Fluid Machinery

Fluid 2 – BSME 5
Monday 1:00pm-3:00pm
Thursday 1:00pm-2:00pm

Instructor
Engr. Anthony N. Aguilar
 Topic # 11

Application of Fluid Machineries

 INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MACHINERY
Fluid machine:
• Fluid machine is a device exchanging energy (work) between a fluid and
a mechanical system. In particular : a turbo machine is a device using a
rotating mechanical system.
• The fluid machines use either liquid or gas as the working fluid
depending upon the purpose.
• The machine transferring mechanical energy of rotor to the energy of
fluid is termed as a pump when it uses liquid, and is termed as a
compressor or a fan or a blower, when it uses gas.
• The compressor is a machine where the main objective is to increase the
static pressure of a gas. Therefore, the mechanical energy held by the
fluid is mainly in the form of pressure energy.
• Fans or blowers, on the other hand, mainly cause a high flow of gas, and
hence utilize the mechanical energy of the rotor to increase mostly the
kinetic energy of the fluid.
• For all practical purposes, liquid used by the turbines producing power
is water, and therefore, they are termed as water turbines or hydraulic
turbines . Turbines handling gases in practical fields are usually referred
to as steam turbine, gas turbine, and air turbine depending upon whether
they use steam, gas (the mixture of air and products of burnt fuel in air)
or air.
 INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MACHINERY

Fluid machines are those devices that are used to either move fluid or
extract energy from it.
Broadly speaking, fluid machines are divided into two groups:
1-Positive-displacement machines
• piston pump
• peristaltic pump
• gear pump
• two-lobe rotary pump
• screw pump
• Jet pumps
2-Turbomachines
• axial-flow (propeller pump)
• radial-flow (centrifugal pump)
• mixed-flow (both axial and radial flow)

Positive displacement machines

• can produce very high pressures
• hydraulic fluid pump
• high pressure water washers
 INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MACHINERY

Fluid Machinery
• Fluid machinery is used to convert
hydraulic energy to mechanical energy or
vice versa.

A turbo machine is basically a rotating

Machine
• The rotating wheel is called a rotor /
runner /impeller
• The rotor will be immersed in a fluid
Continuum
• The fluid medium can be gas / steam
/water / air
• Energy transfer takes place either
• Turbine rotor from rotor to fluid, or from
fluid to rotor
• Using working fluids to Boost output,
either increase or decrease pressure by
using Machinery
Common Applications of Fluids
Hydroelectric Power Plants
In hydroelectric power plants, water is used to generate electricity on a large-
scale basis. Water stored in the dam possesses potential energy, which is
converted into the electrical energy in the power generation unit of the plant.
Hydroelectric power plants are one of the major suppliers of power throughout
the world. In some countries power requirements are fulfilled entirely by these
plants.
Common Applications of Fluids
Hydraulic machines
Machines that operate on a fluid like water and oil are called hydraulic
machines. The fluid as the capacity to lift heavy loads and exert extremely high
pressures. Some hydraulic machines are used to perform various machining
operations. In most of these machines, oil is used as the fluid. The oil is passed
through the hydraulic motor which transfers large amounts of energy to the fluid.
This high energy fluid enters the piston and cylinder arrangement where it can
be used to lift heavy loads or apply large forces.
Common Applications of Fluids

