 2( mod p q )
2 2

.........

x n( mod p q ).
n n
Theo nh l thng d Trung Hoa th h trn c nghim. Tc l tn ti m Z sao cho
m i( mod pi qi ), i = 1, 2, . . . , n.
T suy ra cc s m + 1, m + 2, . . . , m + n l n s nguyn lin tip v khng c s no l ly tha ca

mt s nguyn no c (v trong phn tch ca mi s c t nht hai tha s nguyn t).
Bi 20.4.4. Chng minh rng vi mi s t nhin n, tn ti mt cp s cng gm n s hng sao cho

mi s hng ca n u l ly tha ca mt s t nhin vi s m ln hn 1.
Phn tch v gii. 1. Vic ch ra mt cp s cng no l kh. Do vic u tin l ngh n chn
cp s cng no cho d kim tra. Cp s cng n gin nht l 1, 2, . . . , n. Tuy nhin dy ny
khng tha. Do ta ngh n chn cp s cng "tng t nh trn" l a, 2a, 3a, . . . , na.
2. V mong mun a, 2a, . . . , na l ly tha ca mt s t nhin. Do s a cn s xut hin ca cc
hng t 2, 3, . . . , n trong biu din, tc cn c dng
a = 2k2 3k3 4k4 . . . nkn .
( y nh ch s ca k theo s hng trong c s)
3. a l ly tha ca mt s nguyn t, th cc ly tha k2 , k3 , . . . , kn phi c nhn t chung, nhn
t chung ny t nhin nht l nhn t nguyn t chung p2 , tc l cn

..

k 2 . p2

..

k 3 . p2

......

..

k n . p2 .
4. Khi 2a = 2k2 +1 3k3 4k4 . . . nkn , 2a l ly tha ca mt s nguyn t, th cc ly tha k2 +

1, k2, . . . , kn phi c nhn t nguyn t chung p3 , tc l cn

..

k 2 + 1 . p3

..
k 3 . p3

......

..

k n . p3 .
5. C tip tc tm iu kin cho cc s 2a, 3a, . . . , na l ly tha ca mt s nguyn, th iu kin

cho cc ly tha k2 , k3 , . . . , kn l g? Nh phn tch trn th cn c
. . . . .
k2 .. p2 , k3 .. p2 , k4 .. p2 , k5 .. p2 , ..., kn .. p2 ,
. . . . .
k2 + 1 .. p3 , k3 .. p3 , k4 .. p3 , k5 .. p3 , ..., kn .. p3 ,
. . . . .
k2 .. p4 , k3 + 1 .. p4 , k4 .. p4 , k5 .. p4 , ..., kn .. p4 ,
..., ..., ..., ..., ..., ...
6. T cc s k2 , k3 , . . . , kn tn ti theo nh l thng d Trung Hoa. Vi mi i = 3, . . . , n tn ti s

nguyn dng ki tha mn
(
ki1 1( mod pi )
ki 0( mod p j ), j 6= i, j {3, . . . , n}.
v
.
ki .. p2 , i = 2, 3, . . . , n.
Khi th
k k p2
2 3 kn
k2 k3 pn
a = 2 3 . . . n = 2 p2 .2 p2 . . . n p2
k +1 k p3
2 3 kn
k2 +1 k3 pn
2a = 2 3 . . . n = 2 p3 .2 p3 . . . n p3
............
k3
pn
k2 kn +1
k2 k3 pn +1
na = 2 3 . . . n = 2 pn .2 pn . . . n pn .
Ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi 20.4.5 (Bankal 2000). Cho A l mt tp con khc rng ca Z+ . Chng minh rng tn ti s nguyn
dng n sao cho tp hp
nA = {nx|x A}
cha ton ly tha ca mt s t nhin vi s m ln hn 1.
Gii. Bi ton ny tng t nh bi 20.4. Do li gii tng t. t
A = {a1 , a2 , . . . , ak }
v
p1 , p2 , . . . , pk
l k s nguyn t phn bit. Theo nh l thng d Trung Hoa, vi mi i = 1, 2, . . . , k, tn ti s nguyn
dng mi tha mn (
mi 1( mod pi )
mi 0( mod p j )( j 6= i, j {1, 2, . . . , k}).
Khi
. . .
m1 + 1 .. p1 , m2 .. p1 , ..., mk .. p1 ,
. . .
m1 .. p2 , m2 + 1 .. p2 , ..., mk .. p2 ,
.
..., ..., ..., mk .. p1 ,
. . .
m1 .. pk , m2 .. pk , ..., mk + 1 .. pk .
n y t
m
n = am 1 m2
1 a2 . . . ak
k
ta c
m1 +1 m2 mk
! p1
1 +1 m2 m
na1 = am
p1 p1 p1
1 a2 . . . ak k = a1 a2 . . . ak
m1 m2 +1 mk
! p2
1 m2 +1 m
na2 = am
p2 p2 p2
1 a2 . . . ak k = a1 a2 . . . ak
.........
m1 m2 mk +1
! pk
m +1
nak = am 1 m2 k pk pk pk
1 a2 . . . ak = a1 a2 . . . ak
Bi 20.4.6. Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn n, tn ti mt tp s nguyn n phn t tng cc

phn t ca cc tp con khng rng ca n l 1 ly tha.
Gii. Ta st tp s nguyn S = {x1 , x2 , . . . , xn }, tp S c 2n 1 tp con khng rng ca S. t
S1 , S2 , . . . , S2n 1
l tng cc phn t ca cc tp ny. p dng bi 20.5, tn ti s nguyn b tha mn
{bS1 , bS2 , . . . , bS2n 1 }
bao gm ton cc ly tha. T ta chn tp
F = {bx1 , bx2 , . . . , bxn }
th tp F tha mn iu kin bi ton.
Bi 20.4.7. Chng minh rng vi mi s t nhin n, lun tn ti n s t nhin lin tip sao cho bt k
s no cng c c dng 2k 1, k N.
Phn tch gii. 1. Gi n s nguyn lin tip l x + 1, x + 2, . . ., x + n. Yu cu bi ton gip ta ngh

n h thng d

x 1( mod p1 )

x 2( mod p )
2

......

x n( mod p )
n
T y dn n vic chn p1 , p2 , . . . , pn .
2. Nu pi l cc s nguyn t th rt kh kim sot iu kin 2k 1, nn ta chn lun pi l cc s

