MECHANICS

Page-11 Describing Motion Questions

1) A horse travels a distance of 500m in 40 s. What is its average speed over this distance? 2) Nerve impulses travel at about 100 m s 1. !f a "oman 1.# m tall steps on a dra"ing pin$ a) roughl% ho" long is it before she &no"s about it? b) if she is "al&ing along "ith a speed of 2 m s 1' ho" far "ill she have travelled in this time? () )igure 1.1.( sho"s a speed*time graph for an ob+ect "hich starts from rest and then steadil% increases speed. ,&etch speed*time graphs to sho" the motion of an ob+ect "hich$ a) has an initial speed of 5 m s 1 at t - 0 and "hich then increases speed at a stead% rate b) starts at rest at t - 0' sta%s at rest for 5 s and then increases speed at a stead% rate.

Describing Motion Answers

1) 2)

12.5 m s*1 a) 0.01# s b) 0.0(. m b)

Speed

a)

5 m s1

Speed 0

3)

t = 5s

Time t

Time t

Page-13 Distance and Displacement Questions

1) A travel brochure sa%s that t"o airports are (4&m apart' and that airport A lies due south of airport /. 0he navigation s%stem on board an aircraft travelling from airport A to airport / sho"s that it covers (#0&m. Write do"n$ a) b) the distance travelled b% the aircraft as it flies from airport A to airport / the displacement of the aircraft at the end of the +ourne%.

2) An athlete running in a sprint race crosses the finishing line and slo"s from a speed of 10ms 1 to rest in 4 s. What is her average acceleration?

Distance and Displacement Answers

1. a)(#0 &m b)(4 &m North 2.*2.5 m s*2

Page-15 More Information from rap!s of Motion Questions

1) A train travelling along a straight trac& starts from rest at point A and accelerates uniforml% to 20ms in 20s. !t travels at this speed for .0s' then slo"s do"n uniforml% to rest in 40s at point 1. !t sta%s at rest at 1 for (0s' then reverses direction' accelerating uniforml% to 10ms 1 in 10s. !t travels at this speed for (0s' then slo"s do"n uniforml% to rest in 10s "hen it reaches point /. a) b) 2lot a graph of the motion of the train. 3se %our graph to calculate$ i" the train4s displacement from point A "hen it reaches point 1 ii" the train4s displacement from point A "hen it reaches point / iii" the train4s acceleration each time its speed changes.
1

More Information from

a)
20 Speed /m s1 10 0 10 20

rap!s of Motion Answers

50

100

150

200 Time/s

i" 1#00 m for"ards ii" 1400 m for"ards iii" 1 m s*25 *0.5 m s*25 *1 m s*25 1 m s*2

Page-1# $%uations of Motion Questions

1) A car is travelling along a road at (0ms 1"hen pedestrian steps into the road 55m ahead. 0he driver of the car applies the bra&es after a reaction time of 0.5s and the car slo"s do"n at a rate of 10ms 2. What happens? 2) 0he cheetah is the fastest land animal in the "orld. !t can accelerate from rest to 20ms 1 in 2s' and has a top speed of about (0ms 1' although it can onl% maintain this for a distance of about 450m before it has to stop to rest. !n contrast' an antelope can run at around 22ms 1 for long periods. a) What is a cheetah6s average acceleration bet"een rest and 20ms 1? b) Assume that a cheetah accelerates up to its top speed "ith the acceleration in %our ans"er to a). i) ii) 7o" far "ill the cheetah travel "hen it accelerates from rest up to its top speed? 7o" long does this acceleration ta&e?

c) !f the cheetah continues at top speed' ho" long "ill it be before it has to stop to rest? d) !f an antelope starts from rest and accelerates to its top speed at the same rate as a cheetah' ho" far "ill it travel in the time obtained in %our ans"er to d)? e) !f a cheetah chases an antelope and both start from rest' "hat is the ma8imum head start the cheetah can allo" the antelope?

$%uations of Motion Answers

1) 3nless the pedestrian gets out of the "a%' there "ill be a collision. 2) a) 10 m s*2 b) i) 45 m c) 15 s ii)( s d)24 m e)120 m 9to 2 s.f.)

page-1& Mo'ing in More (!an )ne Direction * +sing ,ectors Questions

1) Wh% do aircraft ta&e off and land into the "ind? 2) A ball on a snoo&er table is hit b% another ball and travels a distance of 50cm due "est. !t is then hit again and travels a distance of (0cm due north. 3sing a scale dra"ing' or b% calculation' "or& out the snoo&er ball4s displacement from its starting position. 3) A ship is travelling at 5ms 1 "ith a bearing of 20: east of north. 0here is a current of 1ms 1 flo"ing from the "est. What is the resultant velocit% of the ship?

Mo'ing in More (!an )ne Direction * +sing ,ectors Answers

1) 0he relative velocit% against "ind increases their "ind speed for a comparativel% lo" ground speed. 0hus the% don4t have to hit the ground so fast but still get enough lift from the "ind passing over the "ings. 2) 5# cm 9to 2 s.f.) at an angle of (;: 92 s.f.) north of "est. 3) 5.4 m s*1 "ith a bearing (0: east of north.

Page-21 -auses of Motion Questions

1) Aristotle argued that a force "as needed in order to &eep an ob+ect moving. <escribe some ever%da% situations that are consistent "ith this argument. ,uggest a more scientific e8planation for each case that %ou describe. 2) =>alileo had ? laid the foundations of the +ourne% to the @oon.4 Write a short piece for a ne"spaper aimed at a nonAscientific audience' sho"ing "h% >alileo4s "or& "as so important.

-auses of Motion Answers

1) B8amples such as a ball that is &ic&ed "ill stop rolling' a puc& on ice "ill eventuall% slo" and stop' and a cloc& pendulum needs a "eight or a spring to &eep it tic&ing. 0he scientific e8planation is that a friction acts to oppose the motion' so a force is needed to overcome friction.

Page-23 .ewton/s 0irst 1aw of Motion Questions

1) <ra" a freeAbod% diagram sho"ing the forces acting on a racing car moving at constant velocit% along a trac&. B8plain ho" Ne"ton4s )irst Ca" is satisfied for this racing car. 2) <ra" a freeAbod% diagram of a "ooden bloc& balanced on a person4s finger. Cabel the forces acting on the bloc& and its centre of gravit%.

.ewton/s 0irst 1aw of Motion Answers

1)
reaction force

reaction force

2)

drag forces

forward force from engine centre of gravity of block weight of racing car

Page-25 Drag 0orces Questions

weight of r ler

1) <ra" a freeAbod% diagram sho"ing the forces acting on a s&%diver at the instant the% +ump from a plane. 2) <escribe and e8plain ho" the resultant force on a s&%diver varies from the moment the% +ump from a plane.

Drag 0orces Answers

1)
weight

2) At first the onl% vertical force acting on the s&%diver is their "eight. As the s&%diver gains speed the air resistance increases until this drag force is eDual to the "eight and the s&%diver reaches a constant terminal velocit%. When the parachute is opened the air resistance increases hugel% so there is a net force up"ards. 0his slo"s the s&%diver do"n until once again the air resistance balances the s&%diver4s "eight and the s&%diver reaches a ne"' slo"er terminal velocit%.

Page-2# .ewton/s 2econd 1aw of Motion Questions

1) a) b) c) d) 3se the results in table 1.2.1 to plot a graph of acceleration against force. 1alculate the value of 1Emass for each entr% in the first column of table 1.2.2' and plot acceleration against 91Emass) for this set of results. 1alculate the gradient of the best fit line for each graph. What conclusions can %ou dra" from %our graphs?

2) A rail"a% locomotive "ith a mass of ;0 tonnes accelerates at a rate of 1ms*2. What force does the locomotive e8ert? 3) A .0&g "oman involved in a car accident is accelerated b% her seatbelt from 14ms*1 to rest in 0.15s. a) b) What is the average horiFontal force acting on her? 7o" does this force compare "ith her "eight?

.ewton/s 2econd 1aw of Motion Answers

"cceleration a /m s2 "cceleration a /m s

1.

a)

b)
1!20
2

1!00 0!#0 0!$0 0!%0

1!00

0!50 0 )or part b the gradient is 0.5 m s*2 &g. 0 0!5 1!0 1!5

c))or part a the 0!20 gradient is 2.0 m s*2 N*1.

0

1/mass /kg 1 0 0!1 0!2 0!& to 0!%the 0!5 applied 0!$ d) Acceleration is proportional force for constant mass' and also to the reciprocal of mass for a 'orce F/( constant force 9it is inversel% proportional to the mass).

2!0

2) @ass of locomotive 9m) - ;0 tonnes - ;0 000 &g. Gate of acceleration of locomotive 9a) - 1 m s* 2 . )orce e8erted b% locomotive 9F) - ;0 000 &g H 1 m s*2 - ;0 000 N () a)@ass of "oman - .0 &g Acceleration - 14 m s*2 0ime - 0.15 seconds v - u I at 9eDuation 1) *1 14 - 0 I a H 0.15 a - 14E0.15 - J(.( )orce - .0 &g H J(.( m s - 5.00 N b)Weight - J.#1 H .0 &g - 5##.. N. 0he force acting on the "oman is appro8imatel% J.5 times as large as her "eight.

Page-33

Inertia4 Mass and 5eig!t Questions

Assume g - J.#1ms .
2

1) A person standing on a bus is thro"n to"ards the rear of the bus as it starts to move for"ards' and to the front as it slo"s do"n. Wh%? 2) A person standing on the side of a ship drops a coin and sees it splash into the "ater 2 s later. 7o" far above the "ater is the person standing? 3) An astronaut on the @oon has a "eight of 12#N and a mass of #0&g. What is the gravitational field strength on the @oon? 6) !n 2002 the 1anar% Wharf to"er in Condon "as scaled b% )rench urban climber' Alain Gobert' using no safet% devices of an% &ind. 0he top of the to"er is 2(5m above street level. !f Gobert had dropped an apple as he reached the top of the to"er$ a)ho" long "ould it have ta&en the apple to fall to street level' assuming that air resistance is neglected? b) assuming that he could shout loudl% enough' "ould it be an% use if Gobert had shouted to "arn people belo"? 9,peed of sound in air - (40ms 1.)

Inertia4 Mass and 5eig!t Answers

1)When the bus accelerates' if the person is to accelerate "ith it a force must be applied. )or someone seated this comes from the reaction of the seat' but for someone standing it must come from friction "ith the floor. 0his can result in the person being thro"n for"ard or bac&"ard' as the% e8perience the force as if their feet "ere being pulled out from under them' "hile their bod% remains in its original position. 92) 1J.. m 9() 1.. N &g*1 94) a) ..J s b)Kes. ,ound "ould onl% ta&e 0..J s to reach the ground.

Page-3& (!e -oncept of $nerg7 Questions

1) We have seen that "hen a driving force is removed' a moving ob+ect4s drag "ill slo" it do"n to a stop. 0his means it loses all its &inetic energ%. B8plain ho" this disappearance of energ% can be in &eeping "ith the la" of conservation of energ%. 2) Lne "a% of storing surplus electrical energ% from a po"er station is to use it to raise "ater from a lo"er reservoir to a higher one. 0his "ater can then be released to generate electricit% again later. 90his s%stem is referred to as =pumped storage4.) B8plain ho" this s%stem might be limited b% the la" of conservation of energ%.

(!e -oncept of $nerg7 Answers

1) Bnerg% is not lost' but is transferred to other forms such as heat and sound. 2) 0his method does not actuall% =save4 energ%' but simpl% allo"s energ% generated "hile there is less demand to be used to provide a source of energ% "hen demand is high. 0he energ% is stored as gravitational potential energ% of the "ater in the higher reservoir.

Page-61 $nerg7 (ransformations Questions

1) >ive an e8ample of a transfer of energ% "hich could be classified as$ a) heating b) "or&ing. 2) A deliver% driver lifts a carton "ith a mass of ..5 &g onto the bac& of the lorr%' a height of 1.5 m from the ground. 7o" much "or& is done in this energ% transfer?

$nerg7 (ransformations Answers

1) a) /oiling "ater in a &ettle. b) 2utting a can of paint on a shelf5 stretching a spring. 2) J. M 92 s.f.)

Page-63 $nerg7 and $fficienc7 Questions

1) Cegend has it that >alileo "as onl% 1; %ears old "hen he started thin&ing about pendulum movements' "hilst "atching a lamp hanging on a long cable in the cathedral in 2isa' !tal%. !f the lamp had a mass of 1.2&g and a draught imparted 10M of &inetic energ% to it$ a) ho" fast "ould the lamp move initiall% b) ho" high could the lamp rise in a s"ing? 2) A cric&eter hits a ball straight up in the air. !t leaves the bat at 1..#ms 1 and has a mass of 1.0g. a) b) c) What is the &inetic energ% of the ball as it leaves the bat? Assuming air resistance is negligible' "hat is the ma8imum height the ball reaches above the point it left the bat? !f' in realit%' fl%ing up in the air and bac& do"n again is a process "ith an efficienc% of ##N' then ho" fast "ill the ball be travelling "hen it returns to the start point?

$nerg7 and $fficienc7 Answers

1) a)4.1 m s*1 2) a)22.. M b) 0.#5 m b) 14.4 m c)15.# m s*1

Page-65 Power Questions

1) What is the po"er of a &ettle "hich transfers 2.4&M of energ% in t"o minutes? 2) What is the po"er of a lu8ur% motorboat "hich is moving at a constant 22ms 1 if the total drag forces on it are 12(&N? 3) A crane lifts a steel girder "ith a mass of #00&g. 0he girder rises 21 metres in . seconds. What is the po"er of the crane?

Power Answers
1)2.2 &W 2)2;10 &W ()2;.5 &W

Page-6# 825 (!e Mec!anics of 8oc9e7 Questions

1) A hoc&e% pla%er passes the ball at 15ms 1 to a team mate "ho stops it completel% in 0.1s. What force does the receiver4s stic& have to appl% to the ball? 2) A penalt% stro&e is flic&ed from a distance of ..40m from the goal line. 0he stri&er scoops it so that the ball leaves the ground at a 45 angle and a speed of #ms 1. 7o" long does the goal&eeper have to ma&e a save before the ball crosses the goal line? () 0he stud% of mechanics in sport is a popular and often profitable ne" area of scientific stud%. <escribe ho" a sports scientist could use !10 to collect data to stud% the movement of pla%ers and eDuipment over time. B8plain "h% technological developments have made the data collected more valid and reliable than "ith traditional methods of stud%ing mechanics.

825 (!e Mec!anics of 8oc9e7 Answers

91)21 N 92)1.1( s

@A0BG!AC,
Page-55 $ure9a: Questions
1) A bottle of "his&e% contains 1 litre of the drin&. 0he mass of the liDuid in the bottle is 0.J15&g. What is the densit% of this brand of "his&e%? 91000 litres - 1 m() 2) 0he radius of a hoc&e% ball is (.mm and its mass is 1.0g. What is its densit% a) in gcm
(

b) in &gm (?

3) Bstimate the mass of air in this room. 9Assume densit% of air - 1&gm (.) 6) A golf ball has a diameter of 4.;2cm. !f a golfer hits it into a stream' "hat upthrust does the ball e8perience "hen it is completel% submerged? 9Assume densit% of "ater - 1000&gm (.) 5) B8plain "h% a ship4s 2limsoll Cine has a mar& for fresh "ater "hich is lo"er on the hull than the mar& for salt "ater. 9Assume densit% of salt "ater - 1100&gm (.) ;) A ball bearing of mass 1#0g is hung on a thread in oil of densit% #00&gm (. 1alculate the tension in the string' if the densit% of the ball bearing is #000&gm (.

$ure9a Answers
1) J15 &g m*( 2) a) 0.#2 gcm 6) 0.54 N 5) 0he line for fresh "ater is higher on the hull because fresh "ater is less dense than salt "ater. )or a certain load' a ship "ill sin& its lo"est in fresh "ater' so this line needs to sho" the lo"est the ship can float safel%. ;) Oolume - 0.1#E#000 - 2.25 H 10*5 m2 ' 3pthrust - 9#00 H vol) H J.#1 - 0.1;.5# N Weight - 0.1# H J.#1 - 1.;.5# N '0ension - Weight * upthrust - 1.;.5# * 0.1;.5# - 1.. N
(

b) #20 &gm

3) ,uitable estimates. )or a room ( m H # m H # m the mass of air "ould be 1J2 &g.

Page-5# 0luid Mo'ement Questions

1) >ive three e8amples of ob+ects "hich are designed to reduce the amount of turbulent flo" of air or "ater over them. 2) <ra" diagrams to illustrate the basic definitions of streamline flo" and turbulent flo". B8plain ho" %our diagrams sho" each t%pe of flo". 3) B8plain these poetic observations of the flo" of a Ca&e <istrict stream$ In the gentle time of a late summer, a creek over boulder flowed smooth. As autumn fell, floating leaf after leaf skipped round the rock, chasing like giddy schoolgirls playing Follow the leader. In winters depth, all frozen stood, ice on stone, stone on ice. he bright thaw springs a maelstrom, water currents churning and swirling as drunken !aypolers.

0luid Mo'ement Answers

1) 7ull of a racing %acht5 racing bic%cle5 car bod%. 2)

streamline flow t rb lent flow

() !n summer the volume and rate of "ater flo" is such that the cree& flo"s smoothl% "ith streamline flo". !n autumn' leaves floating on the "ater move follo"ing each other e8actl%' indicating streamline flo". !n "inter there is no flo" as the cree& is froFen' but "ith the spring and the tha" of sno" the cree& is full. 0he fast flo"ing "ater flo"s turbulentl%' producing the eddies and currents described in the poem.

2ageA5J Drag Act Questions

1) Wh% is the "orld record for 100m s"imming slo"er than for 100m sprinting? 2) <escribe ho" temperature affects viscosit% for liDuids and gases. 3) 7o" and "h% "ould holding a s"imming competition in a "armer pool affect the times achieved b% s"immers? 6) Wh% might a chocolate manufacturer alter their machiner% so it functioned at a higher temperature?

Drag Act Answers

1) 0here is more resistance to movement in "ater than in air. 2) )or gases there is an increase in viscosit% "ith rise in temperature' but for liDuids viscosit% decreases "ith rise in temperature. 3) Warmer "ater "ould be less viscous so s"immers could travel faster through the "ater. 6) 0he chocolate "ould flo" more Duic&l% at a higher temperature' allo"ing faster production. !t "ould also be thinner' so a thinner coating could be applied.

