Chapter #31: American Life in the "Roaring Twenties" Big Picture Themes 1.

. A red scare struck America in the 20s. Fear of communism resonated through society and as fue!ed "y mai! "om"ings and i!!ustrated "y the #acco and $an%etti e&ecutions. 2. Anti'immigration ran high as e!!. (a s ere passed to !imit immigration) and specifica!!y) to !imit *e +mmigrants from +ta!y and ,o!and. 3. -he #copes .onkey -ria! i!!ustrated the ne contro/ersy of e/o!ution /s. creation. 0. 1usinesses had a good run in the 20s and consumers "ought products i!d!y) often on credit or ith an insta!!ment p!an. 2. -hree 3epu"!ican presidents ere pro'"usiness. -he economy and consumers got to running too fast) and coup!ed ith o/er'"uying in the stock market) initiated the #tock Crash and 4reat 5epression. Chapter #31 +dentifications A. .itche!! ,a!mer Attorney genera! ho !ed the ,a!mer 3aids. 6e rounded up 7)000 peop!e ho ere suspected communists. #ome ere e/en deported or ki!!ed. 8ohn -. #copes 8ohn #copes "e!ie/ed in e/o!ution and taught this hich as against the !a . 6e as sent to tria! and it "ecame nation ide. 6e as fined 100 do!!ars. C!arence 5arro 5arro argued for the prosecution side of the #copes .onkey -ria!. 6e as an e&pert tria! !a yer ith his famous !ine a great fish not a ha!e to get 8ennings 1ryan. Andre .e!!on #ecretary of -reasury. 6e did not !ike the high ta&es from 99+. 6e enacted !o ta&es that he!ped encourage economic gro th. Frederick 9. -ay!or 6e promoted efficiency in production hich !ed to mass production of automo"i!es. 6e ou!d put the stop atch on a orker then orchestrate his mo/ements to e!iminated asted mo/ement and :uicken his time. .argaret #anger #he promoted "irth contro! for omen) a!ong ith the *ationa! 9omen;s ,arty hich had am"itions of getting e:ua! rights for omen in the constitution. 6. (. .encken -his riter used it and "iting criticism to <a" at a!most e/ery aspect of society in his American .onth!y. F. #cott Fit%gera!d

Author of -he 4reat 4ats"y and -his #ide of ,aradise hich descri"ed his o n !ife stories ith his ife =e!da. +t descri"ed the period;s g!amor and sense!essness throughout that period. >rnest 6eming ay Author of -he #un A!so 3ises and A Fare e!! to Arms. 6e rote a"out his o n !ife e&periences and ta!ked a"out the !ost generation of kids in the ar and came out disi!!usioned and confused "ecause of the tragedies they faced. #inc!air (e is Author of .ain #treet hich depicted sma!! to n America and materia!ism and consumerism in 1a""itt. 1uying on .argin -his as the idea that hen peop!e "orro ed far more money than they paid up front. -here ou!d "e great profits if the stock ent up "ut immense de"t if their stocks dropped. 3ed #care -he 3ed #care as a fear of communism hich as fue!ed "y the 3ussian 3e/o!ution) >ugene 5e";s gro ing num"ers) !a"or union strikes) and mai! "om"s. (ed to the ,a!mer 3aids. #acco and $an%etti Case +ta!ian immigrants ho ere put on tria! for a suspected murder and ere accused of the murder. -here as no great e/idence against them) they ere con/icted and e&ecuted "ecause they ere imigrants and atheists. >mergency ?uota Act 1@21 -his act cut the num"er of immigrants ho cou!d enter America to 3A of their nationa!ityBs C.#. popu!ation in 1@10. +mmigration ?uota Act 1@20 -his ne act further cut the num"er do n to 2A of a groupBs C.#. popu!ation in 1D@0. Changing from 1@10 to 1D@0 hich as "efore many *e +mmigrants had arri/ed. $o!stead Act -his Act carried out the 1Dth Amendment hich as the prohi"ition on a!coho! in 1@1@. Fundamenta!ism -his as practiced "y Fundamenta!ists as they strict!y interpreted the "i"!e. -hey c!ashed at the #copes .onkey -ria!. .odernists -hey /ie ed 4od as an o!d chum and they did not "e!ie/e that he as "orn a sinner and in need of forgi/eness. -his as a ne "reak from traditiona! to modern. -his as e&emp!ified ith the #copes monkey tria!. Chapter #31 4uided 3eading ?uestions

#eeing 3ed Eno : 1i!!y #unday) 3ed #care) A. .itche!! ,a!mer) #acco and $an%etti 1. Cite e&amp!es of actions taken in reaction to the percei/ed threat of radica!s and communists during the red scare. ,eop!e ho feared communists discommunicated them from their dai!y !i/es. ,a!mer 3aids ere enacted) free speech as under fire) the #acco and $an%etti case as contro/ersia!) and the EEE as formed.

