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MC LC.......................................................................................................................... 1 M U ............................................................................................................................ 3 BI 1. M PHNG H THNG V TN HIU RI RC BNG MATLAB.... 5
A. GII THIU V MATLAB: .................................................................................. 5 B. TN HIU V H THNG RI RC MIN THI GIAN RI RC N ............ 7 1. Yu cu trc khi lm th nghim ....................................................................... 7 2. Mc ch ca phn th nghim............................................................................ 7 3. Tm tt l thuyt.................................................................................................. 7 4. Mt s lnh v hm ca MATLAB .................................................................... 10 5. Cc bc thc hnh.......................................................................................... 11 6. M rng ............................................................................................................ 15 C. TN HIU V H THNG RI RC MIN Z, MIN TN S LIN TC , V MIN TN S RI RC K ................................................................................... 16 1. Yu cu trc khi lm th nghim ..................................................................... 16 2. Mc ch ca phn th nghim.......................................................................... 16 3. Tm tt l thuyt................................................................................................ 16 4. Mt s lnh v hm ca MATLAB .................................................................... 21 5. Cc bc thc hnh.......................................................................................... 21 6. M rng ............................................................................................................ 27 BI 2. THIT K B LC S BNG MATLAB ................................................. 28
A. THIT K B LC S C P NG XUNG CHIU DI HU HN (B LC S FIR) ................................................................................................................ 28 1. Yu cu trc khi lm th nghim ..................................................................... 28 2. Mc ch ca phn th nghim.......................................................................... 28 3. Tm tt l thuyt................................................................................................ 28 4. Mt s lnh v hm ca MATLAB .................................................................... 42 5. Cc bc thc hnh.......................................................................................... 43 6. M rng ............................................................................................................ 51 B. THIT K B LC S C P NG XUNG CHIU DI V HN (B LC S IIR).......................................................................................................................... 51 1. Yu cu trc khi lm th nghim ..................................................................... 51 2. Mc ch ca phn th nghim.......................................................................... 52
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3. 4. 5. 6. BI 3. 1. 2. 3. BI 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Tm tt l thuyt................................................................................................ 52 Mt s lnh v hm ca MATLAB .................................................................... 60 Cc bc thc hnh.......................................................................................... 60 M rng ............................................................................................................ 66 GII THIU V DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR................................. 67 Mc ch: .......................................................................................................... 67 C s l thuyt. ................................................................................................. 67 Yu cu thit b.................................................................................................. 73 LM QUEN VI B TH NGHIM LABVOLT - DSP ........................... 74 Mc ch............................................................................................................ 74 Tho lun .......................................................................................................... 74 Tin trnh th nghim......................................................................................... 76 Kt lun............................................................................................................. 78 Cu hi n tp................................................................................................... 79
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M U
X l s tn hiu l mn hc nghin cu v cc phng trnh ton hc, cc gii thut v cc tnh ton da trn phng php tnh gn ng cho cc tn hiu v h thng ri rc. Ni dung mn hc X l s tn hiu c ging dy ti Khoa in t - Vin thng trng i hc bch khoa H ni, chu trch nhim chnh bi b mn Mch v X l tn hiu, tp trung vo bao trm cc vn sau: Phn tch tn hiu v h thng Thit k b lc.
Phng php hc tt nht sinh vin hiu, nh, vn dng v t nh gi c cc kin thc l thuyt l trc tip bt tay vo gii quyt cc bi tp. h tr thm cho vic nhn nhn cc vn mt cch trc quan, ng thi gip sinh vin hiu su hn v l thuyt ca mn hc, chng ti bin son phn thc hnh ny. Phn thc hnh bao gm 2 phn ln: 1. phn tch tn hiu s v thit k h thng x l tn hiu s bng MATLAB; 2. lm quen vi cng vic thc hin pht trin cc h thng x l s tn hiu bng b x l tn hiu s vi tn gi Digital Signal Processor DSP. Hin nay c rt nhiu cc cng c phn mm tin ch rt mnh h tr tnh ton. Hai trong s l MATHCAD ca Mathsoft v MATLAB ca MathWorks. Chng l 2 gi phn mm c th d dng kim c Vit Nam vo thi im hin nay. Ngoi ra, gi phn mm MATHEMATICA ca Wolfram cng c gii khoa hc v k thut trn th gii a dng. Kh nng tnh ton da trn cc phng php tnh gn ng chnh l im mnh ca cc phn mm ny. Phn mm MATHCAD c c im l hin th ngay kt qu tnh ton sau khi ngi dng trc tip nh cng thc vo giao din ngi s dng. Tuy nhin s dng phn mm ny c kh khn khi ngi dng mun ng gi ri k tha v ti s dng cc thit k trc . V im ny phn mm MATLAB l tng i mnh, cho php ngi dng thit k phn mm thng qua cc cu lnh, d dng mun ho di dng cc kch bn v cc hm c th s dng, hoc pht trin qua cc qu trnh thit k v cc bi ton thit k khc nhau. V l do , MATLAB c la chn cho phn th nghim ny. Tc x l nhanh trn cc DSP cng nh tnh linh hot v s h tr y ca cc phn mm pht trin, dng khi to cc n, vit chng trnh ngun, g ri v ti u ho chng trnh, ca Texas Instrument (TI) lm mt s lng ln cc nh nghin cu v pht trin v x l tn hiu s la chn DSP ca TI nh mt cng c dng nghin cu v pht trin sn phm ca mnh. Bng chng c th hin trn s tng trng ca cc con s tiu th sn phm v th phn DSP ca TI c ng cc tp ch chuyn ngnh. Tc x l ca DSP c ci thin khng ngng. Vo thi im hin nay, dng sn phm DSP mi nht ca Texas Instrument l TMS320C64xx thm ch c th thc hin vi xung ng h ln n 1GHz, khng thua xa lm so vi cc b vi x l mc ch chung thng thng v b li v tc xung ng h th DSP c cu trc chuyn bit cho cc chc nng phc v x l s tn hiu. B DSP c s dng trong bi th nghim l TSM320C50 c nhng trong bo th nghim ca LABVOLT. V t chc cc bi th nghim, th nghim X l s tn hiu c chia lm 2 bi: Bi 1: M phng h thng v tn hiu ri rc bng MATLAB
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Bi 2: Thit k b lc s bng MATLAB Bi 3: Gii thiu v Digital Signal Processor Bi 4: Lm quen vi b th nghim LABVOLT - DSP
Mi bi th nghim li chia lm mt s phn. Phn A ca bi 1 gii thiu nhng c im chnh ca MATLAB, gip sinh vin lm quen vi cng c tin ch ny. Phn B v phn C ca bi 1 ln lt trnh by cc yu cu lm th nghim m phng vi tn hiu v h thng min thi gian v cc min gin tip bao gm: min Z, min , v min k. Phn A v phn B ca bi 2 ln lt trnh by cc yu cu th nghim thit k b lc FIR v b lc IIR. Vi mi phn th nghim c t chc theo cc mc, ln lt nu r cc yu cu v kin thc cn chun b trc mi phn, mc ich sinh vin cn t c ti mi phn, mt s lnh v hm ca MATLAB c th c s dng trong phn , cc bc cn phi gii quyt trong bui th nghim v cui cng l gi cc thc hnh c th m rng cho phn ny. i vi vn lm quen vi b x l tn hiu s (Digital Signal Processor), bi 3 v bi 4 cng c chia lm mt s mc nhm lm sinh vin quen dn vi phn cng, vic x l bng phn mm, o c v nh gi kt qu trn bo mch th nghim. Trong iu kin c s vt cht ca phng th nghim b mn Mch v X l tn hiu in t, khi thc hnh sinh vin c th chia lm cc nhm t 3 n 5 sinh vin cng nhau gii quyt cc bc a ra trong mc Cc bc thc hnh mi phn. Chng ti cho rng hon thnh tt mi phn th nghim, mi sinh vin cn chun b nh t nht 1 gi ng h cho phn th nghim . Cng vic chun b c th bao gm: c v tng kt li cc kin thc l thuyt trong sch gio trnh, tm hiu k yu cu, mc ch ca bi th nghim, xem lai phn tm tt l thuyt c trnh by trong phn th nghim v hnh dung cc cng vic phi lm trong bui thc hnh. Nu c iu kin v c my tnh, ng thi c phn mm MATLAB sinh vin c th chun b trc mt s bc s lm trong bui th nghim. nh gi kt qu ca mi bi thc hnh da trn hai tiu ch: phn thc hnh hon thnh v tr li cc cu hi c t ra bi cc gio vin hng dn th nghim. Sau bui thc hnh, mi nhm sinh vin cn np mt bo co trong trnh by li cc chng trnh, cc kt qu v cc th theo tng cu hi ca cc phn Cc bc thc hnh. Ti cui mi bui thc hnh tng sinh vin phi tr li cc cu hi do gio vin hng dn t v cc vn sau: Kin thc l thuyt v X l s tn hiu trong bi thc hnh Cc cu lnh v hm ca MATLAB sinh vin s dng trong bi thc hnh.
