Chapter 2 AC to DC Converters

Outline
2.1 Single-phase controlled rectifier
2.2 Three-phase controlled rectifier
2.3 Effect of transformer leakage inductance on rectifier circuits
2.4 Capacitor-filtered uncontrolled rectifier
2.5 Harmonics and power factor of rectifier circuits
2.6 High power controlled rectifier
2.7 Inverter mode operation of rectifier circuit
2.8 Thyristor-DC motor system
2.9 Realization of phase-control in rectifier
2.1 Single- phase controlled (controllable) rectifier

2.1.1 Single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier

Resistive load

T
VT
R
a )
u
1
u
2
u
VT
u
d
i
d
0
e
t
1
t
2 t
e t
u
2
u
g
u
d
u
VT
o
u
0
b )
c )
d )
e )
0
0
e t
e t
e t

}
+
= + = =
t
o
o
o
t
e e
t 2
cos 1
45 . 0 ) cos 1 (
2
2
) ( sin 2
2
1
2
2
2 d
U
U
t td U U
2-1


Inductive (resistor-inductor) load

a )
u
1
T
VT
R
L
u
2
u
VT
u
d
i
d
u
2
0 e t
1
t
2 t
e t
u
g
0
u
d
0
i
d
0
u
VT
0
u
o
b )
c )
d )
e )
f )
+ +
e t
e t
e t
e t
Basic thought process of time-domain analysis for power electronic
circuits
The time- domain behavior of a power electronic circuit is actually the
combination of consecutive transients of the different linear circuits
when the power semiconductor devices are in different states.

a ) b )
VT
R
L
VT
R
L
u
2 u 2

t U Ri
t
i
L e sin 2
d
d
2 d
d
= +
t= a i
d
=0
) sin(
2
) sin(
2
2
) (
2
d
e o
o e
e
+ =

t
Z
U
e
Z
U
i
t
L
R
2-2
2-3


Single- phase half- wave controlled rectifier with freewheeling diode
load (L is large enough) Inductive

a )
L
T
VT
R
u
1
u
2
u
VT
u
d
VD
R
i
d
i
VD
u 2
u d
i
d
u
VT
i
VT
I d
I
d
e t O
O
O
O
O
O
t
-
o
t + o
b
)
i
VD
R
e t
e t
e t
e t
e t
g
)
c
)
e
)
f
)
d
)
e T1






Maximum forward voltage, maximum reverse voltage
Disadvantages:
Only single pulse in one line cycle
DC component in the transformer current

d dVT
2
I I
t
o t
=
d
2
d VT
2
) (
2
1
I t d I I
t
o t
e
t
t
o

= =
}
d
2
2
d VD
2
) (
2
1
R
I t d I I
t
o t
e
t
o t
t
+
= =
}
+
d dVD
2
R
I I
t
o t +
=
2-5
2-6
2-7
2-8
2.1.2 Single- phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier
Resistive load


t
e t
0
0
0
i
2
u
d
i
d
b )
c )
d )
u
d
( i
d
)
o
o
R
T
u
1
u
2
a )
i
2
a
b
VT3
u
d
i
d
u
VT
1 , 4
e t
e t
VT4
VT1
VT2
Average output (rectified) voltage:



Average output current:


For thyristor:




For transformer:


}
+
=
+
= =
t
o
o o
t
e e
t 2
cos 1
9 . 0
2
cos 1 2 2
) ( d sin 2
1
2
2
2 d
U
U
t t U U 2-9

2-10
2
cos 1
9 . 0
2
cos 1 2 2
2 2 d
d
o o
t
+
=
+
= =
R
U
R
U
R
U
I

2-11
2
cos 1
45 . 0
2
1
2
d dVT
o +
= =
R
U
I I
t
o t
o
t
e e
t
t
o

+ = =
}
2 sin
2
1
2
) ( d ) sin
2
(
2
1
2 2 2
VT
R
U
t t
R
U
I
2-12

t
o t
o
t
e e
t
t
o

+ = = =
}
2 sin
2
1
) ( ) sin
2
(
1
2
2
2
2
R
U
t d t
R
U
I I
(2-13)


Inductive load (L is large enough)

e t
e t
e t
e t
e t
e t
e t
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
u2
ud
id
Id
Id
Id
Id
Id
iVT1,4
iVT2,3
uVT1,4
i2
,
b )
R
T
u
1
u
2
a )
i
2
a
b
VT3
u
d
i
d
VT4
VT1
VT2



