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Chapter #34: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War Big Picture Themes 1. When it became evident that both Japan and Germany were marching toward militarism, !" #and $%rope& made it clear they wanted peace. 'his e((ectively gave the dictators a )go* ahead+ sign. ,. $vents showed war as inevitable. Japan attac-ed China. .pain became a dictatorship, and /taly and Germany did as well. 3. 0(ter watching 1itler go on the move, he (inally bro-e a pledge to not attac- 2oland. $ngland and rance went to war. 'he 3... still wanted to stay o%t. 4. 0s the sit%ation overseas deteriorated, the 3... began to s%pport $ngland and rance more openly with words and s%pplies. inally, when 2earl 1arbor was attac-ed, the 3... entered WW//. Chapter #34: IDENTIFICATIONS 4%remb%rg 'rials 'rials o( 4a5i war criminals 1647*48, (or the bad doings o( all the 4a5is in World War //. Cordell 1%ll 1e was the .ecretary o( .tate %nder !", he believed trade was a two way street so he passed the "eciprocal 'rade 0greements 0ct. Winston Ch%rchill 0 noted 9ritish statesman who led 9ritain thro%gho%t most o( World War // and along with "oosevelt planned many allied campaigns. 1e predicted an iron c%rtain that wo%ld separate Comm%nist $%rope (rom the rest o( the West. Charles :indbergh 0n 0merican 1ero, he was an 3nited .tates aviator who in 16,8 made the (irst solo nonstop (light across the 0tlantic ;cean. Good 4eighbor 2olicy !"<s (oreign policy o( promoting better relations with :atin 0merica by %sing economic in(l%ence rater than military (orce in the region, so he too- o%t troops o%t o( C%ba, 1aiti, and other co%ntries to develop better relationships. "eciprocal 'rade 0greement 0ct 'his act was designed to raise 0merican e=ports and was aimed at both relie( and recovery. /t was led by Cordell 1%ll, it helped reverse the high*tari(( policy.

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"ome*9erlin 0=is 'he (ormal alliance between /taly and Germany governments, essentially >%ssolini and 1itler. 4ye Committee 'his committee was (ormed to investigate whether or not m%nitions man%(act%rers and ban-ers were pro*war in WW/ solely to ma-e pro(it? increased anti*war atmosphere and p%sh to pass 4e%trality 0cts. 4e%trality 0cts 'hese 4e%trality 0cts were series o( laws enacted by congress in the mid*163@<s that attempted to prevent any 0merican involvement in (%t%re oversea wars. "%sso*German 4onaggression 2act 'his pact was essentially a promise between .talin and 1itler that stated that they wo%ld not (ight one another, (or the (ear o( a two (ront war. opened the door (or Germany to attac- 2oland Acash and carryA 'his was policy adopted by the 3nited .tates in 1636 to preserve ne%trality while aiding the 0llies. 9ritain and rance co%ld b%y goods (rom the 3nited .tates i( they paid in (%ll and transported them. 0merica irst Committee :eading isolationist gro%p advocating that 0merica (oc%s on continental de(ense and non* involvement with the $%ropean war. :end*:ease 0ct 'his act allows 0merica to sell, lend, or lease arms or other war s%pplies to any nation considered vital to the de(ense o( the 3... >any tho%ght this was a great step away (rom ne%trality. 0tlantic Charter 3...*9ritish agreement o( 0%g%st 1641 to promote democracy and establish a new international organi5ation (or peace