6ooded 6ood!ums of the EEE 2. Compare and contrast the ne and o!d Eu E!u& E!ansmen. -he o!d EEE as primari!y against "!acks) "ut the ne EEE as against Catho!ics) 8e ish) pacifists) communists) internationa!ists) re/o!utionists) "oot!eggers) gam"!ing) adu!tery) and "irth contro!. #temming the Foreign F!ood Eno : >mergency ?uota Act) +mmigration Act 3. 5escri"e the immigration !a s passed in the 1@20Bs. -he >mergency ?uota Act and the +mmigration act cut the num"er of immigrants ho cou!d enter the Cnited #tates. +t !imited the num"er of immigrants and many peop!e ere put aside) and there as discrimination against immigrants. .akers of America: -he ,o!es Eno : ,russian ,o!es) 3ussian ,o!es) Austrian ,o!es) American 9arsa 0. 9hat factors !ed ,o!es to AmericaF -he ,o!ish a!! o/er >urope ere under attack during 9or!d 9ar 1 since they ere prominent in the ar %ones. -o sa/e themse!/es "y a/oiding the ar and discrimination) they mo/ed to America for refuge. -he ,rohi"ition G>&perimentG Eno : >ighteenth Amendment) $o!stead Act) 9et and 5ry) #peakeasies) 6ome 1re ) 1athtu" 4in) *o"!e >&periment 2. 6o and hy as the eighteenth amendment "roken so fre:uent!yF -he 1Dth Amendment as "roken fre:uent!y "ecause many peop!e did not "e!ie/e that the go/ernment as a!!o ed to contro! their mora! actions. +t as a!so addicti/e and peop!e did not ant to stop. #peakeasies) 6ome "re ing) "athtu" gin) and other i!!ega! gang acti/ities common!y "roke this amendment. -he 4o!den Age of 4angsterism Eno : A! Capone) #t. $a!entineBs 5ay .assacre) (ind"ergh (a 7. 9hat as 4angsterismF

4angsterism as this ne industry for organi%ed crime "rought on "y the 1Dth Amendment. -hey ere intense and induced a !ot of crime in the cities as they fought for territory and gam"!ing and e&torting money. Chicago as the gang capita! of the or!d. .onkey 1usiness in -ennessee Eno : 8ohn 5e ey) 8ohn -. #copes) 9i!!iam 8ennings 1ryan) C!arence 5arro H. 5escri"e the c!ash of cu!tures that took p!ace in schoo!s in the 1@20Bs. >ducation and re!igion c!ashed ith the #copes .onkey -ria! as #copes i!!ega!!y taught e/o!ution. Fundamenta!ists c!ashed ith >/o!utionists o/er the theories of e/o!ution and creation. -he .ass'Consumption >conomy Eno : Andre .e!!on) -he .an *o"ody Eno s) 1a"e 3uth) 8ack 5empsey D. 4i/e e/idence to pro/e that America "ecame a mass'consumption economy in the 20Bs. +n the 1@20s) !o ta& po!icies from .e!!on he!ped encourage gro th in market so peop!e had more money to "uy products. Ad/ertising e/o!/ed to se!! more products through se&ua! appea!s. Ford;s cars and radios ere gro ing in popu!arity. ,utting America on 3u""er -ires Eno : 6enry Ford) Frederick 9. -ay!or) .ode! @. 9hat methods made it possi"!e to mass'produce automo"i!esF -he gaso!ine engine as further de/e!oped. -ay!or :uickened time ith the stop atch to e!iminate asted time hi!e the mass production idea of factory !ines he!ped produce cars. -he Ad/ent of the 4aso!ine Age 10. 9hat ere the effects of the idespread adoption of the automo"i!eF Cars "ecame the ne mode of transportation) peop!e ere a"!e to mo/e and tra/e! further in !ess time. 3oads ere no needed) so more <o"s came from that. 6o e/er trains !ost "usiness. -here ere a!so more deaths. 6umans 5e/e!op 9ings Eno : Ir/i!!e and 9i!"ur 9right) Char!es (ind"ergh 11. 9hat effects did the ear!y airp!ane ha/e on AmericaF ,!anes ere used in 99+ minima!!y and then used for airmai!. (ind"ergh as a ce!e"rated hero and icon in America during that time. ,eop!e ere ama%ed that peop!e cou!d f!y) no they thought that their dreams ere !imit!ess. -he 3adio 3e/o!ution 12. 6o did America change as the resu!t of the radioF America as no more connected ith each other and updated on the current "reaking ne s. +t homogeni%ed society and dre peop!e "ack to their homes. +t as a great p!ace for ad/ertisement and for peop!e to fo!!o their fa/orite sporting teams. 6o!!y oodBs Fi!m!and Fantasies Eno : -he 4reat -rain 3o""ery) -he 1irth of a *ation) -he 8a%% #inger