Mersen pi = 2ki 1 (pi khng cn nguyn t).
3. m bo (pi , p j ) = 1 dn n vic chn ki , k j .
4. Mt khc
2ki 1, 2k j 1 = 1 (ki , k j ) = 1
(tht vy, nu gi q l c nguyn t chung ca 2ki 1, 2k j 1 th

(
2ki 1( mod q)
kj
2(ki ,k j ) 1( mod q) q = 1 (ki , k j ) = 1.
2 1( mod q)
5. T cc nhn xt trn, ta d dng chn c k1 , k2 , . . . , kn tha (ki , k j ) = 1, i, j = 1, 2, . . . , n(i 6= j)

(c th chn lun ki l s nguyn t th i).
Bi 20.4.8. Cho n l s nguyn dng l v n > 3. Gi k,t l cc s nguyn dng nh nht sao cho
kn + 1 v tn u l s chnh phng. Chng minh rng iu kin cn v n l s nguyn t l
n
min{k,t} > .
4
1. iu kin cn: Gi s n nguyn t. Khi
n|tn v tn chnh phng nn n2 |tn n|t.
T
n
t n> .
4
Hn na t a2 = kn + 1 th a2 1( mod n). Kt hp n nguyn t nn a 1( mod n). Nhng v
a > 1 nn a n 1 (v n 1 l s nh nht ng 1 modulo n). Dn n
n n
kn + 1 (n 1)2 k n 2 k > v n > 3 nn n 2 > .
4 3
2. iu kin
n ch c mt c nguyn t duy nht, t n = p , vi p 3 do n l. Nu chn, ta ly

n
t =1<
4
th
tn = p
l s chnh phng, mu thun vi gi thit. Nu l, 3, ta ly
p n
t= p< =
4 4
th
tn = p +1 , + 1 chn
n
nn tn l s chnh phng vi t < , mu thun. Vy = 1 hay n l s nguyn t.
4
Nu n c t nht hai c nguyn t phn bit. Khi ta c th n di dng n = p .m, trong

p l mt s nguyn t l, m l s nguyn dng l, (m, p) = 1. Theo nh l thng d
Trung Hoa, tn ti s nguyn s sao cho
(
s 1( mod p )
s 1( mod m).
T n|s2 1. Hn na ta c th chn s sao cho

n
|s| .
2
V s 6 1( mod m) nn s 6= 1 v s 6 1( mod p ) nn s 6= 1. Dn n s2 6= 1. T y ly
s2 1
k=
n
th k l s nguyn dng, hn na kn + 1 = s2 l s chnh phng v
n 2
s2 1 s2 n
k= < 4 =
n n n 4
mu thun vi iu kin
n
min{k,t} > .
4
Vy trng hp ny khng th xy ra.
T n phi l s nguyn t.
20.5. NH L THNG D TRUNG HOA V S FERMAT

Bi 20.5.1. Chng minh rng tn ti s nguyn k sao cho 2n .k + 1 l hp s vi mi s nguyn dng
n.
Phn tch gii. 1. Xt n vit di dng n = 2m .l, l l s t nhin l. Khi

m m
2n k + 1 = 22 .l k + 1 k + 1( mod 22 + 1).
Do ta s tm k
m
k + 1 0( mod 22 + 1).
2. Trc ht ta c F0 , F1 , F2 , F3 , F4 l cc s nguyn t v F5 = 641 6700417 v (Fi , Fj ) = 1, i 6= j.

t p = 641, q = 6700417.
3. Theo nh l thng d Trung Hoa, tn ti s nguyn dng k tha mn

k 1( mod F0 )

k 1( mod F1 )

k 1( mod F2 )

k 1( mod F3 )

k 1( mod F4 )

k 1( mod p)

k 1( mod q).
4. Nu m < 5 th
m .
2n = 22 l 1( mod Fm ) 2n k 1( mod Fm ) 2n k + 1 .. Fm .
5. Nu m = 5 th
n .
2n = 22 l 1( mod F5 ) 2n k 1( mod p) 2n k + 1 .. p.
6. Nu m > 5 th
m
5 2m5 l .
2n = 22 l = 22 1( mod F5 ) 2n k 1( mod q) 2n k + 1 .. q.
Bi 20.5.2. Cho trc cc s nguyn dng n, s. Chng minh rng tn ti n s nguyn dng lin tip
m mi s u c c l ly tha bc s ca mt s nguyn dng ln hn 1.
n
Phn tch gii. 1. Xt dy s Fermat Fn = 22 + 1(n = 1, 2, . . .). Lin quan n s ny c tnh cht
ng lu l
(Fn , Fm ) = 1, n 6= m.
2. p dng nh l thng d Trung Hoa cho n s nguyn t cng nhau F1s , F2s , . . . , Fns v n s
ri = i(i = 1, 2, . . . , n) th tn ti s nguyn x0 sao cho
.
x0 + i .. Fis .
Vy dy {x0 + 1, x0 + 2, . . . , x0 + n} gm n s nguyn dng lin tip, s hng th i chia ht cho

Fis .
Bi 20.5.3 (IMO Shortlist 1998). Xc nh tt c s nguyn dng n sao cho vi n ny tn ti m Z
2n 1|m2 + 9.
Phn tch gii. 1. Vit n di dng n = 2s .t(s,t N), t l s l.
2. Nu t 3 th 2t 1|2n 1 nn 2t 1|m2 + 9. Ta c
2t 1 1( mod 4).
Tc l s 2t 1 c dng 4k + 3, do n c c nguyn t p m p 1( mod 4). D nhin p 6= 3

v
3 2t 1, t l.
T suy ra
p|m2 + 9 m2 9( mod p).
Chng t 9 l thng d bc hai theo modulo p, tuy nhin
2
9 1 9 p1 3 p1
1= = = (1) 2 = (1) 2
p p p p
p1
nn phi l s chn, tc l p 1( mod 4), v l.
2
3. T y suy ra t = 1 hay n = 2s . Ta chng minh y l tt c cc s cn tm bng cch ch ra s m
2n 1|m2 + 9. Ta c
s
2 s1
2n 1 = 22 1 = (2 1)(2 + 1)(22 + 1) 22 + 1 22 + 1 .
T
k
2n 1|m2 + 9 22 + 1|m2 + 9, k = 0, 1, . . . , s 1.
Mt khc cc s Fermat c tnh cht
m
2 2n
2 + 1, 2 + 1 = 1, m 6= n.
Theo nh l thng d Trung Hoa th tn ti nghim x0 tha mn h ng d

x 2( mod 22 + 1)

2 3
x 2 ( mod 2 + 1)

x 23 ( mod 24 + 1)

......

s2 s1
x 22 ( mod 22 + 1).