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Chapter #34 G%ided "eading B%estions 'he :ondon Con(erence Cnow: :ondon $conomic Con(erence 1. What were the res%lts o( "oosevelt<s decision not to help stabili5e c%rrenciesD .ince "oosevelt reprimanded $%rope (or trying to stabili5e c%rrencies and not participating in the :ondon Con(erence, it ens%red that the 3nited .tates wo%ld be deep in its isolation policies. 3. wanted to be independent. reedom (or #(romD& the ilipinos and "ecognition (or the "%ssians Cnow: 'ydings*>c!%((ie 0ct ,. What was the reason (or 0merica<s decision to (ree the 2hilippinesD 0merica decided to (ree the 2hilippines beca%se at this time, 0merica co%ld not handle the di((ic%lties presented by them and their islands. 0merican s%gar growers also wanted to separate themselves (rom ilipino s%gar. 9ecoming a Good 4eighbor Cnow: Good 4eighbor 2olicy 3. Was the 3nited .tates serio%s abo%t the Good 4eighbor policyD $=plain. or the most part, the 3nited .tates was serio%s abo%t the Good 4eighbor policy as they wanted to improve their image to their :atin neighbors. 'hey lessened their control in C%ba and in 2anama. 'he >arines even le(t 1aiti. 0merica wanted (riendlier relations with their neighbors indeed. .ecretary 1%ll<s "eciprocal 'rade 0greements Cnow: Cordell 1%ll, "eciprocal 'rade 0greements 0ct 4. Were reciprocal trade agreements a good ideaD $=plain. .ecretary o( .tate 1%ll believed that thse low tari(( policies wo%ld in t%rn mean higher trade. /t was better (or international trade since the 1awley .moot 'ari(( was c%t greatly and it started a low tari(( trend which wo%ld last thro%gho%t the post WW// period. .torm*Cellar /solationism Cnow: Joseph .talin, 9enito >%ssolini, 0dol( 1itler, ascism E. What were the reasons (or 0merican isolationismD 0merica wanted to stay isolationist beca%se o( the events overseas. ascism and 'otalitarian governments co%ld mean big tro%ble (or the 3. Government so they wanted to stay away (rom $%ropeFs problems. .o Congress passed the Johnson !ebt !e(a%lt act which (orbade co%ntries that owed money tot he 3. (rom getting any more loans. Congress :egislates 4e%trality Cnow: Gerald 4ye, 4e%trality 0cts 7. 1ow did the 4e%trality 0cts attempt to -eep the 3... o%t o( warD

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'he several 4e%trality 0cts attempted to -eep the 3. o%t o( the war by restricting 0mericans. 'hey said that we co%ld not sail n a belligerent ship, sell or ha%l m%nitions, or ma-e loans with belligerents. /t c%t o(( contact with most war nations so they co%ld remain ne%tral. 0merica !ooms :oyalist .pain Cnow: rancisco ranco, .panish Civil War 8. 1ow did the .panish Civil War contrib%te to WW//D 'he .panish Civil War was an addition to power to the ascist regimes o( 1itler and >%ssolini. 1itler %sed the war as a testing gro%nd (o his planes. 'hese leaders were strengthened and their regimes too. 0ppeasing Japan and Germany Cnow: B%arantine .peech, 2anay, "hineland, .%dentenland, >%nich Con(erence, 0ppeasement G. What actions were ta-en by (ascist governments that showed that they were a threatD ascist leader 1itler 0dol( showed that he was a threat by brea-ing the 'reaty o( Hersailles. 1e made military service mandatory, he got troops in ranceFs (orbidden "hineland, and he began persec%ting the Jews. 1is manip%lation o( appeasement p%shed the bo%ndaries and tempted 0merica into war. 1itler<s 9elligerency and 3... 4e%trality Cnow: 4a5i*.oviet 4onaggression 2act, Cash and Carry 6. 1ow did the 3nited .tates respond to the start o( WW// in $%ropeD 'he 3nited .tates initially rooted (or 9ritain and ranceFs e((orts even tho%gh they still wanted to stay ne%tral abo%t the war. 'he new 4e%trality 0ct o( 1636 said the 3. co%ld sell war materials on a cash and carry basis to help 9ritain and rance. 'he all o( rance Cnow: 2hony War, 9lit5-rieg, Winston Ch%rchill 1@. What (%rther steps did the 3nited .tates ta-e a(ter the (all o( ranceD 0(ter the (all o( rance, !" was I%ic- to call in a military order. 0 conscription law was passed, the (irst peacetime dra(t. /t trained over a million troops. !" wanted to be prepared (or whatever was to happen. >a-ers o( 0merica: "e(%gees (rom the 1oloca%st Cnow: 0nti*.emitism, 0lbert $instein, 0merican Jewish Committee, ather Co%ghlin, 0merican Jewish Congress 11. Why did 0merica not ma-e more room (or $%ropean Jews in the 163@<sD /n the 163@s, 0merica did not want to ma-e room (or $%ropean Jews beca%se o( all the t%rmoil that (ollowed them. 0merica was not willing to assimilate Jews into their society beca%se o( the chaos overseas that wo%ld p%t them in Jeopardy. 9olstering 9ritain with the !estroyer !eal #164@& Cnow: 9attle o( 9ritain, "oyal 0ir orce, ortress 0merica, 0merica irst, Charles :indbergh, !estroyer !eal