Page-;1 (erminal ,elocit7 Questions

1) 3se ,to&es4 Ca" to calculate the viscous drag on a ball bearing "ith a radius of 1 mm' falling at 1 mm s* 1 through liDuid chocolate at (0 :1. 2) Wh% is it difficult to calculate the terminal velocit% for a cat falling from a high rooftop? 3) A spherical meteorite' of radius 2m and made of pure iron' falls to"ards Barth. a) b) c) )or its fall through the air' calculate the meteorite4s terminal velocit%. !t lands in a tropical fresh"ater la&e at 20 :1 and continues sin&ing under"ater. 1alculate its ne" terminal velocit%. What assumptions have %ou made in order to ma&e these calculations?

9,ee table 2.1.1 for densit% data and table 2.1.4 for viscosit% data.)

(erminal ,elocit7 Answers

1) 1.J# H 10*( N 2) 0he cat does not have a fi8ed shape. !t ma% be moving and so the air resistance "ill be constantl% changing. ,to&es4 la" onl% applies to small spheres moving at slo" speeds. () (.# H 10J m s*1 ..0 H 10# m s*1

4) 0he ans"ers are clearl% "ildl% "rong * the meteorite is travelling faster than lightP We have assumed that the "eight sta%s constant' that the gravitational force is constant' that the meteorite has enough time to reach its terminal velocit%' and that the temperature of all the ob+ects involved is constant at 20:1. All these assumptions are fla"ed. ,to&es4 la" does not appl% for such a large ob+ect' or at such high speeds.

Page-;6 (!e P!7sical Properties of 2olids Questions

1) !n an e8periment to find the spring constant for a certain spring' it "as found to pull bac& "ith a force of #N' to"ards its original length of 1#cm' "hen stretched to a ne" length of 2#cm. 1alculate the spring constant. 2) )igure 2.2.5 sho"s the result of an e8periment in "hich the force e8erted b% a spring "as measured for different e8tensions of the spring. a) b) c) B8plain ho" the graph sho"s that the spring obe%s 7oo&e4s Ca". 1alculate the spring constant for this spring. 1alculate "hat the e8tension "ould be if the spring "ere e8erting a force of 11.5N

d)

1alculate the elastic potential energ% stored b% the spring "hen it is e8tended b% 5.5mm.

3) An activit% called =/ungee Gun4 allo"s pla%ers to run along the ground "hilst attached to an anchored bungee cord "hich has a spring constant of 25Nm 1. !f its natural length is (0m and a runner manages to stretch it to a total length of (#m' ho" much elastic potential energ% is stored in the cord?

(!e P!7sical Properties of 2olids Answers

1) #0 N m*1 "# a# F H $ b) ((0 N m*1 c) (4.5 mm d) 5.04 H 10*( M () #00 M

Page-;& -!aracteristics of 2olids Questions

1) B8plain "h% the units of the Koung modulus could be 2ascals. 2) 0he "ire in a ne" guitar =string4 is made of a J0cm steel "ire of diameter 1mm. When the string is fitted to the guitar' the string is put under a tension of ;5N b% "inding it round a peg and this also stretches it b% 0.5mm. a) What is the stress in the "ire? of steel? b) What is the "ire4s strain? c) What is the Koung modulus for this &ind

(. a)=!n an e8periment to find the Koung modulus' the strain should not be more than 1 in 10004. B8plain "hat this statement means. b) <escribe an e8periment to determine the Koung modulus for the metal in a "ire. 0a&ing into account the possible errors in measurements' e8plain "h% the limitation in a) is necessar%. c) !n such an e8periment' a brass "ire of diameter J.50 10 4m is used. !f the Koung modulus for brass is J.#. 1010Nm 2' find the greatest force "hich could be used to &eep "ithin the limitation in part .

-!aracteristics of 2olids Answers

1) 0he Koung modulus is stressEstrain. 0he unit of stress is N m*2 9- 2ascals) and strain is a ratio and has no unit. 2) a) J.5 H 10; N m*2 b) 5.. H 10*4 c) 1.; H 1011 N m*2 3) a) A metre of the "ire under test 91000 mm original length) should not stretch b% more than 1 mm' for e8ample. b) Gefer to description on pages ..*.;. 0he limitation in the amount of strain is to ensure that the "ire under test obe%s 7oo&4s la" throughout the e8periment. c) .J.J N

Page-#1

-!aracteristics of 2olids II Questions

1) What is meant b% a) elastic limit' b) plastic behaviour' c) 7oo&e4s Ca"' d) brea&ing stress and e) compressive strain? !llustrate %our ans"ers "ith appropriate graphs. 2) 0he compressive strength for marble is 112@2a. !f a marble column holding up the roof of a temple is a c%linder and supports 1.4( 10;N of the "eight of the roof' "hat is its minimum diameter? () <efine the follo"ing terms and' for each' give an e8ample of a material "hich sho"s the propert% and a use that this ma&es it suitable for$ a) @alleable b) tough c) hard d) ductile e) brittle.

-!aracteristics of 2olids II Answers

1) a) elastic limit * the point on a stress*strain 9or force*e8tension) graph be%ond "hich the material "ill not return to its original siFe "hen the stress is removed.

b) plastic behaviour * the region of the graph "here stress produces permanent deformation of the material. c) 7oo&e4s la" * the straightAline portion of the graph "here stress is proportional to strain. B8tension is proportional to the applied force. 7oo&e4s la" is obe%ed. d) brea&ing stress * the stress at "hich the material brea&s. e) compressive strain * the strain 9deformation) "hen a material is sDuashed.
Stress the material shows plastic behavio r here

elastic limit in this region the material obeys )ooke*s law

Strain

2) 40 cm () a) malleable * a material "hose shape can be changed permanentl% and sho"s plastic deformation at lo" stress.. B8ample$ gold' to ma&e +e"eller%. b) tough * a material that can "ithstand high impact forces and absorbs a lot of energ% before brea&ing. B8ample$ Qevlar' used for bulletAproof vests. c) hard * a material that cannot be scratched or dented easil%. B8ample$ diamond' used for heav% dut% cutting "heels. d) ductile * a material that can be pulled into "ires "ith small stress reDuired. B8ample$ copper' used for electrical "iring. e) brittle * a material that brea&s "ithout plastic deformation. B8ample$ biscuits and crisps' "hich are designed to brea& "ith a snapP

Page-#3 Materials in t!e <eal 5orld Questions

1) a) 7o" does the terminal velocit% of a small sphere through a liDuid give us an indication of the viscosit% of the liDuid? b) 7o" is this idea used in a falling ball viscometer? c) Wh% is the viscosit% of chocolate important in the confectioner% industr%? 2) <escribe' in detail' an e8periment that could determine ho" the viscosit% of chocolate varies as its temperature increases. 3) a)What is the brea&ing stress of a material? b)7o" "ould the brea&ing stress of a material to be used in a building site hard hat affect the choice of material used? c)7o" applicable "ould each of the follo"ing terms be to the plastic used in building site hard hats? malleableductiletoughbrittlestronghardstiff

Materials in t!e <eal 5orld Answers

1) a)0erminal velocit% is inversel% proportional to the viscosit%' so the higher the terminal velocit%' the lo"er the viscosit%. b)0he time for a small ball of a &no"n diameter to fall a given distance is measured' and from this the terminal velocit% 9from distance R time) and hence the viscosit% can be calculated. c)@anufacturers need to control flo" rates of the liDuid chocolate to achieve consistent products "ith as little "aste and as possible. 2) ,ee practical described on page 5J of the ,tudents4 /oo&. () a)0he ma8imum stress that can be applied to a material before it brea&s. b) Kou "ould "ant a material "ith a high brea&ing stress to protect against impact. c) malleable * no5 ductile * no5 tough * %es 9"ill "ithstand impacts)5 brittle * no5 strong * %es 9hard to brea&)5 hard * %es 9durable and hard to dent)5 stiff * %es 9&eeps its shape and hard to bend).

$.D