T suy ra
t+1
x20 + 1 0( mod 22 + 1), t = 0, 1, 2, . . . , s 2.
T y suy ra
2n 1|9(x20 + 1) = m2 + 9
vi m = 3x0 , y chnh l gi tr m cn tm.
Bi 20.5.4 (HN QUC 1999). Tm tt c cc s t nhin n tha mn 2n 1 chia ht cho 3 v tn ti

s nguyn m
2n 1
|4m2 + 1.
3
Phn tch gii. 1. Nu n 1( mod 2) th n = 2k + 1(k N), khi
2n = 22k+1 = 2.4k 2( mod 3) 2n 1 1( mod 3)

.
khng tha mn 2n 1 .. 3.
2. Nu n 0( mod 2), t n = 2k .u (u l s t nhin l). Nu u 3 th

k .u k
2u 1|2n 1 v 2n 1 = 22 1 = (2u )2 1.
Do
2u 1|4m2 + 1.
Mt khc, v u 3 nn
2u 1 1( mod 4).
Khi tn ti p nguyn t, p 1( mod 4), l c ca 2u 1. Khi
p|4m2 + 1.
.
S dng tnh cht "Nu p l s nguyn t dng 4k + 3 v a2 + b2 .. p th c a v b u chia ht cho
p". p dng vo ng thc trn th
. .
2m .. p v 1 .. p,
v l. Do u = 1, tc n c dng n = 2k . Ta chng minh y l tt c cc s cn tm.
3. Khi n = 2k th
k
2n 1 22 1
= = F1 .F2 . . . . .Fk1
3 3
i
vi Fi l s Fermat th i : Fi = 22 + 1. Theo nh l thng d Trung Hoa th h

x 2( mod 22 + 1)

x 22 ( mod 23 + 1)

x 23 ( mod 24 + 1)

......

k2 k1

x 22 ( mod 22 + 1).

x 0( mod 2).
c nghim, gi nghim l x0 th x0 chn, t x0 = 2m th

.
4m2 + 1 = x20 + 1 .. 2n 1.
20.6. NG DNG TRONG CC BI TON S T HP

Bi 20.6.1 (I LOAN TST 2002). Trong li im nguyn ca mt phng ta Oxy, mt im A
vi ta (x0 , y0 ) Z2 c gi l nhn thy c t O nu on thng OA khng cha im nguyn
no khc ngoi O v A. Chng minh rng vi mi n nguyn dng ln ty , tn ti hnh vung n n
c cc nh c ta nguyn, hn na tt c cc im nguyn nm bn trong v trn bin ca hnh
vung u khng nhn thy c t O.
Phn tch gii. 1. Trc tin ta phi tm iu kin cn v A(xA, yA ) nhn thy c t O? D
thy iu kin cn v A(xA , yA ) nhn thy c t O l (xA , yA ) = 1.
(a) Tht vy, nu A nhn thy c, gi s (xA , yA ) = d > 1. Khi xA = dx1, yA = dy1(x1 , y1 ) =
1. T y suy ra
xA yA
= = d.
x1 y1
Chng t ba im O, A(xA, yA ) v M(x1 , y1 ) thng hng, im M(x1 , y1 ) nguyn. Dn n A
khng nhn thy c, v l. Vy (xA , yA ) = 1.
(b) Ngc li, nu A(xA , yA ) c (xA, yA ) = 1 th A nhn thy c t O. Gi s A khng nhn
thy c, tc tn ti im nguyn M(x1 , y1 ) trn on OA. V ba im O, M, A thng hng
nn
xA yA
= xA .y1 = yA .x1 .
x1 y1
.
V (xA , yA) = 1 nn xA .. x1 . t xA = dx1 thay vo th
.
dy1 = yA yA .. d.
.
Chng t (xA , yA ) .. d nn (xA , yA) > 1, v l. Do A nhn thy c t O.
2. gii quyt bi ton, ta xy dng mt hnh vung n n vi n nguyn dng ty sao cho mi
im nguyn (x, y) nm trong hoc trn bin hnh vung u khng th nhn thy c t O. Tc
l phi xy dng mt dy ta (xi , y j ) > 1. T y ngh n s dng cc tha s nguyn t,
mt mt ng d theo dng, mt mt ng d theo ct trong ma trn l s tha mn. Tht vy
chn pi j l cc s nguyn t i mt khc nhau (0 i, j n) (gm (n + 1)2 s nguyn t). Sp
xp cc s nguyn t ny theo ma trn

pn0 pn1 pn2 pnn

M= p 20 p 21 p 22 p 2n

p10 p11 p12 p1n
p00 p01 p22 p0n
Khi xt h phng trnh ng d theo tch cc s trn dng

x 0( mod p00 .p01 .p02 . . . p0n )

x + 1 0( mod p10 .p11 .p12 . . . p1n )

x + 2 0( mod p20 .p21 .p22 . . . p2n )

..................

x + n 0( mod p .p .p . . . p )
n0 n1 n2 nn
v h phng trnh ng d theo tch cc s trn ct

y 0( mod p00 .p10 .p20 . . . pn0 )

y + 1 0( mod p01 .p11 .p21 . . . pn1 )

y + 2 0( mod p02 .p12 .p22 . . . pn2 ) .

