i Hc Cn Th - Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin - Gio Trnh H iu Hnh V1.

CU TRC H IU HNH
I Mc ch
Sau khi hc xong chng ny, ngi hc nm c nhng kin thc sau: o Hiu h iu hnh t ba kha cnh: ngi dng, ngi lp trnh v ngi thit k o Hiu cc dch v m h iu hnhcung cp o Bit cc phng php c dng thit k kin trc h iu hnh

II Gii thiu
H iu hnh cung cp mi trng cho cc chng trnh thc thi. Ni ti, cc h iu hnh rt khc bit nhau v kin trc, chng c t chc cng vi cc dng khc nhau. Thit k mt h iu hnh mi l mt cng vic quan trng. Cc mc ch ca h thng phi c nh ngha r rng trc khi thit k bt u. Kiu h thng mong mun l c s cho vic chn la gia cc gii thut v chin lc khc nhau. H iu hnh c th c nhn t nhiu li im khc nhau. Ngi ny xem xt cc dch v m h iu hnh cung cp. Ngi kia quan tm n giao din m h iu hnh mang li cho ngi dng v ngi lp trnh. Ngi khc li phn r h thng thnh nhng thnh phn v cc mi quan h bn trong ca chng. Trong chng ny chng ta tm hiu c ba kha cnh ca h iu hnh, th hin ba quan im ca ngi dng, ngi lp trnh v ngi thit k h iu hnh. Chng ta xem xt cc dch v m h iu hnh cung cp, cch chng c cung cp v cc phng php khc nhau c dng cho vic thit k h iu hnh.

III Cc thnh phn h thng

Chng ta c th to ra mt h thng ln v phc tp nh h iu hnh ch khi phn chia h iu hnh thnh nhng phn nh hn. Mi phn nn l mt thnh phn c m t r rng ca h thng, vi xut, nhp v cc chc nng c nh ngha cn thn. Tuy nhin, nhiu h thng hin i chia s mc tiu h tr cc thnh phn h thng c lit k sau y:

III.1 Qun l qu trnh

Mt chng trnh khng lm g tr khi cc ch th ca n c thc thi bi mt CPU. Mt qu trnh c th c xem nh mt chng ang thc thi, nhng nh ngha ca n s m rng khi chng ta khm ph chi tit hn. Mt chng trnh ngi dng c chia thi chng hn nh mt trnh bin dch l mt qu trnh. Mt chng trnh x l vn bn ang c thc thi bi mt ngi dng trn mt PC cng l mt qu trnh. Mt tc v h thng, nh gi d liu xut ra my in cng c xem l mt qu trnh. By gi chng ta c th xem xt mt qu trnh l mt cng vic hay chng trnh chia thi, nhng chng ta s nghin cu khi nim ny tng qut hn trong cc chng sau. Mt qu trnh cn cc ti nguyn xc nh-gm thi gian CPU, b nh, tp tin, cc thit b xut/nhp- hon thnh tc v ca n. Cc ti nguyn ny c cp cho
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qu trnh khi n c to ra, hay c cp pht ti n khi n ang chy. Ngoi ra, cc ti nguyn vt l v lun l khc nhau m qu trnh nhn c khi n c to, d liu khi to khc nhau (hay nhp) c th c truyn qua. Th d, xem xt mt qu trnh c chc nng hin th trng thi ca mt tp tin trn mn hnh ca mt thit b u cui. Qu trnh ny s c cho d liu vo l tn ca tp tin, v s thc thi cc ch th thch hp v cc li gi h thng t c v xut trn thit b cui thng tin mong mun. Khi qu trnh ny kt thc, h iu hnh s i li bt c ti nguyn no c th dng li. Chng ta nhn mnh mt chng trnh chnh n khng phi l mt qu trnh; mt chng trnh l mt thc th th ng, nh l ni dung ca tp tin c lu trn a, tri li mt qu trnh l mt thc th hot ng, vi mt b m chng trnh xc nh ch th k tip thc thi. Vic thc thi ca qu trnh phi l tun t. CPU thc thi mt ch th ca qu trnh sau khi thc thi mt ch thc trc cho n khi qu trnh hon thnh. Ngoi ra, ti bt k thi im no, ti a mt ch th c thc thi cho qu trnh. Do , mc d hai qu trnh c th c lin kt vi cng mt qu trnh, v th chng c xem nh hai chui thc thi ring. Thng thng c mt chng trnh sinh ra nhiu qu trnh khi n thc thi. Mt qu trnh l mt n v cng vic trong h thng. Mt h thng cha tp cc qu trnh, mt vi qu trnh ny l cc qu trnh h iu hnh (thc thi m h thng) v cc qu trnh cn li l cc qu trnh ngi dng (chng thc thi m ngi dng). Tt c cc qu trnh ny c tim nng thc thi ng hnh bng cch a hp CPU gia cc qu trnh. H iu hnh c nhim v cho cc hot ng sau khi cp n chc nng qun l qu trnh: o To v xo cc qu trnh ngi dng v h thng o Tm dng v thc thi tip qu trnh o Cung cp cc c ch ng b ho qu trnh o Cung cp cc c ch giao tip qu trnh o Cung cp c ch qun l deadlock

