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Coal Based Power Plant
Coal Based Power Plant
After passing through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated. [Rankine cycle]
Coal is used as a fuel to heat water in a coal based thermal power plant.
Energy Conversions
Stage 1: Conversion of Chemical energy of coal to heat energy in boiler. Stage 2: Conversion of heat energy to mechanical energy of steam. Stage 3: Conversion of mechanical energy to rotational energy of turbine which drives generator. Stage 4: Rotational energy to electrical energy based on Faradays Law of electromagnetic induction.
Energy Conversions
Coal to Electricity
Transportation System
The transportation system is the various methods through which the raw coal is brought into the plant The usual system is through trains but many other methods are followed . some of the methods are as follows : Merry go round: in this in spite of following the conventional method of trumpling the railway wagon upside down the wagons are provided with a door at the bottom from which the wagons are emptied on an under ground conveyor belt which take the coal to the crusher house .
Transportation System
Other methods for coal transportation are as follows: Transportation through ships is done when the power plant is situated near the sea area.
When the power plant is situated near the coal mine the coal is directly fed into the plant through conveyers. Some times road transportation is used cut in very rare cases because it is unable to supply the amount needed for undisturbed power generation. Sometimes the coal is also transported by pipelines. This is method is said to be more efficient as it is not affected by the traffic and weather conditions
Coal Processing
Once the coal is in plant it has to undergo some preparatory processes before being fed into the boiler First the coal goes to the crusher house where the coal is crushed manually into a size of about 20mm .This coal is then passed further some part of it is fed into the plant while the other is stored. Generally most of the power plants store a coal for the use of 20 days this is known as dead storage.
Coal Processing
The coal is then is passed through vibrator which separates the 20 mm sized coal from larger one. This 20 mm coal is then fed into the raw coal bunker from where it goes to the coal mill .The rate of feeding of coal is controlled by raw coal feeder.
The coal mill pulverizes the coal i.e. it crushes the coal into a tiny sized particles which are similar to that of talcum powder. It is done to avoid incomplete combustion of
Boiler
Boiler is a container into which water can be fed and steam can be taken out at desired pressure, temperature and flow
Construction
It is rectangular in cross section and wall made of tubes hence all four walls are made of tubes which contain water
Firing in boiler
Corner fired boilers are used now days and in these all nozzles face downwards and burning takes place in the coal firing wall called fire wall
Economiser
Economiser is there to improve the efficiency of boiler by extracting heat from flue gases to heat water and send it to boiler drum.
Advantages of Economiser
Advantages of Economiser include Fuel economy: - used to save fuel and increase overall efficiency of boiler plant. Reducing size of boiler: - as the feed water is preheated in the economiser and enter boiler tube at elevated temperature. The heat transfer area required for evaporation reduced considerably.
Air Preheater
The heat carried out with the flue gases coming out of economiser are further utilized for preheating the air before supplying to the combustion chamber
Reheater
Raising the temperature of steam after part of the energy is extracted from it in the steam turbine called re-heating of steam which increases the cycle efficiency. This reheating is done in the boiler, which supplies super heated steam to the turbine itself at the heating surfaces called Reheaters
Steam turbines
Steam turbine is used as a prime mover It is a 3 cylinder turbine HPT IPT LPT
Condensers
Condensers are heat exchangers which convert steam from its gaseous to its liquid state at a pressure below atmospheric pressure (0.91Kg/cm2). Two types: i) Air Cooled ii) Water Cooled Convert the turbine exhaust steam into pure water so that it may be reused in the steam generator or boiler as boiler feed water.
Booster Pump
Hydraulic Coupling
BFP is the biggest auxiliary equipment after Boiler and Turbine. It consumes about 4 to 5 % of total Electricity Generation. NPSH avoids formation of water vapour in the Impeller.
Cooling Tower
It is a heat rejection device.
A small portion of the water being cooled is being evaporate into a moving air stream to provide significant cooling to the rest of that water stream.
For 200MW plant 600m3/hr water is evaporated. Categorization by air-to-water flow Crossflow Counterflow
Generator
Rotor Stator
Excitation System
Cooling System
SUPERCRITICAL TECHNOLOGY
Supercritical steam parameters results in higher efficiencies above 45%. The supercritical coal based units have faster starting time and load changes and are more suitable for daily start up/shut down operation.
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