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1,. !escribe the con(lict between interventionists and isolationists in 0merica in 164@. 'he war was going very strong in $%rope and /solationists wanted to stay away. 'hey set %p the 0>erica irst Committee while /nterventionists set %p the Committee to !e(end the 0llies. 1owever 0merica was ta-ing steps away (rom isolationism. !" .hatters the 'wo*'erm 'radition #164@& Cnow: Wendell Wil-e 13. /nterpret the res%lts o( the 164@ election. 'he res%lts o( the 164@ election show that people really did love !" and were even willing to have him (or a third term. 1e also promised that he wo%ldnFt send boys to a (oreign war, which provided a peace o( mind (or his voters. 1e won by a landslide. Congress 2asses the :andmar- :end*:ease :aw Cnow: :end*:ease 14. What was so controversial abo%t :end*:easeD 'he bill said that E@ billion dollars worth o( arms wo%ld be sent to the 0llies. 'his was ens%ring that 0merica was stepping o%t o( isolationism and that they were willing to s%pport the war on the 0lliesF side. /t was apparent to all that 0merica was now in the war. 1itler<s 0ssa%lt on the .oviet 3nion .pawns the 0tlantic Charter Cnow: 0tlantic Charter 1E. What was the reaction in 0merica to the 4a5i attac- on the .oviet 3nionD 0merica too- I%ic- action and set %p the 0tlantic Con(erence with Ch%rchill. 'he 3. wasnFt in the war, b%t the there was a Charter that set %p the goals a(ter the war wo%ld be won. 1owever the 3. critici5ed this con(erence since the 3. was no longer ne%tral. 3... !estroyers and 1itler<s 3*9oats Clash 17. 1ow did 0merica<s implementation o( the :end*:ease policy bring %s closer to warD 'he :end :ease policy showed to the 0llies that 0merica was willing to aid them in this war. 1owever Germans were -eeping a close eye on this e=change o( materials and were not a(raid to attac-, which p%t 0merica in a bad position. 0merica<s 'rans(ormation (rom 9ystander to 9elligerent 18. Was 3nited .tates entry into WW// s%dden or grad%alD $=plain. 'he entry into WW// (or the 3nited .tates was pretty m%ch grad%al. 'he 3. stayed ne%tral (or a long time and teetered bac- and (orth between ne%trality and war involvement. When they (inally did enter it was by steps, as seen with the :end :ease policy. 0merica no longer too- charge o( the war (rom a distance.

Chapter #3E: America in World War

Big Picture Themes

1. 'he (irst goal o( the 3... in the war was to mobili5e. 'his meant signing %p tho%sands o( troops, and switching the 0merican economy over to war. or e=ample, it was time to stop ma-ing sedans, and start b%ilding bombers.

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,. 'he war a((ected all 0mericans. >en #o( all races& went to war and women too- the Jobs the men had le(t. 3. /n the 2aci(ic, the 3... )island hopped+ over (o%r years (rom 1awaii all the way to ;-inawa and were )-noc-ing on JapanFs door.+ inally, the atomic bomb drove Japan to s%rrender. 4. /n $%rope, the 3... and her allies wor-ed (rom 4orth 0(rica %p thro%gh /taly and toward the )so(t %nderbelly+ o( Germany. 'hen, the massive !*!ay invasion drove the 4a5is bac- to Germany where 1itler committed s%icide and his generals s%rrendered. Chapter #3E: IDENTIFICATIONS 0. 2hilip "andolph "andolph was the head o( the 9rotherhood o( .leeping Car 2orters whose threatened march on Washington opened Job opport%nities (or blac-s d%ring WW//. George .. 2atton 'he !ecember 1644 German o((ensive was stopped by 2atton, and it had mar-ed 1itler<s last chance to stop the 0llied advance, also responsible (or this minor t%rning point in the war. 0lbert $instein German*born physicist who helped pers%ade "oosevelt to develop the atomic bomb, which wo%ld later lead to bombings li-e 1iroshima and 4agasa-i in Japan. ;((ice o( 2rice 0dministration /nstit%ted in 164,, this agency was in charge o( stabili5ing prices and rents and preventing spec%lation, pro(iteering, hoarding and price administration. 'he ;20 (ro5e wages and prices and initiated a rationing program (or items to s%pport the war e((ort and prevent in(lation. air $mployment 2ractice Commission 'his was a (ederal agency established to g%arantee opport%nities (or 0(rican*0merican employment in WW// ind%stries

!*!ay 0lso -nown as the beginning o( the 0llied invasion o( rance in J%ne 1644. H*$ !ay /t is on >ay G, 164E, also -nown as the day which ended World War //. Hictory was greatly celebrated thro%gho%t $%rope.