III.2 Qun l b nh chnh

B nh chnh l trung tm iu hnh ca mt my tnh hin i. B nh chnh l mt mng cc t (words) hay bytes c kch thc ln t hng trm ngn ti hng t. Mi t hay byte c a ch ring. B nh chnh l mt kho cha d liu c kh nng truy xut nhanh c chia s bi CPU v cc thit b xut/nhp. B x l trung tm c cc ch th t b nh trong chu k ly ch th, n c v vit d liu t b nh chnh trong chu k ly d liu. B nh chnh thng l thit b lu tr ln m CPU c th nh a ch v truy xut trc tip. Th d, i vi CPU x l d liu t a, d liu trc tin c chuyn ti b nh chnh bi li gi xut/nhp c sinh ra bi CPU. Tng t, cc ch th phi trong b nh cho CPU thc thi chng. i vi mt chng trnh c thc thi, n phi c nh x cc a ch v c np vo b nh. Khi chng trnh thc thi, n truy xut cc ch th chng trnh v d liu t b nh bng cch to ra cc a ch tuyt i ny. Cui cng, chng trnh kt thc, khng gian b nh ca n c khai bo sn, v chng trnh c th c np v thc thi. ci tin vic s dng CPU v tc p ng ca my tnh cho ngi dng, chng ta phi gi nhiu chng trnh vo b nh. Nhiu c ch qun l b nh khc nhau c dng v tnh hiu qu ca cc gii thut ph thuc vo tng trng hp c th. Chn mt c ch qun l b nh cho mt h thng xc nh ph thuc vo nhiu
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yu t-c bit trn thit k phn cng ca h thng. Mi gii thut i hi s h tr phn cng ca n. H iu hnh c nhim v cho cc hot ng sau khi cp ti vic qun l b nh o Gi vt v phn no ca b nh hin ang c dng v qu trnh no ang dng. o Quyt nh qu trnh no c np vo b nh khi khng gian b nh tr nn sn dng. o Cp pht v thu hi khng gian b nh khi c yu cu.

III.3 Qun l tp tin

Qun l tp tin l mt trong nhng thnh phn c th nhn thy nht ca h iu hnh. My tnh c th lu thng tin trn nhiu loi phng tin lu tr vt l khc nhau. Bng t, a t, a quang l nhng phng tin thng dng nht. Mi phng tin ny c c im v t chc ring. Mi phng tin c iu khin bi mt thit b, nh mt a hay bng t. Cc thuc tnh ny bao gm tc truy xut, dung lng, tc truyn d liu v phng php truy xut (tun t hay ngu nhin). Nh vo vic s dng thun li h thng my tnh, h iu hnh cung cp tm nhn lun l ca vic lu tr thng tin ng nht. H iu hnh tru tng ho cc thuc tnh vt l ca cc thit b lu tr nh ngha mt n v lu tr lun l l tp tin. H iu hnh nh x cc tp tin trn cc thit b lu tr vt l, v truy xut cc tp tin ny bng cc thit b lu tr. Tp tin l tp hp thng tin c quan h c nh ngha bi ngi to. Thng thng, cc tp tin biu din chng trnh v d liu. Cc tp tin d liu c th l s, ch ci, ch s. Cc tp tin c dng bt k (th d, cc tp tin vn bn) hay c th c nh dng c cu trc (th d, cc trng c nh). Mt tp tin cha mt chui cc bits, bytes, cc dng hay cc mu tin m ngha ca n c nh ngha bi ngi to. Khi nim tp tin l mt khi nim cc k thng dng. H iu hnh ci t mt khi nim tru tng ca tp tin bng cch qun l phng tin lu tr nh a, bng t v cc thit b iu khin chng. Cc tp tin cng thng c t chc trong cc th mc d dng s dng chng. Cui cng, khi nhiu ngi dng truy xut tp tin, chng ta mun kim sot ai v trong cch g (th d: c, vit, chn,..) cc tp tin c th c truy xut. H iu hnh c nhim v thc hin cc hot ng trong vic qun l h thng tp tin: o To v xo tp tin o To v xo th mc o H tr cc hm nguyn thu thao tc tp tin v th mc o nh x cc tp tin trn cc thit b lu tr ph o Sao lu d phng tp tin trn cc phng tin lu tr nh

III.4 Qun l h thng xut/nhp

Mt trong nhng mc ch ca h iu hnh l che giu s khc bit ca cc thit b phn cng t ngi dng. Th d, trong UNIX s khc bit ca cc thit b xut/nhp b che giu t phn chnh ca h iu hnh bi cc h thng con xut/nhp. H thng con xut/nhp cha: o Thnh phn qun l b nh cha vng m (buffering), lu tr (caching) v spooling (vng cha).
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o Giao din trnh iu khin thit b chung. o Trnh iu khin cho cc thit b xc nh. Ch trnh iu khin thit b bit s khc bit ca cc thit b xc nh m n c gn

III.5 Qun l vic lu tr ph

Mc ch chnh ca mt h thng my tnh l thc thi cc chng trnh. Nhng chng trnh ny vi d liu chng truy xut phi nm trong b nh chnh hay lu tr chnh trong qu trnh thc thi. V b nh chnh qu nh lu tt c d liu v chng trnh v v d liu qun l b mt khi mt in, h thng my tnh phi cung cp vic lu tr ph lu d phng b nh chnh. Hu ht cc h thng my tnh hin i dng a nh phng tin lu tr trc tuyn cho c chng trnh v d liu. Hu ht cc chng trnh gm trnh bin dch, trnh dch hp ng, th tc sp xp, trnh son tho v trnh nh dng c lu trn a cho ti khi c np vo trong b nh v sau dng a khi c hai ngun v ch ca vic x l. Do , qun l hp l vic lu tr a c vai tr quan trng i vi mt h thng my tnh. H iu hnh c nhim v thc hin cc hot ng sau trong vic qun l a: o Qun l khng gian trng o Cp pht lu tr o nh thi a V lu tr ph c dng thng xuyn nn n phi c dng mt cch hiu qu. Tc ton b ca cc thao tc ca my tnh c th xoay quanh tc h thng con a v cc gii thut thao tc trn h thng con .