..................

y + n 0( mod p0n .p1n .p2n . . . pnn )
Theo nh l thng d Trung Hoa th hai h trn c nghim, gi x0 , y0 l nghim tng ng ca

hai h trn, ta thy
.
(x0 + i, y0 + j) .. pi j (x0 + i, y0 + j) > 1, 0 i, j n.
iu chng t mi im nm trong hoc trn bin hnh vung n n xc nh bi im pha

di bn tri l (x0 , y0), im cao nht bn phi l (x0 + n, y0 + n) u khng th nhn thy c
t im O.
Bi ton ny mc d xut hin kh lu, nhng ti khng n, v ch thc s quan tm v thy

c ci hay ca n khi hc cng em L Quang Bnh trong t tp hun thi TST 2013 vi gio s H
Huy Khoi, khi gi thit pht biu rt hay bi ngn ng i thng l con co v ng th sn.
Bi 20.6.2 (BULGARIA 2003). Ta gi mt tp hp cc s nguyn dng C l tt nu vi mi s

nguyn dng k th tn ti a, b khc nhau trong C sao cho (a + k, b + k) > 1. Gi s ta c mt tp C tt
m tng cc phn t trong bng 2003. Chng minh rng ta c th loi i mt phn t c trong C sao
cho tp cn li vn l tp tt.
20.7. NG DNG TRONG A THC

Bi 20.7.1. Cho tp S = {p1 , p2 , . . . , pk } gm k s nguyn t phn bit v P(x) l a thc vi h s
nguyn sao cho vi mi s nguyn dng n, u tn ti pi trong S sao cho pi |P(n). Chng minh rng
tn ti pi0 trong S sao cho
pi0 |P(n), n Z+ .
Chng minh. Gi s khng tn ti mt phn t pi no trong S
pi |P(n), n Z+ .
Ngha l vi mi pi S (i = 1, 2, . . . , k), u tn ti ai Z+ sao cho
pi P(ai ).
Theo nh l thng d Trung Hoa th tn ti s nguyn dng x0 sao cho

x0 a1 ( mod p1 )

x a ( mod p )
0 2 2

......

x a ( mod p ).
0 k k
V P(x) l a thc h s nguyn nn s dng tnh cht "nu u v( mod m) th P(u) P(v)( mod m)"
ta c

P(x0) P(a1 )( mod p1 )

P(x ) P(a )( mod p )
0 2 2

......

P(x ) P(a )( mod p ).
0 k k
.
V P(ai ) 6 .. pi , i = 1, 2, . . . , k nn t h trn suy ra
.
P(x0 ) 6 .. pi , i = 1, 2, . . . , k
tri vi gi thit bi ton. Vy gi thit phn chng l sai, ta c iu phi chng minh.

Khng kh nhn ra, tp s trong bi 20.9 c th thay bng {p1 1 , p2 2 , . . . , pk k } m khng nh
hng g. Thm ch c th thay bng tp {a1 , a2 , . . . , ak } vi cc s ai nguyn t cng nhau tng cp
mt. Tuy nhin kt qu ca bi ton ny cn c th m rng hn na, tc tp S c th thay bng tp s
nguyn bi v d di y.
Bi 20.7.2. Cho S = {a1 , a2 , . . . , an } Z+ v P(x) Z[x]. Bit rng vi mi s nguyn dng k, u
tn ti ch s i {1, 2, . . . , n} sao cho
ai |P(k).
Chng minh rng tn ti mt ch s i0 no sao cho
ai0 |P(k), k Z+ .
Phn tch gii. 1. Tng t nh bi ton trn, tng ban u l phn chng. Vit r phn chng
ny? Gi s kt lun bi ton l sai. Tc l vi mi i {1, 2, . . . , n}, tn ti s nguyn xi
ai P(xi ).
2. Chuyn iu kin ai P(xi ) v s nguyn t. iu kin P(xi ) khng chia ht cho ai xt v mt

s nguyn t nh th no? Khi tn ti s pki i , vi pi nguyn t tha mn
pki i |ai nhng pki i P(xi ).
Cho i chy t 1 n n ta c tp hp cc s sau {pk11 , pk22 , . . . , pknn }.
3. Tng t nh bi ton trn, ch ra mu thun khi p dng nh l thng d Trung Hoa c

cha? R rng cha th p dng c, v cc s pi cha phn bit, tc trong chng c mt s s
trng nhau? Gi s p1 , p2 trng nhau, pk11 |a1 , pk22 |a2 , khi ta chn ly tha k1 , k2 nh th no
hai tnh cht u tha mn? R rng phi chn s nh nht trong hai s k1 , k2 . T nh
hng cho nhng s nguyn t trng nhau. Nu trong tp {pk11 , pk22 , . . . , pknn } c nhng s c c
s trng nhau, vi nhng c s , ta gi li c s c s m nh nht, v loi khi tp nhng ly
tha cn li. Khi ta c tp
{p11 , p22 , . . . , pqmm }, (m n v p1 , p2 , . . . , pm l nhng s nguyn t phn bit).

q q
Ch rng ai (i = 1, 2, . . . , n) s chia ht cho mt s s hng trong tp ny, ch khng nht thit

ch chia ht cho 1 s.
4. n y hon thnh nt phn cn li bng cch p dng nh l thng d Trung Hoa? T

p11 , p22 , . . . , pmm l nhng s i mt nguyn t cng nhau, ta xt h ng d sau
q q q

q

x x1 ( mod p11 )

x x ( mod pq2 )
2 2

. . . . . .

x x ( mod pqm ).
m m
Theo nh l thng d Trung Hoa th h trn c nghim x0 . V P(x) l a thc h s nguyn nn

q

P(x0 ) P(x1 )( mod p11 )

P(x ) P(x )( mod pq2 )
0 2 2

. . . . . .
P(x ) P(x )( mod pqm ).