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>anhattan 2roJect .ecret 0merican program d%ring World War // to develop an atomic bomb 9raceros >e=ican*0merican wor-ers bro%ght into the 3... to provide an agric%lt%ral labor s%pply to help with the high demands o( the war e((orts. Chapter #3E: G%ided "eading B%estions 'he 0llies 'rade .pace (or 'ime Cnow: Germany irst 1. A0merica<s tas- was (ar more comple= and bac-*brea-ing Kin World War //L than in World War /.A $=plain. 0merica was dealing with attac-s (rom both (ronts, (rom the Japanese and (rom the Germans. 'hey needed to ma-e a total war ind%stry, create an immense military, ship their goods aro%nd the world and help the 0llies. 'hey had a lot on their plate in World War //. 'he .hoc- o( War Cnow: 0=is 2owers, /nternment Camps, Coremats% v. 3... ,. 1ow did the war a((ect liberal ideals and goals at homeD 0(ter the 2earl 1arbor attac-, there was a strong sense o( national %nity. 1owever there was a strong sense o( hatred against the Japanese, so they were p%t in internment camps beca%se o( the general distr%st s%rro%nding them. 9%ilding the War >achine Cnow: War 2rod%ction 9oard, War :abor 9oard 3. What e((ects did the war have on man%(act%ring, agric%lt%re and laborD 'he war was a great boost (or man%(act%ring, agric%lt%re and labor, and it bro%ght the 3. o%t o( the Great !epression. 4ew eI%ipment and technology sped %p the prod%ctions o( these ind%stries which made them very s%ccess(%l thro%gho%t the war. >a-ers o( 0merica: 'he Japanese Cnow: >atthew 2erry, >eiJi Government, 2ict%re 9rides, Gentleman<s 0greement, /ssei, 4issei 4. /n what way can it be said that the reason<s (or Japanese immigrants< s%ccess also ca%sed them tro%bleD 9eca%se there were many Japanese who lived in 0merica to (ollow their dreams, it also ca%sed them tro%ble when their hometown co%ntry had bombed 2earl 1arbor. /t made them loo- li-e attac-ers and ca%sed them a lot o( tro%ble beca%se o( their ethnicity. >anpower and Womanpower Cnow: W00C., W0H$., .20"., G/, 9raceros, "osie the "iveter E. What opport%nities were opened to women as a res%lt o( the warD

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Women were now opened to all the Jobs that the men that had to leave to war. 'he /nd%stry needed wor-ers so that they co%ld contin%e (illing the great orders needed (or war. Women b%ilt planes, artillery shells, tan-s, and anything they co%ld. Wartime >igrations Cnow: 0. 2hilip "andolph, air $mployment 2ractices Commission, !o%ble H, C;"$, Code 'al-ers, Moot .%it "iots 7. What e((ect did the war have on the nation<s minoritiesD >inorities were (orced to move. 0(rican 0mericans moved o%t o( the .o%th to the 4orth and West. >any other minorities were moved together and meshed and they did not adapt well. 'here were clashes and riots. 1olding the 1ome(ront 8. What economic e((ects res%lted (rom 0merican participation in the warD 'he 3nited .tates was doing m%ch better economically d%e to the war ind%stries. 1owever the national debt shot %p since most people were paying their ta=es on credit. $ven tho%gh there was debt, there was m%ch more disposable income (or (amilies. 'he "ising .%n in the 2aci(ic Cnow: !o%glas >ac0rth%r, 9ataan !eath >arch G. !escribe Japanese victories in the 2aci(ic in the months (ollowing 2earl 1arbor. Japan started ta-ing islands as (ast as they co%ld. 'he too- control o( G%am, Wa-e /sland, 9%rma, 1C, and many others. 'hey were doing very well, especially evident in the 9ataan !eath >arch. Japan<s 1igh 'ide at >idway Cnow: 9attle o( the Coral .ea, >idway, Chester 4imit5 6. Why was >idway an important battleD >idway was an important battle beca%se the 3. was able to have the %pper hand. 'hey beat the Japanese and it was a maJor t%rning point in the 2aci(ic war, and Japanese e=pansion had halted at that point. 0merican :eap(rogging 'oward 'o-yo Cnow: G%adalcanal, /sland 1opping, G%am 1@. What strategy did the 3nited .tates %se to de(eat the JapaneseD 'o de(eat the Japanese, the 3. did not want to attac- the stronghold b%t rather ta-e the wea-er islands (rom Japan and b%ild airbases on them. 'he other stronger islands wo%ld be ta-en by bombing and strangling o( reso%rces. 'he 0llied 1alting o( 1itler Cnow: Wol( 2ac-s, $nigma, $rwin "ommel, 9ernard >ontgomery, $l 0lamein, 9attle o( .talingrad 11. A'he war against 1itler loo-ed m%ch better at the end o( 164, than it had in the beginning.A $=plain.

