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DETERMINANTS
Presenters: Ms. Greatch P.
Cadondon
Mr. Jay Anthony V. Elio
Definition
● The determinant of a matrix is the sum of
products of the elements of any row or
column and their corresponding co-factors.
The determinant of a matrix is defined only
for square matrices. For any square matrix
A, the determinant of A is denoted by det A
(or) |A|. It is sometimes denoted by the
symbol Δ.
Symbol
• The determinant of a matrix is represented by
two vertical lines (absolute value) or simply by
writing det and writing the matrix name. eg. |A|,
det(A), det A
For Matrix (1x1)
If [A] = [a] then its determinant is
given as |a| which is equal to the
value enclosed in the matrix.
Example:
[A] = [2]
|A| = |2|
Determinant of a 2x2
Matrix
● The determinant of a 2x2 matrix A
=
is |A| = ad - bc. It is simply obtained
by cross multiplying the elements
starting from the top left and then
subtracting the products.
Minor of Element of a
Matrix
● The minor of an element (a ) of a square matrix of any order is the
ij
determinant of the matrix that is obtained by removing the row
(ith row) and the column (jth column) containing the element.
Example: For a matrix A =
The minor of 6 is, The minor of 9 is,
= 1(8) - 2(7) = 8 - 14 = -6. = 1(5) - 2(4) = 5 - 8 = -3.
Co-factor of Element of a
Matrix
● The cofactor of an element a of a square matrix of
ij
any order is its’ minor multiplied by (-1) i + j. i.e.,
● Co-factor of an element = (-1)row number + column number
(minor of the element)
Example For a matrix A =
Since 6 is in the 2nd row and 3rd column,
co-factor of 6 = (-1)2+3 (minor of 6) = (-1)5 (-6) = 6
Since 9 is in the 3nd row and 3rd column,
co-factor of 9 = (-1)3+3 (minor of 9) = (-1)6 (-3) = -3
Determinant of 3×3 Matrix
Determinant of 3×3 Matrix
● Step 3: Multiply the elements of the row/column from Step 1 with
the corresponding co-factors obtained from Step 2.
1(co-factor of 1) = 1 (-3) = -3
2(co-factor of 2) = 2(6) = 12
3(co-factor of 3) = 3(-3) = -9
● Step 4: Add all the products from Step 3 which would give the
determinant of the matrix.
det A = -3 + 12 - 9 = 0
Important
Properties of
Determinants
Reflection
01
Property
The determinant remains unaltered if its rows
are changed into columns and the columns
into rows. This is known as the property of
reflection.
02 All-zero Property
If all the elements of a row (or
column) are zero, then the
determinant is zero.
Proportionality
03 (Repetition)
Property
If all elements of a row (or column) are
proportional (identical) to the elements of
some other row (or column), then the
determinant is zero.
04 Switching Property
The interchange of any two rows (or
columns) of the determinant changes its
sign.
05 Scalar Multiple
Property
If all the elements of a row (or column) of
a determinant are multiplied by a non-
zero constant, then the determinant gets
multiplied by the same constant.
06 Property of
Invariance
If each element of a row and column of a
determinant is added with the equimultiples of
the elements of another row or column of a
determinant, then the value of the determinant
remains unchanged. This can be expressed in
the form of a formula as R i → Ri + kRj , or
Ci → Ci + kCj.
07 Triangle Property
If all the elements of a determinant
above or below the main diagonal
consist of zeros, then the
determinant is equal to the product
of diagonal elements.
Let’s Watch and Learn!
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ViJ_qCTQp7MLHlTHeLaPZdrqIyCws_7l/vi
ew?usp=sharing
08 Sum Property
If a few elements of a row or column are
expressed as a sum of terms, then the
determinant can be expressed as a sum
of two or more determinants.
Determinant of cofactor
09
matrix
Adjoint of the
matrix
The adjoint of a 3 x 3 matrix can be obtained by following
two simple steps. First we need to find the co-factor matrix
of the given matrix, and then the transpose of this co-factor
matrix is taken to obtain the adjoint of a matrix. For a matrix
of the form A =
the co-factor matrix A =
Adj A = Transpose of Co-factor Matrix =
Transpose of
Cofactor Expansion
Inverse of a Matrix
Cramer’s Rule
Cofactor expansion
Here we explain how to compute the determinant
of a matrix using cofactor expansion. First, you will
find what minors and cofactors are (necessary to
apply the cofactor expansion method), then what
the cofactor expansion is about, and finally an
example of the calculation of a 3×3 determinant by
cofactor expansion.
Minor and Cofactor
Before seeing how to find the determinant of a matrix by cofactor
expansion, we must first define what a minor and a cofactor are. Since
these two mathematical operations are necessary to use the cofactor
expansion method.
The i, j minor of the matrix, denoted by Mi,j, is the determinant that
results from deleting the i-th row and the j-th column of the matrix.
For example, let A be the following 3×3
square matrix:
The minor of 1 is the determinant of the matrix that we obtain by eliminating
the row and the column where the 1 is. That is, removing the first row and
the second column:
Similarly, the mathematical formula for the cofactor expansion along the j-th
column is as follows:
Where Aij is the entry in the i-th row and j-th column, and C ij is the i,j cofactor.
Example of cofactor expansion
Let’s see an example of how to solve the determinant of a 3×3 matrix using
cofactor expansion:
First of all, we must choose a column or a row of the determinant. In this case, we
choose to apply the cofactor expansion method to the first column, since it has a
zero and therefore it will be easier to compute. So we have to multiply the elements
of the first column by their respective cofactors:
The cofactor of 0 does not need to be calculated, because any number
multiplied by 0 equals to 0:
Step - 2: Find det A.
We have already seen that det A = -16
Step - 3: Apply the inverse of 3x3 matrix formula A-1 = (adj
A)/(det A). i.e., divide every element of adj A by det A.
Using Cramer’s Rule to Solve a
System of Two Equations in Two
Variables
We will now introduce a final method for solving systems of
equations that uses determinants. Known as Cramer’s rule, this
technique dates back to the middle 18th century and is named
for its innovator, the Swiss mathematician Gabriel Cramer (1704
-1752), who introduced it in 1750. Cramer’s Rule is a viable and
efficient method for finding solutions to systems with any
number of unknowns, provided that we have the same number
of equations as unknowns.
In short, Cramer’s rule begins with a
system of equations, such as:
and we can show that
Notice that the
denominator for
both x and y is the
determinant of the
coefficient matrix.
We can use these
formulas to solve
for x and y but
Cramer’s Rule also
introduces new
notation:
Cramer’s Rule for 2 x 2
Systems
Cramer’s Rule is a method that uses determinants to solve
systems of equations that have the same number of
equations as variables.
Consider a system of two linear equations in two variables.
The solution using Cramer’s Rule is given as:
Using Cramer’s Rule to Solve a System
of Three Equations in Three Variables
Now that we can find the determinant of a 3x3 matrix, we can
apply Cramer’s Rule to solve a system of three equations and
three unknowns. Cramer’s Rule for 3x3 systems follows the
same pattern as for 2x2 systems. However, there are more
calculations required.
Consider the system:
Let’s Watch and Learn!
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ViJ_qCTQp7MLHlTHeLa
PZdrqIyCws_7l/view?usp=sharing
Thank you For
Listening!