Electro- motive-force (EMF) load With resistor


}
+
= = =
o t
o
o o
t
e e
t
cos 9 . 0 cos
2 2
) ( d sin 2
1
2 2 2 d
U U t t U U 2-15

a )
b )
R
E
i d
u d
i d
O
E
u
d
e t
I
d
O e t
o
u o
With resistor and inductor

When L is large enough, the output voltage and current waveforms are the
same as ordinary inductive load.
When L is at a critical value


O
u
d
0
E
i
d
e t
e t
t
o
o
u = t

dmin
2
3
dmin
2
10 87 . 2
2 2
I
U
I
U
L

= =
te
2-17
2.1.3 Single- phase full- wave controlled rectifier

a )
b )
u
1
T
R
u
2
u
2
i 1
VT 1
VT
2
u
d
u
d
i 1
O
O
o
e
t
e
t
2.1.4 Single- phase bridge half-controlled rectifier
a)
T
a
b
R
L
O
b)
u
2
i
2
u
d
i
d
V
T
1
V
T
2
V
D
3
V
D
4
V
D
R
u
2
O
u
d
i
d I
d
O
O
O
O
O
i
2
I
d
I
d
I
d
I
d
I
d
o
et
et
et
et
et
et
et
o
to
to
i
VT
1
i
VD
4
i
VT
2 i
VD
3
i
VD
R
Another single- phase bridge half-controlled rectifier








Comparison with previous circuit:
No need for additional freewheeling diode
Isolation is necessary between the drive circuits of the two thyristors

load

T
u
2
VT2
VT4
VT1 VT3
Summary of some important points in analysis

When analyzing a thyristor circuit, start from a diode circuit with the same
topology. The behavior of the diode circuit is exactly the same as the
thyristor circuit when firing angle is 0.
A power electronic circuit can be considered as different linear circuits
when the power semiconductor devices are in different states. The
time- domain behavior of the power electronic circuit is actually the
combination of consecutive transients of the different linear circuits.
Take different principle when dealing with different load
For resistive load: current waveform of a resistor is the same as the
voltage waveform
For inductive load with a large inductor: the inductor current can
be considered constant
2.2 Three- phase controlled (controllable) rectifier
2.2.1 Three- phase half- wave controlled rectifier
Resistive load, = 0
a
b
c
T
R
u
d
i
d
VT 2
VT
1
VT 3
u
2
O
O
O
u ab u ac
O
i VT
1
u VT
1
e t
e t
e t
e t
e t
u a u b u c
u G
u d
e t1 e t2 e t3
Common-cathode connection
Natural commutation point
Resistive load, = 30
u
2
u a u b u c
O
O
O
e t
O
e t
O
e t
u
G
u
d
u
ab
u
ac
e t
1
i
VT
1
u
VT
1 u
ac
e t
e t
a
b
c
T
R
u
d
i
d
VT 2
VT
1
VT 3

Resistive load, = 60

e t
u
2 u
a
u
b
u
c
O
O
O
O
u
G
u
d
i
VT
1
e t
e t
e t
a
b
c
T
R
u
d
i
d
VT 2
VT
1
VT 3
Resistive load, quantitative analysis
When 30 , load current id is continuous.



When > 30 , load current id is discontinuous.



Average load current

Thyristor voltages
o o
t
e e
t
o
t
o
t
cos 17 . 1 cos
2
6 3
) ( sin 2
3
2
1
2 2
6
5
6
2 d
U U t td U U = = =
}
+
+
2-18

(

+ + =
(

+ + = =
}
+
)
6
cos( 1 675 . 0 )
6
cos( 1
2
2 3
) ( sin 2
3
2
1
2
6
2 d
o
t
o
t
t
e e
t
t
o
t
U t td U U
(2-19)


R
U
I
d
d
=
2-20

0 30 60 90 120 150
0 . 4
0 . 8
1 . 2
1 . 17
3
2
1
o /( )
Ud/U2


Inductive load, L is large enough





Thyristor voltage and currents, transformer current :


o o
t
e e
t
o
t
o
t
cos 17 . 1 cos
2
6 3
) ( sin 2
3
2
1
2 2
6
5
6
2 d
U U t td U U = = =
}
+
+
2-18

d d VT 2
577 . 0
3
1
I I I I = = =
d
VT
VT(AV)
368 . 0
57 . 1
I
I
I = =
2 RM FM
45 . 2 U U U = =
2-23

2-25

2-24

2.2.2 Three- phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier

Circuit diagram








Common- cathode group and common- anode group of thyristors
Numbering of the 6 thyristors indicates the trigger sequence.

