A SEMINAR REPORT ON POWER QUALITY MONITORING

SUBMITTED BY P.Vinay Kumar 11671D0703

De ar!men! "# E$e%!ri%a$ an& E$e%!r"ni%' En(ineerin( ).B. INSTITUTE O* EN+INEERIN+ , TE-.NO/O+Y 0AUTONOMOUS1 Yen2a a$$y3 M"ina4a& Man&a$3 R.R. Di'!ri%!3 .y&era4a& A.P3 In&ia5600076

A SEMINAR REPORT 1

ON POWER QUALITY MONITORING In ar!ia$ #u$#i$$men! "# re7uiremen!' #"r !8e &e(ree "# Ma'!er "# Te%8n"$"(y In E$e%!ri%a$ "9er 'y'!em' en(ineerin( SUBMITTED BY P.Vinay Kumar 11671D0703

De ar!men! "# E$e%!ri%a$ an& E$e%!r"ni%' En(ineerin( ).B INSTITUTE O* EN+INEERIN+ , TE-.NO/O+Y 0AUTONOMOUS1 Yen2a a$$y3 M"ina4a& Man&a$3 R.R. Di'!ri%!3 .y&era4a& A.P3 In&ia5600076

).B. INSTITUTE O* EN+INEERIN+ , TE-.NO/O+Y

0AUTONOMOUS1 Yen2a a$$y3 M"ina4a& Man&a$3 R.R. Di'!ri%!3 .y&era4a& 2

A.P3 In&ia5600076 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Se i!ar e!tit"e#
POWER QUALITY MONITORING

P$ %i!ay &' ar (()*(D+*+, In partial fulfillment for the award of master of technology in ELECTRICAL PO ER !"!TE#! $awaharlal %ehru Technology &ni'ersity( The seminar report has )een appro'ed as it satisfied the academic re*uirement in respect of seminar wor+ prescri)ed for the #asters of Technology

SEMINAR IN-.AR+E DEPARTMENT

.EAD O*

POWER QUALITY MONITORING

Co!te!ts
(- INTRODUCTION TO POWER QUALITY .- CAUSES OF POOR POWER QUALITY ,- IMPACT OF POOR POWER QUALITY /- SYMPTOMS OF POWER QUALITY PRO0LEMS 1- TYPICAL POWER QUALITY PRO0LEMS - T2EIR SOURCES ). T3o o#er! 4o3er 5'a"ity iss'es 6 2ar o!ics 7 Gro'!#i!8 *- Gro'!#i!8 9- Wiri!8 :- Li8ht!i!8 (+- Tech!i5'es to iti8ate 4o3er 5'a"ity 4ro;"e s ((- So'rces of PQ Pro;"e s (.- POWER QUALITY DISTUR0ANCES (,- CAUSES OF DISTUR0ANCES IN POWER SYSTEMS (/- SOURCES RESPONSI0LE FOR POOR POWER QUALITY (1- CONSEQUENCES OF POOR POWER QUALITY ()- POWER QUALITY MONITORING STANDARADS (*- Co!c"'sio!

A0STRACT The power *uality is a term used to )roadly encompass the entire scope of interaction among electrical suppliers0 the en'ironment0 the system and products energi1ed0 and the uses of those systems and products( It is more than the deli'ery of 2clean3 electric power that compile with industry standards( It in'ol'es the maintaina)ility of that power0 the design0 the selection0 and the installation e'ery piece of hardware and software in the electrical energy system( !tretching from the generation plant to the utility customer0 power *uality is a measure of how the elements affect system as a whole( This paper presents an o'er'iew of electric power *uality with special emphasis on power *uality pro)lems0 its ad'erse impacts on utilities and customers and the mitigation techni*ues( The wide spread usage of power electronic loads aimed at enhancement of energy efficiency and producti'ity has resulted in serious power *uality pro)lems such as 'oltage distortion due to current harmonics0 flic+er0 'oltage sag0 'oltage surges etc(0 which call for assessment and solution techni*ues( 4ere0 we also discuss a)out two ma5or power *uality issues 6grounding and harmonics and some power system components0 which correct the harmonics pro)lems( This paper )roadly descri)es the a)o'e features along with the means for impro'ement of power *uality(

