Matrix and Determinants PDF

Matrix and Determinants
Determinants
a square array of numbers enclosed by two bars
and is subjected to mathematical operation. The
elements of which have corresponding numbers
of rows to that of the columns.

where:
a
ij
= the element of the ith row and jth column
(
(
(
=
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
a a a
a a a
a a a
D
Sign of Operators
(
(
(
(
(
(
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
= D
Properties of Determinants:
1. If the value of a single row or column are all 0
then D = 0.

2. If two rows or columns are interchanged, the
sign of the determinant is changed
0
6 3 0
5 2 0
4 1 0
=
(
(
(
= D
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
=
9 6 3
7 4 1
8 5 2
9 6 3
8 5 2
7 4 1
D
3. If each element of a row or column of a
determinant can be multiplied by a common
factor then the determinant is multiplied by that
number.

common factor =4

4
6 4 5
5 3 4
4 1 2
6 16 5
5 12 4
4 4 2
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
= D
4. If two rows or columns are identical then D = 0.

identical
0
6 3 3
5 2 2
4 1 1
=
(
(
(
= D
5. If two rows or columns are proportional then D is
equivalent to 0.

proportional
0
9 6 3
8 4 2
7 2 1
=
(
(
(
= D
6. If the corresponding rows and columns of a
determinant are interchanged, its value is
unchanged.

(
(
(
=
(
(
(
=
9 8 7
6 5 4
3 2 1
9 6 3
8 5 2
7 4 1
D
7. If three determinants D
1
, D
2
and D
3
have
corresponding equal elements except for a
single row or column in which the elements at
D
1
are the sum of the corresponding elements
of D
2
and D
3
then D
1
= D
2
+ D
3

3 2 1
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
33 32 31 31
23 22 21 21
13 12 11 11
D D D
a a b
a a b
a a b
a a a
a a a
a a a
a a b a
a a b a
a a b a
+ =
(
(
(
+
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
8. The product of two determinants of the same
order is also a determinant of the same order
whose element in the ith row and jth column is
the sum of the products of the ith row of the
first determinant and the jth column of the
second determinant.

(
=
22 21
12 11
a a
a a
A
(
=
22 21
12 11
b b
b b
B
(
+ +
+ +
=
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
*
22 22 12 21 21 22 11 21
22 12 12 11 21 12 11 11
b a b a b a b a
b a b a b a b a
B A
9. The value of a determinant is the algebraic
sum of the products obtained by multiplying
each element of a column or row by its co-
factor or signed minor.
(Expansion of Determinants by Minor)

Ex. Expansion by Row
D = a
11
a
12
a
13
a
21
a
22
a
23
a
31
a
32
a
33

=(+) a
11
a
22
a
23
+ (-) a
12
a
21
a
23
+ (+) a
13
a
21
a
22

a
32
a
33
a
31
a
33
a
31
a
32

Minor and Cofactors
The Minor of the element A
ij
in the ith row and jth
column in any determinant order formed from
the element remained after isolating the ith row
and jth column.
M
13
= a
21
a
22
a
31
a
32
M
23
= a
11
a
12
a
31
a
32
where :
M
ij
= the minor of A
ij
Minor and Cofactors
The cofactor of the element A
ij
in any
determinant of order n is that signed minor
determined by,

D
ij
= ( -1 )
i + j
( M
ij
)
D
13
= ( -1 )
1+3
( M
13
)
= ( +1 ) a
21
a
22

a
31
a
32

D
23
= ( -1 )
2+3
( M
23
)
= ( -1 ) a
11
a
12

a
31
a
32

where :
D
ij
= the cofactor of A
ij
Example
Find the cofactor using the minor of the given
matrix

D = 1 2 3
-2 3 1
3 2 1
EVALUATION OF DETERMINANTS
1. Conventional Method
used for 2nd degree determinants and
commonly denoted as cross product method.

Ex. Find the determinant
D = 2 1
8 5
2. Diagonal Method (Basket Method)
used for 3rd degree determinants commonly
described as the sum of products of the
diagonal leaning \ minus the sum of products
of the diagonal leaning / .

Ex. Find its determinant using diagonal/basket
method.
D = 2 5 4
5 0 1
1 -3 3

3. Expansion by Minor Cofactor Method
used for 3rd degree and higher degree order
of determinants.
a. Expansion by Row (Laplaces Expansion)
=
=
n
k
ik ik
D A D
1
Find the determinants of the given matrix using
expansion by row (laplaces expansion).

D = 1 4 3
4 4 5
2 5 4

b. Expansion by Column
=
=
n
k
kj kj
D A D
1
expansion by column.

