Elements of Deductive Logic

Exercise Set I
1. Dene the following terms (consult The Logic Manual for help, but you may have to do a bit of digging/reasoning to arrive at a denitive answer): (i) argument (of a function) (ii) arity (iii) binary (iv) domain (of a function) (v) element (vi) function (vii) iff (viii) main connective (ix) metavariable (x) range (of a function) (xi) relation (xii) scope (xiii) set (xiv) ternary (xv) value (of a function) 2. Provide three proofs that the sum of two even numbers is even, each using a different one of the principles of: (a) Generalization (b) Contradiction (c) Contraposition 3. Prove the following using induction: (a) (b) (c)
n n(n+1) i =0 i = 2 n n(n+1)(2n+1) 2 i =0 i = 6 2 n n 3 i =0 i = i =0 i

4. Prove that every use of the Well-Ordering Principle is an instance of Simple Induction, and vice versa. 5. Prove that, for any sentence of
1:

(a) the number of sentence letters in is one more than the number of binary connectives; (b) each left-bracket in uniquely corresponds with a right-bracket, and vice versa; (c) appending symbols to (i.e. adding symbols at the end of) does not result in a sentence; and (d) either is atomic, or else it has a unique main connective. [Hint: if is not atomic, then it is either of the form or else of the form (1 2 ). In the latter case, assume that = (1 1 1 ) and that = (2 2 2 ) and show that 1 = 2 , that 1 = 2 , and that 1 = 2 .] 1

6. Which of (i)(viii) below are substitution instances of (a)(e) below? In each case of a sentence being a substitution instance of , rewrite in the form [1 /1 ; . . . ]. (i) Q (ii) ( P Q) (iii) ( P Q) (iv) (( P Q) R) (v) (( P Q) ( P P )) (vi) ((( P Q) ( P Q)) ( P Q)) (vii) ((( P Q) ( P Q)) ( P Q)) (viii) (((R R) (R P )) (R R)) (a) (( P Q) R) (b) (( P Q) R) (c) ( P Q) (d) ( P Q) (e) P 7. Prove that composition of functions is associative, i.e. that f1 ( f2 f3 ) = ( f1 f2 ) f3 . 8. Prove that the dual of the dual of f is f . 9. Prove that if f is the dual of g , then g is the dual of f .
2 10. Dene the other seven binary truth-functions as compositions of T2 , F2 , I2 1 , I2 , N, K, A, C, and E e.g. N E is the binary truth-function exclusive disjunction. In each case, identify the dual function.