0 m m
V P(xi ) 6 0( mod pi i ), i = 1, 2, . . . , m nn
q
P(x0 ) 6 0( mod pqi i ), i = 1, 2, . . . , m
chng t
P(x0 ) 6 0( mod ai ), i = 1, 2, . . . , n
mu thun vi gi thit ca bi ton. Ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi ton trn l in hnh cho cch s dng nh l Trung Hoa.
Bi 20.7.3. Chng minh rng tn ti mt a thc P(x) Z[x], khng c nghim nguyn sao cho vi
mi s nguyn dng n, tn ti s nguyn x sao cho
.
P(x) .. n.
Chng minh. Phn tch gii
1. Xt a thc P(x) = (3x + 1)(2x + 1). Vi mi s nguyn dng n, ta biu din n di dng
n = 2k (2m + 1).
2. V (2k , 3) = 1 nn tn ti a sao cho
3a 1( mod 2k ).
T ta mun c
3x 1( mod 2k )
th ch cn chn x sao cho
x a( mod 2k ).
3. V (2, 2m + 1) = 1 nn tn ti s nguyn b sao cho

2b 1( mod 2m + 1).
Do ta mun c
2x 1( mod 2m + 1)
th cn chn x sao cho
x b( mod 2m + 1).
4. Nhng do (2k , 2m + 1) = 1 nn theo nh l thng d Trung Hoa, tn ti s nguyn x l nghim

ca h (
x a( mod 2k )
x b( mod 2m + 1).
.
T theo l lun trn, vi mi s nguyn dng n u tn ti x P(x) .. n. R rng P(x) khng
c nghim nguyn.
Mt cu hi th v khng qu tm thng. a thc P(x) = (3x + 1)(2x + 1) c phi l a thc duy

nht tha mn iu kin bi ton trn hay khng? Hy xy dng a thc trong trng hp tng qut
xem sao??
hiu hn ni dung nh l di y, ta xt v d
V d 20.7.1. Cho n = 12 = 22 .3 v a thc P(x) = x2 + 5x. Khi phng trnh
P(x) 0( mod 3)
c hai nghim l x 0, 1( mod 3) v phng trnh
P(x) 0( mod 4)
c hai nghim x 0, 4( mod 4). T phng trnh
P(x) 0( mod 12)
c bn nghim l
x 0, 3, 4, 7( mod 12).
nh l 20.7.2. Cho n c dng biu din chnh tc

n = p1 1 n2 2 . . . nk k
v P(x) l a thc h s nguyn. Khi phng trnh ng d
P(x) 0( mod n)
c nghim khi v ch khi tt c cc phng trnh ng d
P(x) 0( mod pi i ), i = 1, 2, . . . , k
c nghim. Hn na nu mi phng trnh
P(x) 0( mod pi i )
c ri nghim modulo pi i (i = 1, 2, . . . , k) th phng trnh
P(x) 0( mod n)
c r = r1 .r2 . . . rk nghim modulo n.
. .
Chng minh. 1. Gi s x l nghim ca P(x) 0( mod n). Suy ra P(x) .. n P(x) .. pi i . Chng t x
l nghim ca phng trnh
P(x) 0( mod pi i ), i = 1, 2, . . . , k.
2. Ngc li, nu xi l nghim ca P(x) 0( mod pi i ), i = 1, 2, . . . , k. Theo nh l thng d Trung

Hoa, tn ti duy nht nghim x0 (theo modulo n) ca h

x x1 ( mod p1 1 )
x x ( mod p2 )

2 2
(I)

. . . . . .
x x ( mod pk ).

k k
Theo tnh cht ca a thc h s nguyn th

x0 xi ( mod pi i ) P(x0) P(xi ) 0( mod pi i ).
T th P(x0) 0( mod n), chng t x0 l nghim ca phng trnh P(x) 0( mod n).
3. Mi b nghim ca (I) : (x1 , x2 , . . . , xk ) cho ta mt nghim x ca phng trnh
P(x) 0( mod n).
Vi hai b nghim ca (I) khc nhau l (x1 , x2 , . . . , xk ) v (x1 , x2 , . . . , xk ), khi gi x, x l hai
nghim ca P(x) 0( mod n) sinh t hai b ny. V (x1, x2 , . . . , xk ) 6= (x1 , x2 , . . . , xk ) nn tn ti
ch s i xi 6= xi . Li do
x xi ( mod pi i ), x xi ( mod pi ) x 6= x ( mod pi i )
chng t x 6= x . Vy mi b nghim (x1 , x2 , . . . , xk )
Bi 20.7.4. Cho n c dng biu din chnh tc

n = p1 1 n2 2 . . . nk k .
Tm s nghim ca phng trnh x2 + x 0( mod n).
Gii. Theo nh l trn th
x2 + x 0( mod n) x(x + 1) 0( mod pi i ), i = 1, 2, . . . , k.
V (x, x + 1) = 1 nn
"
x 0( mod pi i )
x(x + 1) 0( mod pi i )(i = 1, 2, . . . , k) , i = 1, 2, . . . , k.
x 1( mod pi i )
Theo nh l thng d trung hoa th mi h phng trnh

x a1 ( mod p1 1 )
x a ( mod p2 )

2 2
, ai {0, 1}, i = 1, 2, . . . , k

. . . . . .
x a ( mod pk )

k k
c duy nht nghim modulo n. V c tt c 2k h nh vy (tng ng vi 2k cch chn b (a1 , a2, . . . , ak ),

vi mi ai {0, 1}, i = 1, 2, . . . , k), do h c tt c 2k nghim modulo n.
Bi 20.7.5 (VMO 2008). Cho m = 20072008 . C bao nhiu s t nhin n < m sao cho n(2n + 1)(5n + 1)
chia ht cho m.
Phn tch gii. 1. V (10, m) = 1 nn
n(2n + 1)(5n + 1) 0( mod m) 10n(10n + 5)(10n + 2) 0( mod m).
2. Ta c m = 34016 2232008, thut tin, ta t 10n = x, 34016 = p, 2232008 = q, (p, q) = 0 nn

(
x(x + 5)(x + 4) 0( mod p)
x(x + 5)(x + 4) 0( mod p.q) (I)
x(x + 5)(x + 4) 0( mod q)
3. V (x, x + 5) = 5, (x, x + 4) = 2 hoc (x, x + 4) = 4, (x + 5, x + 4) = 1, tt c cc c chung ny

u khc 3 v 223. Lu ta cn chn gi tr x 0( mod 10). Mt gi tr ca x cho mt gi tr n,
hai gi tr x khc nhau s cho hai gi tr n khc nhau. Do h (I), thm iu kin x 0( mod 10)
tng ng vi

x 0( mod p)