III.6 Mng
H phn tn l tp hp cc b x l, chng khng chia s b nh, cc thit b ngoi vi hay ng h. Thay vo mi b x l c b nh, ng h v cc b x l giao tip vi nhau thng qua cc ng giao tip nh bus tc cao hay mng. Cc b x l trong h thng phn tn khc nhau v kch thc v chc nng. Chng c th cha cc b vi x l, trm lm vic, my vi tnh v cc h thng my tnh thng thng. Cc b x l trong h thng c ni vi nhau thng qua mng truyn thng c th c cu hnh trong nhiu cch khc nhau. Mng c th c ni kt mt phn hay ton b. Thit k mng truyn thng phi xem xt vch ng thng ip v cc chin lc ni kt, v cc vn cnh tranh hay bo mt. H thng phn tn tp hp nhng h thng vt l ring r, c th c kin trc khng ng nht thnh mt h thng cht ch, cung cp ngi dng vi truy xut ti cc ti nguyn khc nhau m h thng duy tr. Truy xut ti cc ti nguyn chia s cho php tng tc tnh ton, chc nng, kh nng sn dng ca d liu, kh nng tin cy. H iu hnh thng tng qut ho vic truy xut mng nh mt dng truy xut tp tin, vi nhng chi tit mng c cha trong trnh iu khin thit b ca giao din mng. Cc giao thc to mt h thng phn tn c th c mt nh hng to ln trn tin ch v tnh ph bin ca h thng . S i mi ca World Wide Web to ra mt phng php truy xut mi cho thng tin chia s. N ci tin giao thc truyn tp tin (File Transfer Protocol-FTP) v h thng tp tin mng (Network File System-NFS) c bng cch xo yu cu cho mt ngi dng ng nhp trc khi ngi dng c php dng ti nguyn xa. nh ngha mt giao thc mi, giao thc truyn siu vn bn (hypertext transfer protocol-http), dng trong giao tip gia mt trnh phc v web v trnh duyt web. Trnh duyt web ch cn gi yu cu thng tin ti mt trnh
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phc v web ca my xa, thng tin (vn bn, ho, lin kt ti nhng thng tin khc) c tr v.

III.7 H thng bo v
Nu mt h thng my tnh c nhiu ngi dng v cho php thc thi ng hnh ca nhiu qu trnh, th cc qu trnh khc nhau phi c bo v t cc hot ng ca qu trnh khc. Cho mc ch ny, cc c ch m bo rng cc tp tin, phn on b nh, CPU, v cc ti nguyn khc c th c iu hnh ch bi cc qu trnh c quyn ph hp t h iu hnh. Th d, phn cng nh a ch b nh m bo rng mt qu trnh c th thc thi ch trong khng gian a ch ca chnh n. B nh thi m bo rng khng c qu trnh no c th t c iu khin ca CPU m cui cng khng tr li iu khin. Cc thanh ghi iu khin thit b khng th truy xut ti ngi dng v th tnh ng n ca cc thit b ngoi vi khc nhau c bo v. Bo v l mt c ch iu khin truy xut ca cc chng trnh, qu trnh hay ngi dng ti ti nguyn c nh ngha bi mt h thng my tnh. C ch ny phi cung cp phng tin c t cc iu khin c p t v phng tin cho vic p buc. Bo v c th ci tin kh nng tin cy bng cch pht hin cc li tim tng ti cc giao din gia cc h thng con thnh phn. Pht hin cc li giao din sm thng c th ngn chn nguy c nh hng ti h thng con bi mt h thng con khc. Ti nguyn khng c bo v khng th ngn chn vic s dng bi ngi dng khng c quyn. H thng hng bo v (protection-oriented system) cung cp mt phng tin phn bit gia vic dng c quyn v khng c quyn.

III.8 H thng thng dch lnh

Mt trong nhng chng trnh h thng quan trng nht i vi h iu hnh l trnh thng dch lnh. N l giao din gia ngi dng v h iu hnh. Mt vi h iu hnh cha trnh thng dch lnh trong nhn (kernel). Cc h iu hnh khc nhau nh MS-DOS v UNIX xem trnh thng dch lnh nh mt chng trnh c bit ang chy khi mt cng vic c khi to hay khi ngi dng ng nhp ln u tin (trn cc h thng chia thi). Nhiu lnh (commands) c cung cp ti h iu hnh bi cc lnh iu khin (control statements). Khi mt cng vic mi c bt u trong h thng b, hay khi mt ngi dng ng nhp ti h thng chia thi, mt chng trnh c v thng dch cc cu lnh iu khin c thc thi t ng. Chng trnh ny cn c gi trnh thng dch th iu khin (control-card interpreter) hay trnh thng dch dng lnh v thng c bit nh shell. Chc nng ca n n gin l: ly cu lnh tip theo v thc thi n. Cc h iu hnh thng khc nhau trong vng shell, vi mt trnh thng dch lnh thn thin vi ngi dng lm cho h thng c th chp nhp nhiu hn i vi ngi dng. Mt dng giao din thn thin ngi dng l h thng trnh n-ca s trn c s chut (mouse-based window-and-menu system) c dng trong Macintosh v Microsoft Windows. Chut c di chuyn ti v tr con tr chut trn nh hay biu tng trn mn hnh biu din cc chng trnh, tp tin, v cc hm h thng. Ph thuc vo v tr con tr chut, nhn mt nt trn chut c th np mt chng trnh, chn mt tp tin hay th mc hay ko xung mt trnh n cha cc cu lnh. Cc shell mnh hn, phc tp hn v kh hc hn c nh gi cao bi mt s ngi dng khc. Trong nhng shell ny, cc lnh c nh vo t bn phm
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c hin th trn mn hnh hay in ra thit b u cui, vi phm enter (hay return) ch rng mt lnh hon thnh v sn sng c thc thi. Shell ca MS-DOS v UNIX iu hnh theo cch ny. Cc cu lnh gii quyt vic to v qun l qu trnh, qun l xut/nhp, qun l vic lu tr ph, qun l b nh chnh, truy xut h thng tp tin, bo v v mng.

