BIANCA YUGAR

Chapter #14: Forging the National Economy Big Picture Themes 1. A wave of immigration came over starting in the 1840s, headed up by hungry Irish and Germans seeking a better ife. !oth of these groups were ooked upon with suspicion, but they were hard workers and did we for themse ves. ". #he factory system was in its infancy, ed by $ i %hitney&s 'interchangeab e parts( )yrus *c)ormick&s mechanica reaping machine paved the way for modern agricu ture. +. )hanges were foreshadowed inc uding women beginning to work outside the home. 4. #he nation became 'sma er( and tied together more c ose y thanks to ,a- rai roads being bui t, ,b- cana s such as the $rie, ,c- steamships, and ,dthe .ony $/press. I0$1#I2I)A#I3145 American Industria 6evo ution The change from agriculture to industrial in the center of life for Americans. Factories were becoming more common than home manufacturing. This was mostly thanks to people like later! who introduced the factory system in America. 1ativism ince many immigrants from "urope and #reland were coming as rapid rates! Americans or $ati%ists felt threatened. They in turn were hostile and mean to these new immigrants. They were pre&udiced and despised them since they belie%ed the immigrants were stealing their &obs. )ana Age The period where many canals were being constructed as a new form of transportation. The cost to tra%el and transport goods drastically fell in this period and there were more cities along these canals. 4amue 4 ater #n 'ritain! he memori(ed the machines and brought his ideas to America. )ere he created the factory system which cataly(ed the #ndustrial *e%olution. )e also made the first cotton spinning machine. $ i %hitney7)otton Gin "li +hitney was the in%entor of the Cotton ,in. )is in%ention immensely changed the agriculture of the outh. They were far more reliant on the lucrati%e sale of cotton since it was much easier and cheaper to produce.

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$ ias 8owe "lias )owe was the in%entor of the sewing machine which was perfected by #saac inger. )is in%ention impro%ed and increased producti%ity for women in factories. 9owe 7%a tham 4ystem There were little rooms for women where they could be fed! cared for! and housed. This was in return for cheaper labor! homes for workers to li%e in around the mills! and mill towns. )ommonwea th v. 8unt This case ruled that labor unions were legal since their moti%es and methods were non%iolent! honorable! and peaceful. -nions would impro%e the s.ualid and awful conditions that factory workers faced. $rie )ana A canal between Albany and 'uffalo $ew /ork. #t was greatly ad%ocated by Clinton and also known as Clinton0s 'ig 1itch. +estern farmers could sell surplus crops in the $orth and $orthern manufacturers could sell their goods in the west. G:I0$0 6$A0I1G ;:$4#I3145 #he %estward *ovement <now5=4e f>6e iance= 1. %hat were sett ers of the frontier ike? 2n the frontier! the first settlers were e3posed to many different diseases which lead to death at a %ery young age. They were also prone to depression because of the %ast lonliness of the frontier at that time. +omen especially suffered from a lack of sociali(ation. 4haping the %estern 9andscape <now5 <entucky ! uegrass, 6ende@vous, !ison, George )at in ". =#he westward movement a so mo ded the physica environment.= $/p ain. The %ast use of natural resources in the +est significantly affected the en%irnoment! hence the term ecological imperialism. The fields were destroyed and barren from the e3tensi%e tobacco plantings. 'uffalo! bison! and sea otters went almost e3tinct from the immense use of their skins or pelts. #he *arch of the *i ions <now5 )hicago, Irish and Germans, America 9etters +. 8ow and why did American demographics change from 18"0 to 18A0? There was a great increase of immigrants throughout America between 1456 and 1476. 8any problems like ci%il wars9 militant wars in "urope along with the :otato Famine in #reland pro%oked people to immigrate to the -nited tates. They were intrigued by the cheap land and new opportunities. This influ3 of immigrants drastically altered the demographics of America.

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#he $mera d Is e *oves %est <now5 *o y *aguires, #ammany 8a , .addy %agons, #wisting the !ritish 9ionBs #ai 4. After reading this section, does it seem ogica or unbe ievab e that an Irish>American became president in 1CA0? $/p ain. #t is e3tremely unbelie%able that an #rish American became a president in 1;76. +hen they first immigrated! they were badly treated. 8any of them were accused of stealing American0s &obs and they were in o%erall despised and pre&udiced against. #he German 2orty>$ighters <now5 )ar 4chur@, )onestoga %agon, <indergarten, !eer D. 0id the Germans make as arge a contribution to America as the Irish did? $/p ain. The ,ermans made a larger contribution to America than the #rish did because they brought many aspects of their culture like the Christmas tree! rifle! wagons! and beer. They also greatly affected education as they were %ery highly educated and introduced kindergarten for young children. 2 are>:ps of Antiforeignism <now5 1ativists, 3rder of the 4tar>4pang ed !anner, American ,<now> 1othing- .arty A. %hy were immigrants from Germany and Ire and feared and hated? Americans feared and hated the immigrants from ,ermany and #reland because they belie%ed that they were tarnishing their culture. ome americans also felt that they were taking all of their &obs and %otes. Those like the <now $othing :arty felt that the immigrants were also attacking their religion. )reeping *echani@ation <now5 2actory 4ystem, Industria 6evo ution 8. %hat barriers stood in the way of the industria 6evo ution in the :nited 4tates? Any real ad%ancements for the #ndustrial *e%olution were obscured since the - was not e3posed to a working machine for mass production which was %ital to the re%olution. There were no real moti%es to work in a factory since one could buy land and supposedly make more money that way. %hitney $nds the 2iber 2amine <now5 4amue 4 ater, $ i %hitney, )otton Gin, <ing )otton C. 4amue 4 ater and $ i %hitney caused the 1orth and 4outh to deve op in opposite directions. $/p ain. later and +hitney0s in%entions greatly characteri(ed the north and south. #n the south! "li +hitney created the cotton gin. The south was the =<ing Cotton> and they were hea%ily reliant on the