(- INTRODUCTION TO POWER QUALITY The term 8power *uality9 means different things to different people( One definition is the relati'e fre*uency and se'erity of de'iations in the incoming power supplied to electrical e*uipment from the customary0 steady0 7:41 sinusoidal wa'eform of 'oltage or current( These de'iations may affect the safe or relia)le operation of e*uipment such as computers and electronic instruments( It also refers to the deli'ery of high grade of electric ser'ice maintaining a sinusoidal load0 )us 'oltage and current at stipulated magnitude and fre*uency( As we connect electronic de'ices to our power system0 the 2*uality3 after power is more important( ;uality can )e defined in many ways( !ta)le 'oltages and undistorted wa'eforms are two characteristics0 which are 'ery desira)le in power systems( Thus while not ha'ing a strict )asis of measurement0 terms li+e3 Poor Power ;uality3 generally mean there is sufficient de'iation from norms in the power supply to cause e*uipment mis<operation or pre<mature failure(

.- CAUSES OF POOR POWER QUALITY The causes of poor *uality can )e attri)uted to = >ariations in 'oltage0 magnitude and fre*uency >ariations in magnitude can )e due to sudden rise or fall of load0 outages0 repetiti'e 'arying loading pattern in rolling mills0 power electronic con'erters0 lightning etc( >ariations in fre*uency can rise of out of system dynamics or harmonics in5ection( ?

Conse*uently the 'oltage or current wa'eforms of a power system ceases to )e purely sinusoidal in nature )ut consist of harmonics and other noises( ,- IMPACT OF POOR POWER QUALITY< The effect of these aforesaid poor power *uality pro)lems has serious implication on the utilities and customers( &tility side impacts higher losses in transformers0 ca)les etc( In conductors the neutral wires can )urn due to the presence of third harmonics generated )y non<linear loads( The power factor correction capacitors may puncture due to resonant conditions at resonant fre*uencies near lower order harmonics( The energy<meters0 which are cali)rated to operate under pure sinusoidal conditions0 may gi'e erroneous readings( The solid<state protecti'e relays can maloperate due to poor power *uality( There can )e increased losses in ca)les0 transformers and conductors( The customer side of the power networ+ also e@perience ad'erse effects of poor power *uality( The automatic processes employing ad5usta)le speed dri'es may shut down )ecause of nuisance tripping due to e'en short 'oltage sags(( The induction synchronous motors can ha'e increased copper and core loses0 pulsating tor*ues and o'erheating with derating effect( The non<sinusoidal power supply thus reduces tor*ue and efficiency of the motors( The computers and telecommunication e*uipment encounter loss of data and maloperation due to poor power supply *uality( The domestic electronic gadgets such as digital cloc+s0 >CRs and T>s are also affected )y 'oltage distortions( /- SYMPTOMS OF POWER QUALITY PRO0LEMS Electronic controlled systems that stop une@pectedly( #any systems re)oots re*uired( A)normal failure rate of electronic systems( Transformers o'er heating( #otors failing( PA capacitors failing( Test results unrelia)le( 1- TYPICAL POWER QUALITY PRO0LEMS 7 T2EIR SOURCES

($ Sa8s< A reduction in r(m(s 'oltage or current at the power fre*uency for duration of :(7 cycles to 1 minute( Also called 'oltage dip( E'ents )elow the e*uipment= ride through capa)ility cause load dropout( >oltage sags are originated in lighting stri+es0 short circuits and sudden o'erloads( !ags are under 'oltages on the power system and commonly caused )y power failures0 down lines0 utility recloser operations and storms( They can )e corrected )y using )ac+up power source such as &P!s0 generators or similar 'oltage restoration technologies( .$ S'r8es< >oltage 'ariations are another common source of pro)lems to home computers and other sensiti'e electronic e*uipment( >oltage 'ariations can )e positi'e Chigher than normal. or negati'e Clower.( Positi'e 'oltage 'ariations can )e e'en more trou)ling than negati'e ones( If powerful enough they can destroy components in sensiti'e electronic e*uipment( Lighting stri+ing power lines is a fre*uent cause0 as is load switching Cre<routing power around the grid.0 )y utility( >oltage surges can also )e caused )y e*uipment in our home Refrigerator motors0 air conditioners0 'acuum cleaners and other electrical loads can generate 'oltage surges and electrical noise(