IV Cc dch v h iu hnh
H iu hnh cung cp mt mi trng cho vic thc thi cc chng trnh. N cung cp cc dch v xc nh ti chng trnh v ti ngi dng ca cc chng trnh . D nhin, cc dch v c cung cp khc nhau t h iu hnh ny vi h iu hnh kia nhng chng c th xc nh cc lp chung. Cc dch v h iu hnh c cung cp s tin dng cho ngi lp trnh thc hin tc v lp trnh d dng. o Thc thi chng trnh: h thng phi c th np chng trnh vo b nh v chy chng trnh . Chng trnh phi c th kt thc vic thc thi ca n bnh thng hay khng bnh thng (hin th li). o Thao tc xut/nhp: mt chng trnh ang chy c th yu cu xut/nhp. Xut/nhp ny c th lin quan ti tp tin hay thit b xut/nhp. i vi cc thit b c th, cc chc nng c bit c th c mong mun (nh quay li t u mt bng t, hay xo mn hnh). i vi tnh hiu qu v tnh bo v, ngi dng thng khng th iu khin cc thit b xut/nhp trc tip. Do , h iu hnh phi cung cp mt phng tin thc hin xut/nhp.. o Thao tc h thng tp tin: h thng tp tin c s quan tm c bit. Cc chng trnh cn c t v vit ti cc tp tin. Chng trnh cng cn to v xo tp tin bng tn. o Giao tip: trong nhiu trng hp, mt qu trnh cn trao i thng tin vi cc qu trnh khc. Giao tip nh th c th xy ra trong hai cch chnh. Cch u tin xy ra gia cc qu trnh c thc thi trn cng my tnh; cch th hai xy ra gia hai qu trnh ang c thc thi trn cc my tnh khc nhau c kt ni vi nhau bi mt mng my tnh. Cc giao tip c th c thc hin bng b nh c chia s, hay bng k thut truyn thng ip, trong cc gi tin c di chuyn gia cc qu trnh bi h iu hnh. o Pht hin li: h iu hnh lin tc yu cu nhn bit cc li c th pht sinh. Cc li c th xy ra trong CPU v phn cng b nh (nh li b nh hay li v in), trong cc thit b xut/nhp (nh li chn l trn bng t, li ni kt mng, ht giy in) v trong chng trnh ngi dng (nh trn s hc, c gng truy xut mt v tr b nh khng hp l, dng qu nhiu thi gian CPU). i vi mi loi li, h iu hnh nn thc hin mt hot ng hp l m bo tnh ton ng v khng i. Ngoi ra, mt tp chc nng khc ca h iu hnh tn ti khng gip ngi dng, nhng m bo cc iu hnh hu hiu ca chnh h thng. Cc h thng vi nhiu ngi dng c th t tnh hu hiu bng cch chia s ti nguyn my tnh gia cc ngi dng. o Cp pht ti nguyn: khi nhiu ngi dng ng nhp vo h thng hay nhiu cng vic ang chy cng lc, ti nguyn phi c cp ti mi ngi dng. Nhiu loi ti nguyn khc nhau c qun l bi h iu hnh. Mt s ti nguyn (nh chu k CPU, b nh chnh, lu tr tp tin) c m cp
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pht t bit, tri li cc ti nguyn khc (nh thit b xut/nhp) c m yu cu v gii phng thng hn. Th d, xc nh cch tt nht dng CPU, h iu hnh c cc th tc nh thi biu CPU. Cc th tc ny xem xt tc CPU, cc cng vic phi c thc thi, s thanh ghi sn dng v cc yu t khc. Cng c cc th tc cp pht bng t dng cho mt cng vic. Mt th tc nh th nh v bng t cha c dng v nh du mt bng bn trong ghi ngi dng mi ca bng t. Mt th tc khc c dng xo bng . Cc th tc ny cng c th cp pht cc my v, modem, cc thit b ngoi vi khc. o Tnh ton: chng ta mun gi vt ngi dng no s dng bao nhiu v loi ti nguyn my tnh no. Gi vt ny c th c dng tnh ton (tnh tin ngi dng) hay n gin thng k s dng. Thng k s dng c th l cng c c gi tr cho ngi nghin cu mun cu hnh li h thng ci tin cc dch v tnh ton. o Bo v: ngi s hu thng tin c lu trong h thng my tnh a ngi dng mun iu khin thng tin ny. Khi nhiu qu trnh ring r thc thi ng hnh, khng th cho mt qu trnh can thip ti cc qu trnh khc hay ti chnh h iu hnh. Bo v m bo rng tt c truy xut ti nguyn ca h thng c kim sot. An ton h thng t ngi dng bn ngoi cng l vn quan trng. An ton bt u vi mi ngi dng c quyn i vi h thng, thng bng mt khu c php truy xut ti nguyn. M rng vic bo v i vi cc thit b xut/nhp bn ngoi, bao gm modem, card mng t nhng truy xut khng hp l, v ghi li cc ni kt pht hin t nhp vo h thng. Nu h thng bo v v bo mt, nhng cnh bo phi c thit lp xuyn sut.

V Li gi h thng
Li gi h thng cung cp giao din gia mt qu trnh v h iu hnh. Cc li gi ny thng sn dng nh cc ch th hp ng v chng thng c lit k trong nhng ti liu hng dn s dng c dng bi nhng ngi lp trnh hp ng. Nhng h thng xc nh cho php li gi h thng c thc hin trc tip t mt chng trnh ngn ng cp cao, trong cc li gi thng tng t li gi hm hay th tc c nh ngha trc. Chng c th to ra mt li gi ti mt chng trnh con ti thi im thc thi c th. Li gi h thng xy ra trong nhiu cch khc nhau, ph thuc vo my tnh ang dng. Thng nhiu thng tin c yu cu hn l n gin xc nh li gi h thng mong mun. Loi chnh xc v lng thng tin khc nhau da vo h iu hnh v li gi c th. Th d, nhp d liu, chng ta c th cn xc nh tp tin hay thit b dng nh ngun nhp, a ch v chiu di vng m b nh m d liu nhp s c c vo. D nhin, thit b hay tp tin v chiu di c th n trong li gi.