Automobiles
No automobile can run without fluid. Fluids perform three crucial operations in
automobiles: generation of power, lubrication, and cooling of the engine. Petrol
or diesel generates power on combustion in the engine. This is commonly
referred to as fuel. Oil is used for the lubrication of the engine and the gearbox
and also various other moving parts of the vehicle. In larger automobiles like
cars, busses and trucks, water is used for cooling the engine.
Common Applications of Fluids
Refrigerators and Air Conditioners
This is another important area where fluids play a crucial role. In refrigerators
and air-conditioners, the fluids are known as refrigerants. The refrigerant
absorbs the heat from whatever is being kept in the chiller or evaporator, which
is at a low temperature, and delivers that heat to the atmosphere, which is at a
high temperature. In air conditioners, the refrigerant absorbs room heat and
throws it in to the atmosphere, thereby keeping the room cool. The entire
operation of refrigerators and air-conditioners depends on the use of a
refrigerant.
Common Applications of Fluids
Thermal Power Plants
In thermal power plants, water is used as the working fluid. After getting heated
in a boiler, water is converted into superheated steam which is passes through
the blades of turbines, thus rotating them. The shaft of the turbine rotates in the
generator, where electricity is produced. Thermal power plants are one of the
major suppliers of power in various parts of the world, and water working as the
fluid is their most important component.
Common Applications of Fluids
Nuclear power plants
Water is again a crucial power plant component. Here it is both the working
fluid and a coolant. In some nuclear power plants, heat produced within the
nuclear reactor is used to directly heat water, which is converted into steam.
This steam is passed through the turbines similar to thermal power plants,
rotating turbine blades to generate power. This is an application of water as the
working fluid. In other nuclear power plants, the heat from nuclear reactors is
not used to generate steam directly. Heat is first used to heat the water, which
acts as the coolant. This coolant then transfers the heat to a secondary coolant or
the working fluid, which is again water and it is passed through the turbine to
generate electricity.
Common Applications of Fluids
Fluids as a Renewable Energy Source
There are number of fluids that are being used as a renewable energy source. Air
or wind is one of the most popular sources of renewable energy. Wind is used for
generation of electricity on a small as well as large scale basis. Water is used in
tidal power plants to generate electricity on a small scale basis. Ocean waves are
used to rotate turbine blades within the power generation unit. Biodiesel, a type of
the vegetable oil, is used as a fuel for vehicles along with traditional diesel.
Common Applications of Fluids
Heat Engines
In previous heat engine designs, air was used as a fluid to generate power in
automobiles. Earlier it was thought that the efficiency of an engine is dependent
on the type of fluid used, but later it was shown by Sadi Carnot, that the efficiency
of an engine is not dependent on the type of the fluid, but rather, the temperature
of the fluid.
Fluids are used in a wide range of applications, often playing a vital role, without
which, these applications will just cease to exist. The important thing to note is
that most of the crucial applications of fluids are for generation of electricity or
power. In hydroelectric power plants and automobiles, fluids are directly used to
generate power or electricity. In thermal and nuclear power plants, fluids are
indirectly used for generation of power, and still they are the dominant parts of
these applications.
Applications of Fluid Machineries
Power Generation

Hydro electric- Hydro-electric turbo machinery uses potential energy stored

in water to flow over an open impeller to turn a generator which creates
electricity.
Applications of Fluid Machineries
Power Generation

Steam turbines- Steam turbines used in power generation come in many

different variations. The overall principle is high pressure steam is forced over
blades attached to a shaft, which turns a generator. As the steam travels through
the turbine, it passes through smaller blades causing the shaft to spin
faster,creating more electricity.
Applications of Fluid Machineries
Gas turbines- Gas turbines in marine applications are becoming more popular
due to their smaller size,increased efficiency, and ability to burn cleaner fuels.
They run just like gas turbines for power generation, but are also much smaller
and do require more machinery for propulsion. They are most popular in naval
ships as they can be at a dead stop to full power in minutes (Kayadelen, 2013),
and are much smaller for a given amount of power. Flow of air through a
turbocharger and engine
Applications of Fluid Machineries

Power Generation

Wind mills- Also known as a wind turbine, windmills are increasing in

popularity for their ability to efficiently use the wind to generate electricity.
Although they come in many shapes and sizes, the most common one is the
large three-blade. The blades work on the same principle as an airplane wing.
As wind passes over the blades, it creates an area of low and high pressure,
causing the blade to move,spinning a shaft and creating electricity. It is most
like a steam turbine, but work with an infinite supply of wind.
Applications of Fluid Machineries
Power Generation