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lucrati%e sale of cotton. -nlike the outh! the $orth0s amuel later made the factory system for cotton. The north was then in turn reliant on factories. *arve s in *anufacturing <now5 Interchangeab e .arts, Isaac 4inger, 9imited 9iabi ity, 2ree Incorporation 9aws, 4amue 2. !. *orse 10. %hich were more important in Antebe um America, new inventions or changes in business forms and ega status? $/p ain. #n Antebellum America! new in%entions were fare more important due to the fast growing patents in America. There were in%entions that were bettering the life of the Americans like the gin! and 8orse0s in%ention of the 8orse Code which greatly helped communication across the nation. %orkers and =%age 4 aves= <now5 %age 4 aves, 4trikebreakers ,4cabs-, )ommonwea th v. 8unt 11. %hat demands did abor have in the 18+0Bs and 1840Bs? ?abor conditions in America during the @6s and 46s were e3tremely bad. The workers would ha%e %ery low wages! poor nutrition! and long working hours with little breaks. They were sub&ect to bad working conditions like bad %entilation! lighting! and s.ualid working areas. They fought for unions to help impro%e these bad conditions. %omen and the $conomy <now5 9owe *i s, )atherine !eecher, )u t of 0omesticity, 2erti ity 6ate, )hi d>centered 8omes 1". %hat types of work were done by women in Antebe um America? ,!e carefu on this one.The women in this America were more family centered as they were pri(ed in the home. They were prided in ha%ing fewer children so they could focus more on the families. They also had less work to do as they did not ha%e to work for their own clothes or butter since they could go out and buy it now. They had more time to focus on their families. %estern 2armers 6eap a 6evo ution in the 2ie ds <now5 )orn, Eohn 0eere, 4tee . ow, )yrus *c)ormick, *echanica *ower> reaper, )ash>crop Agricu ture 1+. %hat factors ed to increased productivity for farmers? Cyrus 8cCormick0s in%ention of the mechanical mower reaper and Aohn 1eere0s steel plow helped greatly increase producti%ity for farmers. 8ighways and 4teamboats <now5 9ancaster #urnpike, 1ationa ,)umber and- 6oad, 6obert 2u ton 14. %hy were turnpikes and steamboats important? Turnpikes and steamboats greatly ad%anced transportation. They were faster! cheaper! and more reliable than the older forms of tra%el. They helped trade growth as they were able to use these new routes to change the normal flow of trade! lowering the costs of goods for more mass consumerism.

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=) intonBs !ig 0itch= in 1ew Fork <now5 $rie )ana 1D. #he $rie )ana brought revo utionary change to two regions. $/p ain. They brought changes in 'uffalo and Albany! $ew /ork. There were more imports and more transportation between the two areas. They had ad%anced transportation of goods and people. Their cities grew and boomed due to their location close to the canal. #he Iron 8orse 1A. 1ame some of the advantages and disadvantages of ear y rai roads. The early railroads greatly increased transportation of goods! people! and products. They were con%enient as they started to build more and more tracks. )owe%er! the downside was placed on the workers building these roads as deaths on the &ob were e3tremely common. 8any men lost their li%es building the railroads. )ab es, ) ippers, and .ony 6iders <now5 #rans>At antic )ab e, ) ipper 4hips, 4tagecoaches, .ony $/press 1G. #he c ipper ship, stagecoach and .ony $/press u timate y fai ed because they were not forward ooking. $/p ain. ince they were based on wind and muscle! they could not easily thri%e in the -nited states after an e3tended period of time. They were outgrown by the steamboat! railroads! and faster transportation that was more reliable! faster! and cheaper. #he #ransport %eb !inds the :nion <now5 0ivision of 9abor 18. $/p ain the effects of division of abor on a nationa and persona basis. The di%ision of labor on a national basis is related to the capital system and allow s people to ha%e dreams to mo%e up the ladder. Furthermore! on a national basis di%ision of labor created new professions. :ersonally! it allowed one to rise up on the social pyramid! or so they belie%ed. #he *arket 6evo ution <now5 Eohn Eacob Astor, 4ocia *obi ity 1C. #o what e/tent was socia mobi ity possib e in the :nited 4tates in the years before the )ivi %ar? ocial mobility was greater in this period than e%er before. )owe%er! it was not like the rags to riches stories that were commonly e3aggerrated. There were more opportunities for people but that didn0t necessarily mean that they were successful. Compared to "urope! there was more prosperity.

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