QUN L D N PHN MM (SOFTWARE PROJECT MANAGEMENT)

Ti liu tham kho

Rapid Development, Steve McConnell Information Technology Project Management, Kathy Schwalbe Quality Software Project Management, D. Shafer Software Project Survival Guide, Steve McConnell Peopleware, T. DeMarco and T. Lister

Ni dung

L thuyt

Cc vn lin quan n k thut phn mm Cc vn lin quan n qun l d n phn mm Thc hnh cc vn lin quan n qun l d n Son tho bo co nghin cu kh thi bng MS Word Xy dng k hoch bng Microsoft Project Gia k Cui k Chuyn cn (bi kim tra cui bui)

Bi tp nhm

Thc hnh

Kim tra

TNG QUAN V CNG NGH PHN MM (SOFTWARE ENGINEERING)

Tm quan trng ca phn mm

Phn mm c mt tm quan trng c bit trong x hi hin i Vai tr phn mm xt trn cc mt:

Mt

nn kinh t Cc t chc trong x hi Cc h thng ang tn ti Lnh vc ng dng phn mm

Vai tr ca phn mm (1)

Nn kinh t mi n-c u ph thuc vo phn mm

mm sai hng kinh t tn tht Chi ph cho phn mm chim t trng ng k trong chi ph cc n-c pht trin
Phn

Phn mm to nn s khc bit ca t chc

Thay

i phong cch lm vic Quyt nh nng sut ca t chc

Vai tr ca phn mm (2)

Ngy cng nhiu h thng c phn mm iu khin, tr gip Tnh t ng ha ca h thng ngy mt cao Chi ph phn mm trong h thng >> phn cng
Do

xu hng: nng lc phn cng tng mnh Phn cng l tim nng, phn mm l c ch khai thc

Cc ng dng phn mm pht trin nhanh trn mi lnh vc ca x hi

ng dng phn mm (1)

Phn mm h thng
Tp

cc ch-ng trnh phc v cho cc ch-ng trnh T-ng tc trc tip vi phn cng Phc v nhiu ng-i dng

Phn mm thi gian thc

thp, x l cc d kin th gii thc p ng yu cu cht chv thi gian
Thu

kim sot, iu khin iu phi thu thp d liu phn tch d liu

ng dng phn mm (2)

Phn mm nghip v
X

l cc thng tin nghip v, th-ng gn vi CSDL X l cc giao tc (mng my tnh bn hng...) Lnh vc ng dng rt ln

Phn mm khoa hc kthut

c

tr-ng bi thut ton (tnh ton vt l, m phng) i hi nng lc tnh ton cao

Phn mm nhng (embeded software)

Chc

ra khi thit b khi ng, Thc hin chc nng hn ch (iu khin sn phm) L s kt hp gia h thng v thi gian thc

ng dng phn mm (3)

Phn mm my tnh c nhn

bi ton nghip v nh (ng dng vn phng) Giao din ha pht trin C nhu cu rt cao
Cc

Phn mm tr tu nhn to
Dng

cc thut ton phi s(logic): suy lun, tm kim H chuyn gia, nhn dng, tr chi...

Phn mm cng c cho k ngh phn mm

compiler, cc

cng c CASE...

Phn loi phn mm (trn quan im ca ng-i pht trin)

Sn phm t hng
sn

xut theo n t hng (HTTT qun l...) n chic, yu cu c th

Sn phm chung
bn

rng ri tha mn yu cu chung ca s ln users

Mi loi c cch thc tip cn ring, nht l cc b-c phn tch, bo tr

Kh khn v thch thc

Pht trin phn mm thc t l lnh vc y kh khn, thch thc (ri ro cao):
Nhiu

d n ln tht bi Chi ph pht trin cao Khng t -c mc ch

(khng -c -a vo s dng, hiu qu thp)

V d: cc d n tht bi

OS 360
>

1M dng lnh T 1963->1966 (gp i d kin) 5000 nhn cng 200 M USDOS/MVS

(IBM 370) 7M dng lnh

V d: tn tht do li phn mm

1978: v tinh phng ln sao Kim b hng do li ca phn mm

li

ca cu lnh FOR (Fortran)

1996: v tinh Ariane 5 hng do li phn mm gy thit hi 500M$

li

php ton s thc (Ada)

Thc trng sn phm

17%:hy b 27%:khng -c phn phi 45%:-c phn phi, khng -c s dng 6%:s dng sau khi sa i 5%:s dng ngay sau khi phn phi

Bn cht ca vn
Tnh

phc tp l bn cht ca phn mm

Yu

cu s dng phn mm khng ngng thay i S tin b nhanh ca phn mm v phn cng (h tng -phn nn): thay i

Yu cu tin ha phn mm l tt yu

Tin ha ca phn mm
Giai on 1: ~ 1960
Phn cng thay i lin tc, chuyn dng X l theo l Mi tr-ng lp trnh c tnh c nhn Sn xut n chic Ngn ng: m my, c th cho tng my Lp trnh: l mt ngh thut da theo bn nng, ch-a c ph-ng php

Giai on 2: ~ gia thp k 70

a nhim, a ng-i s dng H thng thi gian thc Xut hin l-u tr trc tuyn (CSDL)
Phn mm tr nn phc tp

Nhu s dng cu tng cao

Bo tr tr nn tn km, nhiu d n tht bi

Ngn ng: C cu trc: PL1, Algol 60, Fortran, COBOL Lp trnh: C ph-ng php lp trnh Pht trin HT: Ch-a c ph-ng php, kinh nghim l chnh

Giai on 3: ~ 1990

H thng phn tn Mng cc b, ton cu B vi x l Pht trin

phn mm ngy cng phc tp

my tnh c nhn; phn mm nhng

s ng-i dng tng nhanh

Ngn ng:Ngn ng bc cao; h-ng i t-ng Pht trin HT: C ph-ng php, cng c t ng

Cng ngh phn mm: Ti sao?