Marine
Steam turbine- Steam turbines in marine applications are very similar to those
in power generation. The few differences between them are size and power
output. Steam turbines on ships are much smaller because they don’t need to
power a whole town. They aren’t very common because of their high initial cost,
high specific fuel consumption, and expensive machinery that goes with it.
Applications of Fluid Machineries

General
Pumps- Pumps are another very popular turbo machine. Although there are
very many different types of pumps, they all do the same thing. Pumps are used
to move fluids around using some sort of mechanical power, from electric
motors to full size diesel engines. Pumps have thousands of uses, and are the
true basis to turbo machinery
Applications of Fluid Machineries
Pumps
Metering pump for gasoline and additives.
Pumps are used throughout society for a variety of purposes. Early
applications includes the use of the windmill or watermill to pump water.
Today, the pump is used for irrigation, water supply, gasoline supply, air
conditioning systems, refrigeration (usually called a compressor), chemical
movement, sewage movement, flood control, marine services, etc.

Because of the wide variety of applications, pumps have a plethora of shapes

and sizes: from very large to very small, from handling gas to handling liquid,
from high pressure to low pressure, and from high volume to low volume.
Priming a pump
Typically, a liquid pump can't simply draw air. The feed line of the pump and
the internal body surrounding the pumping mechanism must first be filled with
the liquid that requires pumping: An operator must introduce liquid into the
system to initiate the pumping. This is called priming the pump. Loss of prime
is usually due to ingestion of air into the pump. The clearances and
displacement ratios in pumps for liquids, whether thin or more viscous,
usually cannot displace air due to its compressibility. This is the case with
most velocity (rotodynamic) pumps — for example, centrifugal pumps. For
such pumps the position of the pump should always be lower than the suction
point, if not the pump should be manually filled with liquid or a secondary
pump should be used until all air is removed from the suction line and the
pump casing.
General

Air compressors- Air compressors are another very popular turbo machine.
They work on the principle of compression by sucking in and compressing air
into a holding tank. Air compressors are one of the most basic turbo machines.

Fans- Fans are the most general type of turbo machines. They work opposite of
wind turbines. Mechanical power spins the blades, forcing air through them and
forcing out. Basic desk-top fans to large turbofan airplane engines work this
way.
Generating methods

Conventional (dams)

Most hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of dammed water
driving a water turbine and generator. The power extracted from the water
depends on the volume and on the difference in height between the source and
the water's outflow. This height difference is called the head. A large pipe (the
"penstock") delivers water from the reservoir to the turbine.

Cross-section of a conventional hydroelectric dam

Pumped-storage

This method produces electricity to supply high peak demands by moving

water between reservoirs at different elevations. At times of low electrical
demand, the excess generation capacity is used to pump water into the higher
reservoir. When the demand becomes greater, water is released back into the
lower reservoir through a turbine. Pumped-storage schemes currently provide
the most commercially important means of large-scale grid energy storage
and improve the daily capacity factor of the generation system.

Pumped-storage
Run-of-the-river

Run-of-the-river hydroelectric stations are those with small or no reservoir

capacity, so that only the water coming from upstream is available for
generation at that moment, and any oversupply must pass unused. A constant
supply of water from a lake or existing reservoir upstream is a significant
advantage in choosing sites for run-of-the-river. In the United States, run of the
river hydropower could potentially provide 60,000 megawatts (80,000,000 hp)
(about 13.7% of total use in 2011 if continuously available)

Run-of-the-river
Tidal Power

A tidal power station makes use of the daily rise and fall of ocean water due to
tides; such sources are highly predictable, and if conditions permit construction
of reservoirs, can also be dispatchable to generate power during high demand
periods. Less common types of hydro schemes use water's kinetic energy or
undammed sources such as undershot water wheels. Tidal power is viable in a
relatively small number of locations around the world. In Great Britain, there
are eight sites that could be developed, which have the potential to generate
20% of the electricity used in 2012.

Tidal
Thank you!