D = 1 4 3
4 4 5
2 5 4

Chios Method
Another method in evaluating the
determinant of an (m x m) order matrix where
a
11
is not equal to zero.
Chios Method (3x3)
3 3
33 31
13 11
32 31
12 11
23 21
13 11
22 21
12 11
) 2 (
11
3 3
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
) (
1
. det
=
=
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a
A
a a a
a a a
a a a
A
m
where: m is the size of
the square matrix
Chios Method (4x4)
where: m is the size of
the square matrix
4 4
44 41
14 11
43 41
13 11
42 41
12 11
34 31
14 11
33 31
13 11
32 31
12 11
24 21
14 11
23 21
13 11
22 21
12 11
) 2 (
11
4 4
44 43 42 41
34 33 32 31
24 23 22 21
14 13 12 11
) (
1
. det
=
=
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a
A
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a
A
m
Chios method.

D = 1 4 3
4 4 5
2 5 4

Techniques in Altering the
Elements of the Determinants.
used for 3rd degree and higher degree order
of determinants.

a. Alteration by zero
The element of any row (or column) may be
multiplied by a constant and the result added
to the corresponding element of any other row
(or column) without changing the value of the
determinants.

D = A B C
D E F
G H I

D = A B C
0 E F
0 0 I

D = ( A x E x I )
alteration by zero.

D = 1 4 3
4 4 5
2 5 4

b. Pivotal Element Method
Steps:
1. Select a pivot element except zero.
2. Draw cancellation lines along the row and
column of the pivotal element.
3. Replace the remaining element by
subtracting from the original element, the
product of the elements intersecting the
cancellation lines and perpendicular lines
dividing it by the pivot element.
4. Multiply the resulting determinant by the
pivot element along with its corresponding sign
of cofactor.
pivot element method.

D = 1 4 3
4 4 5
2 5 4

Seatwork
1. If , what is the cofactor of

the second row, third column element?

7 5 0
4 2 1
1 3 2
= B
Seatwork
2. Given ,find its determinants using

the following methods:
a. Diagonal Method
b. Expansion by row and column
c. Chios Method
d. Alteration by zero
e. Pivotal Method

3 3 5
4 3 7
6 2 6
= B
Matrix
It is a rectangular array of numbers or functions
enclosed in a pair of brackets and subject to
certain rules of operation.
A = a
11
a
12
a
13
a
21
a
22
a
23
a
31
a
32
a
33
3x3
A = /a
ij
/
mxn
where: a
ij
= element of matrix A
mxn = size of order of matrix
m = number of row matrix
n = number of column matrix
Note: m & n may or may not be equal
Special Type of Matrices
1. Row Vector Matrix
A matrix which contains only one row and
several columns.
Ex.
B = [ 1 2 3 4 .. n ] 1 x n
2. Column Vector Matrix
A matrix which contains only one column and
several rows.

Ex.
C = 1
2
3
.
.
.
n m x1
3. Square Matrix
It is a matrix whose elements have equal
number of rows and columns.

Ex.

A = 1 4 3
4 4 5
2 5 4
4. Null or Zero Matrix
It is a square matrix whose elements are all
zeros.

Ex.

A = 0 0
0 0
5. Diagonal Matrix
It is a square matrix wherein the values lie in
the main diagonal and the rest are all zeros.

Ex.

A = 3 0 0
0 4 0
0 0 3
6. Unity or Identity Matrix
It is a square matrix whose elements in the
main diagonal are all 1s and the rest are all
zeros.

Ex.

A = 1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
7. Symmetric Matrix
It is a square matrix whose element A
ij
is equal
to the element A
ji
or the elements of the rows
corresponds to that of the column.

Ex.

A = 1 -5 6
-5 7 2
6 2 3
8. Skew Matrix
It is a square matrix whose element A
ij
is equal
to the negative of the element A
ji
.

Ex.

A = 1 5 -6
-5 7 2
6 -2 3
9. Singular Matrix
It is a square matrix whose determinant value
is equivalent to 0.

Ex.

A = 1 4
2 8
10. Non-singular Matrix
It is a square matrix whose determinant value
is not equivalent to 0.

Ex.