Cc h mm ngy cng ln v quan trng

S ngi tham gia pht trin ng Thi gian pht trin lu Thi gian s dng cn lu hn

vi trm

Sn xut PM cn c phng php, k lut v ngn ng chung

c th lm vic tp th sn phm ph hp vi yu cu sn phm tn ti v tin trin c lp vi ngi sn xut

Phn mm ngy cng phc tp

Unix : 4 M dng lnh Windows 2K: ~100 M dng lnh L do

Nng

lc my tnh ngy cng mnh Cc h thng -c lin kt li Ham mun ca ng-i dng cng ln

Chi ph cho phn mm cao

Phn mm tr thnh ngnh cng nghip khng l

Ph

pht trin OS 360 (1963~1966) : Chi ph phn mm nm 1985 : Chi ph cho phn mm nm 2000 : (mc tng 12%/nm)

200M$ 70B$ 770B$

Nng sut lp trnh vn thp

pht

trin phn mm mang tnh th cng gi thnh cao

Thch thc i vi phn mm

Kh nng xy dng phn mm khng p ng kp nhu cu tng nhanh (Internet, mi lnh vc x hi) Qui m v phc tp ngy cng tng khin chi ph pht trin, bo tr cng ngy cng tn km S tinh vi ca phn cng vt xa kh nng to ra phn mm khai thc n pht trin phn mm

Cn c nhng phng php, cng c hin i

Kh khn ca pht trin phn mm

"Kh sn xut -c phn mm c cht l-ng theo ng lch trnh & kinh ph cho tr-c Phn mm l phn t logic: khng kim sot -c theo ph-ng php thng th-ng

trong sn xut(ri ro, tnh th cng)

trong bo tr (ln, phc tp, thay i nhanh)

trong kim sot cht l-ng( lm thcng, nhiu ng-i, nhiu cng on)

nh ngha v phn mm (1)

Phn mm bao gm: Ch-ng trnh my tnh
M ngun, mmy Vn hnh -c, khng

vn hnh

Cc cu trc d liu
Cu Cu

trc lm vic (b nhtrong) trc l-u tr

Ti liu s dng
user guide technical references specification, analyse,

design, test documents

nh ngha v phn mm (2)

c tr-ng mt phn mm tt:

Bo tr -c ng tin cy C hiu qu Tin dng Gi phi chng

Bo tr -c
"phn mm lun yu cu -c sa i
sa i -c phn mm cn:
thit

k d hiu, d sa (thit k tt) ci t bng ngn ng bc cao c y ti liu

C tui th cao, phc v nhiu Chi ph thp -> cho hiu qu

ng tin cy

Phn mm t khim khuyt nh-:

li

lp trnh li phn tch, thit k: sai, thiu chc nng hot ng khng hiu qu

p ng -c nhu cu ng-i sdng

m

bo thi gian lm vic n nh Cho kt qu xc ng

Hiu qu

Khng s dng lng ph ti nguyn phn cng

i

hi b nh ln i hi tc cao Chim khng gian a ln,...

Cn ti u hp l Nhng ti -u ha d dn ti kh bo tr, gi thnh cao:

ngn ng bc thp truy cp trc tip n thit b
dng

Tin dng
Giao din phhp vi trnh ca users Hc nhanh, nh lu C ti liu & tin ch tr gip

Giao din quyt nh thnh cng ca sn phm

Gi c hp l

Yu cu cn i, tha hip: Kh ti -u ng thi cc thuc tnh hiu qu <> d bo tr, d s dng Chi ph cho ti -u l khng tuyn tnh

c tr-ng ca phn mm (1)

Pht trin phn mm khc ch to phn cng

Sn

xut mang tnh th cng (sng to, khng theo khun mu) Kh kim sot cht l-ng cc b-c trung gian Kh d on tr-c v hiu nng

dng cc ph-ng php tin tin T ng nhng khu c th

c tr-ng ca phn mm (2)

Phn mm thoi ha theo thi gian

Mi tr-ng s dng, nhu cu thay i Li sinh ra tng do nng cp

Phn mm khng -c lp rp theo mu

Khng c danh mc chi tit cho trc -c t hng theo tng yu cu ring

"bo tr phn mm phc tp hn hn so vi bo tr phn cng"

Mn, c ca phn cng

Thoi ho ca phn mm

c tr-ng nhm

Phn mm -c pht trin theo nhm

khi l-ng cng vic v yu cu k nng khc nhau Nng lc ca nhm khng t l vi s thnh vin Ng-i gii > 5 ln ng-i trung bnh
Do

Thi gian trao i thng tin ln

Kh kim sot v ng b
Kh tng tc bng cch thm ng-i

Ch-ng trnh v sn phm

Ch-ng trnh
01 ng-i vit, 01 ng-i dng (ng-i vit = ng-i dng) dng vi mc ch thu thp x l s liu (dng 1 ln) khng cn ti liu, khng kim th trit

Sn phm phn mm
nhiu

ng-i vit, nhiu ng-i dng (ng-i vit khc ng-i

dng) phc tp cao, m bo ng b

Kinh nghim vit ch-ng trnh nh khng p dng -c cho sn phm ln

Kt lun

Phn mm c tm quan trng c bit: to nn s khc bit ca t chc, ca h thng Pht trin phn mm l cng vic phc tp, ri ro
l

phn t logic, khng c o trc quan, kh kim sot cht l-ng khi pht trin khng -c nh hnh tr-c, kh d on hiu nng khi ch-a c sn phm mang tnh th cng, ph thuc vo con ng-i b nh h-ng ln t mi tr-ng->nhiu ri ro

Cn p dng cc ph-ng php tin tin (k ngh phn mm)

Cng ngh phn mm: Lm g?

Cc phng php ca CNPM hin ang c chun ho :

C

nhiu phng php v mi phng php thch hp vi mt min ng dng ca PM. Cn nm r nhng phng php y qua kinh nghim c th Ngn ng UML c s ng thun gn nh tuyt i dng lm ngn ng trao i ca nhng ngi lm PM trong mi khu

V cc khch hng ca CNTT ngy cng i hi p dng cc phng php v ngn ng y

Cng ngh phn Mm : C ch li g ?

Trong mt nn kinh t tin trin v thay i rt nhanh nh ti nc ta th :

Cc quy trnh sn xut v qun l cng nh c s thng tin ca c quan v doanh nghip cng phi thay i theo cng tin H thng tin ca c quan v doanh nghip phi c thit lp mt cch nghim tc v c cht lng d tin ho Cn bit ngi t gia cng ch i g ngi KS VN

Gia cng cho ngi cng l mt cch hc hi

Nhng vn cn lu

Pht trin tun t theo tng giai on, giai on u tin l quan trng nht Mi giai on c nhng vn , phng php v k thut ring, nhng cn kt hp cht ch qua mt ngn ng trao i chung Sn phm PM ch yu l ti liu, khng ch l chng trnh Cng c sn xut ca KNPM l con ngi Qun l pht trin PM vi nhng c th ca n

Lch s pht trin phn mm (1)

Lch s pht trin phn mm (2)

Theo Kim tra k ton M nm 1979 :

50%

hp ng vt qu ngn sch 60% hp ng b tr hn 45% PM giao np nhng khng dng c ngay 22% phi thit k li, v... 29% khng bao gi giao np

Kh khn : Nhng nh kin (1)

Khch hng : khng hiu r CNTT

Yu cu t ra th l , chi tit s cp sau, qu v c bt u i Thay i yu cu d m, phn mm rt... mm do

Trch nhim phng tin hc : khng nm r tm quan trng ca t duy tp th

Nu

b chm so vi tin d kin th s tng s ngi lp trnh ui kp C chun, c phng php, c my mc hin i, sao vn khng tin nhanh ?