13. 9hat ere some mi!estones in the history of motion picturesF -he in/ention of the picture sho as the first mi!estone "y >dison. -hen the 4reat -rain 3o""ery and 1irth of a *ation dea!t ith contro/ersies of the Ci/i! 9ar. ,ropaganda and ta!king mo/ies ere "ecoming more e/ident. -here ere a!so the first mo/ie stars !ike Chap!in and Fair"anks. -he 5ynamic 5ecade Eno : .argaret #anger) F!appers) #igmund Freud) 8e!!y 3o!! .orton) (angston 6ughes) .arcus 4ar/ey 10. GFar'reaching changes in !ifesty!es and /a!ues para!!e!ed the dramatic upsurge in the economy.G >&p!ain. #ince peop!e had more money from their <o"s) they had more time to ce!e"rate their !ife. -hey ere dancing) ad/ocating) singing) drinking) and creating ne mo/ements in society. -his upsurge as due to their increased standard of !i/ing in ur"an areas. Cu!tura! (i"eration Eno : 6. (. .encken) F. #cott Fit%gera!d) >rnest 6eming ay) #inc!air (e is) 9i!!iam Fau!kner) >%ra ,ound) -. #. >!iot) e.e. cummings) >ugene IB*ei!!) (ouis Armstrong) Frank (!oyd 9right 12. 6o did the arts of the 1@20Bs ref!ect the timesF *e riters !ike Fit%gera!d and .encken ref!ected the ne e&citing age. -here as a!so more rea!ism as seen ith 5reiser and 6eming ay "ecause of the tragedies of 9or!d 9ar + hich affected society as a ho!e. -here ere a!so ritings on materia!ism) rura! areas) and se&. -he 6ar!em 3enaissance as a!so a turning point for African American arts. 9a!! #treetBs 1ig 1u!! .arket Eno : .argin) Andre .e!!on 17. 9as go/ernment economic po!icy successfu! in the 20BsF +t as not since there as too much o/erspecu!ation in the 20s. ,eop!e ere "uying on margin and it as dangerous if they did not make the money they thought they ou!d. >/eryone anted to "uy no hich prompted them to "uy things they cou!d not afford. Chapter #32: The Politics of Boom and Bust Big Picture Themes 1. ,resident 6arding had se/era! scanda!s underneath him) nota"!y the -eapot 5ome #canda! o/er oi!. 2. America entered into po!icies of iso!ationism here"y the C# <ust anted to !ook after herse!f and !ea/e >urope a!one. 3. Coo!idge as /ery pro'"usiness) fo!!o ing a hands'off approach "y go/ernment. 0. 6oo/er he!d the same ideas ith his rugged indi/idua!ism phrase. 9hen the #tock Crash hit and 4reat 5epression started) 6oo/er as /ery re!uctant and s!o to take go/ernment action. Chapter #32: IDENTIFICATIONS Andre .e!!on

#ecretary of -reasury. 6e did not !ike the high ta&es from 99+. 6e enacted !o ta&es that he!ped encourage economic gro th. 6er"ert 6oo/er 6oo/er as the secretary of commerce during 6arding;s presidency. 6oo/er then on presidency in 1@2D and made a "ig difference during his administration to he!p ith the catastrophic depression. A!"ert 1. Fa!! #ec. of +nterior as in charge of managing natura! resources. 6o e/er he as in/o!/ed in the -eapot 5ome #canda! since he accepted "ri"es for oi! dri!!ing rights from >d ard 5oheny and 6arry #inc!air. 6e ser/ed a year in <ai!. 3o"ert (aFo!!ette -he candidate for the ,rogressi/e party in 1@20) he as endorsed "y the AF of (. 6e got 2 mi!!ion /otes) "ut !ost to Coo!idge. A!fred >. #mith 5emocrats nomiated #mith ho e/er since he as a drinker and Catho!ic) he did not ha/e much pu"!ic appea!. 6e did not do e!! against 6oo/er) the repu"!ican candidate for 1@2D. Ihio 4ang ,eop!e from 6ardingBs nati/e state ho contri"uted to the mora!!y !oose atmosphere in his administration. 9ashington Conference A conference hosted "y the C# hich ca!!ed for C# and 1ritish de'fortification of Far >ast possessions. A!so ca!!ed for genera! na/a! disarmament. Ee!!ogg'1riand ,act -his ,act "y Frank 1 Ee!!ogg out!a ed ar as 72 nations signed this treaty. >/en though this as a nice idea) it as /ery nai/e. Fordney'.cCum"er -ariff (a -his tariff increased the rates from 2H to 3D.2 percent. -his he!ped "usinesses great!y "ut it as "ad for repayment from the >uropeans "ig poo! of de"t.

