MBEYA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNLOGY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Short Course
Analysis and Design of Multi-Storied Buildings Using Prota Structure
By: Dr. Patrice Nyangi
May, 2023
1. INTRODUCTION TO REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN AND
DETAILING
 Introduction
Structural Engineering
 Structural Engineering : is the study of the analysis, behavior and design of structures of
various types, forms and materials.
 Analysis entails studying and understanding the effects of various types and forms of loads
onto a structural element.
 The response behaviour of the structure has to be studied and understood to facilitate
design of elements to withstand the respective loads.
 Design entails determining sizes, material composition and grades adequate to enable the
structure withstand the loads expected to be applied on it during its service life.
Materials for structural Design
 The structural constructions that require design and detailing includes: masonry, timber,
steel and aluminium, structural concretes, composites and fiber reinforced polymers
(FRP).
 Structural Concrete consists of Reinforced Concrete and Prestressed concrete.
 Introduction

Materials for structural Design

 The structural constructions that require design and detailing includes: masonry, timber,
steel and aluminium, structural concretes, composites and fiber reinforced polymers
(FRP).
 Structural Concrete consists of Reinforced Concrete and Prestressed concrete.

Design Constraints?
 Safe and Economical solution.
 Introduction…
Functions of structures?
 Carry loads and transmit them to suitable bearing stratum.
 Provide shelter to occupants

Satisfactory results in structural engineering design need an optimal combination of the

following:
1. Creativity (imagination) – mainly acquired through own initiative.
2. Scientific and engineering knowledge gained through studies.
3. Practical experience acquired through practical training and professional experience.
 Introduction…
Elements and Frames of Structures
The primary elements, which make up a complete structure (say a Building) include the
following:

1.Beam and slabs: Primarily carry transverse loads in bending. Axial loads are
considered minimum and often negligible.

2.Columns and walls: Primarily carry axial loads or combination of axial and
flexural loads.

3. Base of foundation: - Transmit loads to the ground

Introduction…

Figure 1 (a) Part elevation of reinforced concrete building

Introduction…

Figure 1(b) Details of reinforced concrete building Key elements of a structure

Introduction…

Figure 2 (a) Key elements of a framed structure

Introduction…

Figure 2 (b) Key elements of a framed structure

Introduction…
Design Steps

1) Idealization of the structure for analysis and design (this entails making
assumptions)
2) Estimation of loads acting in the structure
3) Analysis to determine internal forces and structural behaviour required
for design
4) Design of sections using the results from (3)
5) Production of Drawings
General Arrangement (GA), Detail Drawings (RC) and Bar Bending
Schedules.
 Introduction…
1. Idealization of the structure for analysis and design
 In order to carry out a design properly, the design engineer should be able to
adequately idealise the structure in order to obtain the closest theoretical and
practical behaviour of the structure under load.

 The general arrangement (GA) serves this purpose

 The general arrangement (GA) or structural layout is a document that clearly
specifies the disposition of the structural elements in a building such as the columns,
beams, panelling of the floor slabs etc, on which the design of the structure is based.
 The architectural drawings enable the engineer to prepare what is normally referred
to as the ‘general arrangement’ of the building, popularly called the ‘GA’ or the
'Structural Layout'.
Introduction…

 The GA also contains the labelling of the axes and members, unique grid lines,
building structural levels, etc.

 After completing the GA, the engineer makes preliminary sizing of the structural
elements which may be governed by past experience or by deflection requirements
based on the code of practice.
 After the sizing, the engineer is faced with the challenge of loading the structure.
 Introduction…
General ideas on preparation of General Arrangement
 There are no prominent rules on how to select the appropriate general arrangement of
a structure.

 Adequate presentation of the general arrangement has more to do with years of

design and construction experience.
Some important guidelines
1) Respect the architect’s original disposition: In the preparation of a GA, try as far
as possible to respect the architect's design. Architectural drawings supersedes
structural drawings for building projects.
 Introduction…
General ideas on preparation of General Arrangement…
2) Select a stable model: The model or general arrangement you are presenting should
be statically stable, and fully representative of the behaviour of the structure. There
should be no stability or equilibrium problem at any joint or location in the building.

3) Buildability and construction consequences:

The model you adopt should be buildable. This starts from considering the technical
capacities of the local contractors who will execute the design from your model. For
instance, in a region where reinforcement bending machines and cranes are not
readily available, you should not provide models that will require the provision of
high yield 32mm bars, or recommend the use of precast or prestressed elements.
 Introduction…
General ideas on preparation of General Arrangement…
construction project has a budget, and your designs should reflect that. For instance, try
not go beyond 16mm bars for simple residential duplex design, This can be achieved
only by moderating the span of structural elements, since the live load in residential
buildings are not much.
4) Know the economic and structural consequences
Introduction…

2 ) Estimation of loads acting in the structure

Loading transfer mechanism in a building framed structure

 The sequence of load transfer between elements occurs in the order: ceiling/floor
loads to beams to columns to foundations to ground.

Figure 3: Sequence of load transfer between elements of a structure

 Introduction…

Loads on a building

Gravity Loads Lateral Loads

-Dead -Wind

-Live Static loads Dynamic loads -Seismic

-Snow

 Different loads on building need to be resisted

 Solution-Load transfer via structural elements
Introduction…
BS Codes for different loads
Loading on structures is to conform to
 BS 6399:1-1996 for Dead and Imposed loads and
 BS 6399:2-1997 for Wind loads
 BS 6399:3-1988 for Imposed roof loads
Factors affecting dead/Live loads
 Dead load-Unit weight of building material (BS 648)
 Live loads-Occupancy type
MBEYA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY

Thank you
By: Dr. Patrice Nyangi
nyangip@yahoo.com