%o"ta8e Sa8

%o"ta8e S3e""

,$ Tra!sie!ts< The main difficulty with transients is in detection0 since they manifest only as a short duration change in 'oltage( The switching on and off of the electric motors that power air conditioners0 power tools0 furnace ignitions0 electrostatic copiers0 arc welders and ele'ators causes low energy swells( Lighting usually causes larger swells( Electrical noise is another0 milder transient power irregularity that often manifests as a computer glitch rather than an e*uipment failure( Essentially0 electrical noise is created when one piece of e*uipment interacts negati'e with another0 or with )uilding grounding or wiring( Loose connections or the e*uipment itself can )e responsi)le for noise( Enown noise<generating e*uipment includes e'erything from computers0 radios and fluorescent lights to fa@ machines0 welders and light soc+ets( /$ %o"ta8e F"'ct'atio!s< Alic+ering lights can )e an indication of 'oltage fluctuations in your )uilding9s or facilities electrical system( Left unchec+ed0 high and low<'oltage conditions can result in e*uipment damage0 data loss and erroneous readings on monitoring systems( O'erloaded power circuits are typically the cause )ehind under 'oltage conditions( 4ea'ily loaded motors such as air conditioners can result in intermittent low 'oltages( Less common )ut more damaging0 facilities with rapidly 'arying loads can cause o'er 'oltage conditions(

)- T3o

o#er! 4o3er 5'a"ity iss'es 6 2ar o!ics 7 Gro'!#i!8 %o"ta8e S'r8e 2ar o!ic Pe!etratio! 2ar o!ics< A sinusoidal component of a periodic wa'e of *uality ha'ing a fre*uency that is an integral multiple of the fundamental fre*uency( It is a mathematical model0 which is used to analyse distorted wa'eforms and the current drawn )y computers0 electronic )allastsF 'aria)le fre*uency dri'es and other e*uipment0 which ha'e modern 2transformer<less3 power supplies( The dynamic power system loads produce a time 'arying amplitude in current wa'eforms depending on the load characteristics which consists of the fundamental and harmonics components( These harmonic components distort the 'oltage or current wa'eforms there)y G

deteriorating the power *uality( The non<linear loads such as in'erter fed ad5usta)le speed dri'es( &P! Cuninterrupted power supply system.0 rectifiers and furnaces0 cyclo<con'erters etc(0 which form the ma5or chun+ of industrial loads0 contri)ute to the se'ere fluctuations in power *uality The industrial load also consist of large percentage of power factor impro'ement capacitors which often create resonance conditions at particular harmonic fre*uencies generated )y non< linear loads fed from the load )us0 producing high oscillating currents at resonant fre*uency and there )y induces harmonic 'oltages distorting the pure sinusoidal 'oltage wa'eform(( Aor assessing power *uality it is important to +now the total harmonic distortion i(e( the 'oltage and current distortion factors > T4H I

VK

V1

- I T4H I

IK

I1

>+ I >oltage of Eth harmonic0 I+ I Current of Eth harmonic here >1 and I1 are the r(m(s 'alues of fundamental components of 'oltage and current wa'eforms( The power *uality deteriorates if the source has significant impedance causing the distortion of 'oltage of the load )us supplying com)ination of linear and non<linear loads( 4armonics pro)lems often can )e corrected )y filtering or resi1ing power system components li+e= 2ar o!ic Fi"ters Ailters are sometimes most cost effecti'e in an e@isting structure where rewiring is difficult or costly( The filters are used to )loc+ or trap the offending currents0 lessening the harmonic loads on the wiring( Jut the filter design is dependent on the e*uipment on which it is installed0 and may )e ineffecti'e if the particular piece of e*uipment is changed( Ailtering characteristics need to )e carefully designed for a gi'en installation0 and see+ing professional design ad'ice is recommended( Ailters are also fairly e@pensi'e on a per<+>A )asis( Shie"#e# Iso"atio! Tra!sfor ers !hielded isolation transformers are filtering de'ices that lessen feed<through of harmonic fre*uencies from the source or the load( They are a plausi)le retrofit