Phn vit bo co c nh gi vi thang im ti a l 40 dnh cho tt c cc thnh vin trong nhm, phn tr li cu hi c nh gi vi thang im ti a l 60 dnh cho mi c nhn. Nu t c t nht 60 im ca tng cng c hai phn, sinh vin coi nh t yu cu ca bi thc hnh.
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BI 1.
u im ni bt ca MATLAB, nh c cp trn, l kh nng tnh ton, c bit l nhng bi ton lin quan n ma trn v vector, vi thi gian t hn nhiu ln so vi cng mt cng vic tnh ton trn cc ngn ng lp trnh khc nh C hay Fortran. Kh nng lp trnh ca MATLAB cng rt linh hot, c th l trong vic to ra cc cu lnh ring v cc hm ca ring ngi s dng. H thng MATLAB bao gm 5 phn chnh sau: Mi trng pht trin: L mt tp hp cc cng c, phn ln trong chng l cc giao din ho, gip ngi dng s dng cc cu lnh v cc hm ca MATLAB. Th vin cc hm ton hc: L mt tp hp cc hm ton hc bao gm t cc hm c bn nh sin, cosin, cc php tnh i s phc n cc hm phc tp nh tm ma trn o, tm ma trn ring, hm Bessel v bin i Fourier nhanh (Fast Fourier Transform FFT). Ngn ng lp trnh: L mt ngn ng bc cao lin quan n ma trn v mng. Trong MATLAB c y nhng c trng ca mt ngn ng lp trnh bao gm cc lnh r nhnh, cc hm, cu trc d liu, nhp/xut d liu, v cc c tnh lin quan n lp trnh hng i tng (object-oriented programming). ho: L mt tp hp cc cng c biu din ma trn v vector bng ho. Bn cnh cc cng c mc thp th hin d liu dng 2 chiu v 3 chiu, x l hnh nh tnh, nh ng cn c cc cng c mc cao dng
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to ra cc biu din ho theo ca ngi s dng cng nh to ra cc giao din ho ngi s dng. Cc API: L mt th vin cho php ngi s dng gi cc hm vit trn ngn ng C v Fortran. Chng bao gm c cc cng c cho php gi cc hm t MATLAB di dng lin kt ng, v c v ghi cc tp .MAT.
MATLAB, bn cnh kh nng tnh ton trn ma trn, ng thi cng l mt ngn ng lp trnh mnh. Cc tp chng trnh ca MATLAB c ghi di dng ui .m, c gi l M-files. C hai loi tp dng ui .m: Tp kch bn (scripts): Loi tp ny khng c cc bin u vo v u ra, n n thun ch x l d liu vi cc bin trn vng lm vic hin thi (work space) ca MATLAB. Khi g tn tp ti ca s lnh (command window), cc lnh c lu trong ni dung ca tp ln lt c gi ra theo mt kch bn tun t t trn xung di. Tp m t hm (functions): Loi tp ny cn khai bo cc bin u vo v u ra. Cc bin c khai bn trong loi tp ny l cc bin a phng (local variables) v ch c phm vi nh hng ti chnh hm s . Ni dung trong cc tp ny nhm mc ch tnh ton cc thng s u ra da trn cc tham s u vo ca hm s. Tn ca tp loi ny cn trng vi tn ca hm s c khai bo v m t bn trong ni dung ca tp.
khi ng MATLAB, ngi s dng c th nhy p chut vo biu tng MATLAB 6.5 trn mn hnh desktop hoc vo menu Start -> All Programs -> MATLAB 6.5 -> MATLAB 6.5 t giao din ca Windows. Sau khi MATLAB c khi ng, trn mn hnh ngi s dng s hin th ln mi trng pht trin tch hp ca MATLAB bao gm mt s ca s, trong c cc ca s quan trng sau: Ca s lnh (Command Window): c chc nng th hin du nhc nhp vo cc lnh t bn phm, v hin th kt qu tnh ton sau khi g mt lnh hoc gi mt hm. Ca s cc lnh dng (Command History): th hin danh mc cc lnh g hoc cc hm c gi theo cc phin lm vic. Ca s th mc hin thi (Current Directory): th hin danh sch cc tp dng ui .m ang tn ti trong th mc hin thi. thay i th mc hin thi trn ca s nh nm ngay bn trn ca s lnh. Vng lm vic (Workspace): th hin danh mc tt c cc bin bao gm: tn bin, gi tr hin thi ca bin, kiu bin ang tn ti phin lm vic hin ti.
Ngoi ra cn mt lot cc ca s khc s c kch hot v hin th khi gi mt lnh hoc chn mt mc trong phn Menu ca MATLAB. bit thm v cc ca s c th tham kho thm trong phn tr gip (Help) ca MATLAB bng cch nhn phm F1. son tho mt kch bn hoc mt hm, thc hin chn menu File -> New -> M-File hoc nhp chut vo biu tng New M-File trn thanh cng c (Toolbar). Trn
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mn hnh s hin th ln ca s son tho (Editor) c y cc chc nng son tho ging nh bt c mi trng son tho ca ngn ng lp trnh no khc. xem tr gip v mt lnh hay mt hm c sn no ca MATLAB, g lnh help km theo tn ca lnh hoc hm t ca s lnh ca MATLAB, v d: >> help fft trn ca s lnh s a ra ni dung v chc nng, c php cho cc tham s vo/ra cho hm thc hin php bin i Fourier nhanh c MATLAB t di tn fft.
2.
Mc ch ca phn th nghim
Sinh vin dng MATLAB m phng cc ni dung sau: Cc tn hiu c bn min thi gian Tnh tch chp p ng ca h thng c m t bi phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng
3.
