Early History:Ancient Greek, Roman and Chinese myths feature fanciful accounts of transplants

performed by gods and healers, often involving cadavers or animals. While these tales are considered
apocryphal, by 800 B.C. Indian doctors had likely begun grafting skin—technically the largest organ—
from one part of the body to another to repair wounds and burns.
16th Century:Italian surgeon Gasparo Tagliacozzi, sometimes known as the father of plastic surgery,
reconstructed noses and ears using skin from patients’ arms. He found that skin from a different donor
usually caused the procedure to fail, observing the immune response that his successors would come to
recognize as transplant rejection.
Early 1900s:European doctors attempted to save patients dying of renal failure by transplanting kidneys
from various animals, including monkeys, pigs and goats. None of the recipients lived for more than a
few days.
1905:Eduard Zirm, an Austrian ophthalmologist, performed the world’s first corneal transplant, restoring
the sight of a man who had been blinded in an accident.
1912:Transplant pioneer Alexis Carrell received the Nobel Prize for his work in the field. The French
surgeon had developed methods for connecting blood vessels and conducted successful kidney transplants
on dogs. He later worked with aviator Charles Lindbergh to invent a device for keeping organs viable
outside the body, a precursor to the artificial heart.
1936:Ukrainian doctor Yurii Voronoy transplanted the first human kidney, using an organ from a
deceased donor. The recipient died shortly thereafter as a result of rejection.
1954:In the late 1940s and early 1950s, a team of doctors at Boston’s Peter Bent Brigham Hospital carried
out a series of human kidney grafts, some of which functioned for days or even months. In 1954 the
surgeons transplanted a kidney from 23-year-old Ronald Herrick into his twin brother Richard; since
donor and recipient were genetically identical, the procedure succeeded.
1960:British immunologist Peter Medawar, who had studied immunosuppression’s role in transplant
failures, received the Nobel Prize for his discovery of acquired immune tolerance. Soon after, anti-
rejection drugs enabled patients to receive organs from non-identical donors.
1960s:The first successful lung, pancreas and liver transplants took place. In 1967, the world marveled
when South African surgeon Christiaan Barnard replaced the diseased heart of dentist Louis Washkansky
with that of a young accident victim. Although immunosuppressive drugs prevented rejection,
Washkansky died of pneumonia 18 days later.
1984:As transplants became less risky and more prevalent, the U.S. Congress passed the National Organ
Transplant Act to monitor ethical issues and address the country’s organ shortage. The law established a
centralized registry for organ matching and placement while outlawing the sale of human organs. More
than 100,000 people are currently on the national waiting list.
2005:Baltimore’s Johns Hopkins Hospital pioneered the “domino chain” method of matching donors and
recipients. Willing donors who are genetically incompatible with their chosen recipients are matched with
strangers; in return, their loved ones receive organs from other donors in the pool.
2010:Spanish doctors conducted the world’s first full face transplant on a man injured in a shooting
accident. A number of partial face transplants had already taken place around the world.

 Heart (deceased-donor only)
 Lung (deceased-donor and living-related lung transplantation)
AbdomenKidney (deceased-donor and living-donor)
 Liver (deceased-donor, which enables donation of a whole liver; and living-donor, where
donation from only one person cannot provide a whole liver, if an entire liver is needed)
 Pancreas (deceased-donor only; a very severe type of diabetes ensues if a live person's
entire pancreas is removed)
 Intestine (deceased-donor and living-donor; normally refers to the small intestine)
 Stomach (deceased-donor only)
 Testis[28] (deceased-donor and living-donor),Penis (deceased-donor only)
Tissues, cells and fluids[edit]
 Hand (deceased-donor only), see the first recipient Clint Hallam
 Cornea (deceased-donor only) see the ophthalmologist Eduard Zirm
 Skin, including face replant (autograft) and face transplant (extremely rare)
 Islets of Langerhans (pancreas islet cells) (deceased-donor and living-donor)
 Bone marrow/Adult stem cell (living-donor and autograft)
 Blood transfusion/Blood Parts Transfusion (living-donor and autograft)
 Blood vessels (autograft and deceased-donor)
 Heart valve (deceased-donor, living-donor and xenograft [porcine/bovine])
 Bone (deceased-donor and living-donor)
Reasons for donation and ethical issues [edit]
Living related donors[edit]
Living related donors donate to family members or friends in whom they have an emotional
investment. The risk of surgery is offset by the psychological benefit of not losing someone related to
them, or not seeing them suffer the ill effects of waiting on a list.

Good Samaritan[edit]
Good Samaritan or "altruistic" donation is giving a donation to someone that has no prior affiliation
with the donor. The idea of altruistic donation is to give with no interest of personal gain, it is out of
pure selflessness. On the other hand, the current allocation system doesn't assess a donor's motive,
so altruistic donation isn't a requirement. [

Financial compensation[edit]
Now monetary compensation for organ donors is being legalized in Australia, and strictly only in the
case of kidney transplant in the case of Singapore (minimal reimbursement is offered in the case of
other forms of organ harvesting by Singapore). Kidney disease organizations in both countries have
expressed their support.[49][50]
In compensated donation, donors get money or other compensation in exchange for their organs.
This practice is common in some parts of the world, whether legal or not, and is one of the many
factors driving medical tourism.[51]
One of the driving forces for illegal organ trafficking and for "transplantation tourism" is the
price differences for organs and transplant surgeries in different areas of the world. According to the
New England Journal of Medicine, a human kidney can be purchased in Manila for $1000–2000, but
in urban Latin America a kidney may cost more than $10,000. Kidneys in South Africa have sold for
as high as $20,000. Price disparities based on donor race are a driving force of attractive organ
sales in South Africa, as well as in other parts of the world.
In China, a kidney transplant operation runs for around $70,000, liver for $160,000, and heart for
$120,000.[74] Although these prices are still unattainable to the poor, compared to the fees of the
United States, where a kidney transplant may demand $100,000, a liver $250,000, and a heart
$860,000, Chinese prices have made China a major provider of organs and transplantation
surgeries to other countries.
In India, a kidney transplant operation runs for around as low as $5000.

Artificial organ transplantation[edit]

Surgeons, notably Paolo Macchiarini, in Sweden performed the first implantation of a synthetic
trachea in July 2011, for a 36-year-old patient who was suffering from cancer. Stem cells taken from
the patient's hip were treated with growth factors and incubated on a plastic replica of his natural
trachea.