1:

techni*ue where power pro)lems ha'e already )een encountered0 )ut are also *uite e@pensi'e per<+>A( &=Rate# Tra!sfor ers E<rated transformers ha'e )eefed<up conductors and sometimes cooling to safely handle harmonic loads( Alternati'ely0 standard transformers are sometimes de<rated to allow for the e@tra heating due to harmonics( Hepending on the conditions encountered0 a load limit of as little as 7:K of the nameplate rating is o)ser'ed( This may )e ade*uate to handle harmonics0 )ut lowers effecti'e transformer efficiency( A careful comparison of the relati'e costs of E<rated 's( de<rated standard transformers should )e made( 2ar o!ic=Rate# Circ'it 0rea>ers a!# Pa!e"s O'erheating due to harmonics is the danger here0 and )eefed<up components used in these elements offer protection( %eutral )uses should )e rated for dou)le the phase current( *- Gro'!#i!8< The primary purpose of grounding electrical systems is to protect personnel and property if a fault Cshort circuit. were to occur( Lrounding conductors connect all of the non<current carrying parts of the electrical system0 or any metallic parts in the 'icinity of the electrical system together( This part includes conduits0 enclosures0 supports and other metallic o)5ects( This grounding system has two purposes= 1( Safety$ The grounding conductor system pro'ides a low impedance path for fault currents to flow( This allows the full current to )e detected )y o'er current protecti'e de'ices Cfuses and circuit )rea+ers.0 safely clearing the fault *uic+ly( 2( Po3er 5'a"ity$ The grounding system allows all e*uipment to ha'e the same reference 'oltage( This helps the facility electronic e*uipments operation and helps pre'ent the flowing of o)5ectiona)le currents on communication lines0 seals and other connections( 9- Wiri!8< Lenerally0 wiring and grounding pro)lems come in the form of intermittent networ+ failures0 )u11ing sounds Ccorona effect.0 scorched insulation0 intermittent 'oltages at e*uipment0 and 11

)urned panel or 5unction )o@es( The ta)le )elow illustrates some of the new wiring practices recommended to achie'e a high le'el of power *uality( #any of the M)eforeM practices are still reflected in )uilding codes today(

Rece4tac"e O't"ets 4er .+ A 4 Circ'it Ne'tra"s

0efore< 1,

Reco

e!#e#< , to ?

0efore< Aull si1e or downsi1ed neutral Con ,<phase systems. 0efore< One neutral shared among e*uipment Con 1<phase )ranch.

Reco e!#e#< &se dou)le si1e neutral CCJE#A. or larger Recommended: !eparate neutrals or upsi1ed neutral )ac+ to panel Recommended: &se upsi1ed phase conductors to minimi1e heating for harmonics Recommended: &se separate circuits for harmonic<sensiti'e loads Recommended: &se separate insulated wire as grounding conductor Recommended: &se full si1e or o'er si1e grounding conductor Recommended: &se a copper ground ring and multiple interconnected ground rods Recommended: &se multiple rods or ring and measure to ensure 'ery low resistance to ground Recommended: &se copper system for e*uipotential grid Recommended: &se lightning and surge protection

Phase Co!#'ctors Circ'its

0efore< !tandard phase conductor si1ing per code 0efore< Can shared among many outlets and uses 0efore< Can use metal conduit as grounding conductor 0efore< Hownsi1ed grounding conductor 0efore< CCommercialNIndustrial. #ust use metal water pipe and a concrete<encased electrode Cif a'aila)le. 0efore< &se a second ground rod if first is o'er 27 ohms Cno resistance measurement re*uired. 0efore< Access floor for e*uipotential grid in computer mainframe room

