Wheat Stone

Applying the Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
Dirk Eberlein dirk.eberlein@hbm.com
www.hbm.com 19.03.2008, Folie 1 Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH Dirk Eberlein
The relationship between the applied strain and the relative change of the resistance of a strain gauge A A strain strain gauge gauge converts converts a a mechanical mechanical strain strain into into a a change change of of an an electrical electrical resistance. resistance.
gauge factor:
characteristic of the strain gauge and has to been checked experimentally:
R = k R
19.03.2008, Folie 2
Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH
Dirk Eberlein
Test of the gauge factor
Thomas Kleckers, HBM 19.03.2008, Folie 3 Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH Dirk Eberlein
Value of the relative change of the resistance

R/R 0 = k
k ~ 2 R(typ.) = 120 or 350
for example (strain level for transducers)
1000 m/m = 1mm/m (0,1%)

E.g.:120 -strain E.g.:120 -straingauge gaugeat at1mm/m 1mm/m= =0,24 0,24 change changeof of the theresistance resistance
Measurements with an ohmmeter are impossible
19.03.2008, Folie 4 Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH Dirk Eberlein
Basics
U1 R1 = U 0 R1 + R2
U1= 5V R1= 5
R1 U1 = U 0 R1 + R2
U2= 5V R2= 5
Spannungsabfall = voltage drop
U0=10V
19.03.2008, Folie 5 Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH
potential divider
Dirk Eberlein
Basics
U1= 4V R1= 4 U2= 6V R2= 6
U0=10V U1 R1 = U0 R1 + R 2
19.03.2008, Folie 6
U1 = U 0
R1 R1 + R 2
potential divider
Dirk Eberlein
Basics
U1= 5V R1= 5 Ua=0V R4= 5 U4= 5V R3= 5 U3= 5V U2= 5V R2= 5
U0=10V
potential divider
Dirk Eberlein
Basics
U1= 5,45V R1= 6 + U2= 4,54V R2= 5
Ua=0,45V R4= 5 U4= 5V R3= 5 U3= 5V
U0=10V increasing of R1 decreasing of R1

19.03.2008, Folie 8
output voltage Ua will be positive output voltage Ua will be negative

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH Dirk Eberlein
Basics
U1= 4,54V R1= 5 U2= 5,45V R2= 6
Ua= - 0,45V + R3= 5 R4= 5 U4= 5V U3= 5V
U0=10V increasing of R2 decreasing of R2

19.03.2008, Folie 9
output voltage Ua will be negative output voltage Ua will be positive

Basics
U1 Ua U4 U0
U2
U1 = U0
R1 R1 + R 2 R4 R3 + R 4
U3
U4 = U0
R1 R4 Ua = U0 R +R R +R 2 3 4 1 R1 + R1 R4 + R4 Ua = U0 R + R + R + R R + R + R + R 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 1
Basics
R1 + R1 R4 + R4 Ua = U0 R + R + R + R R + R + R + R 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 1
the resistance changes in the strain gauges are very small :
R << R
the two halves of the bridge must have the same resistance:
R1 = R2
19.03.2008, Folie 11
und
R3 = R4
Basics U a R1 R2 R3 R4 = + U0 R1 R2 R3 R4
with:
R = k R
that implies:
Ua k = (1 2 + 3 4 ) U0 4
Basics we use every time the Wheatstone Bridge Circuit with 4 resistors these 4 resistors could be 1, 2 or 4 strain gauges modern amplifiers completing missing resistors in the Wheatstone Bridge Circuit with 4 active strain gauges we get the largest output value
19.03.2008, Folie 13
Dirk Eberlein
Basics
R1 R2
R4 UB R3
UA
19.03.2008, Folie 14
UA k = (1 2 + 3 4 ) UB 4
Dirk Eberlein
Elementary circuits with strain gauges

Quarter bridge 1 active strain gauge 1 ( +)
(R1) R4 R1 R4
2 ()
R2 R3 (R2) R3
Half bridge 2 active strain gauges

1 ( + ) (R1) 2 () (R2)
R4
Full bridge 4 active strain gauges

1 ( + )
(R1) R3
2 ()
4 () (R4) 3 (+)
(R2)
(R3)
19.03.2008, Folie 15
Dirk Eberlein
Measurements on a bending beam (Quarter Bridge)

R1 R4 R3 UB
F
strain gauge 1
R2
F
tensile bar / bending load
UA
strain gauge 1: + UA k = (1 ) UB 4
19.03.2008, Folie 16
Temperature compensation: No!