-eapot 5ome #canda! -his scanda! as under 6arding. +t in/o!/ed oi! and #ec. of +nterior Fa!! ho accepted "ri"es for oi! dri!!ing rights. 5a es ,!an .ade up "y Char!es 5a es) it said that America ou!d !oan money to 4ermany. 4ermany ou!d make payments to 1ritain and France. -hen) they ou!d repay their !oans to America. 6a !ey'#moot -ariff -he 6a !ey'#moot -ariff as hiked up to a!most 70A. -o other nations) this as !ike an economic act of ar. -his increase had negati/e effects !ike a trend of !o er tariffs) and deepened the depression. 3econstruction Finance Corporation J3FCK .ade "y 6oo/er) the 3econstruction Finance CorporationJthe 3FCK ou!d !end money to finance the massi/e go/ernment pro<ects of F53Bs G*e 5ea!.G 1onus Army Army /eterans from 99+ anted "onuses for sa/ing the or!d for democracy. -he 1>F drummed up and marched to 9ashington inorder to get their "onuses) "ut they ere stopped and e/icted crue!!y "y .acArthur. 6oo/er'#timson doctrine -his doctrine said that the C.#. ou!d not recogni%e any territories ac:uired "y force. -hese ere the right ords) "ut in the end) on!y ords. Chapter #32 +dentifications -he 3epu"!ican GI!d 4uardG 3eturns Eno : 9arren 6arding) Ihio 4ang 1. 9hat f!a s did 9arren 6arding possessF ,resident 9arren 6arding as handsome and ta!! "ut unfortunate!y he as on!y of a/erage inte!!igence and he as /ery gu!!i"!e e/en though he did sought to co!!ect the "est "rains for his administration. 4I, 3eaction at the -hrott!e 2. 9hat pro'"usiness po!icies ere taken "y the go/ernment during the 6arding administration.

5uring his administration) a !aisse% faire po!icy as taken in p!ace to he!p "usiness do their o n thing. 6e anted "usinesses to e&pand free form fear of go/. interference. Adkins /. Chi!dren;s 6ospita! erased omen;s protection at ork and iped out min. age for omen. -he Aftermath of 9ar Eno : 3ai! ay (a"or 1oard) American (egion) Ad<usted Compensation Act 3. 9hat effects did the ar ha/e on the post' ar economyF In the post' ar economy) the go/ernment stepped a ay from "usiness inter/ention. -he go/ernment got out of shipping ith the .erchant .arine Act. .any peop!e !ike /eterans ere seeking money and got it ith the Ad<usted Compensation Act. America #eeks 1enefits 9ithout 1urdens Eno : Cnofficia! I"ser/ers) Char!es >/ans 6ughes) Fi/e',o er *a/a! -reaty) Four',o er -reaty) *ine',o er -reaty) Ee!!ogg'1riand ,act 0. 6o did the C.#. take the !ead in disarmament in the 20BsF -here as a disarmament conference in 1@21'22 hich suggested the ration of ships at 2 to 2 to 3 JC#) CE) 8apanK. C# made the fi/e) four and nine po er treaties to he!p ith this. 6iking the -ariff 6igher Eno : Fordney'.cCum"er -ariff (a 2. 9hat effects ere produced "y high American tariffsF -he high tariffs from the .cCum"er !a raised it to 3D.2A "ut this as not good for the common midd!e c!ass ho strugg!ed to pay their dues. >urope cou!d not pay the C# "ack as these high tariffs made it a!most impossi"!e for them to e&port goods. -he #tench of #canda! Eno : Char!es 3. For"es) A!"ert 1. Fa!!) -eapot 5ome) 6arry .. 5augherty 7. G#uch as his L6ardingBsM eakness that he to!erated peop!e and conditions that su"<ected the 3epu"!ic to its orst disgrace since the days of ,resident 4rant.G >&p!ain 6arding as "!ind to many of the scanda!s during his administration. 6e did not pay much attention to the For"es #canda!) the -eapot 5ome scanda!) and 6arry 5aughtery. -his eakened the peop!e;s trust in the go/ernment. #i!ent Ca! Coo!idge Eno : Ca!/in Coo!idge H. 5o the nicknames) G#i!ent Ca!G and GCautious Ca!G accurate!y descri"e the Coo!idge presidencyF Compared to many po!iticians) Coo!idge as a /ery :uiet and shy indi/idua! ho did not speak much. 6e as /ery conser/ati/e and traditiona! in this time of change and progressi/ism. Frustrated Farmers Eno : .c*ary'6augen 1i!! D. 9hat had changed for the farmer since 1D@0F 9hat had remained the sameF Farmers continued to earn good money for their products. *e techno!ogy made it easier for them to produce more food and made ork much easier for them. -hey a!so turned to congress to get he!p ith antitrust !a s and keeping the price of goods high.