Gro'!#i!8

0efore< %o lightning or surge protection Co'rtesy< Co44er or8$

12

:- Li8ht!i!8< Li8ht!i!8 Protectio! Syste s In simple terms0 if part of the Mpath of least resistanceM to ground the lightning sees is through your wiring or e*uipment that is where it will flow( Lightning produces 'ery high currents0 for a short time inter'al0 )ut enough to cause fires or to destroy microcircuits e'en miles away( The idea of air terminals0 or lightning rods as commonly +nown0 goes )ac+ to Jen5amin Aran+lin( The purpose is to pro'ide a con'enient0 controlled point for lightning to stri+e0 and then )e safely conducted to ground( To pro'ide the least resisti'e path0 hea'y<gage copper wire should )e employed in the leaders and down conductors( Gro'!#i!8 of Li8ht!i!8 Syste s The down conductors tie directly to the ring ground descri)ed a)o'e0 or other grounding electrode system0 along with all )uilding steel and electric ser'ice grounds( &se hea'y<gage copper conductors to minimi1e impedance( (+- Tech!i5'es to iti8ate 4o3er 5'a"ity 4ro;"e s<

The increasing application of sensiti'e loads in the power networ+s has necessitated the need to mitigate the serious power *uality pro)lems( The compensation techni*ues can )e )roadly classified into two main categories 'i1(= passi'e and acti'e techni*ues(

Passi'e techni*ues= these techni*ues employ following de'ices= Passi'e shunt L<C Ailters Power Aactor Correction Capacitors( Acti'e techni*ues= these techni*ues employ the following de'ices= P # C>!INC!I . Acti'e Ailters(

Thus0 finally the following steps may pre'ent most of the power *uality pro)lems from occurring= &se dou)le<si1e neutral conductors or separate neutrals for each phase(

1,

 !pecify a separate0 insulated full<si1e grounding conductor0 rather than relying on the conduit alone( &se an isolated grounding conductor for sensiti'e e*uipment( !egregate sensiti'e loads on separate )ranch circuits0 fed from a separate panel)oard0 fed from separate feeders Cand e'en separate transformers if possi)le.( Run a separate )ranch circuit for e'ery / to ? duple@ outlets( &se an outside copper ground ring and multiple ground rods as part of the grounding electrode to achie'e lowest practical resistance to ground( #easure ground resistance( &se harmonic<rated circuit )rea+ers0 panel)oards0 and transformers( &se surge and lightning protection( O'ersi1e phase conductors to minimi1e 'oltage drop( CThis will sa'e energy too0 and may e'en pay for itself through lower I2R losses(. Choose materials )ased on superior connect a)ility( Poor *uality connections are a ma5or consideration( This is where all<copper wiring e@cels o'er other materials(

1/

111 S"ur%e' "# P: Pr"4$em'

In!erna$ S"ur%e' O O O O O O O O O O O Individual Loads Lighting, Elevators, Coolers, HVAC Uninterruptible Power Supplies Variable Fre uen!" #rives $atter" Chargers Large %otors #uring Startup Ele!troni! #i&&ing S"ste&s Lighting $allasts 'esp( Ele!troni!) Ar! *elders, and +ther Ar! #evi!es %edi!al E uip&ent, e(g( %,Is and -.,a" %a!hines +//i!e E uip&ent and Co&puters *iring