b
a
c
T
n
load

i a
i d
u d
VT 1
VT
3
VT
5
VT
4
VT
6
VT
2
d 2
d
1
Resistive load, = 0

b
a
c
T
n
load

i a
i d
u d
VT 1
VT
3
VT
5
VT
4
VT
6
VT
2
d
2
d
1

u
2
u
d 1
u
d 2
u
2 L
u
d
u
ab
u
ac
u
ab
u
ac
u
bc
u
ba
u
ca
u
cb
u
ab
u
ac
u
ab
u
ac
u
bc
u
ba
u
ca
u
cb
u
ab
u
ac
I II III IV V VI
u
a
u
c
u
b
e
t
1 O e t
O e t
O e t
O e t
o = 0

i
VT
1
u
VT
1
Resistive load, = 30

b
a
c
T
n
load

i a
i d
u d
VT 1
VT
3
VT
5
VT
4
VT
6
VT
2
d
2
d
1

u
d 1
u
d 2
o
= 30

i
a
O
O
O
O e t
u
d
u
ab
u
ac
u
a
u
b
u
c
e
t
1
u
ab
u
ac
u
bc
u
ba
u
ca
u
cb
u
ab
u
ac
II III IV V VI
u
ab
u
ac
u bc u ba u
ca
u
cb
u
ab
u ac u
VT
1
e t
e t
e t
Resistive load, = 60

b
a
c
T
n
load

i a
i
d
u d
VT 1
VT
3
VT
5
VT
4
VT
6
VT
2
d
2
d
1

o = 60

u
d 1
u
d 2
u
d
u
ac
u
ac
u
ab
u
ab
u
ac
u
bc
u
ba
u
ca
u
cb
u
ab
u
ac
u
a
I II III IV V VI
u
b
u
c
O
e t
1
O
e t
O
u
VT
1
e t
e t
Resistive load, = 90

b
a
c
T
n
load

i
a
i
d
u d
VT 1
VT
3
VT
5
VT
4
VT
6
VT
2
d
2
d
1
Inductive load, = 0

b
a
c
T
n
load

i a
i
d
u d
VT 1
VT
3
VT
5
VT
4
VT
6
VT
2
d
2
d
1

u
d 1
u
2
u
d 2
u
2 L
u
d
i
d
O
O
O
e t
O
u
a
o = 0
u
b
u
c
e t
1
u
ab
u
ac
u
bc
u
ba
u
ca
u
cb
u
ab
u
ac
I II III IV V VI
i
VT
1
e t
e t
e t

Inductive load, = 30

b
a
c
T
n
load

i
a
i
d
u d
VT 1
VT
3
VT
5
VT
4
VT
6
VT
2
d
2
d
1

u
d 1
o = 30
u
d 2
u
d
u
ab
u
ac
u
bc
u
ba
u
ca
u
cb
u
ab
u
ac
I II III IV V VI
e t O
e t O
e
t
O
e t O
i
d
i a
e t 1
u
a
u
b
u c

Inductive load, = 90

b
a
c
T
n
load

i a
i
d
u d
VT 1
VT
3
VT
5
VT
4
VT
6
VT
2
d
2
d
1
Quantitative analysis

Average output voltage:


For resistive load, When a > 60, load current id is discontinuous.


everage output current (load current):

Transformer current:

o e e
t
o
t
o
t
cos 34 . 2 ) ( sin 6
3
1
2
3
2
3
2 d
U t td U U = =
}
+
+
2-26

2-27
(

+ + = =
}
+
)
3
cos( 1 34 . 2 ) ( sin 6
3
2
3
2 d
o
t
e e
t
t
o
t
U t td U U

R
U
I
d
d
=
2-20

d d d d
I I I I I 816 . 0
3
2
3
2
) (
3
2
2
1
2 2
2
= =
|
.
|

\
|
+ = t t
t
2-28
2.3 Effect of transformer leakage inductance on rectifier circuits