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Hnh 0-1-Truyn tham s nh bng

C ba phng php thng dng truyn tham s ti h iu hnh. Phng php n gin nht l truyn tham s trong cc thanh ghi. Trong mt vi trng hp, cc tham s thng lu tr trong mt khi hay bng trong b nh v a ch ca khi c truyn nh mt tham s trong thanh ghi (Hnh II.1). Cc tham s cng c th c thay th, hay c y vo trong ngn xp bi chng trnh, v c ly ra khi ngn xp bi h iu hnh. Mt vi h iu hnh dng phng php khi hay ngn xp v cc phng php ny khng gii hn s lng hay chiu di ca tham s ang c truyn.

VI Cc chng trnh h thng

Mt kha cnh khc ca h thng hin i l tp hp cc chng trnh h thng. Xem li hnh I.1, n minh ha cu trc phn cp my tnh lun l. Ti cp thp nht l phn cng. K n l h iu hnh, sau cc chng trnh h thng v cui cng l cc chng trnh ng dng. Cc chng trnh h thng cung cp mi trng thun li cho vic pht trin v thc thi chng trnh. Vi trong chng l cc giao din ngi dng n gin cho cc li gi h thng; cc h thng cn li c xem xt phc tp hn. Chng c th c chia thnh cc loi sau: o Qun l tp tin: cc chng trnh to, xa, chp, i tn, in, kt xut, lit k, v cc thao tc tp tin th mc thng thng. o Thng tin trng thi: mt vi chng trnh n gin yu cu h thng ngy, gi, lng b nh hay a sn dng, s lng ngi dng, hay thng tin trng thi tng t. Sau , thng tin c nh dng v c in ti thit b u cui hay thit b xut khc hoc tp tin. o Thay i tp tin: nhiu trnh son tho vn bn c th sn dng to v thay i ni dung ca tp tin c lu trn a hay bng t. o H tr ngn ng lp trnh: trnh bin dch, trnh hp ng v trnh thng dch cho cc ngn ng lp trnh thng dng (nh C, C++, Java, Visual Basic v PERL) thng c cung cp ti ngi dng vi h iu hnh. Hin nay, mt vi chng trnh ny c cung cp ring v c gi c ring.
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o Np v thc thi chng trnh: mt khi chng trnh c tp hp hay c bin dch, n phi c np vo b nh c thc thi. H thng c th cung cp b np tuyt i, b np c th ti nh v, b son tho lin kt v b np ph lp. Cc h thng g ri cho cc ngn ng cp cao hay ngn ng my cng c yu cu. o Giao tip: cc chng trnh ny cung cp c ch to cc ni kt o gia cc qu trnh, ngi dng, cc h thng my tnh khc. Chng cho php ngi dng gi cc thng ip ti mn hnh ca ngi dng khc, hin th cc trang web, gi th in t, ng nhp t xa hay chuyn cc tp tin t my tnh ny ti my tnh khc. Nhiu h iu hnh c cung cp vi cc chng trnh gii quyt cc vn giao tip thng thng hay thc hin cc thao tc ph bin. Nhng chng trnh nh th gm cc trnh duyt Web, b x l vn bn v b nh dng vn bn, h c s d liu, trnh bin dch, cc gi phn mm ha v phn tch thng k, tr chi,..Nhng chng trnh ny c gi l cc tin ch h thng hay chng trnh ng dng. Hu ht ngi dng nhn h iu hnh nh cc chng trnh h thng hn cc li gi h thng thc s. Ngh v vic s dng mt PC. Khi my tnh ca chng ta chy h iu hnh Microsoft Windows, chng ta c th thy mt trnh thng dch dng lnh MS-DOS hay giao din ca s v trnh n ha. C hai s dng cng mt tp li gi h thng nh li gi h thng trng rt khc v hot ng trong cc cch khc nhau. Do , tm nhn ca chng ta v thc cht c th b tch ri vi cu trc h thng thc s. V th, thit k mt giao din tin dng v thn thin khng l mt chc nng trc tip ca h iu hnh. Trong gio trnh ny chng ta s tp trung cc vn c bn ca vic cung cp dch v y cho cc chng trnh ngi dng. T quan im h iu hnh, chng ta khng phn bit s khc nhau gia cc chng trnh ngi dng v cc chng trnh h thng.

VII Cu trc h thng

Mt h thng ln v phc tp nh mt h iu hnh hin i phi c xy dng cn thn nu n thc hin chc nng hp l v c hiu chnh d dng. Mt phng php thng thng l chia tc v thnh cc thnh phn nh hn l c mt h thng nguyn khi. Mi modules ny nn l mt thnh phn hon ton xc nh vi nhp, xut, chc nng c nh ngha cn thn. Trong phn ny chng ta s tho lun v cch thc m cc thnh phn c ni kt v trn ln trong mt nhn.

VII.1 Cu trc n gin

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Nhiu h thng thng mi khng c kin trc r rng. Thng cc h iu hnh nh th c bt u nh cc h thng nh, n gin v c gii hn. Sau chng ln ln ngoi gii hn m ban u ca chng. MS-DOS l mt th d cho h thng dng ny. Ban u, n c thit k v thc hin bi mt vi ngi m h khng tng rng chng s tr nn qu ph bin. N c vit cung cp cc kh nng nhiu nht trong khng gian t nht (v b gii hn bi phn cng m n ang chy) v n khng c phn chia thnh cc modules mt cch cn thn. Hnh II.2, hin th cu trc ca n. UNIX l mt h iu hnh khc m ban u n b gii hn bi chc nng phn cng. N cha hai phn c th tch ri nhau: nhn v cc chng trnh h thng. Nhn li c chia thnh mt lot cc giao din v trnh iu khin thit b m chng c thm vo v m rng qua nhiu nm khi UNIX c ci tin. Chng ta c th hin th h iu hnh UNIX truyn thng khi n c phn tng nh hnh II.3. Mi th bn di giao din li gi h thng v bn trn phn cng vt l l nhn. Nhn cung cp h thng tp tin, b nh thi CPU, qun l b nh v cc chc nng khc ca h iu hnh thng qua li gi h thng. C rt nhiu chc nng c ni kt trong cp th nht. iu ny lm cho UNIX kh c th nng cp khi nhng thay i trong phn mt nh hng bt li cho nhng phn khc.

Hnh 0-3 Cu trc h thng ca UNIX

Li gi h thng nh ngha giao din lp trnh ng dng (API-Application Programming Interface) cho UNIX; tp hp cc chng trnh h thng thng sn dng nh ngha giao din ngi dng. Ngi lp trnh v giao din ngi dng nh ngha ng cnh m nhn phi h tr. Nhng n bn mi ca UNIX c thit k dng phn cng tin tin hn. c cung cp s h tr phn cng hp l, cc h iu hnh c th c chia thnh nhiu phn nh hn v ph hp hn l cc h thng MS-DOS v UNIX ban u. Sau , cc h iu hnh c th gi li vic iu khin ln hn qua my tnh v qua cc ng dng thc hin vic s dng my tnh . Nhng ngi ci t thoi mi hn trong vic thc hin nhng thay i cc hot ng bn trong ca h thng v trong vic to cc h iu hnh theo module. Di phng php t trn-xung (top-down), ton b cc chc nng v c im c xc nh v c chia thnh cc thnh phn. S phn chia ny cho php cc ngi lp trnh che giu thng tin; do h t do ci t cc th tc cp thp khi h thy thch hp, c cung cp cc giao din bn ngoi ca cc th tc khng b thay i do chnh th tc thc hin cc tc v thng thng.

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VII.2 Phng php phn tng

Vic phn chia tng phn ca mt h thng c th c thc hin trong nhiu cch. Mt trong nhng phng php ny l thc hin tip cn phn tng. Trong tip cn ny h iu hnh c chia thnh nhiu tng (hay cp), mi tng c xy dng trn nh ca tng di n. Tng cui cng (tng 0) l phn cng; tng cao nht (tng N) l giao din ngi dng. Mt tng h iu hnh l s ci t ca mt i tng tru tng. i tng tru tng ny l s bao gi d liu v cc iu hnh c th thao tc d liu . Mt tng h iu hnh in hnh tng M- c m t trong hnh II.4. N cha cc cu trc d liu v tp hp cc th tc c th c gi bi cc tng cp cao hn. Sau , tng M c th gi cc thao tc trn tng cp thp hn.

Hnh 0-4-Mt tng h iu hnh

Li im ch yu ca tip cn phn tng l tnh module. Cc tng c chn da trn c s tng trn s dng chc nng (hay cc iu hnh) v cc dch v ch ca tng cp di n. Tip cn ny n gin ha vic g ri v kim tra h thng. Tng u tin c th c g ri m khng c bt c s quan tm no cho phn cn li ca h thng. Bi v theo nh ngha, n ch s dng phn cng c bn ci t cc chc nng ca n. Mt khi tng u tin c g ri, chc nng sa li ca n c th c m ng trong khi tng th hai c g ri, Nu mt li c tm thy trong khi g ri cho mt tng xc nh, li phi c nm trn tng v cc tng bn di c g ri ri. Do , thit k v ci t h thng c n gin ha khi h thng c phn chia thnh nhiu tng. Mi tng c ci t ch vi cc thao tc c cung cp bi cc tng bn di. Mt tng khng cn bit cc thao tc c ci t nh th no; n ch cn bit cc thao tc lm g. Do , mi tng che giu s tn ti ca cu trc d liu, thao tc v phn cng t cc tng cp cao hn. Kh khn chnh ca tip cn phn tng lin quan ti vic nh ngha cn thn cc tng v mt tng ch c th s dng cc tng bn di n. Th d, trnh iu khin thit b cho khng gian a c dng bi cc gii thut b nh o phi nm ti cp thp hn trnh iu khin thit b ca cc th tc qun l b nh v qun l b nh yu cu kh nng s dng khng gian a. Cc yu cu c th khng tht s r rng. Thng th cc trnh iu khin lu tr d phng nm trn b nh thi CPU v trnh iu khin cn phi ch nhp/xut v CPU c th c nh thi li trong thi gian ny. Tuy nhin, trn h thng ln, b
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nh thi c th c nhiu thng tin hn v tt c qu trnh ang hot ng hn l c th t va trong b nh. Do , thng tin ny c th cn c hon v vo v ra b nh, yu cu th tc trnh iu khin lu tr d phng nm bn di b nh thi CPU. Vn cui cng vi cc ci t phn tng l chng c khuynh hng t hiu qu hn cc loi khc. Th d, khi chng trnh ngi dng thc thi thao tc nhp/xut, n thc thi mt li gi h thng. Li gi h thng ny c by (trapped) ti tng nhp/xut, n yu cu tng qun l b nh, sau gi tng nh thi CPU, sau c truyn ti phn cng. Ti mi tng, cc tham s c th c hiu chnh, d liu c th c truyn,Mi tng thm chi ph cho li gi h thng; kt qu thc s l li gi h thng mt thi gian lu hn khi chng thc hin trn h thng khng phn tng.

Hnh 0-5 Cu trc phn tng ca OS/2

Nhng gii hn ny gy mt phn ng nh chng li vic phn tng trong nhng nm gn y. Rt t cc tng vi nhiu chc nng c thit k, cung cp nhiu li im ca m c module trong khi trnh nhng vn kh khn ca nh ngha v giao tip tng. Th d, OS/2 b sung thm tnh nng a tc v v iu hnh hai ch cng mt s c im mi. V tnh phc tp c b sung v phn cng mnh hn m OS/2 c thit k, h thng c ci t trong dng phn tng.

VII.3 Vi nhn (Microkernels)

Khi h iu hnh UNIX c m rng, nhn tr nn ln v kh qun l. Vo gia nhng nm 1980, cc nh nghin cu ti i hc Carnegie Mellon pht trin mt h iu hnh c gi l Match m module ha nhn dng tip cn vi nhn (micro kernel). Phng php ny nh kin trc ca h iu hnh bng xa tt c thnh phn khng quan trng t nhn v ci chng nh cc chng trnh cp ngi dng v h thng. Kt qu ny lm cho nhn nh hn. C rt t s nht tr lin quan n vic quyt nh dch v no nn li trong nhn v dch v no nn c ci t trong khng gian ngi dng. Tuy nhin, thng th cc vi nhn in hnh cung cp qu trnh v qun l b nh ti thiu ngoi phng tin giao tip. Chc nng chnh ca vi nhn l cung cp tin nghi giao tip gia chng trnh khch hng v cc dch v khc m chng ang chy trong khng gian ngi dng. Giao tip c cung cp bng truyn thng ip. Th d, nu chng trnh khch hng mun truy xut mt tp tin, n phi giao tip vi trnh phc v tp tin (file server).
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Chng trnh ngi dng v dch v khng bao gi giao tip trc tip. ng hn l chng giao tip gin tip bng cch truyn thng ip vi vi nhn. Thun li ca tip cn vi nhn l d dng m rng h iu hnh. Tt c dch v mi c thm ti khng gian ngi dng v do khng yu cu phi hiu chnh nhn. Kt qu l h iu hnh d dng hn chuyn i t thit k phn cng ny sang thit k phn cng khc. Vi nhn cng cung cp kh nng an ton v tin cy hn v hu ht cc dch v ang chy nh ngi dng hn l nhn- cc qu trnh. Nu mt dch v b li, phn cn li ca h iu hnh vn khng b nh hng. Mt s h iu hnh hin i dng tip cn vi nhn. Tru64 UNIX (Digital UNIX trc y) cung cp giao din UNIX ti ngi dng, nhng n c ci t vi nhn Mach. Nhn Mach nh x cc li gi h thng vo cc thng ip ti cc dch v cp ngi dng tng ng. H iu hnh Apple MacOS Server c da trn c s nhn Mach. QNX l h iu hnh thi thc cng da trn c s thit k vi nhn. Vi nhn QNX cung cp cc dch v cho vic truyn thng ip v nh thi qu trnh. N cng qun l giao tip mng cp thp v cc ngt phn cng. Tt c dch v khc trong QNX c cung cp bi cc qu trnh chun chy bn ngoi nhn trong ch ngi dng. Windows NT dng mt cu trc tng hp. Windows NT c thit k chy cc ng dng khc nhau, gm Win32 (ng dng thun Windows), OS/2, v POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface for uniX). N cung cp mt server chy trong khng gian ngi dng cho mi loi ng dng. Cc chng trnh khch hng cho mi loi ng dng chy trong khng gian ngi dng. Nhn iu phi vic truyn thng ip gia cc ng dng khch hng v server ng dng. Cu trc client-server ca Windows NT c m t trong hnh II.6

Hnh 0-6 Cu trc client-server ca Windows NT

VIII My o
V mt khi nim, mt h thng my tnh c cu thnh t cc tng. Phn cng l cp thp nht trong tt c h thng nh th. Nhn chy ti cp k tip dng cc ch th phn cng to mt tp li gi h thng cho vic s dng cc tng bn ngoi. Do , cc chng trnh h thng trn nhn c th dng cc li gi h thng hay cc ch th phn cng. Trong nhiu trng hp, cc chng trnh ny khng c s khc bit gia hai cch thc hin. Do , mc d chng c truy xut khc nhau, nhng c hai cung cp chc nng m chng trnh c th dng to thm ch nhiu chc nng tin tin hn. Sau , cc chng trnh h thng xem phn cng v cc li gi h thng nh chng ang cng mt cp.
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Mt vi h thng thc hin c ch ny mt cch chi tit hn bng cch cho php cc chng trnh h thng c gi d dng bi cc chng trnh ng dng. Trc , mc d cc chng trnh h thng ti cp cao hn cc th tc khc, nhng cc chng trnh ng dng c th hin th mi th di chng trong cu trc phn cp nh l mt phn ca chnh my . Tip cn phn tng ny c a n mt kt lun lun l trong khi nim my o (virtual machine). Mt h iu hnh my o cho cc h thng IBM l mt th d in hnh nht v khi nim my o v IBM tin phong thc hin trong lnh vc ny. Bng cch s dng b nh thi CPU v k thut b nh o, mt h iu hnh c th to mt hnh nh m mt qu trnh c b x l ca chnh n vi b nh (o) ca chnh n. D nhin, thng th mt qu trnh c cc c im khc nhau, nh cc li gi h thng v h thng tp tin, m khng c cung cp bi phn cng tr. Thm vo , tip cn my o khng cung cp bt k chc nng b sung no; nhng ng hn l cung cp mt giao din ging ht nh phn cng tr bn di. Mi qu trnh c cung cp vi mt bn sao (o) ca my tnh bn di (Hnh II.7). Mt kh khn chnh vi tip cn my o lin quan n h thng a. Gi s rng my vt l c ba a nhng mun h tr by my o. R rng, n khng th cp pht mt a ti mi my o. Nh rng chnh phn mm my o s cn khng gian a lin tc cung cp b nh o. Gii php ny cung cp a o, m n ng trong tt c kha cnh ngoi tr kch thc-c thut ng ha a nh (minidisks) trong h iu hnh my o ca IBM. H thng ci t nhiu a nh bng cch cp pht nhiu rnh ghi trn a vt l nh l cc a nh khi cn. Hin nhin, tng kch thc ca tt c a nh l nh hn kch thc ca khng gian a vt l sn c.

Hnh 0-7-Cc m hnh h thng. (a) My khng o. (b) my o

Do , ngi dng c cho my o ca chnh h. Sau , h c th chy bt k h iu hnh hay gi phn mm no sn dng trn phn cng bn di. i vi h thng IBM VM, mt ngi dng thng chy CMS-mt h iu hnh giao tip n ngi dng. Phn mm my o c quan tm vi a my o a chng trn mt my vt l nhng khng cn xem xt bt c phn mm h tr ngi dng. Vic sp xp ny c th cung cp mt s phn chia hu ch thnh hai phn nh hn ca vn thit k mt h thng giao tip a ngi dng.

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VIII.1

Ci t

Mc d khi nim my o l hu ch nhng rt kh ci t. Nhiu cng vic c yu cu cung cp mt bn sao chnh xc ca my bn di. My bn di c hai ch : ch ngi dng v ch kim sot. Phn mm my o c th chy trong ch kim sot v n l h iu hnh. Chnh my o c th thc thi ch trong ch ngi dng. Tuy nhin, ch khi my vt l c hai ch th n mi l my o. Do , chng ta phi c mt ch ngi dng o v mt ch kim sot o. C hai u chy trong ch ngi dng vt l. Cc hot ng gy ra s chuyn t ch ngi dng ti ch kim sot trn mt my tht (nh li gi h thng hay c gng thc thi mt ch th c cp quyn) cng phi gy ra s chuyn i t ch ngi dng o ti ch kim sot o trn mt my o.

VIII.2

Li im

C hai li im chnh trong vic s dng my o. Th nht, bng cch bo v hon ton cc ti nguyn h thng, my o cung cp mc bo mt cao. Th hai, my o cho php pht trin h thng c thc hin m khng cn ph v hot ng h thng thng thng. Mi my o hon ton b c lp t cc my o khc, v th chng ta khng gp phi bt k vn bo mt no nh ti nguyn h thng khc hon ton c bo v. Th d, cc ng dng khng c tin cy c ti v t Internet c th c chy trong mt my o ring. Mt bt li ca mi trng ny l khng c s chia s ti nguyn trc tip. Hai tip cn cung cp s chia s c ci t. Th nht, c th chia s mt a nh. C ch ny c lm mu sau mt a c chia s vt l. Th hai, c th nh ngha mt mng ca cc my o, mi my o c th gi thng tin qua cc mng giao tip ny nhng n c ci t bng phn mm. Nhng h thng my o nh th l mt phng tin truyn thng hu hiu cho vic nghin cu v pht trin h iu hnh. Thng thng, thay i mt h iu hnh l mt tc v kh. V cc h iu hnh l cc chng trnh ln v phc tp, s thay i trn mt phn ny c th gy mt li kh hiu trong nhng phn khc. Sc mnh ca h iu hnh lm cho trng hp ny l cc k nguy him. V h iu hnh thc thi trong ch kim sot, mt thay i sai trong mt con tr c th gy li v c th ph hy ton h thng tp tin. Do , cn phi kim tra tt c thay i ca h iu hnh mt cch cn thn. Tuy nhin, h iu hnh chy trn my v iu khin hon ton my . Do , h thng hin hnh phi b dng v ngng vic s dng trong khi nhng thay i c thc hin v kim tra. Thi im ny thng c gi l thi gian pht trin h thng. V n lm cho h thng khng sn dng i vi ngi s dng nn thi gian pht trin h thng thng c lp thi biu vo bui ti hay cui tun, khi ti h thng thp. Mt h thng my o c th loi tr nhiu vn ny. Ngi lp trnh h thng c cung cp chnh my o ca h, v pht trin h thng c thc hin trn my o thay v trn my vt l tht s. Mt h iu hnh thng thng t khi b ph v v pht trin h thng. Mc d nhng thun li ny, nhng rt t ci tin trn k thut ny c thc hin gn y.

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IX Tm tt
H iu hnh cung cp mt s dch v. Ti cp thp nht, li gi h thng cho php mt chng trnh ang chy thc hin yu cu trc tip t h thng. Ti cp cao hn, trnh thng dch cung cp c ch cho ngi dng a ra yu cu m khng vit chng trnh. Cc lnh c th xut pht t tp tin trong sut thi gian thc thi theo ch x l theo l, hay trc tip t bn phm trong ch tng tc hay chia s thi gian. Cc chng trnh h thng c cung cp tho mn nhiu yu cu thng thng ca ngi dng. Cc loi yu cu khc nhau da theo cp yu cu. Cp gi h thng phi cung cp cc chc nng c bn, nh iu khin qu trnh, qun l tp tin v thit b. Cc yu cu cp cao hn c tho mn bi trnh thng dch lnh v chng trnh h thng c dch vo mt chui cc li gi h thng. Cc dch v h thng c th c phn cp thnh nhiu loi: iu khin chng trnh, yu cu trng thi, yu cu nhp/xut. Li chng trnh c xem xt cc yu cu n cho dch v. Mt khi dch v h thng c nh ngha, cu trc ca h iu hnh c pht trin. Cc bng khc nhau cn c ghi thng tin nh ngha trng thi ca h thng my tnh v trng thi ca cng vic h thng. Thit k mt h iu hnh mi l cng vic rt quan trng. Thit k h thng nh th t ca cc tng hay s dng vi nhn c xem l mt k thut tt. Khi nim my o thc hin tip cn phn tng v xem nhn ca h iu hnh v phn cng nh l phn cng ca n. Cc h iu hnh khc c th c np trn nh ca my o.

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