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'he 0llies (inally gained control in 164, so it was a t%rning point in $%rope. 0merica was slow to start b%t (inally gaining moment%m. "%ssians also stopped the Germans at .talingrad and it was only a matter o( time be(ore the German regime was done. 0 .econd ront (rom 4orth 0(rica to "ome Cnow: .o(t 3nderbelly o( $%rope, !wight !. $isenhower, Casablanca, .icily 1,. !escribe the p%rpose and o%tcome o( the /nvasion o( 4orth 0(rica. /nstead o( a (rontal $%ropean assa%lt, the 9ritish devised an invasion thro%gh 4orth 0(rica, so that the 0llies co%ld c%t 1itlerFs (orces thro%gh the )so(t %nderbelly+ o( the >editerranean .ea. 0 secret attac- was done by !wight $isenhower as they de(eated the rench. !*!ay: J%ne 7, 1644 Cnow: 'eheran, !*!ay, 4ormandy, George 2atton 13. Why co%ld J%ne 7, 1644 be considered '1$ t%rning point o( the warD 'he 9ig 'hree met at the 'ehran con(erence and agreed that the .oviets and 0llies wo%ld la%nch an attac- at the same time. 'he point o( attac- was rench 4ormady and !*day began where 0llied troops, some led by George 2atton, (inally clawed their way onto land, across the landscape, and deeper into rance. !": 'he o%rth*'ermite o( 1644 Cnow: 'homas !ewey, 1enry Wallace, 1arry . 'r%man 14. Why was the choice o( a vice*presidential candidate important and di((ic%lt (or the democrats in 1644D !" was a democratic loc-, b%t beca%se o( his age, the H2 candidate was care(%lly chosen to be 1arry 'r%man, who won o%t over 1enry 0 Wallace, an ill balanced and %npredictable liberal. "oosevelt !e(eats !ewey Cnow: ala 1E. What (actors led to "oosevelt<s victory over !eweyD !ewey was on a campaign o((ensive on the other hand, !" co%ld not go o%t m%ch d%e to his illness. 9%t overall, "oosevelt stomped !ewey and the (o%rth term iss%e wasnFt even that big o( a deal, since it was bro-en 3 years ago. 'he :ast !ays o( 1itler Cnow: 9attle o( the 9%lge, A4%ts,A $lbe "iver, 1oloca%st, H*$ !ay 17. !escribe the last si= months o( war in $%rope. 'he last 7 months o( war in $%rope were (%tile attempts by 1itler. !eath camps were discovered by the 0llies and they were horri(ied. When the "%ssians reached Germany, 1itler committed s%icide and !" died. Hictory day was celebrated in $%rope a(ter Germany s%rrendered. Japan !ies 1ard Cnow: /wo Jima, ;-inawa, Cami-a5es 18. $=plain the meaning o( the title o( this section.

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Japan was s%((ering a lot (rom 0merican bombings o( their cities. >any lives, b%ildings, and cities were destroyed. 'here were (%tile attempts against 0merica, b%t the 2hilippines were ta-en away (rom them and Japan was on their last limb.

'he 0tomic 9ombs Cnow: 2otsdam, 1iroshima, 4agasa-i, 1irohito 1G. What was the military impact o( the atomic bombD 'he atomic bombs sped %p the s%rrender o( Japan. 'he atomic bombings o( 1iroshima and 4agasa-i were detrimental to Japan. Japan had no choice to s%rrender on 0%g%st 16, 164E.

'he 0llies 'ri%mphant Cnow: George >arshall 16. A'his comple= con(lict was the best (o%ght war in 0merica<s history.A $=plain !espite the many di((ic%lties in the war incl%ding the e=tremely slow and hesitant start (rom 0merica, we came o%t victorio%s. 0merica was at its pea- while other co%ntries were str%ggling, leaving 0merica the main world power. 0merican land was %nto%ched, too. 'han-s to great leaders, civilians, and military (orces, 0merica was able to lead o%t o( the war victorio%sly. Harying Hiewpoints: 'he 0tomic 9ombs: Were 'hey J%sti(iedD ,@. What I%estions concerning WW// have historians attempted to answerD 'here are several %nanswered I%estions regarding WW//, what co%ld have happened and what did not. 1istorians were trying to answer how the 3nited .tates wo%ld be li-e a(ter the war. 'hey were concerned that i( the 3nited .tates were a world o( promise, they co%ld also be a world o( dangers. >any historians were %ncertain i( the %se o( the atomic bomb was necessary to win the war, and why did they do itD 'hese I%estions are still being answered today.