Kh khn : Nhng nh kin (1)

Ngi lm tin hc : ch bit lp trnh

Vit

chng trnh xong, chng trnh chy ri, th l xong n Chng trnh chy tt, th l sn phm ca ti c cht lng

Hu qu
Mun

thay i gia dng, nhng khng c Thiu ti liu thch hp, khng th bo tr S dng nhn s khng thch hp

Sn phm khng phi ch l chng trnh

Kh khn : s phc tp + con ngi

Ti sao phn mm ngy cng phc tp ?

MTT l vn nng, phm vi p dng ch tu thuc c mun v kh nng con ngi C s in t v vin thng ngy cng r, c mun p dng CNTT lun lun vt kh nng PM hin c Qu kh nng, mi trng + yu cu thay i nhanh

Ti sao CNPM tin trin chm ?

PM

l sn phm trc tip ca t duy, t duy con ngi khng ging nhau. Khoa tm l hc cn th s mt ny. Phng php ti u tu thuc min vn C s l thuyt cn thiu nhiu

Cng ngh phn mm

Cng ngh phn mm (Software Engineering) Bauer [1969]: l vic thit lp v s dng cc nguyn l cng ngh ng n thu -c phn mm 1 cch kinh t va tin cy va lm vic hiu qu trn cc my thc Parnas [1987]:SE l vic xy dng phn mm nhiu phin bn bi nhiu ng-i Sommerville [1995]:SE l mt nguyn l k ngh lin quan n tt c cc mt (l thuyt, ph-ng php v cng c) ca sn phn mm

SE -nh ngha (2)

IEEE [1993]:
1.vic p dng ph-ng php tip cn c h thng, bi bn v -c l-ng ha trong pht trin, vn hnh v bo tr phn mm 2.nghin cu cc ph-ng php tip cn -c dng trong (1)

Pressman [1995]: SE l b mn tch hp c qui trnh, cc ph-ng php, cc cng c pht trin phn mm my tnh

SE -nh ngha (3)

Cng ngh phn mm l lnh vc nghin cu ca Tin hc nhm xut cc nguyn l, phng php, cng c cch tip cn v phng tin phc v cho vic thit k v ci t cc sn phm phn mm c cht lng.

Cc yu t c bn ca -SE

L mt qu trnh k ngh gm ba mt:

Th

tc (procedures) Ph-ng php (methods) Cng c (tools)

Nhm to ra phn mm hiu qu, vi cc gii hn cho tr-c

Cc th tc (procedures)

qui trnh qun l:

Xc

nh trnh t thc hin cc cng vic Xc nh cc ti liu, sn phm cn bn giao, v cch thc thc hin nh cc mc thi gian (millestones) v sn phn bn giao

Cc ph-ng php (methods)

Cch lm c th xy dng phn mm Mi cng on lm phn mm c cc ph-ng php ring

Ph-ng

php phn tch (xc nh, c t) Ph-ng php thit k (m hnh, thut ton, d liu...) Ph-ng php lp trnh (h-ng i t-ng) Ph-ng php kim th (chc nng, cu trc)

Cc ph-ng php (methods)

Ph-ng php h-ng cu trc th-ng bao gm:

M

hnh v h thng: th-ng m t bng th Cc k php: gip m t cc m hnh Cc quy tc: cc rng buc t ln m hnh Cc xut: cc li khuyn cho thit k tt H-ng dn v tin trnh: cc hot ng cn thc hin

Cc cng c tools

Cung cp s tr gip t ng / bn t ng cho tng ph-ng php Computer Aided Software Engineering CASE cc cng c phn mm -c chun ha tr gipcc cng on khc nhau trong qu trnh pht trin V d:
compiler, debugger cng

c sinh giao din (C Builder,...) h tr phn tch, thit k (Rwin,Modeler(Oracle Designer, Rational Rose,...)

Vng i pht trin h thng phn mm (systems development life cycle -SDCL)

Vng i pht trin h thng phn mm (systems development life cycle -SDCL)
L khong thi gian tnh t khi phn mm -c sut cho n khi b i: c th l t khi -c t hng, pht trin, s dng n khi b loi b Vng i phn mm -c phn chia thnh cc pha chnh nh- xc nh yu cu, trin khai, kim th,bo tr(vn hnh). Phm vi, th t cc pha khc nhau ty theo tng m hnh, d n c th.

Vng i pht trin h thng phn mm

Ty m hnh p dng m vic phn chia cc pha, cc b-c c th c s khc nhau : t 3 n 20

Cc b-c chung nht pht trin

Xc nh yu cu
phn

Pht trin
thit

tch h thng lp k hoch phn tch yu cu

k m ha kim th

Bo tr
sa

li thch nghi nng cao d phng

Xc nh yu cu

Xc nh: H thng lm gi? Nhng rng buc g n cn tun th? Phn tch h thng
vai tr c

ca phn mm cn pht trin trong h thng

Lp k hoch
l-ng cng vic, lp lch biu, phn cng cng vic

Phn tch yu cu
nh yu cu chi tit (chc nng, rng buc) c t yu cu
Xc

Trin khai
Tin hnh sn xut phn mm nh- th no? Thit k(design)
Dch

cc yu cu thnh bn thit k(kin trc, d liu, th tc x l, giao din) thit k thnh chang trnh my tnh (trong mt ngn ng lp trnh) hin v sa li chang trnh (li lp trnh,li thit k... kim th n v, kim th tch hp)

M ha(coding)
Chuyn

Kim th(testing)
Pht

Bo tr
Han thin h thng sau khi -a vo hot ng? Sa li
Sa

li phn mm i thch nghi vi mi tr-ng thay i

Thch nghi
Sa

Nng cao
Thm

cc chc nng mi, hon thin chc nng c

M hnh tin trnh

M hnh tin trnh phn mm l mt cch biu din tru tng mt tin trnh phn mm, n gin ha, c th hin ra di mt gc nhn no .