(1)
x 0( mod q)

x 0( mod 10)

x 0( mod p)

x 4( mod q)
(2)

x 0( mod 10)

x 0( mod p)

x 5( mod q)
(3)

x 0( mod 10)

x 4( mod p)

x 0( mod p) x 0( mod q) (4)

x 0( mod 10)

x 4( mod p)

x 4( mod p)
x 5( mod p)

x 0( mod q)
x 4( mod q) (5)

x 4( mod q) x 0( mod 10)

x 5( mod q)
x 4( mod p)

x 0( mod 10) x 5( mod q) (6)

x 0( mod 10)

x 5( mod p)

x 0( mod q)
(7)

x 0( mod 10)

x 5( mod p)

x 4( mod q)
(8)
x 0( mod 10)

x 5( mod p)

x 5( mod q) (9)

x 0( mod 10)
4. Theo nh l thng d Trung Hoa th cc h t (1) n (9), mi h u c duy nht mt nghim

x theo modulo 10m. Do ta c tt c 9 nghim x nh hn 10m, dn n c 9 gi tr n nh hn
m tha bi.
nh l 20.7.3. Cho P(x) = ad xd + . . . + a1 x + 1 l a thc h s nguyn bc d 1. Khi vi mi s

nguyn dng n, tn ti s nguyn x sao cho P(x) c t nht n c nguyn t.
Chng minh. 1. Xt tp hp Q = {p| p nguyn t sao cho tn ti s nguyn x m p|P(x)}. Khi

tp Q ny v hn. Tht vy, gi s ch c hu hn s nguyn t p1 , p2 , . . . , pk trong Q. Khi vi
mi s nguyn m th P(mp1 p2 . . . pk ) l mt s nguyn khng c c nguyn t v
P(mp1 p2 . . . pk ) = (mp1 p2 . . . pk )d + + (mp1 p2 . . . pk ) + 1,
r rng pi P(mp1 . . . pk ), vi mi i = 1, 2, . . . , k. P(mp1 . . . pk ) khng c c nguyn t nn gi
tr ca n ch c th l 1 hoc 1. Tuy nhin do P l a thc bc d 1 nn n nhn gi tr 1 hay
1 khng qu d ln, mu thun do m Z.
.
2. Cho p1 , . . . , pn , n 1 l cc s nguyn t trong Q. Khi tn ti s nguyn x sao cho P(x) .. p1 p2 . . . pk .
Tht vy, vi mi i = 1, 2, . . . , n, do pi Q nn tm c mt s nguyn ci sao cho
.
P(ci ) .. pi .
Khi nu x ci ( mod pi ) th P(x) P(ci ) 0( mod pi ), t y dn n vic chn x. Theo nh
l thng d Trung Hoa h ng d

x c1 ( mod p1 )

x c ( mod p )
2 2

......

x c ( mod p )
n n
c duy nht nghim x0 theo modulo n. T P(x) P(ci ) 0( mod pi ), i = 1, 2, . . . , n nn

.
P(x) .. p1 p2 . . . pn = n.
Bi 20.7.6 (USA 2008). Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn dng n, tn ti n s nguyn dng
nguyn t vi nhau tng cp k1 , k2 , . . . , kn (ki > 1, i = 1, 2, . . . , n), sao cho k0 k1 . . . kn 1 l tch ca hai
s nguyn lin tip.
Gii. Gi s k1 k2 . . . kn 1 = x(x + 1) k1 k2 . . . kn = x(x + 1) + 1 = x2 + x + 1. Do bi ton c th
quy v: "Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn dng n, tn ti s nguyn x sao cho a thc x2 + x + 1
c t nht n c nguyn t phn bit". n y th bi ton ny l mt h qu ca nh l trn.
20.8. NG DNG TRONG NGHIN CU THNG D

Trong chuyn thng d bc hai, chng ta nghin cu mt s iu kin s nguyn a l s chnh
phng modulo p. Tuy nhin nhiu em li khng nh c cc iu kin vn dng trong cc bi
ton s hc. Do trong phn ny ta nu nhng ci g cn phi nh v ci g c th suy lun c d
dng.
nh l 20.8.1 (Tiu chun Euler). Cho p l s nguyn t l, a l s nguyn dng v (a, p) = 1. Khi

a p1
a 2 ( mod p).
p
Cho a = 11 ta c
H qu 20.8.2. Cho p l s nguyn t l th

1
= 1 p 1( mod 4).
p
Mt c trng na cn nh l
H qu 20.8.3. Cho p l s nguyn t l th

2
= 1 p 1( mod 8).
p
Dng tnh cht nhn tnh ta c ngay

2
= 1 p 1, 3( mod 8).
p
Mt tiu chun na cn nh l
nh l 20.8.4 (Lut tng h Gauss). Cho p v q l hai s nguyn t l phn bit. Khi
1. Nu t nht mt trong hai s p, q c dng 4k + 1 th p l s chnh phng modulo q khi v ch khi
q l s chnh phng modulo p.
2. Nu c hai s p, q c dng 4k + 3 th p l s chnh phng modulo q khi v ch khi q khng l s
chnh phng modulo p.
Bi 20.8.1. Tm tt c cc s nguyn t l p(p 6= 3) sao cho 3 l s chnh phng mod p.
Gii. V 3 = 4 0 + 3 nn 3 c dng 4k + 3.
1. Nu p c dng 4k + 1. Theo lut tng h Gauss th

3 p 31
=1 = 1 p 2 1( mod 3) p 1( mod 3).
p 3
T (
p 1( mod 4)
p 1( mod 3).
Theo nh l thng d Trung Hoa th p 1( mod 12).
2. Nu p = 4k + 3 th li theo lut tng h Gauss

3 p 31
=1 = 1 p 2 1( mod 3) p 1( mod 3).
p 3
T (
p 1( mod 3)
p 3( mod 4).
T ta c
3
= 1 p 1( mod 12).
p
Bi 20.8.2. Tm tt c cc s nguyn t l p(p 6= 3) sao cho 5 l s chnh phng mod p.

Gii. V 3 = 4 0 + 3 nn 3 c dng 4k + 3.
1. Nu p c dng 4k + 1. Theo lut tng h Gauss th

3 p 31
=1 = 1 p 2 1( mod 3) p 1( mod 3).
p 3
T (
p 1( mod 4)
p 1( mod 3).
2. Nu p = 4k + 3 th li theo lut tng h Gauss

3 p 31
=1 = 1 p 2 1( mod 3) p 1( mod 3).
p 3
T (
p 1( mod 3)
p 3( mod 4).
T ta c
3
= 1 p 1( mod 12).
p
Bi 20.8.3. Tm tt c cc s nguyn t l p(p 6= 5) sao cho 5 l thng d bnh phng mod p.

