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anions cations
anions cations
balance Ion
Hypothetical combination of positive and negative ions in the water sample
A water softening case
A water softening case
(Chemical requirements calculation)
A water softening case
(ion composition after addition of softening chemicals
A water softening case
(ion composition after addition of softening chemicals
Excess lime treatment
Treatment is done in 2 stages (each stage includes a recarbonation
step), and the final effluent is filtered
In the 1
st
stage excess lime (more than stoichiometrically required)
upto 1.25 meq/L is added to raise the pH to 11.0 and removing the
carbonate harness, and then recarbonation to reduce pH to 10.3 for
converting the excess OH- into CO
3
2-
Second stage involves dosing of soda ash for removing the non-
carbonate hardness and recarbonation to convert OH- and CO
3
2-
into
bicarbonate
Selective calcium hardness removal system
Water having Mg
2+
hardness <40 mg/L as CaCO
3
is subjected to this
scheme of water softening
Mg
2+
hardness is not removed here
Both carbonate and non-carbonate hardness of Ca
2+
are removed
through dosing both lime and soda ash
Excess lime is not added
The process is carried out in a single stage
Split treatment
Part of the raw water is bypassed the first stage softening and the rest
is softened by excess lime (for CH removal)
Fraction bypassed is decided on the requirement of satisfying 40 mg
Mg
+2
/L as CaCO
3
in the finished water
Excess lime, added in the 1
st
, is neutralized by the bypass flow, and the
1
st
stage recarbonation is eliminated (lowers CO
2
needs)
Since all the raw water is not passing through the 1
st
stage of soften,
lime requirements of the softening process are lower
Sludge recycling is believed to further reduce the chemical
requirements