Tm tt l thuyt
X l s tn hiu, v bn cht, l tm hiu v cc php ton v gii thut lin quan n cc tn hiu ri rc v cc h thng ri rc. Cc tn hiu ri rc thng c th hin di dng mt dy s nh sau: {, x(-3), x(-2), x(-1), x(0), x(1), x(2), x(3), } Tuy nhin, MATLAB ch c kh nng biu din mt dy s vi di hu hn. Khi dy s c khai bo v lu tr di dng vector, v d: >> x = [3, 2, -1, 7, -5] Vi cch khai bo nh vy, dy s khng th hin c ch s ca cc thnh phn trong dy. V vy, biu din mt dy ri rc c di hu hn, ta cn khi to v lu tr chng di dng 2 vector. V d: >> n = [-2:2] >> x = [3, 2, -1, 7, -5]
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c hiu l mt dy gm 5 phn t xut pht t -2 n 2 c: x(-2)=3, x(-1)=2, x(0)=-1, x(1)=7 v x(2)=-5. Trong tt c cc bi th nghim trn MATLAB ca mn hc ny, chng ta nn tun theo mt nguyn tc nh vy. nh ngha mt s dy c bn a. Dy xung n v: 1 n = 0 0 n 0
(n ) =
Dy xung n v tr (dch) i n0 mu:
(n n0 ) =
b. Dy nhy n v:
1 n = n0 0 n n0
1 n 0 u (n ) = 0 n < 0 c. Dy hm m thc: x(n ) = a n , n a R d. Dy hm m phc: x(n ) = e ( + j0 )n , n l suy gim ca tn hiu, 0 l tn s gc tnh theo n v radians e. Dy lng gic: Dy lng gic l dy th hin tn hiu c dng hm ton hc l t hp tuyn tnh ca cc hm sin v cosin. Mt v d v dy lng gic nh sau: x(n ) = cos( 0 n + ), n vi l pha ban u ca tn hiu f. Dy ngu nhin: L dy m cc phn t ca dy c gi tr ngu nhin. S phn b ngu nhin c th c iu chnh l phn b u hay tun theo mt quy lut phn b xc sut no . Trong MATLAB c sn mt s hm cho php khi to ra mt dy ngu nhin theo phn b u v theo phn b Gauss. g. Dy tun hon: Dy tun hon l mt dy c gi tr ca cc phn t lp li tun hon sau mt s mu nht nh.
x(n ) = x(n + mN ) m Z x (n ) v c c l x ng. Chng ta c th biu Dy tun hon thng c k hiu l ~ din mt dy vi mt s chu k tun hon trong MATLAB bng cch t lin tip nhau mt s hu hn cc dy xut pht t mt dy c chiu di hu hn. Mi dy ny th hin mt chu k ca dy tun hon.
Mt s nh ngha khc
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a. Cng hai dy: Dy thu c c mi phn t l tng ca hai gi tr tng ng vi tng ch s ca hai dy ban u. Vn t ra l i khi ta cn m phng trong MATLAB vic tm dy tng ca hai dy c cc ch s bt u v kt thc khc nhau. Khi vi nhng phn t ca dy th nht m ti dy th hai khng c phn t c ch s tng ng, chng ta cn b sung vo dy th hai phn t c gi tr bng khng. Qu trnh thc hin sao cho hai dy c ch s ca phn t u v ch s ca phn t cui bng nhau. b. Nhn hai dy: Dy thu c c mi phn t l tng ca hai gi tr tng ng vi tng ch s ca hai dy ban u. Tng t nh vic cng hai dy, ta cng cn c qu trnh x l khi m phng trong MATLAB sao cho hai dy c ch s u v ch s cui bng nhau. c. Nhn vi hng s: Mt dy em nhn vi hng s thu c dy mi c gi tr ca tng phn t bng gi tr phn t tng ng ca dy ban u nhn vi hng s.
a{x(n )} = {ax(n )}
d. Dch (Tr): Lm tr mt dy i mt khong n0 mu thu c dy mi:
{y(n )} = {x(n n0 )}
hay phn t th m ca dy ban u tr thnh phn t th m+n0 ca dy mi. e. Bin s n o: Dy mi thu c l dy ban u c ly i xng qua trc vung gc vi trc biu din ch s n ti gc to (trc tung)
{y(n)} = {x( n )}
f. Nng lng: Dy c tnh nng lng c th l dy thc hoc dy phc:
Ex =
n =
x(n )x (n ) = x(n )
* n =
x(n )
n=0
N 1
H thng ri rc Trong x l tn hiu, khi nim h thng (system) ch n mt khi, c th hin trn hnh v bng mt khi ch nht trng nh mt hp en c cc k hiu u vo v u ra, c chc nng tip nhn cc tn hiu t u vo, x l chng v a cc tn hiu x l ti u ra. X l s tn hiu lin quan ti cc tn hiu ri rc nn cc h thng c xt n l cc h thng ri rc. Tn hiu vo c gi l u vo (input) hay kch thch (excitation) ca h thng. Tn hiu ra c gi l u ra (output) hay p ng (response) ca h thng. Trong MATLAB, h thng c nh chung bi khi nim filter. Mt h thng l tuyn tnh bt bin (Linear Time-Invariant LTI) nu n hi c hai tnh cht tuyn tnh (linearity) v bt bin theo thi gian (time-invariance). Tnh cht tuyn tnh ni ln rng p ng ca h thng vi kch thch l mt t hp tuyn tnh
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cc tn hiu ri rc s bng vi t hp tuyn tnh ca cc p ng, vi mi p ng ny l u ra khi cho tng thnh phn ca u vo qua h thng. Tnh cht bt bin theo thi gian ni ln rng p ng ca h thng c dng ging ht nhau vi cng mt kch thch m khng ph thuc vo thi im a kch thch ti u vo. Trong mn hc X l s tn hiu, tt c cc h thng c xt ti u l tuyn tnh bt bin. Mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin lun c p ng ra y(n) l tch chp (convolution sum) gia u vo x(n) vi dy p ng xung h(n) ca h thng, l p ng ca h thng khi a kch thch (n) ti u vo. Th hin tch chp bi cng thc:
y (n ) = T [x(n )] = x(n ) * h(n ) = h(n ) * x(n ) =
n =
x(k )h(n k ) =
n =
h(k )x(n k )
Mt h thng l nhn qu nu p ng ra ti thi im hin ti khng ph thuc vo kch thch vo ti cc thi im tng lai. Mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin l nhn qu nu p ng xung tho mn:
n =
h( n) <
Ni chung, tt c cc h thng tuyn tnh bt bin c th thc hin c, thng qua phn cng hoc m t phn mm, u c m t bi phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng c dng nh sau:
a k y(n k ) = br x(n k )
k =0 r =0
Cc bc gii phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng c trnh by rt c th trong sch gio trnh. Trong MATLAB c hm filter cho php tm dy p ng u ra y(n) nu bit trc cc bin u vo l cc h s ca phng trnh sai phn, dy ak v br, v kch thch u vo x(n). Chng ta c th dng lnh ny phc ho nh dng u ra ca h thng vi cc tham s nu trn.
4.
Mt s lnh v hm ca MATLAB
Phn ny a ra danh mc cc lnh cc hm ca MATLAB c th s dng trong phn th nghim ny. bit c th hn v chc nng ca hm v c php ca lnh gi hm, g lnh help km theo tn ca hm ti ca s lnh ca MATLAB. zeros: to mt ma trn vi ton b cc phn t c gi tr bng 0.
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ones: to mt ma trn vi ton b cc phn t c gi tr bng 1. rand: to mt ma trn vi cc phn t nhn cc gi tr ngu nhin c phn b u trong khong t 0 n 1. randn: to mt ma trn vi cc phn t nhn cc gi tr ngu nhin theo phn b Gauss c gi tr trung bnh bng 0, phng sai bng 1. min: tr v gi tr nh nht trong mt ma trn. max: tr v gi tr ln nht trong mt ma trn. fliplr: ln ngc li th t cc phn t trong mt ma trn theo hng xut pht t phi qua tri tr thnh t tri qua phi. plot v stem: v th ca mt dy s, plot th hin dng lin tc, stem th hin dng ri rc, thng s dng hm stem v tn hiu min n. conv: tr v tch chp ca 2 vector. filter: tr v p ng theo thi gian ca h thng c m t bi mt phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng. Ngoi ra, sinh vin cn tm hiu mt cch rt cn thn cc php ton trn ma trn v vector trong phn tr gip (Help) ca MATLAB bng cch nhn F1 ri vo mc MATLAB -> Getting Started -> Matrices and Arrays.
5.
Cc bc thc hnh
1.1. To cc dy xung n v v dy nhy n v theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh cho 2 bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo cc tn tp ln lt l impseq.m v stepseq.m: Dy xung n v: function [x,n] = impseq(n0,n1,n2) %Tao ra day x(n) = delta(n-n0); n1 <= n <= n2 %---------------------------------------------%[x,n] = impseq(n0,n1,n2) n = [n1:n2]; x = [(n-n0) == 0]; Dy nhy n v: function [x,n] = stepseq(n0,n1,n2) %Tao ra day x(n) = u(n-n0); n1 <= n <= n2 %---------------------------------------------%[x,n] = stepseq(n0,n1,n2) n = [n1:n2]; x = [(n-n0) >= 0]; 1.2. Vit chng trnh to dy hm m thc vi cc tham s u vo v u ra c nhp theo cu lnh: [x,n] = expseq(a,n1,n2)
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Ch : tham s a c th thc hoc phc 1.3. Vit chng trnh to mt dy thc ngu nhin xut pht t n1 n n2 v c gi tr ca bin theo phn b Gauss vi trung bnh bng 0, phng sai bng 1. Cc tham s u vo v u ra c nhp theo cu lnh: [x,n] = randnseq(n1,n2) 1.4. To cc hm cng 2 dy v nhn 2 dy vi cc ch s u v ch s cui ca hai dy tng ng khc nhau, hm to tr v hm bin s n o theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh cho 4 bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo cc tn tp ln lt l sigadd.m, sigmult.m, sigshift.m, v sigfold.m: Cng 2 dy: function [y,n] = sigadd(x1,n1,x2,n2) %Thuc hien y(n) = x1(n)+x2(n) %---------------------------------------------%[y,n] = sigadd(x1,n1,x2,n2) % y = day tong co vector chi so n %x1 = day thu nhat co vector chi so n1 %x2 = day thu hai co vector chi so n2 (n2 co the khac n1) n = min(min(n1),min(n2)):max(max(n1),max(n2)); y1 = zeros(1,length(n)); y2 = y1; y1(find((n>=min(n1))&(n<=max(n1))==1)) = x1; y2(find((n>=min(n2))&(n<=max(n2))==1)) = x2; y = y1+y2;
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Nhn 2 dy: function [y,n] = sigmult(x1,n1,x2,n2) %Thuc hien y(n) = x1(n)*x2(n) %---------------------------------------------% y = day tich co vector chi so n %x1 = day thu nhat co vector chi so n1 %x2 = day thu hai co vector chi so n2 (n2 co the khac n1) n = min(min(n1),min(n2)):max(max(n1),max(n2)); y1 = zeros(1,length(n)); y2 = y1; y1(find((n>=min(n1))&(n<=max(n1))==1)) = x1; y2(find((n>=min(n2))&(n<=max(n2))==1)) = x2; y = y1.*y2; Tr (dch): function [y,n] = sigshift(x,m,n0) %Thuc hien y(n) = x(n-n0) %---------------------------------------------%[y,n] = sigshift(x,m,n0) n = m + n0; y = x; Bin s n o: function [y,n] = sigfold(x,n) %Thuc hien y(n) = x(-n) %---------------------------------------------%[y,n] = sigfold(x,n) y = fliplr(x); n = -fliplr(n); 1.5. Vit chng trnh to hm nng lng ca mt dy vi cc tham s u vo v u ra c nhp vo theo cu lnh: Ex = energy(x,n); 1.6. Th hin trn th dy x(n ) = 2 (n + 2) 2 (n 4) ,5 n 5 theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh theo bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp Solution_1_6. n = [-5:5]; x = 2*impseq(-2,-5,5) - impseq(4,-5,5); stem(n,x); title('Day so theo dau bai 1.5'); xlabel('n'); ylabel('x(n)'); G Solution_1_6 ti ca s lnh ca MATLAB chy kch bn ni trn v xem th ca dy s. 1.7. Vit chng trnh th hin trn th cc dy sau y:
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a.
1 x(n ) = n[u (n ) u (n 10 )] + 10 3
n 10
[u (n 10) u (n 20)]
,0 n 20
b. x(n ) = cos(0.04n ) + 0.2w(n ) ,0 n 20 , vi w(n) l hm c gi tr ngu nhin theo phn b Gauss, trung bnh bng 0, phng sai bng 1 Sau tnh nng lng ca tng dy. 1.8. Th hin trn th 4 chu k ca dy tun hon vi chu k N=5 ~ x (n ) = ...,5,4,3,2,1, 5,4,3,2,1,5,4,3,2,1,... ,10 n 9 theo chng trnh mu bng cch
g cc dng lnh theo bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp Solution_1_8. n = [-10:9]; x = [5 4 3 2 1]; P = 4; xtilde = x'*ones(1,P) xtilde = xtilde(:)' stem(n,xtilde);title('Day so theo dau bai 1.8'); xlabel('n'); ylabel('xtilde(n)'); G lnh Solution_1_8 ti ca s lnh ca MATLAB chy kch bn ni trn v xem th ca dy s. Tnh cng sut trung bnh ca dy cho trn. 1.9. a. Cho dy x(n ) = 1,2,3,4,5, 6,7,6,5,4,3,2,1
th cc dy sau y:
x1 (n ) = 2 x(n 5) 3x(n + 4)
b. x2 (n ) = x(3 n ) x(n )x(n 2) 1.10. Trong MATLAB c hm conv thc hin tr v mt dy l kt qu ca php tnh tch chp gia 2 dy c cho theo tham s u vo ca hm conv. Tuy nhin, cc dy u vo v u ra cng nh dy kt qu u khng ni ln ch s bt u v ch s kt thc ca dy m ch c ngm hiu l cc dy c bt u t ch s 0. To hm tnh tch chp c tn conv_m thc hin vic tnh tch chp ca hai dy, m mi dy c th hin bi 2 vector, mt vector th hin ch s, mt vector th hin gi tr ca dy, ging nh cc dy c biu din cc bc tin hnh trc bng cch g cc dng lnh theo bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp conv_m.m.
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function [y,ny] = conv_m(x,nx,h,nh) %Ham tinh tich chap da duoc sua doi danh cho %xu ly so tin hieu %-------------------------------------------------%[y,ny] = conv_m(x,nx,h,nh) %[y,ny] = day ket qua %[x,nx] = day thu nhat %[h,nh] = day thu hai % nyb = nx(1)+nh(1); nye = nx(length(x))+nh(length(h)); ny = [nyb:nye]; y = conv(x,h); 1.11. Vit chng trnh th hin trn th kt qu php tnh tch chp gia 2 dy sau: x(n ) = rect 6 (n )
1 h(n ) = 4 0 n 0n<4 n cn li
3 n 3
1.13. sau:
6.
M rng
Xem xt vic gii phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh h s hng vi cc iu kin u cho trc. Gi : da trn hm filter v filtic nm trong b cng c Signal Processing Toolbox.
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2.
Mc ch ca phn th nghim
Sinh vin dng MATLAB m phng cc ni dung sau: Biu din bng th hm ph bin v ph pha ca mt dy tn hiu khi bit trc hm nh qua php bin i Fourier ca hm s Vit chng trnh tnh gn ng v biu din bng th bin i Fourier ca mt dy c chiu di hu hn Biu din bng th phn b cc im cc v im khng ca mt h thng Biu din bng th hm p ng tn s ca mt h thng Biu din bng th nh ca php bin i Fourier ri rc ca mt dy c chiu di hu hn nh gi hiu qu ca thut ton bin i Fourier nhanh vi chiu di dy thay i.
3.
Tm tt l thuyt
Tt c cc h thng c xt n trong mn hc X l s tn hiu u l H thng tuyn tnh bt bin. iu c ngha khi kch thch u vo ca mt h thng l t hp tuyn tnh ca cc thnh phn tn hiu khc nhau th u ra l t hp tuyn tnh ca cc p ng khi cho tng tn hiu thnh phn qua h thng. Vic xem xt quy lut ca tn hiu v h thng i vi cc tn hiu thnh phn c bn thng thng l d dng hn khi xem xt tng th tn hiu ban u. C mt s cch thc phn tch mt tn hiu thnh t hp tuyn tnh ca cc tn hiu thnh phn. Trong nhng cch , la chn tn hiu thnh phn l cc hm xung n v ti cc thi im khc nhau l mt v d in hnh. Mt h thng tng ng vi ton t T tc ng ln dy x(n) ti u vo s c dy p ng ra y(n) l:
y (n ) = T [x(n )] = T x(k ) (n k ) = x(k )T [ (n k )] = x(k )h(n k ) = x(n ) * h(n ) k = k = k =
vi h(n ) = T[ (n )] - p ng xung ca h thng. i vi h thng tuyn tnh bt bin, mt cch phn tch c tiu chun ho v rt hu ch trong vic xt n hu ht cc tn hiu v h thng l phn tch cc tn
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hiu thnh t hp tuyn tnh ca cc tn hiu thnh phn m mi tn hiu thnh phn l cc hm lng gic (ejt - vi l cc gi tr tn s khc nhau). Cng c thc hin vic phn tch trn l bin i Fourier, mt php bin i bin mt dy s ri rc theo thi gian thnh mt hm s phc vi bin s thc lin tc, tun hon min tn s. Php bin i Fourier cho dy s x(n), vi x(n) tho mn iu kin
X e j = FT [x(n )] =
n =
x(n ) < :
( )
n =
x(n )e
jn
x(n ) = IFT X e
[ ( )]
j
1 = 2
X (e )e
jn
X(ej) l hm phc vi bin s thc nn n thng c th hin bi 2 thnh phn ph bin v ph pha di dng sau y:
j X e j = X e j e j arg [X (e )] = X e j e j ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) arg[X (e )] = ( )
X e j
j
Khi quan tm n cc thnh phn tn s ca mt tn hiu, ta cn quan tm n hm ph bin v hm ph pha ca tn hiu i vi cc tn s. C hai im cn lu i vi biu din tn hiu min tn s: Do x(n) l ri rc nn X(ej) l hm tun hon chu k 2 theo bin s . Do tnh cht i xng ca php bin i Fourier nn nu dy x(n) l thc th hm X(ej) c tnh cht i xng Hermit (Hermitian Symmetric), iu ny c ngha ph bin l mt hm thc chn v ph pha l mt hm thc l.
Hai tnh cht trn ni ln rng nu x(n) l mt dy tn hiu thc th ch cn kho st hm X(ej) trong phm vi 0 l c y thng tin v ton b hm X(ej) vi . Trn thc t khi xem xt th ph bin v ph pha ca tn hiu, chng ta thng th hin th trong mt vi chu k tun hon. MATLAB, cng nh mi phn mm h tr tnh ton v cc ngn ng lp trnh khc khng c kh nng tnh ton trc tip cng nh th hin mt hm s vi bin s lin tc bin thin t - n . iu ny c ngha MATLAB khng th trc tip tnh X(ej) t x(n). Tuy nhin, nu bit c biu thc ca hm nh ca tn hiu qua php bin i Fourier (hm ph ca tn hiu), ta c th tnh cc gi tr ca hm ph tn hiu ti cc im ri rc trong mt khong no v th hin gn ng trn th ph bin v ph pha ca tn hiu gc. Trong trng hp x(n) l mt dy c chiu di hu hn, ta c th tnh gn ng X(ej) ti M+1 gi tr gn ng trong khong [0,] theo nguyn tc sau:
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( )
N 1
Khi ly M+1 im ri rc cch u nhau trong khong [0,], bin lin tc tr thnh bin ri rc k vi k = k , k = 0,1,..., M M Gi tr ca X(ej) ti cc im ri rc l: X e jk =
( ) x(n)e
n =
kn
X X X
(e ) (e )
j 0 j 1
(e )
j M
j 00 e M j 10 = e M M jM M 0 e
e e e
j j
01 11
M1
x (0 ) j 1( N 1 ) x (1) e M M j M ( N 1 ) x ( N 1) e M e
j M 0 ( N 1 )
e e e
10 11
[X (0)
1( N 1)
j ( N 11) L e M M j M ( N 1) M L e L e
j M
( N 1)0
on chng trnh sau nhm thc hin vic tnh gi tr ca hm X(ej) ca dy x(n) c chiu di hu hn t n1 n n2 vi M+1 gi tr ri rc trong khong [0,]:
>> k = [0:M]; n=[n1:n2]; >> X = x * exp(-j*pi/M) .^ (n*k);
D cho vic phn tch tn hiu v h thng bng php bin i Fourier l thun tin v rt hu ch trong rt nhiu trng hp, cng c ny i khi cng gp mt s kh khn: Mt s dy tn hiu trong thc t v d nh u(n) v nu(n) l khng c bin i Fourier, dn n khng phn tch c cc thnh phn tn s ca tn hiu. p ng ca h thng trong thi gian qu gy bi iu kin u ca h thng hoc t ngt thay i dng tn hiu dy u vo l khng kho st c bng bin i Fourier.
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Php bin i Z cho php chng ta c th gii quyt c bi ton trong cc trng hp nh vy. nh ngha php bin i Z cho dy s x(n) l:
X ( z ) = ZT [x (n )] =
n =
x(n )z
X(z) l mt hm phc vi bin s (c lp) phc. Tp cc gi tr z chui hm bn tay phi ca biu thc trn hi t v mt hm s, hay ni mt cch khc X(z) tn ti gi l min hi t RC (Region of Convergence) ca bin i Z. C th chng t c rng, trong trng hp tng qut min hi t ca bin i Z ca mt dy s nm bn trong mt hnh vnh khuyn Rx- < z < Rx+, vi Rx- v Rx+ l cc s thc dng. Bin i Z ngc i vi hm X(z):
x(n ) = ZT [ X ( z )] =
1 2
X (z )z
dz
vi C l mt ng cong kn ly theo chiu ngc chiu kim ng h, bao quanh gc to v nm hon ton trong min hi t ca X(z) (RC[X(z)]). Trn thc t, phng php c s dng trong hu ht cc trng hp tm bin i Z ngc ca mt hm phn thc hu t X(z) l phn tch thnh tng ca cc phn thc n gin. Hm residuez ca MATLAB cho php nhanh chng tm ra cc im cc v cc h s trong khai trin ng vi cc im cc ca mt hm phn thc hu t X(z). Trong trng hp ng trn n v nm trong min hi t ca bin i Z th bin i Fourier chnh l bin i Z nh gi trn ng trn n v. i vi mt h thng, hm truyn t H(z) ca h thng c nh ngha l bin i Z ca hm p ng xung:
H ( z ) = ZT [h(n )] =
n =
h(n )z
Hm truyn t ca h thng chnh l t s gia bin i Z ca tn hiu u ra trn bin i Z ca tn hiu u vo: H (z ) = Y (z ) X (z )
Nh phn trc cp tt c cc h thng tuyn tnh bt bin c th thc hin c u c m t bi phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng. Cc h thng ny c nh ca p ng xung qua php bin i Z u c dng phn thc hu t m t s v mu s l cc a thc theo z (hoc z-1). Cc im khng, ti gi tr ca X(z) bng 0, chnh l cc nghim ca t s. Cc im cc, ti gi tr ca X(z) tin ti v cng, chnh l cc nghim ca mu s. S phn b cc im cc v im khng ca bin i Z i vi mt tn hiu, hoc hm truyn t ca h thng, quyt nh n ton b cc tnh cht ca tn hiu hay h thng c xt n. V vy, xem xt phn b im cc v im khng ca mt hm X(z) cng l mt ni dung cn c thc hin trong phn th nghim ny bng hm zplane ca MATLAB.
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Hai php bin i ni trn, bin i Fourier v bin i Z, v bn cht l bin i mt dy s tr thnh mt hm phc vi bin s thc, i vi bin i Fourier, v mt hm phc vi bin s phc, i vi bin i Z. Cc min mi c xt n l min v min Z. c im chung ca cc hm s trn hai min mi l hm s vi bin s lin tc, do , MATLAB cng nh tt c cc ngn ng lp trnh v cng c phn mm h tr bng my tnh khng th tnh ton chnh xc ton b hm s nh ca cc php bin i ni trn, thay v ta ch thu c kt qu gn ng ti cc im ri rc. Bin i Fourier ri rc, ng dng trn dy tun hon v dy c chiu di hu hn l php bin i cho php my tnh tm c chnh xc mi gi tr ca hm nh ca php bin i ti tt c cc bin ca hm s bi hm nh l hm trn min ri rc, min ny gi l min k. Cng thc bin i Fourier ri rc cho mt dy s x(n) c chiu di hu hn hu hn t 0 n N-1 c cho nh sau: X (k )N = DFT [x(n )N ] = x(n )e
n =0 N 1 j 2 kn N kn = x(n )WN n =0 N 1
T N gi tr ri rc ca dy s X(k), ta hon ton c th xy dng li c dy gc x(n) ban u. Cng thc bin i Fourier ri rc ngc i vi dy X(k)N l: x(n )N
-j
1 = IDFT [ X (k )N ] = N
2
X (k )e
k =0
-j 2 kn N
N 1
2 kn N
1 = N
j
X (k )W
k =0
N 1
kn N
kn , WN =e
2 kn N
( N 1)1
Chng ta hon ton c th xy dng thut ton bin i Fourier ri rc thun v v ngc mt cch trc tip xy dng t cng thc nhn ma trn trn, ging nh thut ton tnh gn ng ca bin i Fourier c cp n u phn tm tt l thuyt ny. Tuy nhin, s php tnh tnh ton l rt ln, tng ng vi NxN php nhn trn s phc v N(N-1) php cng trn s phc cho bin i Fourier ri rc i vi dy c di l N mu. Nm 1965, Cooley v Turkey a ra mt thut ton rt gn s lng php tnh trong bin i Fourier i rt nhiu. Thut ton ny c bit n vi tn gi bin i Fourier nhanh (Fast Fourier Transform FFT). T tng ca thut ton ny cng c th p dng cho php tnh bin i Fourier gn ng trn M+1 im ri rc trong khong [0,].
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Hm fft ca MATLAB cho php thc hin vic bin i Fourier ri rc theo thut ton bin i Fourier nhanh. Hm fft c vit bng ngn ng my ch khng phi bng ngn ng MATLAB nn n qu trnh thc hin bin i Fourier ri rc c tin hnh rt nhanh. Nu N l lu tha ca 2, hm fft s gii quyt bi ton theo thut ton c s 2. Nu N khng phi l lu tha ca 2, hm fft tch N thnh tch ca cc tha s nguyn t v thut ton c s hn hp c p dng trong trng hp ny. Cui cng, khi N l mt s nguyn t, hm fft s suy gim v thut ton bin i Fourier ri rc dng nguyn th theo ng nh cng thc ca nh ngha trn. Hm ifft thc hin qu trnh ngc li, bin i Fourier ngc. nh gi tc thi gian tnh ton ca hm fft l mt trong nhng ni dung thc hnh ca phn ny.
4.
Mt s lnh v hm ca MATLAB
Phn ny a ra danh mc cc lnh cc hm ca MATLAB c th s dng trong phn th nghim ny. bit c th hn v chc nng ca hm v c php ca lnh gi hm, g lnh help km theo tn ca hm ti ca s lnh ca MATLAB.
abs, angle: tr v cc hm th hin Moun v Agumen ca mt s phc real, imag: tr v cc hm th hin phn thc v phn o ca mt s phc residuez: tr v cc im cc v cc h s tng ng vi cc im cc trong phn tch mt hm phn thc hu t min Z thnh cc thnh phn l cc hm phn thc n gin, ngc li nu u vo l danh sch cc im cc v cc h s, hm residuez s tr v hm phn thc hu t min Z poly: xy dng mt a thc t danh sch cc nghim ca n ztrans: tr v bin i Z ca mt hm s c nh ngha theo cng thc ca mt biu tng (symbol) iztrans: hm ngc li ca hm ztrans zplane: th hin phn b im cc v im khng ca mt hm phn thc hu t ln mt phng Z freqz: tr v p ng tn s ca mt h thng ti mt s hu hn cc im ri rc trn vng trn n v khi bit hm truyn t ca n fft: thc hin bin i Fourier ri rc ca mt dy s c di hu hn theo thut ton bin i Fourier nhanh v tr v kt qu bin i Fourier ri rc ca dy s clock: tr v thi gian thc hin ti etime: tr v thi gian tnh bng giy gia 2 thi im.
5.
Cc bc thc hnh
a. Da trn nh ngha ca bin i Z, tm bin i Z ca dy trn b. Kim chng li kt qu cu a bng hm ztrans
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c. T kt qu trn, tm bin i Fourier ca x(n) d. Dng MATLAB th hin trn th ph X(ej) ti 501 im ri rc trong khong [0,] theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh theo bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp Solution_1_14.
w = [0:1:500]*pi/500; X = exp(j*w) ./ (exp(j*w)- 0.5*ones(1,501)); magX = abs(X); angX = angle(X); realX = real(X); imagX = imag(X); % subplot(2,2,1); plot(w/pi,magX); grid; title('Magnitude Part'); xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Magnitude'); subplot(2,2,3); plot(w/pi,angX); grid; title('Angle Part'); xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Radians'); subplot(2,2,2); plot(w/pi,realX); grid; title('Real Part'); xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Real'); subplot(2,2,4); plot(w/pi,imagX); grid; title('Imaginary Part'); xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Imaginary');
G lnh Solution_1_14 ti ca s lnh ca MATLAB chy kch bn ni trn v xem cc th. 1.15. Cho ph X(ej) c dng sau: X (e j ) = e
j
sin 3
Vit chng trnh th hin trn th cc hm ph bin , ph pha, phn thc v phn o ca X(ej), tnh ti 2001 im ri rc trong khong [-2,2]. 1.16. Cho dy x(n) c dng nh sau:
x(n ) = ...,0,0,1, 2,3,4,5,0,0,...
y l mt dy s xc nh trong mt khong hu hn t -1 n 3. Tnh v th hin ph ca dy x(n) ti 501 im ri rc trong khong [0,] theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh theo bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp Solution_1_16.