Calibrating measurement equipment (Quarter Bridge)

UA k = (1 2 + 3 4 ) UB 4
k = 2 gauge factor (written on the strain gauge package) estimated strain level = 1000 m/m (estimation!)
UA k = (1 2 + 3 4 ) UB 4 UA k 2 = (1 ) = (1000m / m) = 0,5 1000 10 6 = 0,5 10 3 UB 4 4 UA = 0,5mV / V UB

Measurements on a bending beam (Half Bridge)

R1 R4 R3 UB
F
strain gauge 1 strain gauge 2
R2
UA
bending load
UA k = (1 2 ) UB 4
19.03.2008, Folie 18
strain gauge 1: + strain gauge 2: Temperature compensation: Yes!

Measurements on a bending beam (Half Bridge)

R1 R2 R4 R3 UB
UA
Superimposed normal strains are compensated
UA k = (1 2 ) UB 4
19.03.2008, Folie 19
strain gauge 1: + strain gauge 2: +

Temperature compensation: Yes!
Calibrating measurement equipment (Half Bridge)

UA k = (1 2 + 3 4 ) UB 4 UA k 2 = (1 2 ) = (1000m / m [ 1000m / m]) UB 4 4 UA = 0,5 2000 10 6 = 1 10 3 UB UA = 1 mV / V UB

2 times the output value of a 1/4-bridge

Dirk Eberlein
Optimisation Optimisationof ofa awish wishmop mop

Measurements on a bending beam (Full Bridge)

R1 R4 R3 UB
F
strain gauge 3 strain gauge 1 strain gauge 4 strain gauge 2
R2
UA
bending load
UA k = (1 2 + 3 4 ) UB 4
19.03.2008, Folie 22
strain gauge 1: + strain gauge 2: strain gauge 3: + strain gauge 4: Temperature compensation: Yes!
Dirk Eberlein
Measurements on a bending beam (Full Bridge)

R1 R2 R4 R3 UB
UA
Superimposed normal strains are compensated
UA k = (1 2 + 3 4 ) UB 4
19.03.2008, Folie 23
strain gauge 1: + strain gauge 2: + strain gauge 3: + strain gauge 4: + Temperature compensation: Yes!
Dirk Eberlein
Calibrating measurement equipment (Full Bridge)

UA k = (1 2 + 3 4 ) UB 4 UA 2 = (1000m / m [ 1000m / m] + 1000m / m [ 1000m / m]) UB 4 UA = 0,5 4000 10 6 = 2 10 3 UB UA = 2 mV / V UB


Dirk Eberlein
... and the right strain gauge for this application
DY11...
19.03.2008, Folie 25
Dirk Eberlein
Measurements on a tension/compression bar

(Half Bridge)
R1 R2 R4 R3 UB
strain gauge 1
strain gauge 2
F
tensile bar
UA
F
= q l q = l 2 = 1
KPoisson' s ratio (steel 0,3 ) UA k k = (1 2 ) = [1 ( 1 )] UB 4 4

19.03.2008, Folie 26
strain gauge 1: + strain gauge 2: Temperature compensation: Yes!

Dirk Eberlein

(Half Bridge)
R1 R4 R3 UB
F
R2
UA
Superimposed bending strains occur in the result
UA k k = (1 2 ) = [1 ( 1 )] UB 4 4 Temperature compensation: Yes!

strain gauge 1: + strain gauge 2: -
Calibrating measurement equipment (Half Bridge)

k = 2; = 0,3 estimated strain level = 1000 m/m (estimation!)
UA k = (1 2 + 3 4 ) UB 4 UA k k 2 = (1 2 ) = [1 ( 1 )] = (1000m / m [ 0,3 1000m / m]) UB 4 4 4 UA = 0,5 (1000m / m [ 300m / m]) = 0,5 1300 10 6 = 0,65 10 3 UB UA = 0,65 mV / V UB
1.3 times the output value of a 1/4-bridge

Dirk Eberlein

(Full Bridge)
R1 R2 R4 R3 UB
F
tensile bar
UA
UA k = (1 2 + 3 4 ) UB 4 UA k = [1 ( 1 ) + 3 ( 3 )] UB 4
19.03.2008, Folie 29
Dirk Eberlein

(Full Bridge)
R1 R4 R3 UB
F
R2
UA
Superimposed bending strains are compensated
UA k = (1 2 + 3 4 ) UB 4
19.03.2008, Folie 30
strain gauge 1: + strain gauge 2: strain gauge 3: strain gauge 4: +

Dirk Eberlein

k = 2; = 0,3 estimated strain level = 1000 m/m (estimation!)
UA k = (1 2 + 3 4 ) UB 4 UA k = [1 ( 1 ) + 3 ( 3 )] UB 4 UA 2 = (1000m / m [ 0,3 1000m / m] + 1000m / m [ 0,3 1000m / m]) UB 4 UA = 0,5 2600 10 6 = 1,3 10 3 = 1,3 mV / V UB
2.6 times the output value of a 1/4-bridge