A = 1 4 3 determinant value
4 4 5 /A/ = 3
2 5 4
MATRIX LAWS
1. A + B = B + A (Matrix addition is
commutative)
2. A + 0 = 0 + A = A (0 is the zero for
matrix addition)
3. A + (-A) = (-A) + A = 0 (-A is the negative of
A)
4. (A + B) + C = A + (B + C) (Matrix addition is
associative)
5. (sA)B = A (sB) = s(AB) (Scalars can be
moved through
products)
MATRIX LAWS
6. For A
mxn
, I
m
A = Ai
n
= A (I is the identity for
matrix multiplication)
7. (A + B)C = AC + BC (Right distributive
law)
8. A(B + C) = AB + AC (Left distributive law)

9. A(BC) = (AB) C (Matrix multiplication
is associative)
MATRIX OPERATION
In matrix operation, only addition, subtraction,
and multiplication are defined. Division is done
by a different technique.

1. Addition / Subtraction
-two matrices may be conformable to
addition/subtraction, if and only if the size of
the two matrices are equal.
A
mxn
+ B
mxn
= C
mxn
MATRIX OPERATION
Example:
Evaluate A & B
A = 1 2 3
3 2 1 2x3
B = 1 2
4 1
0 1 3x2
A + B = not possible because they are not of the
same order.
MATRIX OPERATION
Example:

Find the sum and difference of the two matrices
based on the following conditions:
a. C = A + B
b. C = B A

A = 1 4 7 B = 2 5 1
2 5 8 1 6 4
3 6 9 3x3 0 3 7 3x3
MATRIX OPERATION
2. Multiplication
a. By scalar
Example:
A x 5 where A = 1 0 1
3 -4 3
4 5 2

A x 5 = 5 0 5
15 -20 15
20 25 10

MATRIX OPERATION
b. By another matrix
-two matrices can be multiplied if the number of
column (left hand) of the first matrix is equal to
the number of row (right hand) of the second
matrix.
MATRIX OPERATION
A * B = a
11
a
12
a
13
b
11
b
12

a
21
a
22
a
23
b
21
b
22

a
31
a
32
a
33 3x3
b
31
b
32 3x2

MATRIX OPERATION
A * B = (a
11
b
11
+a
12
b
21
+a
13
b
31
) (a
11
b
12
+a
12
b
22
+a
13
b
32
)
C
11
C
12

(a
21
b
11
+a
22
b
21
+a
23
b
31
) (a
21
b
12
+a
22
b
22
+a
23
b
32
)
C
21
C
22

(a
31
b
11
+a
32
b
21
+a
33
b
31
) (a
31
b
12
+a
32
b
22
+a
33
b
32
)
C
31
C
32

MATRIX OPERATION
A * B = C = c
11
c
12

c
21
c
22

c
31
c
32 3x2

MATRIX OPERATION
3. Division
Inverse of a matrix

B = 1 = A
-1

A

where: A
-1
inverse of matrix A

MATRIX OPERATION
a. Inverse of a matrix
A
-1
= 1 adj A
T

/A/
where: /A/ = determinant value of a matrix
A
T
= transpose of a matrix
adj = adjoint of a matrix
Note: Division operation is not conformable to
matrices of unequal rows & columns. Hence,
this operation is restricted to square matrices
only.

MATRIX OPERATION
Transpose of a matrix ( A
T
)
-to determine the transpose of a matrix,
interchange the corresponding rows and
columns of the given determinant.
Example: Find the transpose of the given matrix

A = 1 4 3
4 4 5
2 5 4

MATRIX OPERATION
Adjoint of a Matrix ( adj. )
-to obtain the adjoint of any matrix, replace each
element by its corresponding co-factor.

Example: Find the adjoint of the given matrix.

A = 1 4 3
4 4 5
2 5 4

MATRIX OPERATION
Ex. Solve for the inverse matrix.

A = 1 4 3
4 4 5
2 5 4

Solutions to Linear Equations
Cramers Rule
Inverse Matrices
Gauss-Jordan Methods
Matrix Decomposition

Cramers Rule
It is a theorem, which gives an expression for
the solution of a system of linear equations with
as many equations as unknowns, valid in those
cases where there is a unique solution.
The solution is expressed in terms of the
determinants of the (square) coefficient matrix
and of matrices obtained from it by replacing
one column by the vector of right hand sides of
the equations.
Cramers Rule
Example: Use Cramers Rule to solve the system.

4x - y + z = -5
2x + 2y + 3z = 10
5x 2y + 6z = 1
Inverse Matrices
The solution is given from the product of
the adjoint of the transpose of a matrix and
its constant.
Inverse Matrices
Example : Use Inverse Matrices to solve the
system.