Gii. V 5 = 4.1 + 1 c dng 4k + 1. Do nu p = 4k + 1 hoc p = 4k + 3 th u c

5 p 51 2 p 1( mod 5)
=1 = 1 p 2 1( mod 5) p 1( mod 5)
p 5 p 1( mod 5).
T xt cc trng hp
(
p 1( mod 5)
1. p 1( mod 20),
p 1( mod 4)
(
p 1( mod 5)
2. p 9( mod 20),
p 3( mod 4)
(
p 1( mod 5)
3. p 9( mod 20),
p 1( mod 4)
(
p 1( mod 5)
4. p 1( mod 20).
p 3( mod 4)
Do p c dng p = 20k 1, 20k 9. Xt hai trng hp k chn, l ta c p 1( mod 10). T y

ta c
5
= 1 p 1( mod 10).
p
20.9. BI TP T LUYN
Bi 20.9.1 (IMO Shortlist 2000). Xc nh tt c cc s nguyn dng n 2 tha mn iu kin: Vi
mi a v b nguyn t cng nhau vi n
a b( mod n) ab 1( mod n).
Bi 20.9.2 (AMC 2011). Tm ch s hng trm ca s 20112011 .

Bi 20.9.3 (AIME 2014). Cc s N v N 2 c bn ch s tn cng trong c s 10 l abcd, vi a khc
0. Tm abc.
Bi 20.9.4 (ROMANIAN TST 2004). Cho m l s nguyn dng ln hn 1. Gi s n l s nguyn
dng tha mn
n|am 1, a Z, (a, n) = 1.
Chng minh rng n 4m(2m 1). ng thc xy ra khi no?
21
. ..
Bi 20.9.5. Tm ba ch s tn cng ca s 20082007
2006
.
Bi 20.9.6 (USA TST 2013). Cho hm s f : N N xc nh bi
f (1) = 1, f (n + 1) = f (n) + 2 f (n), n N.
Chng minh rng f (1), f (2), . . . , f (32013 ) to thnh h thng d y modulo 32013 .
Bi 20.9.7. S nguyn dng n c gi l c tnh cht P nu nh vi mi s nguyn dng a, b m
. .
a3 b + 1 .. n a3 + b .. n.
Chng minh rng s cc s nguyn c tnh cht P khng vt qu 24.

Bi 20.9.8. Cho s nguyn dng a = p1 p2 . . . pk , trong p1 , p2 , . . . , pk l cc s nguyn t i mt
khc nhau v s nguyn dng n tha k < n < a. Chng minh rng trong dy sau c nk s chia ht cho
a
u1 = 1.2 . . . n, u2 = 2.3 . . . (n + 1), u3 = 3.4 . . . (n + 2), . . . , ua = a(a + 1) . . . (a + n 1).
Bi 20.9.9. Tm tt c cc s nguyn t l p 6= 7 sao cho 7 l thng d bc hai modulo p.

Bi 20.9.10. Gi s n l s nguyn dng v c khai trin ra tha s nguyn t n = p1 1 p2 2 . . . pk k ,
y pi l cc s nguyn t, i 0 l cc s nguyn (i = 1, 2, . . . , k). Cho a l s nguyn, nguyn t
cng nhau vi n. Chng minh rng

a a
=1 = 1, i = 1, 2, . . . , k.
n pi i
Bi 20.9.11 (VMO 2013). Tm s cc b sp th t (a, b, c, a , b , c) tha mn

ab + a b 1( mod 15)

bc + b c 1( mod 15)

ca + c a 1( mod 15)

vi a, b, c, a , b , c {0, 1, 2, . . . , 14}.
Bi 20.9.12. Cho n l s nguyn dng khng c c chnh phng. Chng minh rng tn ti s t
nhin b, 1 < b < n, (b, n) = 1 sao cho
b
= 1.
n
Bi 20.9.13 (Modolva TST 2009). 1. Chng minh rng tp cc s nguyn c th phn hoch thnh
cc cp s cng vi cng sai khc nhau.
2. Chng minh rng tp hp cc s nguyn khng th vit di dng hp ca cc cp s cng vi

cng sai i mt nguyn t cng nhau.
Bi 20.9.14 (Czech-Slovakia 1997). Chng minh rng tn ti v s dy v hn tng {an } cc s t

nhin sao cho vi mi s t nhin k, dy {k + an } ch cha hu hn s nguyn t.
Bi 20.9.15. Tm s nguyn dng n sao cho vi mi h thng d thu gn modulo n: {a1 , a2, . . . , a (n) },
ta c
a1 .a2 . . . a (n) 1( mod n).
Bi 20.9.16. Cho f1(x), f2 (x), . . . , fn (x) l n a thc vi h s nguyn khc 0. Chng minh rng tn ti
a thc P(x) h nguyn sao cho vi mi i = 1, 2, . . . , n ta lun c
P(x) + fi (x)
l a thc bt kh quy trn Z.

Bi 20.9.17 (Cng thc Euler). Cho s nguyn dng n vit dng chnh tc l n = p1 1 p2 2 . . . pk k ,
trong p1 , p2 , . . . , pn l cc s nguyn t phn bit, i 0 l cc s t nhin, i = 1, 2, . . . , k. Hm
(n) l s cc s nguyn dng khng vt qu n v nguyn t cng nhau vi n. Khi

1 1 1
(n) = n 1 1 ... 1 .
p1 p2 pk
Bi 20.9.18. Vi mi s t nhin n, t
An = {a N|(a, n) = (a + 1, n) = 1, 1 a n}.
Tnh |An |.
Bi 20.9.19 (Nauy 1998). Tn ti hay khng dy v hn {xn }nN l mt hon v ca N sao cho vi mi
s t nhin k lun c
.
x + x + + x .. k.
1 2 k
Bi 20.9.20 (Cng thc tng qut nh l Euler). Cho m l s nguyn dng. Khi
am am (m)( mod m).

Dinh Ly Thang Du Trung Hoa

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NUMBER THEORY - VMO 2014-2015 20 NH L THNG D TRUNG HOA

20. NH L THNG D TRUNG HOA

c nghim duy nht mod m1 m2 . . . mk .

Chng minh. 1. Chng minh s duy nht. Gi s ta c hai nghim l x, y. Dn n

x y( a1 ( mod m1 )), x y( a2 ( mod m2 )), . . . , x y( ak ( mod mk )).

V m1 , m2 , . . . , mn nguyn t cng nhau i mt nn

Tc y v x cng thuc mt lp thng d theo mod m1 m2 . . . mk

2. Chng minh s tn ti. Ta mun vit cc nghim nh l mt t hp tuyn tnh ca cc a1 , a2 , . . . , ak

Ai 1( mod mi ) v Ai 0( mod m j ), j 6= i(v Ni 0( mod m j ) Ai 0( mod m j )).

V d 20.3.2. Gii h phng trnh

x = 6.8400.8 + 13.5775.15 + 9.4400.2 + 19.3696.6 = 2029869 51669( mod 11.16.21.25 = 92400).

V d 20.3.3. Tm tt c cc nghim ca phng trnh x2 1( mod 144).

V x2 1( mod 16) c 4 nghim x 1, 7( mod 16) v x2 1( mod 9) c hai nghim x 1( mod

x 1( mod 16) v x 1( mod 9) (1),

x 1( mod 16) v x 1( mod 9) (2),

N1 = 9 9( mod 16) N11 = 9 N1 .N11 = 81,

N2 = 16 7( mod 9) N21 = 4 N2 .N21 = 64.

(1) : x 1.81 + 1.64 = 145 1( mod 144),

20.4. CHNG MINH S TN TI MT MNH TON HC

4. T y, m bo A lun chia ht cho c a hoc b ng vi n chn hoc n l, th phi chn k

5. Kim tra li thng tin ca A ng vi k chn l nghim ca h trn? Khi

Ta c iu phi chng minh.

2. Ta mun n s dng: m + 1, m + 2, . . . , m + n, mi s chia ht cho mt tha s nguyn t trn? Hy

Theo nh l thng d Trung Ha th h trn c nghim m ln ty . T vi mi i = 1, 2, . . . , n

(tuy nhin v pi |m + i nn c th m + i = pi , lc th m + i li l s nguyn t. m bo m + i

u l hp s (mi s m + i chia ht cho mt c nguyn t pi ).

2. Gi p1 < p2 < . . . < pn l n s nguyn t ty . Ta mun n s dng: m + 1, m + 2, . . . , m + n, mi

Theo nh l thng d Trung Ha th h trn c nghim m ln ty , chn m > pn . T vi mi

Cch 2. Vi mi m Z+ , xt 2n s nguyn t phn bit p1 , p2 , . . . , pn , q1 , q2 , . . . , qn v h phng trnh

Theo nh l thng d Trung Hoa th h trn c nghim. Tc l tn ti m Z sao cho

T suy ra cc s m + 1, m + 2, . . . , m + n l n s nguyn lin tip v khng c s no l ly tha ca

Bi 20.4.4. Chng minh rng vi mi s t nhin n, tn ti mt cp s cng gm n s hng sao cho

4. Khi 2a = 2k2 +1 3k3 4k4 . . . nkn , 2a l ly tha ca mt s nguyn t, th cc ly tha k2 +

5. C tip tc tm iu kin cho cc s 2a, 3a, . . . , na l ly tha ca mt s nguyn, th iu kin

6. T cc s k2 , k3 , . . . , kn tn ti theo nh l thng d Trung Hoa. Vi mi i = 3, . . . , n tn ti s

Ta c iu phi chng minh.

Gii. Bi ton ny tng t nh bi 20.4. Do li gii tng t. t

Bi 20.4.6. Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn n, tn ti mt tp s nguyn n phn t tng cc

Gii. Ta st tp s nguyn S = {x1 , x2 , . . . , xn }, tp S c 2n 1 tp con khng rng ca S. t

l tng cc phn t ca cc tp ny. p dng bi 20.5, tn ti s nguyn b tha mn

{bS1 , bS2 , . . . , bS2n 1 }

bao gm ton cc ly tha. T ta chn tp

F = {bx1 , bx2 , . . . , bxn }

th tp F tha mn iu kin bi ton.

Phn tch gii. 1. Gi n s nguyn lin tip l x + 1, x + 2, . . ., x + n. Yu cu bi ton gip ta ngh

2. Nu pi l cc s nguyn t th rt kh kim sot iu kin 2k 1, nn ta chn lun pi l cc s

3. m bo (pi , p j ) = 1 dn n vic chn ki , k j .

(tht vy, nu gi q l c nguyn t chung ca 2ki 1, 2k j 1 th

5. T cc nhn xt trn, ta d dng chn c k1 , k2 , . . . , kn tha (ki , k j ) = 1, i, j = 1, 2, . . . , n(i 6= j)

n|tn v tn chnh phng nn n2 |tn n|t.

n ch c mt c nguyn t duy nht, t n = p , vi p 3 do n l. Nu chn, ta ly

Nu n c t nht hai c nguyn t phn bit. Khi ta c th n di dng n = p .m, trong

T n|s2 1. Hn na ta c th chn s sao cho

20.5. NH L THNG D TRUNG HOA V S FERMAT

Phn tch gii. 1. Xt n vit di dng n = 2m .l, l l s t nhin l. Khi

2. Trc ht ta c F0 , F1 , F2 , F3 , F4 l cc s nguyn t v F5 = 641 6700417 v (Fi , Fj ) = 1, i 6= j.

3. Theo nh l thng d Trung Hoa, tn ti s nguyn dng k tha mn

Vy dy {x0 + 1, x0 + 2, . . . , x0 + n} gm n s nguyn dng lin tip, s hng th i chia ht cho

Bi 20.5.3 (IMO Shortlist 1998). Xc nh tt c s nguyn dng n sao cho vi n ny tn ti m Z

Phn tch gii. 1. Vit n di dng n = 2s .t(s,t N), t l s l.

Tc l s 2t 1 c dng 4k + 3, do n c c nguyn t p m p 1( mod 4). D nhin p 6= 3

Theo nh l thng d Trung Hoa th tn ti nghim x0 tha mn h ng d

Bi 20.5.4 (HN QUC 1999). Tm tt c cc s t nhin n tha mn 2n 1 chia ht cho 3 v tn ti

2n = 22k+1 = 2.4k 2( mod 3) 2n 1 1( mod 3)