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Design and Construction of Concrete Tanks for Refrigerated Liquefied Gas Containment, Part 2
ACI Spring 2012 Convention March 18 21, Dallas, TX
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Neven Krstulovic-Opara, PhD, FACI, is a Senior Structural Engineer at ExxonMobil (EMDC). His work experience includes 11 years as an university professor at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Northeastern U. and North Carolina State University. For the last 10 years he has been leading and/or supervising numerous forensic investigations and designs of large offshore concrete structures and arctic platforms, LNG tanks and natural gas plants while working for Exponent-Failure Analysis, Arup and EMDC. Krstulovic is also the Chair of ACI 376, ACI 544-E, and the Secretary of ACI 544. He received his MCE from the Univ. of Belgrade, MSc from the Imperial College, London, and his PhD from Carnegie Mellon Univ. His research interests include the behavior of concrete at cryogenic temperatures, development of concrete tanks for storage of cryogenic liquids, concrete offshore platforms for extreme environments, smart materials and structures, high-performance fiber-reinforced cement composites (HPFRCCs), use of HPFRCCS as seismic/blastresistant retrofit and new construction, and fracture mechanics of cementitious materials and structures. ACI WEB SESSIONS

Session on the Design & Construction of RLG Containment Part 2

ACI 376-10 Code & Commentary: Chapter VI

Biography
NevenKrstulovicOpara,PhD,PE,FACI,isaSeniorStructural Engineer forExxonMobil. ChairofACI376(outgoing) &ACI544E SecretaryofACI544. MCE &MSc theU.ofBelgrade &theImperialColl.,London,respectively PhD fromCarnegie MellonUniv. Workexperience includes:
11years univ.professoratU.ofMichigan AnnArbor,Northeastern U.&NorthCarolinaStateU. 10years structuralleadonnumerousforensicinvestigations,designsoflargeoffshoreconcretestructures &arcticplatforms,LNGtanksandplantswhileworkingforExponentFailureAnalysis,ArupandEM.

Minimum Performance Requirements

Neven Krstulovic ExxonMobil Development Company
Hyatt Regency Dallas, Dallas, TX Reunion A Tuesday, March 20, 2012 11:00 11:20 AM

Researchinterestsinclude:
Cryogenicbehaviorofconcrete,&developmentofallconcreteLNGtanks, smartmaterials&structures, highperformanceFRCs,&theiruseinseismicresistantretrofit&newconstruction, fracturemechanicsofcementitiousstructures.

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Content
1. Introduction 2. Performance Requirements 3. Construction (Material)Requirements 4. Other Requirements
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Overall Philosophy
Inner Tank:
maintainstructuralintegrity maintainLIQUIDTIGHTNESS
Tank not to be emptied

Outer Tank:
maintainstructuralintegrity containLNGafterSPILL
Tank to be emptied after a spill ACI WEB SESSIONS

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1.Introduction
Referencedocuments
1) ACI350 Code Requirements for Environmental Eng. Concrete
Structures & Commentary

1. Introduction: Requirements
Performance requirements:
Primaryconcrete tank Secondarytank Roof

2) ACI372R Design & Construction of Circular Wire- & Strand-Wrapped

PSC Structures

3) ACI373R Design & Construction of Circular PSC Structures with

Circumferential Tendons

Construction requirements Materials

Concrete&Shotcreteproperties Coatings Metalcomponents
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1. Introduction: Requirement Types

Strength requirements Serviceability requirements
Cracking&spalling Deformations Deteriorationofreinforcementorconcrete Vibrations Leakage

2. Performance Requirements
2.1LiquidTightnessvs.Containment 2.2CrackLimits 2.3Sliding&Sloshing

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Overall Philosophy
Inner Tank:
Liquid TIGHTNESS

2.1. Tightness vs. Containment

Tank CriteriaType PRIMARY (Inner) LiquidTightness Empty, Operating, OBE Containment SSE SSEaft SECONDARY (Outer) Containment

Outer Tank:
LiquidCONATINMENT

LoadStage

Empty

Spill

SectionResultant

>0

NeutralAxisDepth

twall /2 8in. 145psi

twall /4 4in.

>0 twall /10 3.5in. 145psi

Aver.compression zone

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2.1. Liquid Tightness: INNER Tank

ftensile=0 ..unlessjustified:
DEMONSTRATE:sectionNOT previouslycracked
ConsiderALL loads,e.g.: o Transient&steadystatethermalstresses o Cooldown o Hydrotest o Creep&shrinkage o OBE,etc.

2.2. Crack Limits: Outer Tank

Normal designloading(no wind):
Slab,wall&roof:
calculated

wcr 0.012 in.

NOTE:heatlossthroughtheslab inducesadditionaltension

Spill
ThermalCornerProtection(TCP)area:
calculated

wcr 0.008in.

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2.2. Crack Limits: TCP

EmbedmentZone 2twall aboveTCP
Considercompletetemperaturetimehistory
calculated

2.3. Other: Sliding & Sloshing

PrimaryTank
SLIDING:usefrictionoranchorage FREEBOARD:
SloshingOBE +1ft SloshingSSE

wcr 0.008 in.

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3. Construction / Material Requirements

3.1.General 3.2.ConcreteLimits 3.3.ShotcreteLimits 3.4.SteelReinforcementLimits 3.5.Liner 3.6.OtherMetalComponents
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3.1. General
Useambient temperature propertiesfor normalloadingconditions
StrengthIncreases withIncreasing Moisture StrengthIncreases withTemperature Decrease

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3.1. General
DIFFERENT Restraineddeformation
UseCRYOGENIC coeff.ofthermalexp.,thermal Confirmconcreteth. bytesting

3.2. Concrete
PSClimits:
serviceloads:c meetACI318 AtPStransfer:c 0.55fci ACI372 &373

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3.2. Concrete

3.3. Shotcrete
Meetrequirementsof:
ACI506R Guide to Shotcrete 0.85fc ACI506.2 Spec. for Materials, Proportioning, & Application of Shotcrete ACI350,App.G Code for Enviro. Eng. Concrete Str. & Com. ACI372R Design & Constr. of Circular Wire- & Strand-Wrapped PSC Str. ACI373R Design & Constr. of Circular PSC Str. w. Circumferential Tendons

0.75

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3.4. Steel Reinforcement

Cryogenic rebars Noncryogenic rebarsexposedto<0oF:
Usemorerestrictiveallow,st. Ch.IV:Materials
Lowerlimitsbasedonductility&toughnessrequirements

3.5. Liner
Preventsvapor&moisturetransmission EXCLUDING SPILL 2typespermitted:
1) Metallic 2) Nonmetallic

Prestressing steel
UseACI350limits
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3.5. Liner
METALLIC Liner:meetAPI620 App.QorR NONMetallic Liner(polymeric):
limits(BS EN 146203, Section 10.3)
ASTME96watervaporpermeability <0.00164 oz/ft2/24h EscapeofLNGvapor<0.00033 oz/ft2/24h

3.6. Other Metal Components

FollowAPI 620 requirementsfor:
Allowablestresses Weldjointefficiency Welding&weldtesting Canusehigher stresses butmustassure DUCTILEresponseunderthemostseverecase

retaincrackbridgingcapabilitybeyondanOBE

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4.1. Other Criteria

4. Other Requirements

FATIGUE:ifOwnerspecified(see Appendix C)
outertank typicallynotaconcern

Risk/hazardassessment determineif relevant:

1) Pressurewaveloading(e.g.,blast) 2) Impact 3) Fire

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ACI37610Code&Commentary:ChapterVI

MinimumPerformanceRequirements

Thank You for Your Attention

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