Contents of the Technical Report 1. Introduction 1.1 Underpinning Science and Mathematics 1.1.

1 An understanding of the scientific principles of structural engineering and related geotechnics and civil engineering aspects. Chris introduction to structural system of Damac and Empire tower (minor mention only) including pile design and raft foundation design, retaining wall analysis and design and temporary shoring analysis and design. Things to do in Damac: Discuss structural system Discuss shoring strategy, analysis and design Discuss pile arrangement strategy, analysis and design Things to do in Empire: Discuss structural system of Empire (minor mention only) Discuss pile arrangement strategy, analysis and design (minor mention only) 1.1.2 An awareness of developing technologies in structural engineering. Chris high strength concrete and the use of different type of floor plate systems. Use of higher elastic modulus of elasticity for more stiffness. Use of wind tunnel test for the wind loading. Things to do in Damac: Discuss high strength concrete and material specifications Discuss wind tunnel test results, varying results depending on stiffness and percentage of damping and its application Discuss the use of higher modulus of elasticity using age of concrete and the contribution of steel reinforcement in reinforced concrete 1.1.3 Knowledge and understanding of mathematical and computer models relevant to structural engineering, and an appreciation of their limitations. Chris discuss about the computer models i.e. Etabs, Safe, SAP softwares

1.2 Engineering Analysis 1.2.1 Ability to apply mathematical and computer based models for solving problems in structural engineering, and an ability to apply alternative methods for their validation. Chris discuss about computer models and hand calculation checks. Discuss about simplifying the transfer structure at Damac. Ability to use fundamental knowledge and judgement to investigate appropriate structural technologies. Chris discuss about appropriateness of higher modulus of elasticity based on 1 year age of concrete to attain more stiffness to the structure. Discuss about the programme.

1.2.2

1.3 Design 1.3.1 Ability to generate and evaluate innovative and appropriate designs. Chris discuss about transfer structures in Empire Tower. The structural solution is to help the architect achieves the spatial requirements restricted by the shape of the structure. Discuss about the result of wind tunnel test and possible mitigations to reduce the torsional response of the structure.

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Knowledge and understanding of structural design processes, ranging from the development of alternative initial concepts, through subsequent modifications and development, to the details of fabrication and construction. Chris discuss about the preliminary, concept and detailed design of Damac heights structures. Should include modifications to arrive to the optimal solution and minimizing the lateral sway due to its own weight. Knowledge of the whole life aspects of the design of buildings and structures, including their construction, operation, adaptation and removal. Chris discuss about the construction methodology and practices in Dubai. An ability to assess structural risks, and potential modes of failure and environmental degradation. Chris discuss about disproportionate collapse of structural system in Damac and Empire Tower. Punching shear failure of transfer slabs in Empire and bearing failure of transfer wall in Damac.

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1.3.4

2. Introduction Report must concentrate on areas of technical deepening in which you have led on each of the two projects. Report must concentrate on differential shortenings and the non-linear time dependent 3D analysis model, wind loading issues, and associated dynamic problems to demonstrate the underpinning science principles. Report must emphasize the conceptual, analytical and technical development aspects of the projects on which it is based. Refer to output standards (A to C in particular). Report must provide suitable hand checks in support of any computer output.

3. Construction Stage Analysis 3.1 Geometric Nonlinearity Effects (P-Delta) the equilibrium equations take into account the deformed configuration of the structure. Tensile forces tend to resist the rotation of elements and stiffen the structure, and the compressive forces tend to enhance the rotation of elements and destabilize the structure. 3.2 Creep effects of concrete members having different maturities 3.3 Shrinkage effects of concrete members having different maturities 3.4 Time dependent compressive strength gain for concrete members 4. Structural System 4.1 Floor Plate System 4.2 Lateral Stability System 4.3 Transfer Structure 5. Loadings 5.1 Gravity Loadings 5.2 Lateral Loadings 5.2.1 Wind Loadings

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Seismic Loadings

6. Computer Models 6.1 Analytical Model for Superstructure using ETABS Software 6.2 Analytical Model for Floor Plate System using SAFE Software 6.3 Analytical Model for Construction Sequence Analysis using SAP2000 Software 7. Important Notes Super tall buildings are generally control by wind loads. Shape of the building is important in the efficiency of the structural response. Every single member has same amount of stresses/forces in order to negate the effects of differential axial shortenings of vertical elements. Cross wind accelerations are a lot worse than longitudinal accelerations. Vortex shedding is a major issue and is affected mainly by the geometry of the structure.