Dirk Eberlein
XY11...
XY31...
19.03.2008, Folie 32
Dirk Eberlein
Measurements on a shaft under torsion (Full Bridge)

R1 R2 R4 R3 UB
strain gauge 4
UA
strain gauge 3 Torsion shaft
UA k = (1 2 + 3 4 ) UB 4
19.03.2008, Folie 33
Dirk Eberlein
Measurements on a shaft under torsion (Full Bridge)

F
strain gauge 4
UA R1 R2 R4 R3 UB
strain gauge 3
Superimposed normal and bending strains are compensated
F UA k = (1 2 + 3 4 ) UB 4
19.03.2008, Folie 34
strain gauge 1: + strain gauge 2: strain gauge 3: strain gauge 4: +

Temperature compensation: Yes!
Dirk Eberlein

k=2 estimated strain level = 1000 m/m (estimation!)
UA k = (1 2 + 3 4 ) UB 4 UA 2 = (1000m / m [ 1000m / m] + 1000m / m [ 1000m / m]) UB 4 UA = 0,5 4000 10 6 = 2 10 3 UB UA = 2 mV / V UB


Dirk Eberlein
XY11...
XY31...
19.03.2008, Folie 36
Dirk Eberlein
strain gauge rosettes for stress analysis two basic shapes (geometries): 0/45/90-rosettes 0/60/120-rosettes a c
strain measurement in 3 directions (a, b, c)
Dirk Eberlein
b
19.03.2008, Folie 37
strain gauge rosettes for stress analysis
Connection at the amplifier always as three different quarter bridges!
measuring grid a, b, c
e.g. Spider8-30
Dirk Eberlein
Calibrating measurement equipment

(3 different quarter bridges)
1000m/m correspond to 2mV/V (at a gauge factor of 2), valid for amplifier channel (measuring grid) a, b, c
a c
b
active strain gauge
passive strain gauge or resistor
strain gauge for temperature compensation
Mb-bending moment; Md-torque; T-temperature; F-normal force

19.03.2008, Folie 41
Dirk Eberlein
19.03.2008, Folie 42
Dirk Eberlein
19.03.2008, Folie 43
Dirk Eberlein
Reduction and elimination of measurement errors, especially temperature effects temperature error can be corrected mathematically temperature compensation using Wheatstone bridge circuit -quarter bridge with compensating strain gauge -half and full bridges
19.03.2008, Folie 44
Dirk Eberlein
Basics
Every strain gauge gives out a value when the temperature varies without any mechanical load. Cause: Work piece expansion with temperature Change in specific resistance of strain gauge Strain gauge grid expansion with temperature
HBM, Thomas Kleckers (Januar 1999) 19.03.2008, Folie 45 Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH Dirk Eberlein
Basics
Thermal output of a quarter bridge
R = k (M + ) R0
Strain gauge 1
19.03.2008, Folie 46
Dirk Eberlein
Temperature compensated strain gauges (series Y) 1 1 3 3 5 5 6 ** 6 7 ** 7 8 ** 8 9 ** 9

-6/ K for forferritic ferriticsteel steel = = 10,8 10,810 10-6 /K -6/ K for foraluminium aluminium = = 23 2310 10-6 /K -6/ K for foraustenitic austeniticsteel steel = = 16 1610 10-6 /K -6/ K for forquartz quartz = = 0,5 0,510 10-6 /K -6 for fortitanium titanium/grey /greycast castiron iron = = 9910 10-6//K K -6/ K for forplastic plasticmaterial material = = 65 6510 10-6 /K -6/ K for formolybdenum molybdenum = = 5,4 5,410 10-6 /K
* not for all measuring grid length available
19.03.2008, Folie 47
Dirk Eberlein
Temperature TemperatureCompensation Compensation
(Material, (Material,thermal thermalexpansion expansioncoefficient coefficient
remaining remainingtemperature temperaturevariation variation polynomial polynomial(of (ofthe theremaining remaining temperature temperaturevariation) variation)
so sothat thatthe thearising arisingmeasurement measurementfault fault can canbe becorrected correctedmathematically mathematically
temperature compensation using Wheatstone bridge circuit

R1 R4 R3 UB
(M + )
strain gauge 1
R2
UA
(+ )
strain gauge 2
19.03.2008, Folie 49
F=0!
quarter bridge with compensating strain gauge
Dirk Eberlein

strain R4 gauge1 strain R3 gauge2
Ue
strain gauge 1 (M + ) strain gauge 2 (+ )
Ua k = (1 2 ) Ue 4
Ua

