18: PH HNG NGOI C S DNG TRONG CNG NGHIP DU KH NI CHUNG V CNG NGHIP LC HA DU NI RING

Ni dung: A. Ph hng ngoi B.ng dng trong cng nghip du kh , trong cng nghip lc ha du
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A.GiI THIU V PH HNG NGOI

1.gii thiu a, Phng php phn tch theo ph hng ngoi l mt trong nhng k thut phn tch rt hiu qu. Mt trong nhng u im quan trng nht ca phng php ph hng ngoi vt hn nhng phng php phn tch cu trc khc (nhiu x tia X, cng hng t in t vv) l phng php ny cung cp thng tin v cu trc phn t nhanh, khng i hi cc phng php tnh ton phc tp.
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A.GiI THIU V PH HNG NGOI

K thut ny da trn hiu ng n gin l: cc hp cht ho hc c kh nng hp th chn lc bc x hng ngoi. Sau khi hp th cc bc x hng ngoi, cc phn t ca cc hp cht ho hc dao ng vi nhiu vn tc dao ng v xut hin di ph hp th gi l ph hp th bc x hng ngoi Cc m ph khc nhau c mt trong ph hng ngoi tng ng vi cc nhm chc c trng v cc lin kt c trong phn t hp cht ho hc. Bi vy ph hng ngoi ca mt hp cht ho hc coi nh "du vn tay", c th cn c vo nhn dng chng
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A.GiI THIU V PH HNG NGOI

Ph hp thu hng ngoi l ph dao ng quay v khi hp thu bc x hng ngoi th c chuyn ng dao ng v chuyn ng quay u b kch thch. Bc x hng ngoi c di sng t 0,8 n 1000m v chia thnh ba vng: 1- Cn hng ngoi ( near infrared) = 0,8 2,5m 2- Trung hng ngoi ( medium infrared) = 2,5 50m 3- Vin hng ngoi ( far infrared) = 50 - 100m
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 b.iu kin hp th ph hng ngoi - di sng chnh xc ca bc x:mt phn t hp th bc x hng ngoi ch khi no tn s dao ng t nhin ca mt phn phn t (tc l cc nguyn t hay cc nhm nguyn t to thnh phn t ) cng l tn s ca bc x ti. -Mt phn t ch hp th bc x hng ngoi khi no s hp th gy nn s bin thin momen lng cc ca chng,s thay i bt kz v phng hay gi tr momen lng cc khi phn t dao ng u lm xut hin cc lng cc dao ng.

2.Nguyn tc chung.
2.1 Chuyn ng quay ca phn t. -Theo c hc c in:i vi phn t gm 2 nguyn t c khi lng khc nhau(CO,HCl...)0,m1m2 khong cch gia 2 nguyn t l khng i m1r1=m1r2,r1+r1=r -Theo c hc c in:I=mr02 -Theo c hc lng t: Eq=h2 J(J+1)/8I=BJ(J+1) B-Hng s chuyn ng quay c trng cho tng loi phn t J-S lng t quay nhn gi tr 0,1,2,3...

 2.2.S quay ca phn t v ph dao ng

-Cc nguyn t trong phn t cng c th dao ng Edao ng =h (v+1/2) -Tn s dao ng ca cc nguyn t v-s lng t dao ng,v=0,1,2,3... Khi v = 0 th Ev 0, nh vy khi phn t khng dao ng n vn cha mt nng lng nht nh v gi l nng lng im khng. E = E2 E1 = h [(v + ) - x(v + )] x: h s b chnh dao ng khng iu ha.

Dao ng iu ha Phn t dao ng iu ha ch xy ra hp th bc x hng ngoi ng vi v=+1,-1

Dao ng khng iu ha

 2.3Dao ng quay ca phn t

-mc nng lng thch hp,xy ra qu trnh phn t b quay v dao ng ng thi Eqd=Eq+Ed Eqd=hJ(J+1)/8I +(v+1/2)h -iu kin la chn vi phn t dao ng quay l: J=+1,-1 V=+,-1 2 3 2.3 Cc loi dao ng a.Dao ng ha tr lm thay i chiu di lin kt,khng lm thay i gc lin kt b.Dao ng bin dng khng thay i chiu di lin kt,thay i gc lin kt
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V d:Phn t khng thng 3N-6=3.3-6=9

Phn t thng:3N-5=3.3-5=4

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2.4 Tn s c trng v dao ng nhm chc

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ng dng ca quang ph hng ngoi

3.ng dng ca ph hng ngoi 3.1My quang ph. (1)Ngun bc x (2)Mu-(2)dung mi. (3)B to n sc tch tng tn s (4)Detector (5)Bt t ghi (6)In tn hiu - Lnh vc p dng: FTIR c p dng rng ri phn tch nh tnh, ngoi ra c th phn tch nh lng trong cc ngnh nghin cu khoa hc v cng ngh ng dng, v d nh: ngnh cng nghip cao su, polime, vt liu xy dng, in t...
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My quang ph hng ngoi

-Ngun bc x L ngun pht bc x hng ngoi lin tc,thng l thanh t c in tr thch hp Vt liu thanh t:ZrO2,CeO2,Y2O3... -B tn sc My pht tia n sc lm vic vng hng ngoi Cu to:khe vo,khe ra,cc thit b quang hc v c bit quan trng l lng knh -B thu bc x nh sng ra khi khe my pht tia n sc c hi t vo cu trc o nng lng bc x da trn hiu ng nhit bc x hng ngoi,hiu ng nhit bc x hng ngoi qua b thu thnh tn hiu,tn hiu c khuch i nhiu ln t n gi tr o ghi nhn c bng my ghi -B ghi B ghi bng in th k c ni vi h thng my tnh x l
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ng dng ca ph hng ngoi

3.2 ng dng ca ph hng ngoi trong phn tch hp cht hu c, ha du
Quang ph hng ngoi dng xc nh cc nhm chc, nh danh cc hp cht hu c v nghin cu cu trc ca chng. xc nh cc nhm chc cn phi s dng mt lot cc vch hp th c trng ca nhm ny. V d nh danh cc hydrocacbon thm c th da vo cc vch ph c trng trong vng 3000 cm-1 c trng cho dao ng ha tr ca lin kt C-Harom., 1600-1500 cm-1 c trng cho dao ng ha tr ca lin kt C=C arom v 900-700 cm-1c trng cho dao ng bin dng ca lin kt C-H. S thay i tn s hp th lin quan n trng thi tn ti ca cc phn t hp cht. trng thi lng v kh mt s hp cht hu c c th c nhiu cu trc ng phn. trng thi rn th thng thng ch tn ti mt ng phn.

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ng dng ca ph hng ngoi

3.3ng nht cc cht
-T s ng nht v ph hng ngoi ca hai hp cht c th kt lun v s ng nht v bn cht ca ca 2 mu hng ngoi vi mc chnh xc kh cao,Ngi ta thng so snh phca cht nghin cu vi ph chun ghi cng iu kin xc nh. -Ngi ta so snh ph ca cht chun theo 3 giai on sau: So snh ph hai cht cng nng trong 2 mi trng khc nhau 2 trng thi khc nhau Ghi ph cc cht nng ln so snh cc vn c cng thp So snh cng cc vn tng ng vi nhau.
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ng dng ca ph hng ngoi

3.4Xc nh cu trc phn t -T tn s ca cc vn ph hp th cho php kt lun s c mt ca cc nhm chc trong phn t 3.5Nhn bit cc cht -Trc khi ghi ph hng ngoi th ta bit thng s v hp cht hay hn hp cn nghin cu:trng thi vt l,dng bn ngoi, tan im nng chy... -Sau khi ghi ph:nu cht nghin cu l hp cht hu c th ban u phi nghin cu vng dao ng co gin H xc nh xem mu thuc hp cht vng thm hay mch thng hay c hai,sau nghin cu cc vng tn s nhm xc nh cc loi nhm chc. -mi khi pht hin mt loi cht th so snh vi mu nguyn cht nhn nh ng.
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ng dng ca ph hng ngoi

3.5Xc nh tinh khit -Khi hp cht khng tinh khit th r nt m ph thu c gim,s xut hin thm m ph s lm nhe ph -v d:c th nhn ra mt lng nh xeton trong hidrocacbon v hidrocacbon thc t khng hp th vng ph 1720cm-1 l tn s sng c trng C=O ,Phng php ny thng dng kim tra sn xut rt nhiu loi ha cht quy m cng nghip. 3.6Suy on v tnh i xng ca phn t -V d xem xt phn t NO2 l phn t gm cc nguyn t thng hng hay c cu to un vng.Thc t cho thy ph IR ca NO2 c 3 m 750,132,1616cm-1
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ng dng ca ph hng ngoi

3.7Phn tch nh tnh -Kh nng ng dng ph hng ngoi nh l nghnh ca phn tch nh lng ph thuc vo trang thit b v trnh ca cc phng th nghim.Ngy nay c may quang ph hng ngoi nn phn tch nh lng cng thm chnh xc -Nguyn tc theo nh lut Lambert-Beer:A=lg(I0/I)=abc A- hp th tia IR I0,I-cng bc x trc v sau khi qua mu a-h s hp th b-b dy ca mu c-nng cht nghin cu Thc t ngi ta ch xc nh nng ca mt trong cc nhm chc ca h cht cn phn tch V d:xc nh nng ca hexanol theo hp th ca lin kt OH
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V d:. Tng hp v nghin cu kh nng c ch n mn kim loi ca mt s dn xut 2,5 dihydroxyacetophenone aroyl hydrazoic
Trn ph hng ngoi ca cc hydrazoic nhn c u thy xut hin cc vch c trng cho dao dng ha tr ca nhm OH 3.000 - 3.526cm-1, nhm NH 3.203 - 3.404cm-1, nhm CO 1.636 - 1.662cm-1 v ca lin kt C = N 1.524 - 1.610cm-1. Ngoi ra, trn ph cng xut hin dao ng ha tr ca cc nhm khc trong phn t (Bng 1).

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NGHIN CU S C CH N MN THP CT3 TRONG DUNG DCH NaCL V S DNG LM LP LT MNG SN CA HP CHT POLYPHENOL TCH T V CY C
Polyphenol c tch ra t v cy c Qung Nam v c nh lng bng phng php Lowenthal. Cc nhm chc ca polyphenol c xc nh bng phng php quang ph hng ngoi (IR). Tnh cht c ch n mn thp CT3 v lp lt cho mng sn ca polyphenol tch t v c c nghin cu trong dung dch NaCl 3,5% bng phng php phn cc in ha trn thit b PGS-HH3. Kt qu nghin cu tm c iu kin ti u tch polyphenol t v c vi hm lng 13,51% v hiu qu c ch n mn kim loi ph thuc vo nng polyphenol.

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V d:Nghin cu chit tch xc nh axit hidroxycitric trong l v v ca cy ba

Kt qu chp ph IR cho thy xut hin pic c bc sng 1620 v 1750-1, l ph ca nhm C=O trong nhmCOOH,c th kt lun trong mu chit ca nc l,v qu ba c s tn ti ca axit hu c.
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V d v ng dng trong du kh
V d :ng t c s dng trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip t chy cc kh thi khng mong mun t qu trnh sn xut, hoc cc kh d chy c y ra t van x p. ng t c s dng trong hot ng khai thc du v kh t, lc du, nh my x l ha cht, cc ng ng phn phi kh t, v cc h chn rc thi. Cc h thng t thng l lp cui cng ngn cn cc kh thi hydro-cacbon lan ra ngoi mi trng. V vy, cn theo di ct la t ng t, hoc ngn la li, la mi trnh trng hp c kh d chy khng b t c x vo mi trng. Cc kh ny gm kh mtan d chy, gy nhim nh knh gp 23 ln CO2; kh hidro gy chy n... Gii php:Camera nhit ch ra s khc bit v nhit gia ct la ca ng t v mi trng xung quanh, thng l nn tri hoc my. Bn cnh vic pht hin ct la, camera hng ngoi cn c th lp t theo di la mi. Camera nhit s c t c nh cch xa ng t, v c lp v chng kh m bo v khi iu kin thi tit khc nghit.
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Kt lun
-Vic tm hiu phng php ph hng ngoi cho ta thy y l phng php phn tch rt hiu qu,phng php ny cung cp thng tin v cu trc phn t nhanh,khng i hi cc phng php tnh ton phc tp -Kh nng ng dng ca ph hng ngoi nh l mt nghnh phn tch nh lng ph thuc vo trang thit b,ngy nay s ra i ca my quang ph hin i lm tng tn hiu nhiu lm cho vic phn tch nh lng cng thm chnh xc. -Ph hng ngoi c dng xc nh tinh khit ca cc hp cht,phn tch c cc mu th rn,mu th lng tinh khit,mu trong dung dch,mu th hi,Cc nghin cu cho ta nhiu thng tin v cht nghin cu v ng nht cc cht,xc nh cu trc phn t nn c ng dng trong cng nghip du kh ni chung cng nh lc ha du ni ring.

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