U!i$i!y S"ur%e' O O O O Lightning PF Corre!tion E uip&ent Faults Swit!hing

(.- POWER QUALITY DISTUR0ANCES< 17

Power *uality is the set of parameters defining the properties of power supply deli'ered to the users in normal operating conditions in terms of continuity of supply and characteristics such as harmonic content in the wa'eform0 'ariations in 'oltage Cmagnitude0 fre*uency0 and symmetry.0 transient distur)ances and flic+er etc( Power ;uality can )e defined as the measure0 analysis0 and impro'ement of the )us 'oltage to maintain a sinusoidal wa'eform at rated 'oltage and fre*uency( Ideally the power signal wa'eforms supplied )y the utility are not clean 7: 41 sine wa'e as specified )y the national standards or system specifications( It can generally de'iate at least in the following ways( A 'oltage dip is a reduction in the R#! 'oltage in the range of :(1 to :(G pu Cretained. for duration greater than half a mains cycle and less than 1 minute( Often referred to as 8sag9 caused )y faults0 increased load demand and transitional e'ents such as large motor starting( A 'oltage swell is an increase in the R#! 'oltage of 1(1 to 1(D pu for a duration greater than half a mains cycle and less than 1 minute caused )y system faults0 loads switching and capacitor switching( A transient is an undesira)le momentary duration of the supply 'oltage or load current transients0 which are generally classified in two categories= Impulsi'e and Oscillatory( 4armonics are periodic sinusoidal distortions of the supply 'oltage or load current caused )y nonlinear loads( 4armonics are measured in integer multiples of the fundamental supply fre*uency( Historted 'oltage or current wa'eforms containing periodic distortions of a sinusoidal nature that are not integer multiples of the fundamental supply fre*uency are termed as inter<harmonics( Alic+er is a term used to descri)e the 'isual effect of small 'oltage 'ariations on electrical lightning e*uipment( The fre*uency range of distur)ances affecting lightning appliances0 which are detecta)le )y the human eye0 is 1<,:4P( >oltage im)alance is defined as a de'iation in the magnitude andNor phase of one or more of the phases of a three<phase supply0 with respect to the magnitude of the other phases and the normal phase angle C12: deg.( Are*uency de'iation is a 'ariation in fre*uency from the nominal supply fre*uency a)o'eN)elow a predetermined le'el normally plus or minus 1K( A transient interruption is defined as a reduction in the supply 'oltage0 or load current0 to a le'el less than :(1pu for a time of not more than 1minute( Interruption can )e 1?

caused )y system faults0 system e*uipment failures or control and protection malfunctions( An outage is defined as interruption that has duration lasting in e@cess of 1 minute(

(,- CAUSES OF DISTUR0ANCES IN POWER SYSTEMS< Hue to the power system impedance0 any current Cor 'oltage. harmonic will result in the generation and propagation of 'oltage Cor current. harmonic and effects the entire power system( Aig(1(1 illustrates the impact of current harmonics generated )y a nonlinear load on a typical power system with linear loads( (/- SOURCES RESPONSI0LE FOR POOR POWER QUALITY< POWER ELECTRONIC DE%ICES< The non<linear loads such as ad5usta)le speed dri'es0 electronic )allasts for fluorescent lamps0 and power supplies for welding machines ha'e )ecome sources of poor power *uality( Often the nonlinearity of the load results in the generation of harmonics that cause o'erheating of electrical e*uipment and distort the 'oltage wa'e( IT AND OFFICE EQUIPMENT< IT e*uipment power supplies consist of a switched mode power supply C!#P!. and are the cause of a significant increase in the le'el of , 0 7 and B harmonics 'oltage distortion in
rd th th

recent years( ARCING DE%ICES< Electric arc furnaces0 arc welders and electric discharge lamps are all forms of electric arcing de'ices( All arcing de'ices are sources of harmonic distortion( Arc welders commonly cause transients in the local networ+ due to the intermittent switching and therefore some electronic e*uipment may re*uire protection from the impulsi'e spi+es generated( LOAD SWITC2ING< The effect of hea'y load switching on the local networ+ is a fairly common pro)lem causing transients to propagate through to other 8electrically close9 e*uipments( LARGE MOTOR STARTING< In starting mode of operation0 induction machines draw current which can )e as high as si@ times the normal rated current which has the effect of causing 'oltage dip on the local networ+( EM0EDDED GENERATION< 1B

Increased le'els of em)edded generation predicted in the future are li+ely to ha'e an effect of poor power *uality( An increased le'el of em)edded generation will lead to increased fault current le'el in the feeders( This increased fault le'el is one of the ma5or concerns while considering em)edded generation issues( SENSITI%E EQUIPMENT< If it were not for the use of increasing le'els of sophisticated e*uipment which tends to )e more sensiti'e0 power *uality would not ha'e )ecome such an issue in recent years( STORM AND EN%IRONMENTAL RELATED DAMAGE< Lightning stri+es are a cause of transient o'er<'oltages often leading to faults on the electric supply networ+s( 4igh winds and storm conditions cause widespread disruption to the supply networ+s( !now and ice )uilding up ha'e a se'ere effect on the relia)ility of o'erhead lines( MET2ODOLOGY< In the present study0 graphical programming of La)>IE software has )een utili1ed to de'elop power *uality analy1er and also to monitor power *uality distur)ances Cli+e 'oltage sag0 swell0 interruption0 fre*uency 'ariation etc(. using AH>A%TEC4 HA; Card Cinserted in PC.(&se of 'irtual instrumentation for the measurement and monitoring power system impro'es the performance and relia)ility of the system( >irtual instrumentation sa'es e@tra cost0 time and energy that are incurred while setting up traditional instrumentation system( It is a latest form of modern measurementNmonitoring technology where all types of measurements are done on front panels created on PC screen( In real situations data can )e collected with the help of data ac*uisition techni*ue and gi'en to PC through specific interfacing de'ice( Then this raw data can )e processed or analy1ed )y using >I software0 La)>IE ( The >I software is powerful0 and can ac*uire0 analy1e and present any signal efficiently and hence this can )e 'ery helpful for de'ising methods to a'oid their harmful effects( (1- CONSEQUENCES OF POOR POWER QUALITY< Poor electric power *uality has many harmful effects on power system de'ices and end users( E'en if failures do not occur0 poor power *uality and harmonics increase losses and decrease the lifetime of power system components and end users de'ices( !ome of the main detrimental effects of poor power *uality include the following( 4armonics add to the rms and pea+ 'alues of the wa'eform( This means e*uipment could recei'e a damagingly high pea+ 'oltage and may )e suscepti)le to failure( 1D

There are ad'erse effects from heating0 noise0 and reduced life on capacitors0 surge suppressors0 rotating machines0 ca)les and transformers0 fuses and customer e*uipments as well as malfunction of controllers and protecti'e de'ices such as fuses and relays(

Additional losses of transmission lines0 ca)les0 generators0 AC motors and transformers may occur due to harmonics(

Aailure of power system components and customer loads may occur due to unpredicted distur)ances such as 'oltage and N or current magnifications due to parallel resonance and Aerro<resonance(

&tility companies are particularly concerned that distri)ution transformers may need to )e derated to a'oid permanent failure due to o'erheating Ccaused )y harmonics.(

Inter harmonics may occur which can pertur) ripple control signals and cause flic+er at su)<harmonic le'els(

4armonic insta)ility may )e caused )y large and unpredicted harmonic sources such as arc furnaces(

4armonic0 su)<harmonic0 and inter<harmonic tor*ues may arise(

POWER QUALITY MEASUREMENT TOOLS< Power *uality monitoring is the process of gathering0 analy1ing and interpreting raw measurement data into useful information( The process of gathering data is usually carried out )y continuous measurement of 'oltage0 current and fre*uency o'er an e@tended period( O)'iously0 we would li+e to monitor locations at 'irtually all locations throughout the system to completely understand the o'erall power *uality( 4owe'er0 such monitoring may )e prohi)iti'ely e@pensi'e( Aortunately0 ta+ing measurements from all possi)le locations is usually not necessary since measurements ta+en from strategic locations can )e used to determine characteristic of the o'erall system( ()- POWER QUALITY MONITORING STANDARADS< !tandards are 'ery important in the area of power *uality monitoring( Power *uality le'els must )e defined consistently and characteri1ed using the same methods if they are going to )e compared from one site to another and from one system to another (IEEE 117G is the IEEE 1G

wor+ing group that coordinates the de'elopment of power *uality monitoring standards( The e@isting IEEE 117G pro'ides general guidelines and definitions for monitoring power *uality much of this wor+ is coordinated with IEC acti'ities so that the monitoring re*uirements can )e more consistent internationally( This section descri)es the most important IEEE and IEC standards( IEEE 117G guide for power *uality monitoring= After pu)lication of the )asic monitoring guidelines0 wor+ing groups were esta)lished for de'elopment of more ad'anced guides for power *uality monitoring( The IEEE 117G(1 wor+ing group is de'eloping guidelines for instrumentation re*uirements associated with different types of power *uality phenomena li+e sampling rate re*uirements0 synchroni1ation0 ANH sampling accuracy0 and num)er of cycles and sample( The IEEE 117G(2 wor+ing group is de'eloping guidelines for characteri1ing different power *uality phenomena( !ingle tas+ force is )eing coordinated with the de'elopment of an international standard for characteri1ing power *uality 'ariations with monitoring e*uipment< IEC ?1:::</<,:( The IEEE 117G(, wor+ing group is defined an interchange format that can )e used to e@change power *uality monitoring information )etween different applications( Ta)le 1(1 !uggested #onitoring Thresholds from IEEE 117G O0?ECTI%ES OF T2IS DISSERTATION< O)5ecti'e of this dissertation is 1. Airst o)5ecti'e is to de'elop a single indicator0 designated power *uality factor CP;A.0 in the range )etween 1ero to one0 which integrally reflects the power transfer *uality of a general three<phase networ+ feeding un)alanced nonlinear loads( P;A 'aries )etween : to 1( Aor a )alanced loaded networ+0 with sinusoidal currents and 'oltages and 1ero phase displacements yield an ideal P;A 1( A low 'alue of P;A indicates a low degree of utili1ation of the power capacity of the source andNor a high le'el of harmonic andNor a high degree of un)alance )etween the phases( Po3er=5'a"ity Factor Power *uality0 li+e *uality in other goods and ser'ices0 is difficult to *uantify( There is no single accepted definition of 2*uality power3( There are standards for 'oltage and other technical criteria that may )e measured0 )ut the ultimate measure of power *uality is determined )y the performance and producti'ity of end<user e*uipment( If the electric power is inade*uate for those needs0 then the 2*uality3 is lac+ing( hile the common term for 2:

descri)ing the su)5ect of this chapter is power *uality0 it is actually the *uality of the 'oltage that is )eing addressed in most cases( Technically0 in engineering terms0 power is the rate of deli'ery or energy and is proportional to the product of the 'oltage and current( It would )e difficult to define the *uality of this *uantity in any meaningful manner( The power supply system can only control the *uality of the 'oltageF it has no control o'er the currents that particular loads might draw( Therefore0 the standards in the power *uality area are de'oted to maintaining the 'oltage within certain limits( Alternating<current power systems are designed to operate at a sinusoidal 'oltage of a gi'en fre*uency Ctypically 7: or ?: 41. and magnitude( Any significant de'iation in the magnitude0 fre*uency0 or purity of wa'eform is a potential power<*uality pro)lem( Of course0 there is always a close relationship )etween 'oltage and current in any practical power system( Although the generators may pro'ide a near<perfect sine<wa'e 'oltage0 the current passing through the impedance of the system can cause a 'ariety of distur)ances to the 'oltage( Aor e@ample0 the current resulting from short<circuit causes the 'oltage to sag0 or disappear completely0 as the case may )e( Historted currents from harmonic<producing loads also distort the 'oltage as they pass through the system impedance( Thus a distorted 'oltage is presented to other end<users( Therefore0 while it is the 'oltage with which we are ultimately concerned0 in some situations we must address phenomena in the current to understand the )ases of many power<*uality pro)lems(

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(.- CONCLUSION< The wide spread applications of non<linear power electronics loads na'e )rought )ut degradation of power *uality in the electric networ+( This paper has focused )roadly on the power *uality issues0 the implications on the utilities and customers in the power system( At the same time0 the paper has discussed in )rief the assessment of power *uality( The effecti'e means of compensation through 'arious techni*ues ha'e also )een highlighted(

2/

REFERENCES< 1( Power *uality and 4armonics= $O4% 4( 2( Inside P;= #AQ #cLRA%AL4A%( ,( Lrounding and lightening protection= ROJI!O%0 #(H( /( Electric Power ;uality= pro)lems and means to impro'e them= !(#O4A%T"0 J(R(#I!4RA0 Hr( H(!( C4A&4A%( ALLO%ER(

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