Cc gc nhn tin trnh: Lung cng vic: trnh t cc hot ng Lung d liu: lung cc d liu di chuyn Vai tr/hnh ng: hnh vi ca tc nhn

M hnh tin trnh gip mi ngi bit mnh, v cc nhm khc ang u v ang lm g trong tin trnh pht trin. Gip vic qun l n chc ch v m bo cht lng phn mm

Cc loi m hnh
M hnh thc nc Pht trin tin ha Pht trin h thng hnh thc Pht trin da trn s dng li Khc

M hnh thc nc (Water Fall Model)

Tch bit gia cc pha, tin hnh tun t Chm c phin bn thc hin c c t k, phn cng chuyn trch hng ti liu

M hnh thc nc:

C sm nht v c s dng rng ri Thch hp khi yu cu hiu tt Bo tr thun li

M hnh thc nc (kinh nghim)

M hnh tin ha

M hnh tin ha

Nhc im:

tnh cu trc khng cao khch hng t tin tng nhanh chng xc nh c yu cu to c s k kt hp ng gip o to hun luyn ngi s dng cc yu cu chi tit cha r rng input/output cha r rng kh nh gi tnh hiu qu ca thut ton c tng tc ngi my nhiu

u th:

Cch tip cn tt khi

M hnh xon c (spiral model)

Ci tin ca m hnh tun t v lm mu Thm yu t phn tch ri ro L qu trnh lp theo hng m rng, hon thin dn
Lp

k hoch: xc lp ti nguyn, thi hn... cho d n Phn tch ri ro: xem xt cc mo him c th xy ra K ngh: pht trin mt phin bn ca phn mm (la chn mt m hnh thch hp) Giao tip vi khch hng: khch hng nh gi v phin bn pht trin; lm mn, sa i cc yu cu

M hnh xon c (spiral model)

M hnh xon c (spiral model)

C kh nng kim sot ri ro tng mc tin ha Kh thuyt phc khch hng l phng php tin ha c th kim sot c (i hi nng lc qun l,nng lc phn tch ri ro cao -> cn chi ph chuyn gia ) Cha c dng rng ri nh m hnh thc nc hoc lm mu

Pht trin tng trng

Chuyn giao dn tng phn ca h thng C sn phm dng c trong thi gian ngn Cng ty pht trin phi c tim lc cao

Chi ph ca cng ngh phn mm

Chi ph ca k ngh phn mm: gm cc khon chi lin quan n pht trin phn mm Chi ph ph thuc vo:

Loi

h thng -c pht trin (n gin, phc tp) Yu cu t ra cho h thng (nhiu, t) Cc thuc tnh v mc hon thin ca h thng ( tin cy, an ton, bo mt) Nng lc ca t chc pht trin

Phn b n lc (chi ph) pht trin

MT S KHUYN CO

La chn m hnh:
Ph C

thuc vo bi ton, vo mi trng c th

T hp cc m hnh:
th t hp cc m hnh em li hiu qu phn ca tin trnh c lp theo 2 cch tip cn nng lc ca t chc pht trin phn mm

Lp tin trnh:
Mi

Chun ha tin trnh:

Tng S

Gim chi ph pht trin:

dng cc phng php, cng c tin tin

Thc hin cc pha pht trin

QUN L D N (Project Management)

NI DUNG
Vai tr, mc tiu qun l d n Nhim v, quyn hn ca ngi qun l Cc hot ng qun l Cng c tr gip qun l Mt s k thut trong qun l d n Tng kt

VAI TR, MC TIU QUN L D N

Vn thng xy ra vi d n
Khng

hon thnh ng hn Xy dng vt qu d ton Cht lng khng m bo

Cc yu t qun l
Thi

gian: ng thi hn Chi ph: khng vt d ton Sn phm: y cc chc nng nh Tha mn yu cu ca khch hng:

tha mn v nhu cu tha mn v tin trnh

TRCH NHIM NGI QUN L

Qun l thi gian Qun l ti nguyn Qun l sn phm Qun l ri ro T chc cch lm vic

CC HOT NG QUN L
Xc nh d n: vit n Lp k hoch v lp lch T chc d n Gim st, cn i k hoch, lch trnh Qun l: ri ro, thay i, cu hnh. Vit bo co d n

CC HOT NG QUN L (2)

S tin trnh qun l d n
Quyn lnh o d n Xc nh d n Lp k hoch d n Xy dng pht biu v cng vic To cu trc phn cp To ra cng b d n Thc hin c lng

Ln lch biu

Ln ngn sch

T chc d n

To ti liu d n, a ra hot ng qun tr

Lp t d n

Thc hin phn b ti nguyn

Xc nh cch quay li Lp k hoch li? Xc nh sa i Thc hin sa i

Khng

Gim st, iu chnh d n

Qun l d n

Theo di, iu phi tin

Tin hnh phn tch khc bit

Kt thc d n

Kt thc d n

XC NH D N

Mc tiu, ngha
hnh

thnh d n: hiu d n, u thu,... c s lp k hoch, pht trin

Chun b vit n
Xc

nh bi ton Thu thp, nghin cu ti liu nghip v Xc nh ngun lc s b ca d n Vit phc tho

XC NH D N Vit n

Ti liu m t d n

ngha Cc bc thc hin Ni dung M t d n Mc ch v mc tiu ca d n Phm vi d n Ngun lc thc hin d n Cc im mc thi gian quan trng Kinh ph: phn theo giai on La chn cng ngh pht trin Phn hiu chnh/iu chnh Ch k cc bn lin quan

Ti liu m t d n Ni dung

LP K HOCH Khi nim

Khi nim
Qun

l d n cn nhiu thi gian, c bit l cng tc lp k hoch L cng vic tip tc sut qu trnh: t khi bt u n bn giao sn phm. c iu chnh thng xuyn mi khi c thng tin mi Nhiu k hoch khc cn c lp tr gip k hoch chnh v lch trnh v ngn sch

LP K HOCH Khi nim (2)

Cc loi k hoch d n khc

Tn k hoch M t M t th tc v cc chun cht lng p dng M t cch thc, ngun lc v lch trnh thm nh M t th tc, cu trc qun l cu hnh Ch ra yu cu, chi ph v ngun lc cn cho bo tr

K hoch cht lng K hoch thm nh K hoch qun l cu hnh K hoch bo tr

K hoch pht trin i ng M t k nng v kinh nghim ca thnh vin d n s cn

LP K HOCH Tin trnh

Tin trnh lp k hoch d n Thit lp cc rng buc, hn ch Tin hnh nh gi s b cc tham s d n Xc nh ct mc v cc xut phm cn c Thc hin cc hot ng lp li sut tin trnh:
Lp lch trnh d n Khi ng hot ng

theo lch trnh Theo di vic thc hin c lng li cc tham s d n Cp nht tin trnh Tho thun li v cc hn ch v xut phm Nu c vn : xem li k thut v phin bn

LP K HOCH Tin trnh (2)

Quyn lnh o d n Xc nh d n Lp k hoch d n Xy dng pht biu v cng vic To cu trc phn cp To ra cng b d n Thc hin c lng

Ln lch biu

Ln ngn sch

T chc d n

To ti liu d n, a ra hot ng qun tr

Lp t d n

Thc hin phn b ti nguyn

Xc nh cch quay li Lp k hoch li? Xc nh sa i Thc hin sa i

Khng

Gim st, iu chnh d n

Qun l d n

Theo di, iu phi tin

Tin hnh phn tch khc bit

Kt thc d n

Kt thc d n

LP K HOCH Ni dung

Ni dung k hoch d n
M

u Xc nh tin trnh d n Phn tch ri ro Cc yu cu v ngun lc Phn on cng vic Lch trnh d n C ch iu hnh v bo co

NI DUNG LP K HOCH
Phn on cng vic Bng cng vic L cch thc hon thnh mc tiu d n Danh sch chi tit nhng g cn hon thnh d n (danh sch sn phm, cng vic) L c s c lng chi ph, kinh ph d n C s xc nh nhim v gia cc c nhn C s xy dng lch trnh d n Cc bc xy dng

Bc 1: Vit ra sn phm chung nht Bc 2: To danh sch sn phm Bc 3: To lp danh sch cng vic, m t cng vic di mi sn phm mc thp nht Bc 4: nh m cho mi ca bng cng vic Bc 5: Xt duyt li bng cng vic

NI DUNG LP K HOCH (2)

Phn on cng vic Bng cng vic V d bng cng vic cho d n phn mm

NI DUNG LP K HOCH (3)

c lng cng vic Cc yu t cn c lng
Kch

c phn mm Thi gian S ngi Chi ph

Mc c lng L u vo cho lp lch

NI DUNG LP K HOCH LP LCH

Yu cu t ra cho lp lch Lng ha lm c s c lng d n
Lch

trnh ph thuc vo m hnh la chn Ngi tham gia thay i theo tng pha ca d n

Cn phi phn tch cng vic chi tit hn v lp lch kim sot

LP K HOCH Lp lch (2)

Mc tiu ca lp lch l kim sot cng vic Xc nh nhim v Thi im bt u, thi im kt thc Ngi thc hin (s ngi, yu cu,...) Rng buc (mi lin h gia cc nhim v)

cn c mm do v thi gian

LP K HOCH Lp lch (3)

Nhim v c giao phi: L cng vic c kt qu bn giao Quy trch nhim cho mt c nhn C hn nh v thi gian C th o c (tin , cht lng) Xc nh rng buc nhim v: Cc rng buc v ti nguyn (con ngi, thit b) Rng buc v tin trnh

cc nhim v phi c kt thc trc cc nhim v c th c thc thi k tip thi gian thc hin

Gim ti a cc nhim v ph thuc Thc hin cc nhim v song song khi c th

LP K HOCH Lp lch (4)

Ni dung ca hot ng lp lch Phn d n thnh cc nhim v v c lng thi gian, ngun lc thc hin chng T chc thc hin ng thi cc nhim v ti u lung cng vic Hn ch s ph thuc gia cc nhim v trnh tc ng gy chm tr ln nhau Sp xp cc nhim v tn dng cc ngun lc khc: ngi, thit b,.. Ph thuc vo trnh & kinh nghim ngi qun l

LP K HOCH Lp lch (5)

Khuyn co cho lp lch Gim ti a thi gian tha Tn dng ti a cc ngun lc iu phi ti nguyn (ch tha/thiu) Xem xt cc hn ch L mt quy trnh lp li S dng cc cng c t ng

LP K HOCH Lp lch (6)

V d lp lch

T CHC D N
Quyn lnh o d n Xc nh d n Lp k hoch d n Xy dng pht biu v cng vic To cu trc phn cp To ra cng b d n Thc hin c lng

Ln lch biu

Ln ngn sch

T chc d n

To ti liu d n, a ra hot ng qun tr

Lp t d n

Thc hin phn b ti nguyn

Xc nh cch quay li Lp k hoch li? Xc nh sa i Thc hin sa i

Khng

Gim st, iu chnh d n

Qun l d n

Theo di, iu phi tin

Tin hnh phn tch khc bit

Kt thc d n

Kt thc d n

T CHC D N (2)
Lp t d n (v thnh s , m t) Chc nng nhim v ca tng b phn Phn b ti nguyn cho tng b phn

Gim c d n Qun tr d n Khch hng

Nhm phn tch

Nhm thit k

Nhm lp trnh

Nhm test

T CHC D NLa chn nhn lc

Con ngi l yu t quan trng nht trong pht trin phn mm Cc thnh vin khc nhau v nng lc Mt s cc cng vic c th khng phi ai cng lm c

La chn nhn lc (2)

Khuyn co cho la chn nhm Khng nn t chc nhm qu ln
thi

gian cho giao tip s tng cao kh tng tc bng cch thm ngi

Mt s cng vic ch nn mt ngi thc hin

La chn nhn lc (3)

Mt s cch t chc nhm

Nhm

ngang quyn (democratic team) Nhm ph trch Nhm quyn lc tp trung (chief programmer team)

La chn nhn lc (4)

Nhm lm vic hiu qu Cc mc ch c thng nht Thnh vin tin tng vo vai tr v mc tiu Chp nhn mc tiu v tiu ch cht lng C phng thc trao i thng tin hiu qu
hp,

trao i tng, kim sot thay i

To c mi quan h hp tc gia cc thnh vin

GIM ST V IU CHNH
Quyn lnh o d n Xc nh d n Lp k hoch d n Xy dng pht biu v cng vic To cu trc phn cp To ra cng b d n Thc hin c lng

Ln lch biu

Ln ngn sch

T chc d n

To ti liu d n, a ra hot ng qun tr

Lp t d n

Thc hin phn b ti nguyn

Xc nh cch quay li Lp k hoch li? Xc nh sa i Thc hin sa i

Khng

Gim st, iu chnh d n

Qun l d n

Theo di, iu phi tin

Tin hnh phn tch khc bit

Kt thc d n

Kt thc d n

GIM ST V IU CHNH(2)
Mc tiu ca gim st v iu chnh m bo cht lng phn mm Qun l thay i/qun l cu hnh phn mm Qun l thay i v yu cu, thit k, m ngun Qun l cu hnh (c pht trin phn tn)

GIM ST V IU CHNH (3)

m bo cht lng phn mm SQA (Software Quality Assurence) L cng vic xuyn sut qu trnh pht trin Cht lng th hin:
Phn

cng Phn mm

GIM ST V IU CHNH (4)

m bo cht lng phn mm (2) Cc yu t la chn khi bt u d n:
Con

ngi Quy trnh Cng c

Trong qu trnh thc hin d n:

tun

th quy trnh (cc chun, cc ti liu) hp xt duyt kim th sn phm

GIM ST V IU CHNH (5)

Tr gi cho tm v sa li

GIM ST V IU CHNH (4)

Xt duyt Ti mi pha cng vic, cn hp xt duyt m bo cht lng Thc hin theo nhm Xt duyt cc ti liu

GIM ST V IU CHNH (4)

Kim th Kim tra s hot ng ca sn phm khi c m ngun
li

lp trnh tin cy, hiu qu

Cc mc kim th
Kim

th n v (ngi lp trinh) Kim th tch hp (nhm chuyn trch) Kim th h thng (nhm chuyn trch) Kim th Alpha (trong xng, d liu tht) Kim th Beta (cho ngi dng s dng)

Gim st d n
Cc thnh vin d n s bo co vic s dng thi gian cho mi hot ng, mi giai on PM v SE thng xuyn vch ra cc tin b ca cc c nhn so vi thi gian biu d kin Phi sm ch ra cc vn tim tng trc khi chng tr thnh nhng vn ln Khch hng phi bit c cc vn c th khng gii quyt c

Gim st d n
Kim sot d n: l cc quyt nh v hnh ng c tin hnh da trn tnh trng d n Cc i tng kim sot:
+ Kim sot tin + Kim sot ngun lc + Kim sot chi tiu + Kim sot cht lng + Kim sot ri ro

Kim sot tin

Trng thi tin + Nhn bo co thnh vin v cc tin
+ T chc hp thng l

Mc ch
+ Hiu trng thi tin so vi mc ch + Pht hin vn + Xy dng cch s cha, gii quyt vn

Kim sot tin

Cch kim sot tin
+ Thu thp thng tin t cc thnh vin + So snh trng thi thc ti vi k hoch + Phn tch vn v cp nht li danh sch vn + Tm ra bin php + Chun b ti liu bo co v lm ra bo co

Kim sot ngun lc

Kim sot ngun lc l g?
Xc nhn liu ngun lc c sn nh k hoch hay khng trong thi gian no v thi gian, cht lng v s lng. Nu c vn th ly bin php gii quyt

Theo di trng thi kim sot ngun lc:

Hiu tnh trng ngun lc. Bo m ngun lc lun c sn

Kim sot ngun lc

So snh ngun lc thc ti v k hoch:

Pht hin sai lch, iu tra nguyn nhn, c bin php khc phc

Thay i k hoch ngun lc

Kim sot chi ph

Kim sot v theo di chi ph So snh chi ph thc v chi ph theo k hoch Cng c kim sot chi ph gi tr kim c: 3 nhn t c s
+ Chi ph theo ngn sch ca cng vic theo lch + Chi ph theo ngn sch ca cng vic lm + Chi ph thc ca cng vic lm

Kim sot cht lng

Kim sot cht lng ca d n: tha mn nhu cu ca d n Xc nh cht lng bng kim im d n Cc cng c kim sot cht lng khc m bo cht lng

Kim sot ri ro
Kim sot ri ro l g?
Thc hin cc bin php d kin, xy dng k hoch qun l ri ro, thc hin cc bin php phng nga

Qun l ri ro trong ton d n:

Nhn din ri ro, nh lng ri ro, bin php ri ro

Kim sot ri ro
Cp nht v thay i v qun l ri ro:
Trong trng hp khn cp, tin hnh cc bin php d phng, cp nht v thay i qun l ri ro. Bo co qun l ri ro v thay i trong qun l ri ro vi ngi c lin quan

Vn 1: Chun b d n

K hoch chi tiu

Chi ton d n: c giao t u d n, da trn tnh ton ban u K hoch chi khi u: Da trn nhn s, ngun lc, n gi Ti liu k hoch chi: kim sot vic chi cho d n Vch ranh gii ngn sch: Ra gii hn, trnh vt ngn sch hn nh

QUN L RI RO
Ri ro l cc hon cnh bt li c th xy ra tc ng ln d n v sn phm Cc loi ri ro:

Ri

ro d n (tc ng ln lch trnh, ngun lc) Ri ro sn phm (tc ng ln cht lng v hiu nng ca sn phm) Ri ro nghip v (tc ng ln t chc pht trin hay khch hng)

Quan tm ri ro c th qun l c

QUN L RI RO

Cc yu t lin quan n ri ro phn mm:

Cng

ngh Nhn s, i ng T chc Cng c Cc yu cu Cc c lng

QUN L RI RO
Tn ri ro i ng suy gim Loi D n M t Nhn vin c kinh nghim ra i

Thay i qun l

D n

Thay i th t cng vic

Khng nhn c phn cng theo lch Yu cu thay i nhiu so vi trc c t giao din c bn bn giao chm so vi lch trnh

Phn cng khng sn D n sng Thay i yu cu c t chm tr D n v sn phm D n v sn phm

QUN L RI RO
Tn ri ro c lng sai Kh nng CASE yu km Thay i cng ngh Tnh cnh tranh sn phm km Loi D n & sn phm Sn phm Nghip v Nghip v M t Kch c sn phm sai nhiu dn n sai cc c lng khc CASE khng thc hin c cng vic nh d kin Cng ngh s dng lc hu Sn phm cnh tranh khc ra th trng trc

QUN L RI RO
Cc

hot ng ca qun l ri ro

xc nh (d on) cc ri ro phn tch ri ro (nh gi kh nng, thit hi) lp k hoch trnh hay hn ch tc ng gim st (theo di s xut hin, tc ng ca ri ro) v p dng gii php qun l trong sut qu trnh d n

QUN L RI RO

Tin trnh qun l ri ro l qu trnh lp

Xc nh ri ro

Phn tch ri ro

Lp KH ri ro

Kim sat ri ro

Danh sch ri ro tim tng

Danh sch ri ro xp th t u tin

K hoch trnh, hn ch

nh gi ri ro, Bin php

QUN L RI RO
Gii php qun l ri ro Gii php da trn phn tch loi yu cu
chc

nng cn thit chc nng mong mun chc nng tu chn

Nguyn l gii php: Pareto (80-20) Phn tch, a ra quyt nh c p dng bin php qun l cn thit hay khng
da

trn thng k (kinh nghim) dng cy quyt nh

QUN L RI RO
Mt s ri ro v bin php Ri ro nhn s: Thiu ngi
S

dng ngi tt nht Lm vic theo nhm o to ngi mi

Ri ro c lng: K hoch, d n khng st thc t

c

lng nhiu ln Phn loi, lc b cc yu cu th yu

QUN L RI RO
Mt s ri ro v bin php Pht trin sai chc nng
Phn

tch t chc/m hnh nghip v ca khch hng Lm bn mu

Pht trin sai giao din

Phn

tch thao tc, to kch bn s dng Lm bn mu giao din

Ri ro kinh t: khch hng yu cu qu cao Khch hng thay i yu cu lin tc

QUN L RI RO
Mt s ri ro v bin php Ri ro kinh t: khch hng yu cu qu cao
Phn

loi, loi b cc yu cu th yu Phn tch li ch, chi ph

Khch hng thay i yu cu lin tc

p

dng thit k hng i tng (du thng

tin) Pht trin theo m hnh xon c (tin ha) Hp ng cht ch

QUN L THAY I

Xc nh thay i ca bt c hot ng no:

phm

vi kt qu bn giao kin trc c bn chi ph lch trnh

Lp ti liu y v cc thay i, m bo cc thnh vin hiu r v cc thay i

cn

s dng cng c h tr

QUN L CU HNH

Nhim v ca qun l cu hnh:

qun

l phin bn phn mm lu tr ti liu, m ngun, d liu to im truy cp duy nht (m bo tnh thng nht ca m ngun)

Trn din hp, cn gi l qun l m ngun

QUN L CU HNH (2)

Li ch ca qun l cu hnh Cung cp cho ngi pht trin phin bn mi nht ca phn mm Qun l cc m ngun c lu tr phn tn Qun l cc phin bn khc nhau Ghi ch l do ca sa i m ngun D dng truy cp cc phin bn c Tit kim khng gian a

QUN L CU HNH (3)

Qun l phin bn Khi nim phin bn phn mm
Phin

bn hon thnh (version) Nhng thay i b phn (variant) Xut phm (release)

Cn c cc tiu ch xc nh phin bn, tiu ch nh danh phin bn

QUN L CU HNH (4)

Phng thc hot ng Lu tr tp trung
m

ngun, ti liu, cng c

Lu tr duy nht (logic) Qun l sa i

khng

cho php sa i ng thi lu tr phin bn c thng tin sa i: l do, ngi thc hin, thi im

QUN L CU HNH (5)

Ni dung lu tr Ti liu:
phn

tch, thit k, ti liu ngi dng

M ngun Cng c pht trin

cn

bin dch li cc m ngun c cn cho vic bo tr

Cc b d liu test

Vi ni dung ln, phi qun l hng ngn ti liu

H S D N

H s d n bao gm tt c giy t, ti liu lin quan n qu trnh hot ng ca d n

Th t trao i vi bn ngoi Cc c lng thi gian Cc biu mu, bn ghi nh, bin Cc Cc Cc

bn hp

th tc, cc bo co quy nh v trch nhim, quyn hn trong d n cp nht lch biu, cc ti liu khc

Th k d n lu tr, bo qun ti liu d n

Phn loi ti liu To lp, thu thp, b sung h Cung cp ti liu khi cn Lu tr trn my, trn giy

H S D N (2)
Tc dng ca vic lu tr h s d n Mt thi gian mt ln, tit kim nhiu ln To iu kin theo di d n To thun li cho cp trn kim tra d n L c s lp bo co L ch da Ngi qun l d n t bo v mnh Chia s thng tin trong tp th thc hin d n

Qun l nhn s
1.

2.
3. 4.

5.
6.

Tuyn dng Sa thi ng lc thc y Hoch nh ngh nghip o to hun luyn Thm nh

Tuyn dng
Phng t chc

trnh danh sch cho PM

Thng bo tuyn dng

Phng nhn s
- Qung co - Tip nhn h s - Sng lc

Trng d n (PM)
Phng vn

H s xin vic

Mt > 7 tun/1 ngi

Tuyn dng
Mt i ng tt: Mt i ng c tnh, a dng v tm l Coi bt ng kin l c li Xy dng ci nhn chung, thc nhm Khng nn: Tuyn nhng ngi ging mnh Thiu ngi c sng kin, ham hc hi Tha ngi u tu si ni

Sa thi
Do nhn vin khng m ng c nhim v. Thc hin nhanh chng Th hin bng vn bn c th lm c s cho tranh chp v php l sau ny Gii php ca PM gii?

ng lc thc y

ng lc chuyn nghip

ng lc c nhn

ng lc thc y
ng lc chuyn nghip: c lm mt cng vic th v, c khuyn khch, t do pht kin sng to ng lc c nhn: tin, a v

PM cn to iu kin thun li cho nhn vin lm vic. C khen thng ph hp.

Hoch nh ngh nghip

Mi nhn vin u c nhng kht vng lu di hn PM cn lp k hoch cng vic vi tng c nhn sao cho hu ch cho s nghip ca h. PM cn lm tho lun trc tip vi tng c nhn, t nht l hng nm. C khen thng

o to, hun luyn

Mc ch: ch ra cc yu im ca nhn vin. Cc SE v PM phi chu trch nhim trc tip trong vic ch ra cc yu cu ca vic hun luyn K hoch hun luyn phi ph hp vi tng nhn vin

Thm nh
L hot ng thng xuyn ca PM nh gi da trn:
+ Khi lng v cht lng cng vic c giao + Ni qui, php lut + Khi lng thi gian nghin cu + Quan h vi cc ng nghip Vic thm nh c thc hin bng vn bn c ch k xc nhn.

CNG C TR GIP QUN L

Microsoft Project 2000

H

tr qun l d n phn mm

Microsoft SourceSafe
Qun To

l cu hnh, m ngun

Visio 2000
bng biu, m hnh

http://www.startwright.com/project1.htm

CNG C TR GIP QUN L (4)

Biu Grantt to bng Visio 2000

CNG C TR GIP QUN L (5)

Timeline to bng Visio 2000

MT S K THUT S DNG
K thut nghin cu kh thi o v c lng d n Phng php ng gng cho lp lch

NGHIN CU KH THI
Xc

nh, phn tch cc yu t

Phm

vi phn mm Kh thi v kinh t Kh thi v k thut Kh thi v php l Cc ri ro v bin php khc phc

NGHIN CU KH THI (2)

Kh thi v kinh t
Phn

tch li ch, chi ph

Chi ph xy dng (u t 1 ln: ngun, s vn) Ph tn vn hnh (chi thng xuyn) Hiu qu kinh t (thi gian hon vn) V tr ca sn phm Kh nng ti chnh ca khch hng khch hng # nh pht trin: v quan im kinh t Nh pht trin cn thuyt phc khch hng

NGHIN CU KH THI (3)

Kh thi v k thut Cc yu t cn xem xt:
c

cng ngh thc hin khng? c nng lc trin khai khng? c ti nguyn k thut thc hin khng? khch hng c vn hnh c khng?

NGHIN CU KH THI (4)

Kh thi v php l Khng vi phm:
lut,

quy nh trong hot ng pht trin bn quyn t do c nhn

kim duyt email, ph mt khu...

Gy

hi i vi bn th ba lut php khc

virus, spam email cung cp cc dch v cm,...

