Technical specifications of cable work 1.

1 SCOPE This chapter covers the requirements for the selection, installation and jointing of power cables for low, medium and high voltage applications upto and including 33KV. For details not covered in these Specifications, S!"#$$%"&'3 shall be referred to. (ll references to ) S%Specifications and codes are for codes with amendments issued upto date i.e. till the date of call of tender. 1.2 TYPES OF CABLES 1.2.1 The cables for applications for low and medium voltage *upto and including "."KV+ suppl, shall be one of the following! % *i+ *ii+ -V. insulated and -V. sheathed, conforming to S!"$$/ *-art%"+% "&'' .ross lin0ed pol,eth,lene insulated, -V. sheathed *12-3+, conforming to S! 45&' *-art%"+% "&''.

1.2.2 The cables for applications for high voltage *above "."KV but upto and including ""KV suppl,+ suppl, shall be one of the following! % *i+ *ii+ *iii+ -V. insulated and -V. sheathed, conforming to S!"$$/ *-art%#+% "&''. -aper insulated, lead sheathed *- 2.(+ conforming to S!6&#%"&43 .ross lin0ed pol,eth,lene *12-3+ insulated, -V. sheathed conforming to S!45&' *-art%#+% "&'$.

1.2. The cables for applications above ""KV but upto and including 33KV suppl, shall be one of the following! % *i+ *ii+ -aper insulated lead sheathed *- 2.(+ conforming to S! 6&#%"&43. .ross lin0ed, pol,eth,lene insulated *12-3+ conforming to S!45&' *-art%#+%"&'$.

1.2.! The cables shall be with solid or stranded aluminium conductors, as specified. .opper conductors ma, be used, onl, in special applications, where use of aluminium conductors is not technicall, acceptable. 1.2." 7here paper insulated cables are used in predominantl, vertical situation, these shall be of non%draining t,pe. 1. A#$O%#&'( A') SE#*&'(

1. .1 (ll multicore cables liable for mechanical damage and all 8V cab0es *irrespective of the situation of installation+ shall be armoured. 7here armouring is unavoidable in dingle core cables, either the armour should be made of nonmagnetic material, or it should be ensured that the armouring is not shorted at terminations, thus preventing the flow of circulating currents therein.

1. .2 Short runs of cables laid in pipes, closed masonar, trenches and similar protected or secured enclosures need not be armoured. 1. . -V. and 12-3 cables, when armoured, shall have galvani9ed steel wires *flat or round+ for armouring. 1. .! -aper insulated cables shall have for armouring, a double la,er of steel tape for normal applications. Steel wire armouring is preferred where the cables are liable to tensile stresses in applications such as vertical runs, suspended on brac0ets or laid in soil that is li0el, to subside. 1. ." Serving over armouring in paper insulated cables shall consist of a complete la,er or la,ers of suitable compounded 8essian materials. 1.! SELECT&O' OF CABLE S&+ES

1.!.1 The cable si9es shall be selected b, considering the voltage drop in the case of :V *distribution+ cables and .urrent carr,ing capacit, in the case of 8V *feeder+ cables. ;ue consideration should be given for the -rospective short circuit current and the period of its flow, especiall, in the case of 8V cables. 1.!.2 7hile deciding upon the cable si9es, derating factors for the t,pe of cable and depth of la,ing, grouping, ambient temperature, ground temperature, and soil resistivit, shall be ta0en into account. 1.!. <uidance for the selection of cables shall be served from relevant ndian Standards such as S!3&6" *-art%"+%"&64 for paper insulated lead sheathed cables, S! 3&6" *-art%#+%"&64 for -V. insulated and -V. sheathed heav, dut, cables, S! $'"&% "&45 for recommended short circuit ratings of high voltage -V. cables, S! "#$$%"&'3 on code of practice for installation and maintenance of power cables upto and including 33KV rating etc. 1." 1.".1 STO#A(E A') ,A')L&'( Stora-e

*i+ The cable drums shall be stored on a well drained, hard surface, so that the drums do not sin0 in the ground causing rot and damage to the cable drums. -aved surface is preferred, particularl, for long term storage. *ii+ sides. *iii+ )oth ends of the cables especiall, of - 2.( cables should be properl, sealed to prevent ingress= absorption of moisture b, the insulation during storage. The drums shall alwa,s be stored on their flanges, and not on their flat

*iv+ -rotection from rain and sun is preferable for long term storage for all t,pes of cables. There should also ventilation between cable drums. *v+ ;uring storage, periodical rolling of drums once in, sa,, 3 months through &5 degrees shall be done, in the case of paper insulated cables. >olling shall be done in the direction of the arrow mar0ed on the drum. *vi+ 1.".2 ;amaged battens of drums etc. should be replaced as ma, be necessar,.

,an.lin-

*i+ 7hen the cable drums have to be moved over short distances, the, should be rolled in the direction of the arrow mar0ed on the drum. *ii+ For manual transportation over long distances, the drum should be mounted on cable drum wheels, strong enough to carr, the weight of the drum and pulled b, means of ropes. (lternativel,, the, ma, be mounted on a trailer or on a suitable mechanical transport. *iii+ For loading into and unloading from vehicles, a crane or a suitable lifting tac0le should be used. Small si9ed cable drums can also be rolled down carefull, on a suitable ramp or rails, for unloading, provided no damage is li0el, to be caused to the cable or to the drum. 1./ 1./.1 &'STALLAT&O' (eneral

*i+ .ables with 0in0s, straightened 0in0s or an, other apparent defects li0e defective armouring etc. shall not be installed. *ii+ .ables shall not be bent sharp to a small radius either while handing or in installation. The minimum safe bending radius for -V.=12-3 *:V+ cables shall be "# times the overall diameter of the cable. The minimum safe bending radius for - 2.(=12-3 *8V+ cables shall be as given in Table% . (t joints and terminations, the bending radius of individual cores of a multi core cable of an, t,pe shall not be less than "$ times its overall diameter. *iii+ The ends of lead sheathed cables shall be sealed with solder immediatel, after cutting the cables. n case of -V. cables, suitable sealing compound=tape shall be used for this purpose, if li0el, e?posed to rain in transit storage. Suitable heat shrin0able caps ma, also be used for the purpose.

1./.2

#o0te

)efore the cable la,ing wor0 is underta0en, the route of the cable shall be decided b, the 3ngineer%in%.harge considering the following. *i+ 7hile the shortest practicable route should be preferred, the cable route shall generall, follow fi?ed developments such as roads, foot paths etc. with proper offsets so that future maintenance, identification etc. are rendered eas,. .ross countr, run merel, to shorten the route length shall not te adopted. *ii+ .able route shall be planned awa, from drains and near the propert,, especiall, in the case of 2V=:V cables, subject to an, special local requirements that ma, have to be necessaril, complied with. *iii+ (s far as possible, the alignment of the cable route shall be decided after ta0ing into consideration the present and li0el, future requirements of other services including cables enroute, possibilit, of widening of roads=lanes etc. *iv+ .orrosive soils, ground surrounding sewage effluent etc. shall be avoided for the routes. *v+ #o0te of cables of .ifferent 1olta-es.

*a+ 7henever cables are laid along well demarcated or established roads, the 2V=:V cables shall be laid farther from the 0erb line than 8V cables. *b+ .ables of different voltages, and also power and control cables shall be 0ept in different trenches with adequate separation. 7here available space is restricted such that this requirement cannot be met, 2V=:V cables shall be laid above 8V cables. *c+ 7here cables cross one another, the cable of higher voltage shall be laid at a lower level than the cable of lower voltage. 1./. Pro2i3it4 to co330nication cables

-ower and communication cables shall as far as possible cross each other at right angles. The hori9ontal and vertical clearances between them shall not be less than 65cm. 1./.! #ailwa4 crossin-

.ables under railwa, trac0s shall be laid in spun reinforced concrete, or cast iron or steel pipes at such depths as ma, be specified b, the railwa, authorities, but not less than "m, measured from the bottom of the sleepers to the top of the pipe. nside railwa, station limits, pipes shall be laid upto the point of the railwa, station limits, pipes shall be laid upto a minimum distance of 3m from the center of the nearest trac0 on either side.

1./."

5a4 Lea1e

7a, leave for the cable route shall be obtained as necessar,, from the appropriate authorities, such as, :unicipal authorities, ;epartment of telecommunication, <as 7or0s, >ailwa,s, .ivil (viation authorities, @wners of properties etc. n case of private propert,, Section "#=$" of the ndian 3lectricit, (ct shall be complied with. 1././ $etho.s of la4in-

The cables shall be laid direct in ground, pipe, closed or open ducts, cable tra,s or on surface of wall etc. The method*s+ of la,ing required shall be specified in the tender schedule of wor0. 1./.6 La4in- .irect in -ro0n.

1./.6.1 (eneral This method shall be adopted where the cable route is through open ground, along roads=lanes, etc. and where no frequent e?cavations are li0el, to be encountered and where re%e?cavation is easil, possible without affecting other services. 1./.6.2 Trenchin7idth of trench The width of the trench shall first be determined on the following basis *>efer figure "+ *a+ The minimum width of the trench for la,ing a single cable shall be 3$cm *b+ 7here more than one cable is to be laid in the same trench in hori9ontal formation, the width of the trench shall be increased such that the inter%a?ial spacing between the cables, e?cept where otherwise specified, shall be at least #5cm. A There shall be a clearance of at least "$cm between a?is of the end cables and the sides of the trench. *ii+ ;epth of trench *i+

The depth of the trench shall be determined on the following basis *>efer figure "+! % *a+ 7here the cables are laid in a single tier formation, the total depth of trench shall not be less than 4$cm for cables upto "."KV and ".#m for cables above "."KV. *b+ 7hen more than one tier of cables is unavoidable and vertical formation of la,ing is adopted, the depth of the trench in *ii+ a above shall be increased b, 35cm for each additional tier to be formed.

A 7here no sand cushioning and protective covering are provided for the cables as per #.6.4.3*i+*b+, #.6.4.3*vii+*c+ and #.6.4.3*i?+*d+ below, the depth of the trench as per *ii+*a+ and *b+ above shall be increased b, #$cm. *iii+ 3?cavation of trenches

*a+ The trenches shall be e?cavated in reasonabl, straight lines. 7herever there is a change in the direction, a suitable curvature shall be adopted compl,ing with the requirements of clause #.6."*ii+. *b+ 7here gradients and changes in depth are unavoidable, these shall be gradual. A The bottom of the trench shall be level and free from stones, bric0 bats etc. *d+ The e?cavation should be done b, suitable means%manual or mechanical. The e?cavated soil shall be stac0ed firml, b, the side of the trench such that it ma, not fall bac0 into the trench. *e+ (dequate precautions should be ta0en not to damage an, e?isting cable*s+, pipes or an, other such installations in the route during e?cavation. 7herever tric0d, tiles or protective covers or bare cables are encountered, further e?cavation shall not be carried out without the approval of the 3ngineer%in%.harge. *f+ 3?isting propert,, if an,, e?posed during trenching shall be temporaril, supported adequatel, as directed b, the 3ngineer%in%.harge. The trenching in such cases shall be done in short lengths, necessar, pipes laid for passing cables therein and the trench refilled in accordance with clause #.6.4./. *g+ t there is an, danger of a trench collapsing or endangering adjacent structures, the sides ma, be left in place when bac0 filling the trench. *h+3?cavation through lawns shall be done in consultation with the ;epartment concerned. 1./.6. La4in- of cable in trench 7i8 San. c0shionin-

*a+ The trench shall then be provided with a la,er of clean, dr, sand cushion of not less than 'cm in depth, before la,ing the cables therein. *b+ 8owever, sand cushioning as per *a+ above need not be provided for :V cables, where there is no possibilit, of an, mechanical damage to the cables due to heav, or shoc0 loading on the soil above. Such stretches shall be clearl, specified in the tender documents. A Sand cushioning as per *a+ above shall however be invariabl, provided in the case of 8V cables. 7ii8 Testin- before la4in-

(ll the time of issue of cables for la,ing, the cables shall be tested for continuit, and insulation resistance *See also clause #.'."+

*iii+ The cable drum shall be properl, mounted on jac0s, or on a cable wheel at a suitable location, ma0ing sure that the spindle, jac0 etc. are strong enough to carr, the weight of the drum without failure, and that the spindle is hori9ontal in the bearings so as to prevent the drum creeping to one side while rotating. *iv+ The cable shall be pulled over on rollers in the trench steadil, and uniforml, without jer0s and strain. The entire cable length shall as far as possible be laid off in one stretch. -V.=12-3 cables less than "#5sq.mm. si9e ma, be removed b, BFla0ingC i.e. b, ma0ing one long loop in the reverse direction. 'ote9 : For short runs and si9es upto $5sq.mm. of :V cables, an, other suitable method of direct handing and la,ing can be adopted without strain or e?cess bending of the cables. *v+ (fter the cable has been so uncoiled, it shall be lifted slightl, over the rollers beginning from one and b, helpers standing about "5m apart and drawn straight. The cable shall then be lifted off the rollers and laid in a reasonabl, straight line. *vi+ Testin- before co1erin-

The cables shall be tested for continuit, of cores and insulation resistance *>efer clause #.'."+ and the cable length shall be measured, before closing the trench. The cable end shall be sealed =covered as per clause #.6." *iii+ *vii+ San. co1erin-

.ables laid in trenches in a single tier formation shall have a covering of dr, sand of not less than "4cm above the base cushion of sand before the protective cover is laid. n the case of vertical multi%tier formation, after the first cable has been laid, a sand cushion of 35cm shall be provided over the base cushion before the second tier is laid. f additional tiers are formed, each of the subsequent tiers also shall have a sand cushion of 35cm as stated above. .ables in the top most tiers shall have final sand covering not less than "4cm before the protective cover is laid. Sand covering as per *a+ and *b+ above need not be provided for :V cables where a decision is ta0en b, the 3ngineer%in%.harge as per sub clause *i+*b+ above, but the inter tier spacing should be maintained as in *b+ above with soft soil instead of sand between tiers and for covering. Sand cushioning as per *a+ and *b+ above shall however be invariabl, provided in the case of 8V cables.

*viii+

E2tra loop cable

*a+ (t the time of original installation, appro?imatel, 3m of surplus cable shall be left on each terminal end of the cable and on each side of the underground joints. The surplus cable shall be left in the form of a loop. 7here there are long runs of cables such loose cable ma, be left at suitable intervals as specified b, the 3ngineer%in%.harge. *b+ 7here it ma, not be practicall, possible to provide separation between cables when forming loops of a number of cables as in the case of cables emanating from a substation, measurement shall be made onl, to the e?tent of actual volume of e?cavation, sand filling etc. and paid for accordingl,. *i?+ $echanical protection o1er the co1erin-

*a+ :echanical protection to cables shall be laid over the covering in accordance with *b+ and *c+ below to provide warning to future e?cavators of the presence of the cable and also to protect the cable against accidental mechanical damage b, pic0%a?e blows etc. *b+ Dnless otherwise specified, the cables shall be protected b, second class bric0 of nominal si9e ##cm1""./cm14 cm or locall, available si9e, placed on top of the sand *or, soil as the case ma, be+. The bric0s shall be placed breadth%wise for the full length of the cable. 7here more than one cable is to be laid in the same trench, this protective covering shall cover all the cables and project at least $cm over the sides of the end cables. A 7here bric0s are not easil, available, or are comparativel, costl,, there is no objection to use locall, available material such as tiles or slates or stone=cement concrete slabs. 7here such an alternative is acceptable, the same shall be clearl, specified in the tender specifications. *d+ -rotective covering as per *b+ and *c+ above need not be provided onl, for :V cables, in e?ceptional cases where there is normall, no possibilit, of subsequent e?cavation. Such cases shall be particularl, specified in the Tender specifications. *e+ The protective covering as per *b+ and *c+ above shall, however invariabl, be provided in the case of 8V cables. 1./.6.! Back fillin*i+ The trenches shall be then bac0%filled with e?cavated earth, free from stones or other sharp ended debris and shall be rammed and watered, if necessar, in successive la,ers not e?ceeding 35cm depth. *ii+ Dnless otherwise specified, a crown of earth not less than $5mm and not e?ceeding "55mm in the center and tapering towards the sides of the trench shall be left

to allow for subsidence. The crown of the earth however, should not e?ceed "5 .ms so as not to be a ha9ard to vehicular traffic. *iii+ The temporar, re%statements of roadwa,s should be inspected at regular intervals, particularl, during wet weather and settlements should be made good b, further filling as ma, be required. *iv+ (fter the subsidence has ceased, trenches cut through roadwa,s or other paved areas shall be restored to the same densit, and materials as the surrounding area and Ere%paved in accordance with the relevant building specifications to the satisfaction of the 3ngineer%in%.harge. *v+ 7here road beams or lawns have been cut out of necessit,, or 0erb stones displaced, the same shall be repaired and made good, e?cept for turfing =asphalting, to the satisfaction of the 3ngineer%in%.harge and all the surplus earth or roc0 shall be removed to places as specified. 1./.6." La4in- of sin-le core cables *i+ Three single core cables forming one three phase circuit shall normall, be laid in close trefoil formation and shall be bound together at intervals of appro?imatel, "m. *ii+ The relative position of the three cables shall be changed at each joint at the time of original installation, complete transposition being effected in ever, three consecutive cable lengths. 1./.6./ #o0te 3arkers 7i8 Location

>oute mar0ers shall be provided along the runs of cables at locations approved b, the 3ngineer%in%.harge and generall, at intervals not e?ceeding "55m. :ar0ers shall also be provided to identit, change in the direction of the cable route and at locations of underground joints. *ii+ *a+ Plate t4pe 3arker

>oute mar0ers shall be made out of "55mm 1 $mm < = aluminium plate welded = bolted on 3$mm 1 3$mm 1 6mm angle iron, 65cm long. Such plate mar0ers shall be mounted parallel to and at about 5.$m awa, from the edge of the trench.

*b+

.. mar0er

(lternativel,, cement concrete "!#!/ *" cement!# coarse sand! / graded stone aggregate of #5mm in si9e+ as shown in figure # shall be laid flat and centered over the cable. The concrete mar0ers, unless otherwise instructed b, the 3ngineer%in%.harge, shall project over the surrounding surface so as to ma0e the cable route easil, identifiable. *c+ nscription The words F.-7;%:V=8V .()23G as the case ma, be, shall be inscribed on the mar0er. 1./.; La4in- in pipes < close. .0cts

1./.;.1 n locations such as road crossing, entr, in to buildings, paved areas etc. cables shall be laid in pipes or closed ducts. :etallic pipe shall be used as protection pipe for cables fi?ed on poles of overhead lines. 1./.;.2 *i+ Stone ware pipes, < , . or spun reinforced concrete pipes shall be used for cables in generalH however onl, < pipe shall be used as protection pipe on poles. *ii+ The si9e of the pipe shall not be less than "5cm in diameter for a single cable and not less than "$cm for more than one cable. *iii+ 7here steel pipes are emplo,ed for protection of single core cable feeding (. load, the pipe should be large enough to contain both cables in the case of single phase s,stem and all cables in the case of pol, phase s,stem. *iv+ -ipes for :V and 8V cables shall be independent ones. 1./.;. *i+ n the case of new construction, pipes as required *including for anticipated future requirements+ shall be laid alongwith the civil wor0s and jointed according to the .-7; )uilding Specifications. *ii+ -ipes shall be continuous and clear of debris or concrete before cables are drawn. Sharp edges if an,, at ends shall be smoothened to prevent damage to cable sheathing. *iii+ These pipes shall be laid directl, in ground without an, special bed e?cept for S7 pipe which shall be laid over "5cm thic0 cement concrete "!$!"5 *" cemtnt!$coarse sand!"5 graded stone aggregate of /5mm nominal si9e+ bed. Io sand cushioning or tiles need be used in such situations. 1./.;.! #oa. crossin-s *i+ The top surface of pipes shall be at a minimum depth of "m from the pavement level when laid under roads, pavements etc. *ii+ The pipes shall be laid preferabl, as0ew to reduce the angle of bend as the cable enters and leaves the crossing. This is particularl, important for 8V cables.

*iii+ 7hen pipes are laid cutting an e?isting road, care shall be ta0en so that the soil filled up after la,ing the pipes is rammed well in la,ers with watering as required to ensure proper compaction. ( crown of earth not e?ceeding "5cm should be left at the top. *iv+ The temporar, re%instatements of roadwa,s should be inspected at regular intervals, particularl, after a rain, and an, settlement should be made good b, further filling as ma, be required. *v+ (fter the subsidence has ceases, the top of the filled up trenches in roadwa,s or other paved areas shall be restored to the same densit, and material as the surrounding area in accordance with the relevant .-7; )uilding Specifications to the satisfaction of the 3ngineer%in%.harge. 1./.;." :anholes shall be provided to facilitate feeding=drawing in of cables with sufficient wor0ing space for the purpose. The, shall be covered b, suitable manhole covers. Si9es and other details shall be indicated in the Schedule of wor0. 1./.;./ Cable entr4 into the b0il.in-ipes for cable entries to the building shall slope downwards from the building. The pipes at the building end shall be suitabl, sealed to avoid entr, of water, after the cables are laid. 1./.;.6 .able%grip = draw%wires, winches etc. ma, be emplo,ed for drawing cables through pipes = closed ducts. 1./.;.; :easurement for drawing= la,ing cables in pipes= closed duct shall be on the basis of the actual length of the pipe = duct for each run of the cable, irrespective of the length of cable drawn through. 1./.= La4in- in open .0cts

1./.=.1 @pen ducts with suitable removable covers *>.. slabs or chequered plates+ are generall, provided in sub%stations, switch rooms, plant rooms, wor0shops etc. for ta0ing the cables. The cable ducts should be of suitable dimensions for the number of cables involved. 1./.=.2 *i+ 2a,ing of cables with different voltage ratings in the same duct shall be avoided. 7here it is inescapable to ta0e 8V J :V cables same trench, the, shall be laid with a barrier between them or alternativel,, one of the two *8V J:V+ cables ma, be ta0en through pipe*s+. *ii+ Splices or joints of an, t,pe shall not be permitted inside the ducts. 1./.=. *i+ The cables shall be laid directl, in the duct such that unnecessar, crossing of cables is avoided.

*ii+ 7here specified, cables ma, be fi?ed with clamps on the walls of the duct or ta0en in hoo0s=brac0ets=troughs in ducts. 1./.=.! 7here specified, ducts ma, be filled with dr, sand after the cables are laid and covered as above, or finished with cement plaster, speciall, in high voltage applications. 1./.1> La4in- on s0rface 1./.1>.1 This method ma, be adopted in places li0e switch rooms, wor0shops, tunnels, rising *distribution+ mains in buildings etc. This ma, also be necessitated in the wor0s of additions and=or alterations to the e?isting installation, where other methods of la,ing ma, not be feasible. 1./.1>.2 .ables ma, be laid in surface b, an, of the following methods as specified! *a+ *b+ *c+ ;irectl, clamped b, saddles or clamps, Supported on cradles, 2aid on troughs=tra,s, dul, clamped.

1./.1>. *i+ The saddles and clamps used for fi?ing the cables on surface shall compl, with the requirements given in Table% . *ii+ Saddles shall be secured with screws to suitable approved plugs. .lamps shall be secured with nuts on to the bolts, grouted in the supporting structure in an approved manner. *iii+ n the case of single core cables, the clamps shall be of non%magnetic material. ( suitable non%corrosive pac0ing shall be used for clamping unarmoured cables to prevent damage to the cable sheath. *iv+ .ables shall be fi?ed neatl, without undue sag or 0in0s. 1./.1>.! The arrangement of la,ing the cables in cradles is permitted onl, in the case of cables of "."KV grade of si9e e?ceeding "#5sq.mm. n such cases, the cables ma, be suspended on :S flat cradles of si9e $5mm1$mm which in turn shall be fi?ed on the wall b, bolts grouted into the wall in an approved manner at a spacing of not less than 65cm. 1./.1>." (ll :S components used in fi?ing the cables shall be either galvani9ed or given a coat of red o?ide primer and finished with # coats of approved paint.

1./.11 La4in- on cable tra4 1./.11.1 This method ma, be adopted in places li0e indoor substations, air%conditioning plant rooms, generator rooms etc. or where long hori9ontal runs of cables are required within the building and where it is not convenient to carr, the cable in open ducts. This method is preferred where heav, si9ed cables or a number of cables are required to be laid. The cable tra,s ma, be either of perforated sheet t,pe or of ladder t,pe. 1./.11.2 Perforate. t4pe cable tra4 *i+ The cable tra, shall be fabricated out of slotted=perforated :S sheets as channel sections, single or double bended. The channel sections shall be supplied in convenient lengths and assembled at site to the desired lengths. These ma, be galvanished or painted as specified. (lternativel,, where specified, the cable tra, ma, be fabricated b, two angle irons of $5mm1$5mm16mm as two longitudinal members, with cross bracings between them b, $5mm1$mm flats welded=bolted to the angles at " m spacing. #mm thic0 :S perforated sheet shall be suitabl, welded=bolted to the base as well as on the two sides. *ii+ T,picall,, the dimensions, fabrication details etc. are shown in figure 3(,) and .. *iii+ The jointing between the sections shall be made with coupler plates of the same material and thic0ness as the channel section. Two coupler plates, each of minimum #55mm length, shall be bolted on each of the two sides of the channel section with 'mm dia round headed bolts, nuts and washers. n order to maintain proper earth continuit, bond, the paint on the contact surfaces between the coupler plates and cable tra, shall be scraped and removed before the installation. *iv+ The ma?imum permissible uniforml, distributed load for various si9es of cables tra,s and for different supported span are given in Table V. The si9es shall be specified considering the same. *v+ The width of the cable tra, shall be chosen so as to accommodate all the cables in one tier, plus 35 to $5K additional width for future e?pansion. This additional width shall be minimum "55mm. The overall width of one cable tra, shall be limited to '55mm. *vi+ Factor, fabricated bends, reducers, tee=cross junctions, etc. shall be provided as per good engineering practice. *;etails are t,picall, shown in figure 3+. The radius of bends, junctions etc. shall not be less than the minimum permissible radius of bending of the largest si9e of cable to be carried b, the cable tra,. *vii+ The cable tra, shall be suspended from the ceiling slab with the help of "5mm dia :S rounds or #$mm1$mm flats at specified spacing *based on Table +. Flat t,pe suspenders ma, be used for channels upto /$5mm width bolted to cable tra,s. >ound suspenders shall be threaded and bolted to the cable tra,s or to independent support angles $5mm1$5mm1$mm at the bottom end as specified. These shall be grouted to the ceiling slab at the other end through an effective means, as approved b, the 3ngineer%in%.harge, to ta0e the weight of the cable tra, with the cables.

*viii+ The entire tra, *e?cept in the case of galvani9ed t,pe+ and the suspenders shall be painted with two coats of red o?ide primer paint after removing the dirt and rust, and finished with two coats of spra, paint of approved ma0e s,nthetic enamel paint. *i?+ The cable tra, shall be bonded to the earth Terminal of the switch bonds at both ends. *?+ The cable tra,s shall be measured on unit length basis, along the center line of the cable tra,, including bends, reducers, tees, cross joints, etc. and paid for accordingl,. 1./.11. La..er t4pe cable tra4

*i+ The ladder t,pe of cable tra, shall be fabricated of double bended channel section longitudinal members with single bended channel section rungs of cross members welded to the base of the longitudinal members at a center to center spacing of #$5cm. *ii+ (lternativel,, where specified, ladder t,pe cable tra,s ma, be fabricated out of $5mm1$5mm16mm *minimum+ angle iron for longitudinal members, and 35mm16mm flat for rungs. *iii+ T,pical details of fabrication and dimensions of both the t,pes of tra,s are shown in figure /(,),. and ;. *iv+ The ma?imum permissible loading, jointing of channel sections, width of the cable tra,, provision of elbows, bends, reducers, hori9ontal tee= cross junctions etc. suspension of cable tra, from the ceiling slabH painting and measurement of the cable tra, shall be as per sub%clauses *ii+ to *?+ below clause #.6."".#, e?cept that the overall width of one cable tra, ma, be limited to '55mm. 1./.11.! Cables lai. on cable tra4s shall be cla3pe. on to the tra4 at s0itable inter1als as per Table:&&&. 1./.12 Cable i.entification ta-s 7henever more than one cable is laid = run side b, side, mar0er tags as approved, inscribed with cable identification details shall be permanentl, attached to al the cables in the manholes = pull pits = joint pits = entr, points in buildings = open ducts etc. These shall also be attached to cables laid direct in ground at specified intervals, before the trenches are bac0filled. 1.6 1.6.1 ?O&'T&'( Location

*i+ )efore la,ing a cable, proper locations for the proposed cable joints, if an,, shall be decided, so that when the cable is actuall, laid, the joints are made in the most suitable places. (s far as possible, water logged locations, carriage wa,s, pavements, pro?imit, to telephone cables, gas or water mains, inaccessible places, ducts, pipes, rac0s etc. shall be avoided for locating the cable joints.

*ii+ Loints shall be staggered b, #m to 3m when joints are to be done for two or more cables laid together in the same trench. 1.6.2 ?oints pits

*i+ Loint pits shall be of sufficient dimensions as to allow eas, and comfortable wor0ing. The sides of the pit shall be well protected from loose earth falling into it. t shall also be covered b, a tarpaulin to prevent dust and other foreign matter being blown on the e?posed joints and jointing materials. *ii+ Sufficient ventilation shall be provided during jointing operation in order to disperse fumes given out b, flu?ing. 1.6. Safet4 preca0tion

*i+ ( caution board indicating B.(DT @I E .()23 L@ IT I< 7@>K I ->@<>3SSC shall be displa,ed to warn the public and traffic where necessar,. *ii+ )efore jointing is commenced, all safet, precautions li0e isolation, discharging, earthing, displa, of caution board on the controlling switchgear etc. shall be ta0en to ensure that the cable would not be inadvertentl, charged from live suppl,. :etallic armour and e?ternal metallic bonding shall be connected to earth. 7here B-ermit to wor0C s,stem is in vogue, safet, procedures prescribed shall be complied with. 1.6.! ?ointin- 3aterials

*i+ Lointing materials and accessories li0e conductor ferrules, solder, flu?, insulating and protective tapes, filling compound, jointing bo?es, heat shrin0ing joint 0it etc. of right qualit, and correct si9es, conforming to relevant ndian Standards, wherever the, e?ist, shall be used. *ii+ The design of the joint bo? and the composition of the filing compound shall be such as to provide an effective sealing against entr, of moisture in addition to affording proper electrical characteristic to joints. *iii+ 7here special t,pe of splicing connector 0its or epo?, resin spliced joints or heat shrin0able jointing 0its are specified, materials approved for such application shall be used. Storing as well as jointing instructions of the manufacturer of such materials shall be strictl, followed. 1.6." ?ointer

Lointing wor0 shall be carried out b, a licensed= e?perienced *where there is no licensing s,stem for jointers+ cable jointer. 1.6./ Cable work with @oints

*i+ (bout 3m long surplus cable shall be left on each side of joints as laid down in clause ".6.4.3 *viii+.

*ii+ nsulation resistance of cables to be jointed shall be tested as per clause ".'.". Dnless the insulation resistance values are satisfactor,, jointing shall not be done. *iii+ .ores of the cables must be properl, identified before jointing. *iv+ 7here cable is to be jointed with the e?isting cable, the sequence should be so arranged as to avoid crossing of cores wile jointing. *v+ 7henever the aluminium conductor is e?posed to outside atmosphere, a highl, tenacious o?ide film is formed which ma0es the soldering of aluminium conductor difficult. This o?ide film should be removed b, using appropriate t,pe of flu?. *vi+ The clamps for the armour shall be clean and tight. 1.6.6 ?ointin- proce.0re

7hile it would be necessar, to follow strictl, the instructions for jointing furnished b, the manufacturers of cables and joint 0its, a brief on the jointing procedures is given for general guidance in (ppendi? F. 1.; 1.;.1 TEST&'( Testin- before la4in-

(ll cables, before la,ing, shall be tested with a $55V megger for cables of "."KV grade, or with a #$55=$555V megger for cables of higher voltage. The cable cores shall be tested for continuit,, absence of cross phasing, insulation resistance from conductors to earth = armour and between conductors. 1.;.2 Testin- before backfillin-

(ll cables shall be subjected to the above mentioned tests, before covering the cables b, protective covers and bac0 filling and also before ta0ing up an, jointing operation. 1.;. Testin- after la4in-

*i+ (fter la,ing and jointing, the cable shall be subjected to a "$ minutes pressure test. The test pressure shall be as given in Table V . ;. pressure testing ma, normall, be preferred to (. pressure testing. *ii+ n the absence of facilities for pressure testing as above, it is sufficient to test for one minute with "555V megger for cables of "."KV grade and with #$55=$555V megger for cables of higher voltages.