The compensating strain gauge: - must be applied in a spot where it will be subjected to the same interference effect as the active strain gauge - must have the same physical properties as the active strain gauge (same package or batch) - must only be subjected to the interference effect and never to the quantity to be measured M or its side effects - must be applied at the same material (e.g. steel) as the active strain gauge
temperature compensation using Wheatstone bridge circuit Advantages:

- it is not necessary to measure the temperature during the strain measurement - it is not absolutely necessary that the strain gauges are adjusted to the material
19.03.2008, Folie 52
Dirk Eberlein

Changes of the strain gauge resistance of the same sign appearing in neigh boring arms will be subtracted with respect to the bridge output signal
R1 R2 R4 R3 UB
(+)
UA
strain gauge 1: + strain gauge 2: +
half bridge

Changes of the strain gauge resistance of the same sign appearing in neigh boring arms will be subtracted with respect to the bridge output signal
R1 R2 R4 R3 UB
(+)
UA
(+)
s. g. 1: + s. g. 2: + s. g. 3: + s. g. 4: +
full bridge
Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH Im Tiefen See 45 D-64293 Darmstadt
www.hbm.com
thank you...
... for your attention
Dirk Eberlein Tel. 06151/803-763 dirk.eberlein@hbm.com
19.03.2008, Folie 55
Dirk Eberlein

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Applying the Wheatstone Bridge Circuit

Applying the Wheatstone Bridge Circuit

Dirk Eberlein dirk.eberlein@hbm.com

www.hbm.com 19.03.2008, Folie 1 Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH Dirk Eberlein

Applying the Wheatstone Bridge Circuit

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Applying the Wheatstone Bridge Circuit

Test of the gauge factor

Applying the Wheatstone Bridge Circuit

Value of the relative change of the resistance

for example (strain level for transducers)

1000 m/m = 1mm/m (0,1%)

Applying the Wheatstone Bridge Circuit

Applying the Wheatstone Bridge Circuit

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Applying the Wheatstone Bridge Circuit

Applying the Wheatstone Bridge Circuit

Ua=0,45V R4= 5 U4= 5V R3= 5 U3= 5V

U0=10V increasing of R1 decreasing of R1

output voltage Ua will be positive output voltage Ua will be negative

Applying the Wheatstone Bridge Circuit

Ua= - 0,45V + R3= 5 R4= 5 U4= 5V U3= 5V

U0=10V increasing of R2 decreasing of R2

output voltage Ua will be negative output voltage Ua will be positive

Applying the Wheatstone Bridge Circuit

Applying the Wheatstone Bridge Circuit

Applying the Wheatstone Bridge Circuit

Applying the Wheatstone Bridge Circuit

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Applying the Wheatstone Bridge Circuit

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Applying the Wheatstone Bridge Circuit

Elementary circuits with strain gauges

Half bridge 2 active strain gauges

Full bridge 4 active strain gauges

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Applying the Wheatstone Bridge Circuit

Measurements on a bending beam (Quarter Bridge)

Temperature compensation: No!

Applying the Wheatstone Bridge Circuit

Calibrating measurement equipment (Quarter Bridge)

UA k = (1 2 + 3 4 ) UB 4 UA k 2 = (1 ) = (1000m / m) = 0,5 1000 10 6 = 0,5 10 3 UB 4 4 UA = 0,5mV / V UB

Applying the Wheatstone Bridge Circuit

Measurements on a bending beam (Half Bridge)

strain gauge 1: + strain gauge 2: Temperature compensation: Yes!

Applying the Wheatstone Bridge Circuit

Measurements on a bending beam (Half Bridge)

strain gauge 1 strain gauge 2

Superimposed normal strains are compensated

strain gauge 1: + strain gauge 2: +

Applying the Wheatstone Bridge Circuit

Calibrating measurement equipment (Half Bridge)

UA k = (1 2 + 3 4 ) UB 4 UA k 2 = (1 2 ) = (1000m / m [ 1000m / m]) UB 4 4 UA = 0,5 2000 10 6 = 1 10 3 UB UA = 1 mV / V UB

2 times the output value of a 1/4-bridge

Applying the Wheatstone Bridge Circuit

Optimisation Optimisationof ofa awish wishmop mop

Applying the Wheatstone Bridge Circuit

Measurements on a bending beam (Full Bridge)

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Applying the Wheatstone Bridge Circuit

Measurements on a bending beam (Full Bridge)

strain gauge 3 strain gauge 1 strain gauge 4 strain gauge 2

Superimposed normal strains are compensated

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH