CIVL 361 Earthwork Analysis

CIVL 361 Earthwork
Dr. Mehmet M. Kunt

Fall 2009 EMU
Earthwork
Always Transportation Construction Projects involve earthwork Objective is usually the minimization of earthwork
Earthwork Cross-Sections
Example Cut and Fill

EXCAVATION (CUT)
EMBANKMENT (FILL)
Terrain Effects on Route Location
Dont forget your design criteria (grades, etc) Attempt to minimize amount of earthwork necessary
Set grade line as close as possible to natural ground level Set grade line so there is a balance between excavated volume and volume of embankment
http://www.agtek.com/highway.htm
Earthwork Cross-Sections
Cut-excavation Fill-embankment
Slopes: <45 vertical component is unitary 1:2 >45 horizontal component is unitary 5:1 Note: Cut and fill slopes are always flatter than 1:1
Cross-Section Data Format
Cross-Section
Cross-Section
Cross-Section Area Example
Cross-Section Area Example
Cross-Section Area
Cross-Section Area
Ref: IGRDS Chapter-7
Ref: IGRDS Chapter-7
Area Calculation
Area Calculation
Area Calculation
Area Calculation
In this formula, W is the width of the highway; hl and hr, are the vertical distances of the left and right slope stakes above grade; dl and dr are the center-line distances of the left and right slope stakes; and C is the depth of the center-line cut or fill. Applying the formula for station 305 + 00, you get the following results: A = (40/4)(8.2+ 12.3)+ (9.3/2)(29.8+ 35.3)= 507.71 square feet.
Area Calculation
Area Calculation
Area Calculation
Area Calculation
Area Calculation
Area Calculation
Earthwork Analysis
Take cross-sections (typically 25 m) Plot natural ground level Plot proposed grade profile Indicate areas of cut and fill Calculate volume between cross-sections
28
Earthwork Quantities
Earthwork computations involve:
Calculation of earthwork volumes Balancing of cuts and fills Planning of the most economical material hauls.
Shrinkage
Material volume increases during excavation Decreases during compaction Varies with
soil type fill height cut depth
30
Swell
Excavated rock used in embankment occupies more space May amount to 30% or more
31
Shrinkage factors of 15 to 20% and a bulkage factor of 25%

Ref: Florida Department of Transportation Summary of Final Report, WPI# 0510796 January 1999
Mass Diagram
Earthmoving is basically an operation where material is removed from high spots and deposited in low spots with the making up of any deficit with borrow or the wasting of excess cut material.
Mass Diagram
The mass diagram is an excellent method of analyzing linear earthmoving operations. It is a graphical means for measuring haul distance (stations) in terms of earthwork volume (cubic yards).
Mass Diagram
Aids in identifying: Where to utilize specific types of equipment, Where quantities of material are required, Average haul distance, Haul grades.
Earthwork The horizontal dimensions of a project are dimensioned in stations. One station equals 100m.
1+00 0+00
10
. 0m
Special Terms
Free haul distance (FHD)- distance earth is moved without additional compensation Limit of Profitable Haul (LPH) - distance beyond which it is more economical to borrow or waste than to haul from the project Overhaul volume of material (Y) moved X Stations beyond Free haul, measured in stayd3 or sta-m3 Borrow material taken from outside of project Waste excavated material not used in project
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Ref: http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/5-430-00-1/CH3.htm
Between Stations 0 + 00 and 0 + 132, cut and fill equal each other, distance is less than FHD of 200 m Note: definitely NOT to scale!
Source: Wright 1996
50
Between Stations 0 + 132 and 0 + 907, cut and fill equal each other, but distance is greater than either FHD of 200 m or LPH of 725 m Distance = [0 + 907] [0 + 132] = 775 m
Source: Wright, 1996
51
Between Stations 0 + 179 and 0 + 379, cut and fill equal each other, distance = FHD of 200 m Treated as freehaul
52
Between Stations 0 + 142 and 0+ 867, cut and fill equal each other, distance = LPH of 725 m
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Material between Stations 0 + 132 and 0 + 142 becomes waste and material between stations 0 + 867 and 0 +907 becomes borrow
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Between Stations 0 + 970 and 1 + 170, cut and fill equal each other, distance = FHD of 200 m
55
Between Stations 0 + 960 and 1 + 250, cut and fill equal each other, distance is less than LPH of 725 m
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Project ends at Station 1 + 250, an additional 1200 m3 of borrow is required
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Example Cut and Fill

As material is moved from the excavation
to the compacted fill the only factor that is constant is the weight of the solid particles (d).

CIVL 361 Earthwork Analysis

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CIVL 361 Earthwork

Dr. Mehmet M. Kunt

Example Cut and Fill

Terrain Effects on Route Location

Cross-Section Data Format

Cross-Section Area Example

Cross-Section Area Example

Ref: IGRDS Chapter-7

Ref: IGRDS Chapter-7

Shrinkage factors of 15 to 20% and a bulkage factor of 25%

Source: Wright 1996

Source: Wright, 1996

Source: Wright, 1996

Source: Wright, 1996

Source: Wright, 1996

Source: Wright, 1996

Project ends at Station 1 + 250, an additional 1200 m3 of borrow is required

Source: Wright, 1996

Example Cut and Fill

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