A -hree'9ay 3ace for the 9hite 6ouse in 1@20 Eno : 3o"ert (a Fo!!ette @. 9hy did Ca!/in Coo!idge easi!y in the 1@20 e!ectionF Coo!idge easi!y on the 1@20 e!ection "ecause times ere sti!! good and peop!e did not ant to /ote for a democratic president as their party had a hard time defining themse!/es during that e!ection. Foreign',o!icy F!ounderings 10. 9hat are the arguments for America cance!ing the 99+ de"t of >uropean countriesF +n America) peop!e ere sympathetic to the >uropean countries cause during 99+ as they stri/ed for independence and freedom. 1esides) the de"t as too comp!icated and they fe!t that since they ere in de"t) >urope ou!d remain !oya! to America. Cnra/e!ing the 5e"t Enot Eno : 5a es ,!an 11. 9hat ere the or!d' ide repercussions of America;s insistence on de"t repaymentF #ince France and 1ritain cou!d not pay) the C# p!aced the de"t on 4ermany ho cou!d a!so not repay the C#. -his created immense inf!ation making their money orth!ess in 4ermany. -he C# ne/er got repaid for their !oans) and the >uropean countries thought that the C# as greedy. -he -riumph of 6er"ert 6oo/er) 1@2D Eno : A! #mith) G3um) 3omanism) and 3uinG 12. 9hy as 6er"ert 6oo/er so much more popu!ar ith /oters than A! #mithF 6oo/er as much more popu!ar than A! #mith "ecause he ad/ocated 3ugged +ndi/idua!ism and he sounded "etter on the radio than #mith did ith his accent. 6oo/er did his <o"s e!! and earned his ay up the !adder. ,eop!e !iked this a"out him. ,resident 6oo/erBs First .o/es Eno : Farm 1oard) 6a !ey'#moot -ariff 13. 5id 6oo/er;s attempts to he!p farmers produce positi/e resu!tsF >&p!ain. 6oo/er used the Federa! Farm 1oard to !oan money to farmers and the Agricu!turing .arketing act a!so further he!ped farmers. Farmers ere desperate for any he!p after the traumati%ing dust "o ! that ruined their farms. -he 4reat Crash >nds the 4o!den - enties Eno : 1!ack -uesday) G1rother Can Nou #pare a 5imeFG 10. 9hat ere the immediate effects of the stock market crashF #ome immediate effects inc!ude "usinesses ent out of "usiness) immense unemp!oyment rates) "ankruptcy in "anks) and soup kitchens and home!ess she!ters ere fi!!ing up "ecause of this stock market crash. 6ooked on the 6orn of ,!enty Eno : 6oo/er 1!ankets) 6oo/er/i!!es 12. 9hat causes contri"uted to the 4reat 5epressionF

Ine of the primary causes) !ike a! ays) as o/erspecu!ation in stock and o/erproduction in farms and factories. 4etting !oans on margin a!so added to the immense de"t crisis as peop!e ere "uying things they u!timate!y cou!d not afford and cou!d not pay the "anks "ack. 3ugged -imes for 3ugged +ndi/idua!ists Eno : 3ugged +ndi/idua!ism) -he 4reat 6umanitarian 17. 6o did ,resident 6oo/er;s "e!iefs affect the ay he hand!ed the 5epressionF #ince he "e!ie/ed in 3ugged +ndi/idua!ism) he made it s!o to take any important go/ernment action. 6e he!ped the !itt!e guys) 1e!gium) more than he did the C#. 6e hindered economic gro th as he changed a ay from !aisse% faire. 6is "e!ief in the "usiness cyc!e a!so took a to!! in reaction) as he anted to ait it out. 6oo/er 1att!es the 4reat 5epression Eno : .usc!e #hoa!s 1i!!) 3econstruction Finance Corporation) ,ump',riming) Ne!!o 5og Contracts 1H. +s 6oo/er;s reputation as u!tra'conser/ati/e e!! deser/edF >&p!ain. +t is not e!! deser/ed "ecause he did get the go/ernment in/o!/ed during the 4reat 5epression. 6e he!ped the economy through go/ernment spending. -he 3FC !end money to finance F53;s *e 5ea!. 6e a!so he!ped !a"or unions out during their strugg!ing times. 3outing the 1onus Army in 9ashington Eno : 1onus >&peditionary Force) 5oug!as .acArthur 1D. 9hat happened to the 1onus ArmyF 9hyF ,eop!e ho sa/ed the or!d for democracy anted to get their "onuses for it. -hey rioted "ut 6oo/er had them e/icted. -his as carried out "y 5oug!as .acArthur and the army) they used tear gas and fire to e/ict them. 8apanese .i!itarists Attack China Eno : .anchuria) #timson 5octrine 1@. 6o did the 8apanese attack on .anchuria demonstrate the eakness of the (eague of *ationsF -his shocked the (eague of *ations and the E1 ,act since they out!a ed ar on paper. 8apan taking o/er .anchuria as detrimenta! to this idea. 6o e/er it sho ed that aggressi/e nations cou!d take o/er eaker nations) the free nations ou!d comp!ain) "ut they ou!d take no action. 6oo/er ,ioneers the 4ood *eigh"or ,o!icy 20. 9hat as ,resident 6oo/er;s po!icy to ard (atin AmericaF 6oo/er;s po!icy to ard (atin America as friend!y. #ince America did not ha/e enough money to engage in do!!ar dip!omacy) or economic imperia!ism) troops ere pu!!ed out of 6aiti and *icaragua. -hese !aid the ground ork for F53s 4ood *eigh"or po!icy. Chapter #33: The Great De ression and the Ne! Deal Big Picture Themes 1. F53 :uick!y got many *e 5ea! programs passed. -he genera! phi!osophy as: the go/ernment i!! start massi/e pro<ects and spend huge :uantities of money) and this i!! <ump'start the economy.

2. -hese programs hit on a!! a!ks of !ife. >mphasis as p!aced on creating <o"s) housing) construction pro<ects) and restoring confidence in "anks. 3. -hough F53 as popu!ar) there ere critics to the *e 5ea!Osome saying it did too much) others that it did too !itt!e. 0. F53 pretty much had his ay ith Congress) unti! he asked for more #upreme Court <udges and as fina!!y to!d) *o. 2. A!! to!d) though the *e 5ea! may ha/e he!ped the economy a "it) it did not "oost the C.#. from the 5epression. Chapter #33: Identifications >!eanor 3oose/e!t 9ife of ,resident F53. Considered one of the modern First (adies. #he participated in many causes throughout F53s presidency. 6arry 6opkins A *e Nork socia! orker ho headed the Federa! >mergency 3e!ief Administration and Ci/i! 9orks Administration. 6e he!ped grant o/er 3 "i!!ion do!!ars to the states ages for ork pro<ects) and granted thousands of <o"s for <o"!ess Americans. Frances ,erkins C.#. #ecretary of (a"or from 1@33 to 1@02) and the first oman e/er appointed to the ca"inet. Father Cough!in a critic of the *e 5ea!P created the *ationa! Cnion for #ocia! 8usticeP anted a monetary inf!ation and the nationa!i%ation of the "anking system 6uey (ong As senator in 1@32 of 9ashington preached his G#hare Iur 9ea!thG programs. +t as a 100A ta& on a!! annua! incomes o/er Q1 mi!!ion and appropriation of a!! fortunes in e&cess of Q2 mi!!ion. 9ith this money (ong proposed to gi/e e/ery American fami!y a comforta"!e income) etc. Francis -o nshend 6e as a retired physician ho proposed an I!d Age 3e/o!/ing ,ension ,!an to gi/e e/ery retiree o/er age 70 Q200 per month) pro/ided the the person spend the money each month in order to recei/e their ne&t paymentsP the o"<ect of -o nsendBs p!an as to he!p retired orkers as e!! as stimu!ate the spending in order to "oost production and end the 5epression

6aro!d +ckes Former 1u!! .oose ,rogressi/e ho spent "i!!ions of do!!ars on pu"!ic "ui!ding pro<ects hi!e carefu!!y guarding against aste A!fred .. (andon -he go/ernor of Eansas) chosen candidate for the 3epu"!icans in the campaign of 1@37. A moderate ho accepted some *e 5ea! 3eforms) "ut not the #ocia! #ecurity Act. 6is !oss to F53 as main!y "ecause he ne/er appea!ed to the Gforgotten manG. 1rain -rustJsK 4roup of e&pert po!icy ad/isers ho orked ith F53 in the 1@30s to end the great depression. -he three 3Bs F53;s main p!atform for the *e 5ea!: 3eco/ery) 3e!ief) 3eform. *ationa! (a"or 3e!ation 1oard an independent agency of the Cnited #tates go/ernment charged ith mediating disputes "et een management and !a"or unions. Congress of +ndustria! Irgani%ations a federation of *orth American industria! unions that merged ith the American Federation of (a"or in 1@22. (i"erty (eague conser/ati/e group ho comp!ained *e 5ea! interfered ith "usinesses and peop!es !i/es. Court'packing scheme ,resident F53Bs fai!ed 1@3H attempt to increase the num"er of C# #upreme Court 8ustices from @ to 12 in order to sa/e his 2nd *e 5ea! programs from constitutiona! cha!!enges

Chapter #33 4uided 3eading ?uestions F53: A ,o!itician in a 9hee!chair Eno : Frank!in 5e!ano 3oose/e!t) >!eanor 3oose/e!t 1 9hat kind of man as F53F

F53 as a young) ta!!) handsome) and ath!etic man. 6e as stricken "y po!io) "ut that seemed to offer him pu"!ic sympathy and peop!e ere a"!e to re!ate to him. 6e cared a"out the nation and he as a"!e to do something a"out the strugg!ing economy. ,residentia! 6opefu!s of 1@32 2. 9hat as 3oose/e!tBs campaign message in the 1@32 e!ectionF F53;s campaign message in the 1@32 e!ection ere essentia!!y "ased on his confidence !e/e! in the nation. ,eop!e) especia!!y democrats) en<oyed and "asked in it. Confidence as a "ig "u%% ord throughout his campaign. -his he!ped F53 "eat 6oo/er in a !ands!ide. -he 6umi!iation of 6oo/er in 1@32 3. 9hat ere the immediate resu!ts of 3oose/e!tBs /ictoryF -he economy hit rock "ottom at the end of 1@32. Cnemp!oyment reached its highest point in history at an astonishing 22A and "ankruptcies ere popping up a!! o/er the p!ace. ,eop!e ere saying that F53 did this on purpose so that he ou!d !ook !ike the hero of the nation. F53 and the -hree 3Bs: 3e!ief) 3eco/ery) 3eform Eno : *e 5ea!) 1anking 6o!iday) 6undred 5ays) -hree 3Bs) 0. 5escri"e the *e 5ea!. -he *e 5ea! as a comp!e& p!atform endorsed "y F53. +t as "ased on 3eco/ery) 3e!ief) and 3eform. -he *e 5ea! as his p!an for so!/ing the 4reat 5epression. -ons of !egis!ation as passed in F53;s first 100 days in order to take his p!an into action. 3oose/e!t .anages the .oney Eno : Fireside Chats) 4!ass'#teaga!! 1anking 3eform Act) Federa! 5eposit +nsurance Corporation) .anaged Currency 2. 9hat ere the key aspects of F53Bs monetary po!icyF -o start off on a c!ean s!ate) F53 enacted the >mergency 1anking 3e!ief Act to set up a "ank ho!iday unti! they ere appro/ed to "e okay. 6e used the 4!ass #teaga!! 3eform Act to set up the F5+C hich insured peop!e;s money in the "ank. 6e a!so took the do!!ar off the go!d standard so that peop!e ou!d e&change their go!d for paper money to create inf!ation. Creating 8o"s for the 8o"!ess Eno : ,ump ,riming) CCC) F>3A) 6arry 6opkins) AAA) 6I(C) C9A 7. >&p!ain the difference "et een *e 5ea! agencies and hat radica! critics anted the go/ernment to do. -he *e 5ea! made a program ca!!ed the CCC hich hired young men to ork in nationa! forests) and the F>3A to he!p ith go/ernment handouts. +mportant!y) the Ci/i! 9orks Administration as used to pro/ide short term <o"s for inter. Critics said that these <o"s ere "oondogg!ing "ecause they ere <ust made up to co!!ect ta& payer money. A 5ay for >/ery 5emagogue Eno : Father Char!es Cough!in) 6uey (ong) 5r. Francis >. -o nsend) 9,A H. (ist other historica! demagogues.

Father Char!es Cough!in used the radio to ta!k a"out #ocia! 8ustice) 6uey (ong ta!ked a"out #haring the 9ea!th p!an "y gi/ing 2)000 do!!ars to e/ery poor fami!y) and -o nsend ho proposed to do!e out 200 do!!ars a month for 2 mi! seniors. 6o e/er these p!ans ere ridicu!ous and had no rea! strengths. *e $isi"i!ity for 9omen Eno : Frances ,erkins) .ary .c(eod 1ethune) 3uth 1enedict) .argaret .ead) ,ear! 1uck D. >&p!ain the factors that made it possi"!e for these omen to gain fame. #ince omen no had the right to /ote) or suffrage) they ere no a"!e to gain a more acti/e ro!e in society. 9omen ere no seen as e:ua!s Jmore so than "eforeK and they ere taken more serious!y) so they cou!d "e respected !eaders. 6e!ping +ndustry and (a"or Eno : *3A) #ick Chicken 5ecision) ,9A) 6aro!d +ckes @. 6o did the *3A attempt to restore industryF -he *3A attempted to restore industry "y he!ping industry) !a"or) and the unemp!oyed ith their set codes of fair competition. 9orking hours ere spread out for more peop!e) inc!uding minimum ages and ma& ork hours. (a"or unions ere a!so gi/en the right to organi%e and co!!ecti/e!y "argain. ,aying Farmers *ot to Farm 10. 6o did the federa! go/ernment attempt to he!p farmersF -6> Agricu!tura! Ad<ustment Act tried to he!p farmers "y creating Gartificia! scarcity.G +t paid farmers to not farm to reduce the supp!y. Federa! 4o/ernment attempted to he!p farmers ith the Fra%ier (emke farm "ankruptcy act hich he!d off mortgage forec!osures for 2 years. -he 3esett!ement Administration tried to resett!e farmers onto "etter soi!. Fina!!y) the CCC p!anted 200 mi!!ion trees trying to gro ind"reaks. 5ust 1o !s and 1!ack 1!i%%ards Eno : 5ust 1o !) Ikies and Arkies) -he 4rapes of 9rath) +ndian 3eorgani%ation Act 11. 6o did nature cause pro"!ems for some farmers on the p!ainsF A !ong and terri"!e drought caused e&treme damage to crops a!ong ith ind to start the infamous 5ust 1o !. Ferti!e topsoi! "!e a ay and farms ere ruined for the ne&t rotation of crops. .any peop!e !ost their <o"s in farming and ended up mo/ing est. .akers of America: -he 5ust 1o ! .igrants Eno : #an 8oa:uin $a!!ey) Farm #ecurity Administration) Ikie/i!!es 12. +n hat ays ere things "etter in Ca!iforniaF +n hat ays ere they the sameF Ca!ifornia had a !ot of untouched !and to he!p famers start ne !i/es. -here ere pro"a"!y more <o" opportunities out est) "ut they sti!! dea!t ith the 4reat 5epression;s effects on the economy as they did "ack home. 1att!ing 1ankers and 1ig 1usiness Eno : Federa! #ecurities Act) #>C

13.