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n = -1:3; x = 1:5; k = 0:500; w = (pi/500)*k; X = x*(exp(-j*pi/500)).^(n'*k); magX = abs(X); angX = angle(X); realX = real(X); imagX = imag(X); % subplot(2,2,1); plot(k/500,magX); grid; title('Magnitude Part'); xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Magnitude'); subplot(2,2,3); plot(k/500,angX); grid; title('Angle Part'); xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Radians'); subplot(2,2,2); plot(k/500,realX); grid; title('Real Part'); xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Real'); subplot(2,2,4); plot(k/500,imagX); grid; title('Imaginary Part'); xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Imaginary');
G lnh Solution_1_16 ti ca s lnh ca MATLAB chy kch bn ni trn v xem cc th. 1.17. Cho dy x(n ) = rect 7 (n ) Vit chng trnh tnh v th hin ph ca dy x(n) ti 501 im ri rc trong khong [0,] tng t nh bi 1.16. 1.18. Mt hm min Z c cho vi cng thc sau y:
X (z ) = z 3z 4 z + 1
2
a. S dng lnh residuez ca MATLAB, tnh cc im cc, thng d ti cc im cc theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh theo bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp Solution_1_18.
b = [0 1]; a = [3 -4 1]; [R,p,C] = residuez(b,a) % [b a] = residuez(R,p,C)
G lnh Solution_1_18 ti ca s lnh ca MATLAB chy kch bn ni trn v xem kt qu tnh ton. T hy vit dng tng cc hm phn thc n gin ca X(z).
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b. T kt qu cu trn, vit cng thc khai trin X(z) thnh tng cc phn thc n gin, t tm bin i Z ngc ca X(z) trn min sao cho x(n) l mt dy nhn qu. c. Kim chng li kt qu cu b bng hm iztrans 1.19. Cho hm X(z) vi cng thc nh sau: X (z ) = 1
(1 0,9 z ) (1 0,9 z )
1 2 1
a. Vit chng trnh tnh cc im cc, thng d ca cc im cc ca hm X(z) trn (gi : c th dng hm poly ca MATLAB khi phc li a thc mu s t mt mng cc nghim ca a thc - mng cc im cc ca X(z)) b. T kt qu cu trn, vit cng thc khai trin X(z) thnh tng cc phn thc n gin, t tm bin i Z ngc ca X(z) trn min z > 0,9 . 1.20. Cho h thng nhn qu biu din bi phng trnh sau:
c. Dng lnh freqz tnh v biu din trn th hm p ng tn s H(ej) ca h thng (bao gm p ng bin - tn s v p ng pha - tn s) ti 200 im ri
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rc trn ng trn n v theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh theo bng trn vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp Solution_1_20. G lnh Solution_1_20 ti ca s lnh ca MATLAB chy kch bn ni trn v xem cc th. 1.21. Cho h thng nhn qu biu din bi phng trnh sau:
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1.23. Da trn cc hm dft c xy dng trn, tm bin i Fourier ri rc ca dy c chiu di N=20: 1 0 n 4 x(n ) = 0 n cn li theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh theo bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp Solution_1_23.
L = 5; N = 20; n = [0:N-1]; xn = [ones(1,L), zeros(1,N-L)]; k = n; Xk = dft(xn,N); magXk = abs(Xk); % subplot(4,2,1); stem(n,xn); axis([min(n),max(n)+1,-0.5,1.5]); title('Sequence x(n)'); xlabel('n'); ylabel('x(n)'); subplot(4,2,3); stem(k,magXk); axis([min(k),max(k)+1,-0.5,5.5]); title('DFT of SQ. wave: L=5, N=20'); xlabel('k'); ylabel('X(k)');
G lnh Solution_1_23 ti ca s lnh ca MATLAB chy kch bn ni trn v xem cc th. 1.24. Vit chng trnh tnh v th hin trn th bin i Fourier ri rc ca cc dy sau:
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1 0 n 4 a. Dy c chiu di N = 40 v x(n ) = 0 n cn li 1 0 n 4 b. Dy c chiu di N = 60 v x(n ) = 0 n cn li 1 0 n 6 c. Dy c chiu di N = 60 v x(n ) = 0 n cn li 1.25. Biu din trn th biu th hin mi quan h gia chiu di dy N, N bin thin t 1 n 2048, vi thi gian thc hin bin i Fourier ca hm MATLAB theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh theo bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp Solution_1_25.
Nmin = 1; Nmax = 2048; fft_time = zeros(1,Nmax-Nmin+1); for n = Nmin:1:Nmax x = rand(1,n); t = clock; fft(x); fft_time(n-Nmin+1) = etime(clock,t); end %for n = [Nmin:1:Nmax]; plot(n,fft_time,'.') xlabel('N');ylabel('Time in Secs'); title('FFT execution times');
G lnh Solution_1_25 ti ca s lnh ca MATLAB chy kch bn ni trn v xem kt qu trn th. Nhn xt v kt qu th hin trn th.
6.
M rng
1. Vit cc chng trnh m phng kim chng li cc tnh cht ca: Bin i Z, bin i Fourier, v bin i Fourier ri rc. 2. Vit chng trnh m phng gii thut tnh tch chp nhanh (hay tch chp phn on), c s dng ng dng ca fft v ifft trong tnh tch chp tng dy con.
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BI 2.
ng thi, sinh vin cn nm vng cc k thut tng hp b lc c p ng xung chiu di hn hn bao gm cc phng php sau: Phng php ca s Phng php ly mu tn s Phng php lp
2.
Mc ch ca phn th nghim
Sinh vin dng MATLAB m phng cc ni dung sau: Thit k b lc bng phng php ca s Thit k b lc bng phng php ly mu tn s Thit k b lc bng phng php lp.
3.
Tm tt l thuyt
Qu trnh lc tn hiu (filtering) nhm tin hnh vic phn b li cc thnh phn tn s ca tn hiu. Qu trnh lc tn hiu c thc hin thng qua cc b lc (filters). Da trn dy p ng xung ca b lc, c hai kiu b lc c quan tm trong qu trnh thit k l: B lc s c p ng xung chiu di hu hn, cn gi l b lc FIR v B lc s c p ng xung chiu di v hn, cn gi l b lc IIR. Phn ny quan tm n cc k thut tng hp b lc s FIR. Cc k thut tng hp b lc IRR c xem xt phn sau.
V mt l thuyt, da trn c im ca p ng tn s, X l s tn hiu quan tm n 4 loi b lc l tng sau y: a. B lc thng thp l tng
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1 , c p ng bin - tn s: H d e j = 0 , n cn li
( )
hd (n ) =
b. B lc thng cao l tng
c sinc c (n )
1 , c p ng bin - tn s: H d e j = 0 , n cn li
( )
hd (n ) = (n )
c. B lc thng di l tng
c sinc c(n )
1 , c1 c 2 p ng bin - tn s: H d e j = , n cn li 0
( )
hd (n ) =
d. B lc chn di l tng
c 2 sinc c 2 (n ) c1 sinc c1 (n )
( )
hd (n ) = (n )
c 2 sinc c 2 (n ) + c1 sinc c1 (n )
Ngoi ra, b vi phn v b bin i Hilbert cng c xem xt n bi chng c ng dng rt nhiu trong truyn thng. e. B vi phn l tng ,0 < j p ng tn s: H d (e j ) = j , < 0 Khi p ng xung ca b vi phn l tng vi tr nhm l:
cos (n ) ,n hd (n ) = (n ) 0 ,n =
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f. B bin i Hilbert j ,0 < p ng tn s: H d (e j ) = j , < 0 Khi p ng xung ca b bin i Hilbert l tng vi tr nhm l:
(n ) sin 2 2 2 hd (n ) = (n ) 0
,n ,n =
Chng ta c nhn xt l p ng xung ca cc b lc l tng ni trn c chiu di v hn, xut pht t ch s - n +, v khng nhn qu, dn n khng th thc hin c v mt vt l. Khi tng hp b lc thc t, ta phi chp nhn p ng xung phi xut pht t ch s 0 p ng iu kin nhn qu. Khi , p ng tn s ca b lc thc t c phn qu t di thng n di chn, hoc ngc li, v c gi l di chuyn tip (transition band). ng thi phi c s gn sng (ripple) c di thng v di chn hoc t nht ti mt trong hai, di thng hoc di chn. Vic thit k b lc l qu trnh tm ra cc tham s, hay dy p ng xung ca b lc, tho mn cc yu cu ch tiu k thut cho trc, c th l mt s hoc tt c cc tham s tuyt i (absolute specification) sau: Tn s ct di thng p Tn s ct di thng s B rng di qu gn sng di thng 1 gn sng di chn 2
Trn thc t, cc tham s thng c cho di dng tng i (relative specification) tnh theo n v decibels di dng sau y: gn sng di thng theo dB, c tnh bng cng thc:
R p = 20 log
1 1 [dB] 1 + 1
As = 20 log
2 [dB] 1 + 1
Do p ng tn s l bin i Fourier ca dy p ng xung, m dy ny c tnh cht ri rc theo thi gian, nn hm p ng tn s ca mt h thng l tun hon vi chu k 2. Bi yu cu thit k l b lc tng hp c v mt thc t, hay ni mt cch khc x l cc dy tn hiu vi gi tr thc, nn dy p ng xung h(n) l dy thc, do hm p ng tn s H(ej) c tnh cht i xng Hermit, c ngha l H*(ej) = H(e-j).
