https://docs.google.com/a/hkis.edu.

hk/document/d/1-CwIIWwzFwFMnwDqad0LIrk3UPYZjfemjem5XxsGSI/edit Chris and Noah Easter Period 5 Honors chem

Purpose: The purpose of the hydrate lab is to dehydrate a chemical hydrate and determine the amount of water that will be evaporated away and the anhydrous salt that would be left over Procedure: A.) Mass the crucible without Copper Sulfate B.) Add Copper sulfate into crucible C.) Weigh crucible and Copper sulfate D.) Heat the crucible until all the the color is gone from the copper sulfate. E.) Once the color is gone, mass it again F.) Put it back on the heater and heat it a second time for 1-2 minutes (if times allows) G.) Mass the crucible for the second time again H.) Record the data Materials: 1 Crucible 1 Clay triangle 1 Bunsen burner 1 heating stand 1 Mass scale 1 Sample of CuSO4 (copper(II)sulfate) 1 Pair of crucible tongs 1 Ceramic bowl 1 Lighter Data: The solution we used was Copper(II)sulfate-CuSO4 Title: The results of the mass of crucible before and after heating Mass in (g) Crucible itself noahhhh Crucible and compound before heating Crucible w/ compound after first heating Crucible w/ compound after second heating Mass of compound before heating 17.890g 22.694g 20.927g 20.935g 4.804g

Mass of compound after second heating

1.759g

Calculations: - Show all work of how to determine the formula of the hydrated compound. - Research the correct answer online (make sure to include the reference of where you found it. - Determine the % error of your lab for the X Formula of the hydrated compound: 1) Find mass of crucible 2) Mass of crucible and the compound 3) Anhydrous compound mass (after heating) Work is shown here: (Check for significant digits)

Mass of original compound: 22.694g-17.890g=4.804g Mass of compound after 2nd heating: mass of second heating - mass of crucible 20.935g-17.890g=3.045g Mass of H2O: Mass of original compound - mass of compound after 2nd heating 4.804g - 3.045g = 1.759g Molar mass of copper (II) sulfate: 159.62 g Molar mass of water: 18.02 g Moles of CuSO4: 3.045gCuSO4 * 1 mol of CuSO4 / 159.62g CuSO4 0.019177mol of CuSO4 with significant digits: 0.01918mol of CuSO4 Moles of H2O: 1.759gH2O * 1 mol of H2O/ 18.02 H2O 0.097614mol of H2O with significant digits: 0.09761 mol of H2O Now we want to find the mole of water driven off: 0.097614mol of H2O / 0.019077mol of CuSO4 = x mol of H2O / 1 mol of CuSO4 Answer: 5.117 mol of H2O Ratio of copper (II) sulfate to water: 1: 5.117 must have 5 water per one copper(II)sulfate Correct Formula: CuSO4 * 5H2O -> 1:5

Percent error: (5-5.117mol of H2O) / (5.117mol of H2O) x 100= -2.286% 1 sig fig= -2% error

The photo on the right is the crucible with the compound CuSO4 before the heating occurred

The photo on the left is the cruicble with the compound CuSO4 after the heating occurred

Discussion Questions: Make sure to address the following questions in your discussion section: Would the error cause your ratio to increase or decrease? Question answered in this color Response color

1. What was the actual ratio you obtained (with all significant digits)? What was your rounded ratio to whole numbers? Is your actual ratio higher or lower than the rounded ratio?Research what the actual ratio should be. Is your answer too high or too low? What is the percent error? The exact ratio of copper (II) sulfate to water was 1: 5.117 but was rounded to 1:5 which is lower than the exact ratio. The actual ratio is supposed to be 1:5 so our rounded answer was spot on. However our exact answer was 2% less than the actual ratio for water. 2. How would your ratio change if you did not dehydrate the compound fully? If we did not dehydrate our compound fully than our ratio of water to copper sulfate would be higher than 1:5, however we were very close with our exact answer which only varied by about 2% which meant there was a very small amount of water not dehydrated from the compound. 3. Suppose some of the compound fell out of the test tube before heating but after massing. How would that change your ratio? If some of the compound fell out of the test tube before heating but after massing then we would have ended up attributing the decrease in mass to the loss of water during heating which would have skewed our calculations to show a greater ratio of water:copper(II)sulfate than actually should have been.

4. How would your ratio change if the test tube was wet when the hydrated compound was added to it at the beginning of the experiment? The ratio of water to copper (II) sulfate would have been higher because there would have been a larger change in the total mass after heating than there would have been if the test tube was dry, leading us to calculate that there was more water in the compound itself than there really was 5. How would your ratio relate to another groups who used the same compound, if you used 2.0 grams and they used 2.5grams? If both groups heated the compound properly and did not make any errors than the ratio should be exactly the same since the ratio of water:copper (II) sulfate is the same for any mass of the compound. 6. Suggest what might happen if you left the anhydrous compound to sit overnight before weighing it for your data? What might happen is that the mass would change for sure. The temperature will slowly turn back into room temperature and crystallization would occur as it cooled. Noah: Does this mean that water would get back into the compound? I serached it up. said it temp will decrease and the liquid will form again 7. If you could improve this lab, what you do differently and why? Discuss at least three feasible improvements and why with reference to the other discussion questions and errors. (Note: relate this to #1 and the answers for the other questions). 1) One improvement would be to have an example or some clear diagram on how to find the formula of hydrate compound because it took quite a long time to figure out. It was a complicated process because we didnt know how to calculate the water drift off. 2) It would have been easier if we all used the same compound because some groups used a different compound which made question 5 hard to do. If the whole class used the same compound, it wouldve been easier to answer the question. 3) In the end we only had enough time for 1 heating of the compound. I it would have been helpful to answering question 2 if we had enough time to do 2 or 3 heatings in order to dehydrate the compound fully.

Conclusion statement: In this lab, we learned how to determine the amount of water and the amount of salt that would be left over when dehydrating a hydrate compound. The hydrated copper(II)sulfate formula was CuSO4 * 5H2O. The ratio of copper(II)sulfate to water was 1:5.117 and our percent error was 2.286%.