G3eformist *e 5ea!ers ere determined from the outset to cur" the Rmoney changers....BG >&p!ain. .any corrupt peop!e in the "anks !ied or did not do their financia! reports correct!y) hich caused in/estors to !ose money. Congress used the Federa! #ecurities Act so that companies ou!d report honest num"ers. -he #ecurities >&change Commission as made to atch and enforce the !egis!ation. -he -$A 6arnesses the -ennessee 3i/er Eno : -$A) Creeping #ocia!ism 10. 9hat arguments ere used for and against the -$A pro<ectF For the -$A) peop!e anted e&pand e!ectricity to rura! areas) to pro/ide <o"s) to he!p ith housing) and to pro/ide much needed e!ectricity. 6o e/er some peop!e fe!t that this as unneccessary and it ou!dnt impro/e !i/es. 6ousing 3eform and #ocia! #ecurity Eno : F6A) #ocia! #ecurity 12. 6o did the F6A and #ocia! #ecurity attempt to he!p some of societyBs !east fortunateF -he F6A offered peop!e !o er interest home !oans so they cou!d get homes and make <o"s for peop!e to "ui!d them. -he #ocia! #ecurity Act set up a payment p!an for o!d age) disa"!ed) and chi!dren so that they ere set for !ife. A *e 5ea! for (a"or Eno : 9agner Act) *ationa! (a"or 3e!ations 1oard) C+I) 8ohn (. (e is) #it'do n #trike 17. 6o did !a"or respond to the impro/ement of conditions "rought a"out "y the *e 5ea!F .any strikes popped up in 1@30 and some ere /io!ent. -he *3A as then repea!ed so that the right of unions to organi%e and to co!!ecti/e!y "argain ith management as guaranteed. (a"or Cnions therefore admired F53. (andon Cha!!enges Gthe Champ Eno : A!fred (andon) American (i"erty (eague 1H. 9hat as the significance of the 1@37 e!ectionF -here as a !ot of criticism "y "oth 3epu"!icans and 5emocrats in the 1@37 e!ection of F53;s *e 5ea! "ecause they thought it as o/er spending) hi!e others thought that America as taking the socia!ist path. 5emocrats e/en <oined the 3epu"!icans to form the American (i"erty (eague to stop this. 6o e/er) F53 sti!! on massi/e!y. *ine I!d .en on the #upreme 1ench 1D. 9hy did 3oose/e!t ask Congress for a "i!! that ou!d a!!o him to add <ustices to the #upreme CourtF F53 asked congress for a "i! too a!!o him to add <ustices to the #C "ecause he anted more po er. 6e asked for 12 <ustices and he;d make the ad<ustments) this ou!d ensure that he ou!d get any !egis!ation he anted passed ithout a fuss. F53 did not get his ish. -he Court Changes Course Eno : Court ,acking) 6ugo 1!ack

1@. 9hat ere the conse:uences of F53Bs attempt to pack the CourtF 3oose/e!t as then critici%ed for his ish of <ustices and he as accused of "eing a dictator. 6o e/er) the court did ru!e in his fa/or e/en though they thought he as turning too po erfu!. *ot too many *e 5ea! "i!!s ere passed though. -he - i!ight of the *e 5ea! Eno : 3oose/e!t 3ecession) 8ohn .aynard Eeynes) 6atch Act 20. Assess the successfu!ness of F53 in his second term. +n F53;s second term) his p!an did not go as he anted. 1ecause of a!! his go/ernment po!icies) the economy took another do nturn. 6e did try his "est to change things for the "etter. 6e anted to change the "ad po!iticians and make sure that peop!e ere doing the right thing) so he did do a !itt!e "etter in the second term) <ust not as popu!ar as his first. *e 5ea! or 3a 5ea!F 21. 9hat criticism of the *e 5ea! seems most fair to youF (east fairF + fee! !ike the *e 5ea! as essentia! "ut unnecessari!y hefty in spending. -here as a !ot of aste and a ton of spending) hich seems !ike a fair criticism. 6o e/er) + think that it is not fair to ca!! this .ar&ism "ecause it as necessary for the go/ernment to get in/o!/ed especia!!y at a time hen the nation;s economy as shattered during the 4reat 5epression. $arying $ie points: 6o 3adica! 9as the *e 5ea! Eno : Arthur #ch!esinger 8r.) Car! 5eg!er) Constraints #choo! of 6istorians) *e 5ea! Coa!ition 22. 9hat did 9i!!iam (euechten"urg mean hen he ca!!ed the *e 5ea! a Gha!f' ay re/o!utionFG JNour ans er shou!d focus more on the information "efore this term than on the information after it.K -he term ha!f' ay re/o!ution is accurate!y used in this case. 3oose/e!t;s *e 5ea! did fi& many pro"!ems of the time) "ut may ha/e /ery easi!y <ust "een e!! timed. -he re/o!ution part of the term is seen in the contrast "et een the 4reat 5epression and the impacts of the *e 5ea!. 6ad there "een no contrast) re/o!ution ou!d not "e suita"!e. In the other hand) it as on!y ha!f' ay "ecause there ere to "e a !ot of fai!ed reforms) "i!!s) and !egis!ations that ere !ater repea!ed or changed.