4x - y + z = -5
2x + 2y + 3z = 10
5x 2y + 6z = 1
GAUSS-JORDAN METHODS
Gauss-Jordan Elimination
Gauss-Jordan Reduction
To obtain the values of the unknown variables
in a given linear equation: plot the constants
along with the coefficients of the unknown
variables and then apply alteration by zero
producing simplified equations to solve for the
unknown variables.
A
1
X
1
+ B
1
X
2
+ C1 X
3
= D
1
A
2
X
1
+ B
2
X
2
+ C2 X
3
= D
2
A
3
X
1
+ B
3
X
2
+ C3 X
3
= D
3

A
1
B
1
C
1
: D
1
A
2
B
2
C
2
: D
2
A
3
B
3
C
3
: D
3

A
1
B
1
C
1
: D1 1
0 B
2
C
2
: D2 2
0 0 C
3
: D3 3
X
1
X
2
X
3
K
To obtain the values of the unknown variables
in a given linear equation: plot the constants
along with the coefficients of the unknown
variables and then apply row-by-row
transformation to change the given matrix to a
unity matrix thus, altering the value of the
constants yielding the values of the unknown
variables.
A
1
X
1
+ B
1
X
2
+ C
1
X
3
= D
1
A
2
X
1
+ B
2
X
2
+ C
2
X
3
= D
2
A
3
X
1
+ B
3
X
2
+ C
3
X
3
= D
3

A
1
B
1
C
1
: D
1
A
2
B
2
C
2
: D
2
A
3
B
3
C
3
: D
3

1 0 0 : X
1
0 1 0 : X
2
0 0 1 : X
3
GAUSS-JORDAN METHODS
Example: Use Gauss-Jordan Reduction and
Gauss-Jordan Elimination to solve the given
system:

4x - y + z = -5
2x + 2y + 3z = 10
5x 2y + 6z = 1
Also known as LU decomposition
(Crouts/Choleskys method)

| |
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
a a a
a a a
a a a
A =
| |
3 3
33 32 31
22 21
11
0
0 0
=
L L L
L L
L
L
| |
3 3
23
13 12
1 0 0
1 0
1
= U
U U
U
Example : Use Matrix Decomposition to solve
the system.

4x - y + z = -5
2x + 2y + 3z = 10
5x 2y + 6z = 1
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
of a Matrix
( )
( )
0
0
0
0
0
0
x x
M
y y
x x
M
y y
x x
M I
y y
x
M I
y
( (
=
( (

( ( (
=
( ( (

( ( (
=
( ( (

( (
=
( (

M is a matrix and is a
scalar constant
Rearranging
In order to factorise
scalar must turn into a
matrix by multiplying it by
the identity matrix.
now it can be factorise
( )
( )
( )
0
0
0
0
0
0
x
M I
y
a b
M
c d
a b
M I
c d
a b
M I
c d
a b x
c d y
( (
=
( (

(
=
(

( (
=
( (

(
=
(
( ( (
=
( ( (

If the determinant of (M-
I) was non-zero, it could
be inverse and multiplied
by the RHS.
Write (M- I) in the
following way and then
simplify the equation.
Write M as a matrix
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
a b x
c d y
x a b
y c d
x
y
( ( (
=
( ( (
( ( (
=
( ( (

( (
=
( (

If the determinant of (M-
I) was non-zero, it could
be inverse and multiply it
by the RHS.
This would mean that the
vector was zero.
This means that the
determinant of (M- I)
must be zero so is
singular.
( )( )
( ) ( )
2
0
0
0
a b
c d
a d bc
a d ad bc
=
+ + =
This is called the characteristic equations and
will allow to find the eigenvalues (characteristic
values)
x x
M
y y
( (
=
( (

Once the Eigenvalues have found, substitute
these back to find their corresponding
Eigenvectors.
Eigenvectors represent Invariant Lines.
These are the lines of points that map onto
themselves after a transformation.
This represents the
Eigenvector. It is not
unique as any
multiple of it would
still be an
Eigenvector!
Find the eigenvalues and corresponding
eigenvectors of matrix A.
3 2
4 1
= A
Seatworks

1. Find the value of x, y, and z using Inverse
Matrix and Matrix Decomposition.
x + y + z = 12
2x + 5y -3z = 6
3x + 3y +3z = 36

2. Find the eigenvalue of
2 4
6 3
= C
Homework
1. Given the matrices A, B, C and D

Determine:
a. BD b. A-C
c. 2A+C d. A/B
7 4 5
8 3 4
7 6 3
= A
3 5
2 3
1 2
= B
1 3 2
4 4 6
3 8 7

= C
7 2 4
6 5 6
= D
Homework
2. Given the three loop current equations,
determine I
1
, I
2
, and I
3
using the following
methods:
a. Cramers Rule
b. Gauss Jordan Reduction
c. Gauss Jordan Elimination

36 3 3 3
6 3 5 2
12
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
= + +
= +
= + +
I I I
I I I
I I I

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