,"ercises and discussion

,3.33

Personal health - exercises and discussion

1 Robert and Jane go to a wedding reception. They are met with a glass of sparkling wine. During the meal, Robert drinks two glasses of wine while Jane has one glass. At the disco which follows, Robert drinks two pints of beer and Jane has another glass of wine. (a) ow many units of alcohol did they each consume! (b) Assuming that it takes one hour for the body to metabolise one unit of alcohol, appro"imately how long will it be before the alcohol le#el in their bloodstream falls to $ero! (c) %ho should dri#e home! (A) 2 The following table gi#es ratings for the effects of different acti#ities for their contribution to fitness. (tamina &adminton 'ootball Jogging ()uash (wimming (hard) %alking (briskly) %eight*lifting o no real effect o o beneficial effect oo ooo oooo ooo oooo oo o (uppleness ooo ooo oo ooo oooo o o (trength oo ooo oo oo oooo o oooo
+ ealth ,ducation Authority

o o o #ery good effect o o o o e"cellent effect

(a) %hich of these acti#ities has the best all*round effect on fitness! (b) %hich of these acti#ities has least effect on fitness! (c) %hich of the acti#ities affects only one aspect of fitness!

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3 There is e#idence that the risk of ha#ing a baby with spina bifida (a congenital malformation of the spinal cord) can be greatly reduced -f the mothers at risk take e"tra #itamins (especially folic acid) before and during pregnancy. -n scientific trials, ./// women known to be at risk were di#ided, at random, into four groups. 0ne group was to recei#e e"tra folic acid, while the other groups were to take different combinations of #itamins and minerals. The women would not be told which treatment they were recei#ing, (a) ow, do you think, is it possible to decide which women are at risk! (b) (uggest a reason why the women were not told which treatment they were recei#ing. (c) The trial has been condemned by some doctors and pharmacologists as unethical. (uggest some points for and against conducting trials of this kind. (,) 4 The following table gi#es the percentage of sugar in #arious foodstuffs1 'ruit gums 23 %eetabi" 6 <oca <ola 4/ >eppermints 4// Ribena (diluted 415) 4. 7uco$ade 8 <hocolates 66 (ugar puffs 56 (hredded wheat /.2 9rapefruit :u-ce (unsweetened) ; <hewing gum =2 Rice crispies 8

(a) (ort these foods out under the headings, ?(weets?@ ?(oft drinks? and ?&reakfast cereals? (b) >lot bar charts of their sugar concentration. (c) -n each category, say which item is least likely to cause tooth decay.

(A)

,"ercises and discussion

,3.32

Personal health - exercises and discussion (continued) 5 A single joint of marijuana is as dangerous as five tobacco cigarettes, researchers from the University of California at Los Angeles report today in the New England Journal of edicine! "he research, conducted over the past five years on #$ male volunteers, found that five times the amount of carbon mono%ide enters the blood stream immediately after smo&ing a marijuana cigarette as after smo&ing a tobacco cigarette! 'ncreased levels of carbon mono%ide in the blood reduce the amount of o%ygen available to tissues and have been lin&ed to coronary artery disease! arijuana smo&ers inhale three times as much tar and retain a third more of the inhaled air in the lung and respiratory tract than cigarette smo&ers!
+ A,% (<-,AT-(T

(a) ow many people were studied in the trial! (b) %hat harmful effects of mari:uana were re#ealed by the trial! (c) %hat effect does carbon mono"ide ha#e! (d) %hy, do you think, is it more difficult to conduct large*scale trials and collect e#idence for the effects of mari:uana smoking than for tobacco smoking! (<) 6 The graph below shows the incidence of dental decay and tooth mottling (fluorosis) in children, at increasing concentrations of fluoride in drinking water. igh fluoride concentrations can gi#e rise to a discolouration of the teeth known as mottling (or fluorosis). The broken hori$ontal line shows the degree of mottling which is :ust #isible to then naked eye. =// 6// 5// 2// 3// .//
0.1 1 threshold of visible mottling 2 3 4 fluoride levels in water parts/ per million 5 6 decay mottling

decayed permanent teeth per 100 children

+ J. &esford, B9ood mouthkeeping? (0C>)

%hat is the best concentration of fluoride to reduce tooth decay without gi#ing rise to #isible mottling! Justify your answer.

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