Cc

NGHIN CU KH THI (5)

Cc nhn t c th lm d n tht bi:

Ri

ro k thut: qu kh Ri ro kinh t: qu t Ri ro thi gian: thi gian qu ngn

phn r yu cu phn tch mc ca n

cn

thit mong mun ty chn (optional)

NGHIN CU KH THI (5)

Bo co kh thi quyt nh
Trin

khai d n Khng trin khai Xem xt li

O V C LNG D N

o phn mm
Kch kch

thc, chi ph, hiu nng, cht lng

c lng
thc chi ph thi gian

O V C LNG D N
o v c lng

c lng phn mm l cng vic quan trng hng u trong qun l d n

kch

c, chi ph thi gian, nhn lc

c lng c cn c o
kch

c, cht lng, hiu nng

Nguyn l: cn xc lp o cho mi cng vic

o phi nh lng c

O D N
o kch c phn mm

Qua dng lnh (LOC Lines Of Code)

trc

quan ph thuc ngn ng

Qua im chc nng (FP Functional Points)

c

lp vi ngn ng ph thuc cc m hnh la chn (tham s)

hiu nng: KLOC/ngi-thng cht lng: s li/KLOC chi ph: gi thnh/KLOC

O D N (2)
o theo dng lnh Th no l mt dng lnh? Ngn ng cng thp th tc vit lnh cao
Nng

lc sn xut ca ngi lp trnh cao???

Ngi vit m di dng c li (nng lc sn xut cao) ???

O D N (3)
o theo dng lnh So snh ngn ng

O D N (4)
V d s dng lnh 1.000.000 Assembly 400.000 C 175.000 C++ 150.000 Java

O D N (5)
o theo im chc nng L tng hp cc c trng ca module
Input Output Interface Files

s dng

Xc nh trng s cho cc c trng trn, ph thuc vo ng cnh (d n) c th:

phc tp ca bi ton Cc yu cu v cht lng, hiu nng Kch thc ca d liu s dng

O D N (6)
o theo im chc nng (2) FP = a1I + a2O + a3E + a4L + a5F Trong :
I

: s Input O: s Output E: s yu cu L: s tp truy cp F: s giao din ngoi lai (devices, systems)

O D N (7)
o theo im chc nng (3) V d: FP = 4I + 5O + 4E + 10L + 7F Hm tnh c s chung ln nht hai s nguyn
Input

:I=2L=F=0 Output : O = 1 Yu cu: E = 1

im chc nng FP = 17

O D N (8)
o hiu qu pht hin li Hiu qu kh li: E/(E+D)
E(rror):

li pht hin trc khi bn giao D(efect): li pht hin sau khi bn giao

Hoc: E/(E+d/0.9)
d:

s li pht hin trong 1 thng sau khi bn giao

C LNG D N
Bi ton Hy pht trin Trang web xem kt qu hc tp ca sinh vin Vy:
Trong

bao lu s hon thnh? Chi ph l bao nhiu? Dng bao nhiu ngi?

C LNG D N (2)
c lng phn mm Cc yu t cn c lng
kch

c phn mm chi ph (cng sc) pht trin thi gian thc hin s ngi tham gia

Nguyn tc c lng
phn

r chc nng c lng tng chc nng da trn kinh nghim, d kin qu kh

C LNG D N (3)
c lng theo Kch c
LOC:

c lng trc tip vi tng m un FP: c lng gin tip thng qua c lng input/output, yu cu

Cng sc:
da

trn kch c, phc tp da vo d liu qu kh n v: ngi-ngy, ngi-tun, ngi-thng

C LNG D N (4)
c lng vic lp trnh (IBM)

D = C * (G + J)

D: Cng sc (ngi-ngy) C: nhn t phc tp (ph thuc ngn ng) G: nhn t kinh nghim (ph thuc s nm) J: nhn t tri thc v cng vic, vic lin quan (cc mc: cn nhiu, cn va, khng cn)

C LNG D N (5)
V d c lng Trang web xem kt qu hc tp ca sinh vin Bao gm cc m un/giao din chnh:
nhp

thng tin tm kim: 100 LOC tm kim trn CSDL sinh vin: 300 LOC sinh kt qu: 100 LOC

cng sc: 01 person-week

Vy phm mm o to 2000 LOC th sao???

C LNG D N (6)
M hnh c lng COCOMO COCOMO - Constructive Cost Model c lng n lc, thi gian, s ngi pht trin da trn kch c phn mm. S dng cho cc phn mm ln M hnh c s
N

lc: E = a * Lb Thi gian: T = c * Ed S ngi: N = E/T

Trong :

L: s dng lnh (KLOC) a, b, c, d: tham s

C LNG D N (7)

COCOMO: cc bc tin hnh Xc nh kiu d n (c s chn tham s):

organic semi-detached embeded

a Organic 3.2 semi-detached 3.0 embeded 2.8 E = a * Lb = E/T

b 1.05 1.12

c 2.5 2.5

d 0.38 0.35 0.32 N

1.2 2.5 T = c * Ed

C LNG D N (8)

Phn r mun chc nng v c lng s dng lnh (L) Tnh li s dng lnh trn c s ti s dng Tnh n lc pht trin E cho tng m un Tnh li E da trn phc tp ca d n

tin cy, ln ca CSDL yu cu v tc , b nh

Tnh thi gian v s ngi tham gia

C LNG D N (9)
COCOMO: V d

Phn mm kch c 33.3 KLOC. Chn: a = 3.0 b = 1.12 c = 2.5 d = 0.35 E = 3.0 * 33.31.12 = 152 ngi-thng T = 2.5 * E0.35 = 14.5 thng N = E/D = ~ 11 ngi

TNG KT: QUN L D N

Qun l d n tt quyt nh s thnh cng ca d n Bn cht v hnh (intangible) ca phn mm gy ra nhng vn cn phi c qun l khi pht trin Ngi qun l c nhiu vai tr, nhng hot ng ch yu l lp k hoch, c lng v lp lch. H cn c kinh nghim, phi kin quyt Lp k hoch v c lng l qu trnh lp c thc hin trong sut qu trnh thc thi d n Mi s kin trong qun l phi c lp ti liu v c xt duyt hay kim tra

TNG KT: QUN L D N

Cn c o cc i lng c qun l: khi lng, cht lng, tin trnh Ct mc (milestone) ca d n l im ti mt s cc bo co chnh thc v tin trnh d n c trnh bo qun l Cc ri ro cn qun l c th l ri ro d n, ri ro sn phm, ri ro nghip v. Qun l ri ro lin quan n xc nh ri ro c kh nng tc ng n d n v lp k hoch ngn nga,hn ch Bit s dng cng c tr gip tng kh nng v hiu qu qun l