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iu ny dn n vi mi b lc thc t p ng bin - tn s l mt hm chn, p ng pha - tn s l mt hm l. V vy, khi xem xt hm p ng tn s ca b lc, ch cn xem xt trong khong [0,] l . B lc FIR c mt s u im v mt thc hin nh sau: p ng pha l tuyn tnh Tng i d thit k v lun lun l h thng n nh Thc hin c vi hiu qu cao C th thc hin c trn c s p dng bin i Fourier ri rc.
Vi b lc FIR ta lun t c iu kin pha tuyn tnh, iu ny c ngha p ng pha - tn s l mt hm s bc nht theo tn s , tng ng vi thc hin vic tr hm p ng xung min thi gian. Khi mt h thng c pha tuyn tnh, tr nhm (group delay) l mt hng s, th c u im l cc thnh phn tn s khc nhau ca tn hiu ti u vo c cng thi gian tr nh nhau sau khi cho qua h thng ti u ra. Hm p ng pha - tn s ca b lc FIR c dng nh sau:
( ) = , vi , l cc hng s
v hm p ng tn s ca b lc FIR c cho di dng ln v pha nh sau: H (e j ) = A(e j )e j ( ) , vi A(e j ) l hm thc
Khi p t thm iu kin pha tuyn tnh vo b lc FIR, dy p ng xung ca b lc ch c th i xng hoc phn i xng. Da trn tnh cht i xng hay phn i xng ca dy p ng xung v chiu di N ca dy p ng xung, ngi ta phn loi b lc FIR lm 4 loi sau y: B lc FIR loi 1: h(n) i xng, N l, = 0 , =
N 1 2 N 1 2 N 1 2 N 1 2
B lc FIR loi 2: h(n) i xng, N chn, = 0 , = B lc FIR loi 3: h(n) phn i xng, N l, = B lc FIR loi 4: h(n) phn i xng, N l, =
,= ,=
p ng tn s ca b lc FIR cho tng loi l nh sau: a. FIR loi 1: N 1 N21 j j H (e ) = a(n ) cos n e 2 n=0
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vi
N 1 a (0 ) = h 2
N 1 , h l mu gia ca dy p ng xung. 2
N 1 N 1 a (n ) = 2h n , vi 1 n 2 2
a(n )cos n , v ( ) =
n =0
N 1 2
N 1 2
N 1 N 2 1 j 2 j H (e ) = b(n ) cos n e n =1 2 vi
N b(n ) = 2h n 2
N 2
, vi 1 n
N 2
c(n )sin n , v ( ) = 2
n =1
N 1 2
N 1 2
N 1 N 2 1 j j H (e ) = d (n )sin n e 2 2 n =1 2 vi
N d (n ) = 2h n 2
N 2
, vi 1 n
N 2
1 N 1 dn n A(e j ) = d (n )sin n , v ( ) = 2 2 2 n =1
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i vi cc h thng FIR ni chung, hm truyn t H(z) c duy nht mt im cc ti 0, bc N-1, v min hi t RC: z > 0 .Bi dy p ng xung l dy thc nn hm truyn t c tnh cht i xng Hermit, cho nn nu z0 l mt im khng ca H(z) th z0* cng l mt im khng ca H(z). Do dy p ng xung ca b lc FIR pha tuyn tnh l i xng hoc phn i xng, dn n nu z0 l mt im khng ca H(z) th 1/z0 cng l mt im khng ca H(z). Trng hp tng qut, nu nh bit mt im khng ca p ng tn s b lc FIR pha tuyn tnh H(z) ti z 0 = re , chng ta suy ra rng H(z) * 1 c 4 im khng l: z 01 = z 0 = re , z 02 = z 0 = 1 e , z 03 = z 0 = re , v r 1 * z 04 = z 0 = 1 e . Trng hp c bit, im khng nm trn trc thc hoc ng r trn n v, s im khng c suy ra suy gim cn 2, v khi im khng l 1 hoc -1, khng suy ra c thm im khng no. Tnh cht ny c th p dng trong thit k b lc bng cch mc ni tip nhiu khu, mi khu c p ng pha tuyn tnh.
( )
Theo sch gio trnh X l tn hiu v lc s, c 3 phng php tng hp b lc FIR pha tuyn tnh, l: Phng php ca s Phng php ly mu tn s Phng php lp
a. Phng php ca s T tng c bn ca phng php ca s l tm ra p ng xung ca b lc l tng ri sau ct xn hai u (hay nhn vi mt hm ca s) dy p ng xung sao cho ta thu c mt b lc FIR pha tuyn tnh, ng thi l nhn qu. im nhn mnh phng php ny l tm ra p ng xung thch hp ca b lc l tng v la chn hm ca s thch hp. V mt l tng, b lc thng thp l tng pha tuyn tnh c li di thng bng 1 v p ng tn s bng 0 trn ton di chn, tc l:
e j H d e j = 0
( )
, c , n cn li
, vi c l tn s ct v l tr nhm
th ta s thu c dy p ng xung
hd (n ) =
c tnh cht i xng ti .
c sinc c (n )
Vi cc b lc s l tng khc, bao gm thng cao, thng di, v chn di, dy p ng xung cng c dng tng t nh vy v c th suy ra t dng p ng xung ca b lc thng thp l tng ni trn. Vi b vi phn v b bin i Hilbert, bng bin i ton hc, ta cng c c p ng xung c tnh cht phn i xng ti . thu c p ng xung ca b lc FIR v mt thc t, phng php ca s dng k thut nhn hm p ng xung ca b lc l tng hd(n) vi mt hm ca s w(n), vi w(n) l mt hm i xng i vi trong khong t 0 n N-1 v bng 0 trong
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khong cn li. Kt qu l hm p ng xung ca b lc thc t h(n) l i xng hoc N 1 trong khong [0,N-1]. phn i xng i vi = 2 Mt s ca s thng dng c la chn l:
Ca s ch nht
1 ,0 n N 1 w r (n ) = rect N (n ) = , n cn li 0 Vic nhn ca s ch nht vi p ng xung ca b lc l tng min thi gian tng ng vi ly tch chp lin tc tun hon min tn s gia p ng tn s ca b lc l tng vi nh qua php bin i Fourier ca hm ca s.
~ 1 H e j = H d e j * WR e j = 2
( )
( )( ) ( )
( ) H (e )W (e )d
j j
Bin i Fourier ca dy ch nht c cho nh hnh v di ( c thc hnh Bi 1). y ta c mt s nhn xt v hm bin i Fourier ca dy ch nht v p ng tn s ca b lc thc t khi dng ca s ch nht: