Probability Facts / Assumptions

Assume all experiments described on problems on a test or final examination are conducted so as to have random outcomes and/or events. All selections, drawings, and deals of cards are made from a standard deck of cards. Assume the deck is well-shuffled, and any selections are made at random. The deck contains 52 cards total with no jokers. The deck contains four suits: hearts are red, diamonds are red, clubs are black, and spades are black. Each suit contains the 13 cards: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Jack, Queen, King, and Ace. This ordering represents the increasing values of the cards, including the fact that the Aces have the highest value. In each suit, the Jack, Queen, and King are the three face cards. The picture cards are the face cards plus the Ace in each suit. All dice and coins are fair unless explicitly stated otherwise. That is, each one has equally likely outcomes for a simple experiment involving one random toss of one item. The equally likely simple outcomes of a single toss of a pair of dice are enumerated in the following table. The point totals (sums) are given for each diagonal set of outcomes.