REFERRENCE http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_transplantation http://www.kidney.org/news/newsroom/factsheets/Organ-Donation-and-TransplantationStats.

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INTRODUCTION What Is Kidney Transplant Kidney transplant is the process of an operation of transplant a new healthy kidney from a donor into a patient with end-stage renal disease. This transplantation of kidney will be involving two groups of donor who is dead donor or usually known as cadaveric and another one group is living donor. Living donor is classifying whether the donor has related with the recipient or not related to the recipient. It does also depend on biological relationship that exists between the donor and recipient.

History The first kidney transplantation is in United State on 17 June 195. The patients name is Ruth Tucker, 44 years old women who suffer polycystic disease. 10 month later after her operation, the donated kidney was rejected because of no immunosuppressive therapy during that time. After years away, development of effective anti rejection drugs was recognized. Its gave Tucker remaining kidney time to recover between the intervening time and she lived for another 5 years. The first kidney transplantation between living patients were undertaken on 1954 in Boston and Paris. The Boston transplantation was carried out on 23 December 1954 at Brigham Hospital. It was performed by Joseph Murray, J. Hartwell Harrison, John P. Merrill and others. A pair of identical twins Ronald and Richard Herrick was done the procedure to eliminate any problems of an immune reaction. Dr. Murray has received an award of Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1990 for this work. Richard Herrick who was the recipient was died 8 years after the transplantation.

Next, the first kidney transplantation in the United Kingdom is on 1960 which were performed by Michael Woodruff toward a pair of identical twins in Edinburgh. Deceased donor transplantation was not performed until the routine use of medications to prevent and treat acute rejection was introduced in 1964. Kidney is one of the easiest organ to transplant which are tissue typing was simple thus the organ was relatively easy to remove and implant. Besides that, live donors could be used without difficulty and if it being failure, the kidney dialysis was available from the 1940s. Tissue typing was essential to the success when early attempts in the 1950s on sufferers from Brights disease have been very unsuccessful. The organ transplantation between genetically non-identical patients lay in the recipient's immune system, which would treat a transplanted kidney as a "non-self" is the major barrier. Consequently, it will immediately or chronically reject it. Therefore, a medication is needed to suppress the immune system which is essential. Individual at greater risk of infection and cancer (particularly skin cancer and lymphoma) will suppress an individual's immune system places), in addition to the side effects of the medications.

Statistics These countries and regions represent most of the countries with donation and transplantation programmes.
REGION African Americas South-East Asia Europe Eastern Mediterranean Western Pacific

COUNTRIES
10 21 9 40 12 12

This statistic based on data analysis from year 2008 for 104 countries which representing 90% worldwide population. Every year, about 100-800 solid organ transplants were carried out which are 86% are kidney transplant, 25% are liver transplant, 7% are heart transplant, 4% are lung transplant and 3% are pancreas transplant.

Statistics of kidney donation and transplantation by National Kidney Foundation. Currently, there are 118617 peoples are waiting for lifesaving organ transplant in U.S and 81% of these are wait for the kidney transplant. Last year, there are 16812 kidney transplant in the U.S and out of 66% kidney transplant came from deceased donors while 34% came from living donors.

Living donor age breakdown

Ages 18-34 Ages 35-49 1% Ages 50-64 Ages 65+

28%

29%

42%

Living donor gender breakdown

Male Female

38% 62%

On average, nearly 3000 new patients are added to the kidney waiting list each month. Each day, 13 people die while waiting for a life-saving transplant and every 10 minutes someone is added to the transplant list. Besides that, 4903 patients died while waiting for a kidney transplant last year. Acceptable organ donors can range in age from newborn to 65 years or more. Donor organs are matched to waiting recipients by a national computer registry called the National Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN). This computer registry is operated by an organization known as the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS), which is located in Richmond, Virginia.