In practical, the transformer leakage inductance has to be taken into account.
Commutation between thyristors, thus can not happen instantly,but with a
commutation process.
a
b
c
T
L
u d
i c
i
b
i a
L B
L B
L B
i k
VT1
VT2
VT3
R
i d
O

i c i
a i b
i
c i a I d
u d
e
t
u a u b u c
o
e
t
O
Commutation process analysis

Circulating current ik during commutation





Output voltage during commutation

ik: 0 Id

ub-ua = 2LBdia/dt
ia = Id-ik : Id

ib = ik : 0 Id
0


2 d
d
d
d
b a k
B b
k
B a d
u u
t
i
L u
t
i
L u u
+
= = + =
2-30
Quantitative calculation
Reduction of average output voltage due to the commutation process




Calculation of commutation angle



Id ,
XB,
For 90

, ,
d B
0
B
6
5
6
5 B
6
5
6
5 B b b
6
5
6
5 d b d
2
3
d
2
3
) ( d
d
d
2
3
) ( d )]
d
d
( [
2
3
) ( d ) (
3 / 2
1
I X i L t
t
i
L
t
t
i
L u u t u u U
I
t
e
t
e
t
e
t
e
t
t
o
t
o
t
o
t
o
t
o
t
o
= = =
= = A
} }
} }
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
d
k
k
k
2-31

2
d B
6
2
) cos( cos
U
I X
= + o o
2-36
Summary of the effect on rectifier circuits

Circuits
Single-
phase
Full wave
Single-
phase
bridge
Three-
phase
half wave
Three-
phase
bridge
m-pulse recfifier













d
U A
d
B
I
X
t
d
B
2
I
X
t
d
B
2
3
I
X
t
d
B
3
I
X
t
d
B
2
I
mX
t
) cos( cos o o +
2
B d
2U
X I
2
B d
2
2
U
X I
2
d B
6
2
U
I X
2
d B
6
2
U
I X
m
U
X I
t
sin 2
2
B d
Conclusions
Commutation process actually provides additional working states of the
circuit.
di/dt of the thyristor current is reduced.
The average output voltage is reduced.
Positive du/dt
Notching in the AC side voltag
2.4 Capacitor- filtered uncontrolled (uncontrollable) rectifier
2.4.1 Capacitor- filtered single- phase uncontrolled rectifier
Single-phase bridge, RC load:


a )
+
R
C
u
1
u
2
i
2
VD
1
VD
3
VD
2
VD
4
i
d
i
C
i
R
u
d
b )
0
i
u
d
u
o
t 2 t e t
i , u
d
Single-phase bridge, RLC load

a ) b )
-
+
R
C
L
+
u 1 u 2
i
2
u d
u
L
i d
i C
i R
VD
2
VD
4
VD 1
VD 3
u
2
u d
i
2
0
o u
t
e
t
i
2
,
u 2
,
u d
2.4.2 Capacitor- filtered three- phase uncontrolled rectifier
Three-phase bridge, RC load

a)
+
a
b
c
T
i a
R
C
u d
i d
i C
i R
VD 2
b)
O
i
a
u
d
i
d
u
d
u
ab
u
ac
0 o u
t
t
3
e t
VD 6 VD 4
VD 1 VD 3 VD 5
e t
Three- phase bridge, RC load Waveform when RC1.732

a ) b )
e t
e t
e t e t
i
a
i
d
i
a
i
d
O
O
O
O
aeRC=

beRC<

3
3
Three- phase bridge, RLC load

a )
b )
c )
+
a
b
c
T
i
a
R
C
u
d
i d
i
C
i
R
VD
4
VD
6
VD
1
VD
3
VD
5
VD
2
i a
i
a
O
O
e t
e t
2.5 Harmonics and power factor of rectifier circuits
2.5.1 Basic concepts of harmonics and reactive power
For pure sinusoidal waveform


For periodic non-sinusoidal waveform



where
Harmonics-related specifications
Take current harmonics as examples
Content of nth harmonics


In is the effective (RMS) value of nth harmonics.
I1 is the effective (RMS) value of fundamental component.
Total harmonic distortion



Ih is the total effective (RMS) value of all the harmonic components.

% 100
1
=
I
I
HRI
n
n
2-57

% 100
1
=
I
I
THD
h
i
2-58
Definition of power and power factor for sinusoidal circuits
Active power


Reactive power

Apparent power



Power factor



}
= =
t
e
t
2
0
cos ) (
2
1
UI t uid P 2-59

Q=U I sin 2-61

S=UI 2-60
2 2 2
Q P S + =
2-63
S
P
= 2-62
=cos 2-64


Definition of power and power factor For non- sinusoidal circuit

Active power:

Power factor:
Distortion factor (fundamental- component factor):

Displacement factor (power factor of fundamental component):


Definition of reactive power is still in dispute

P=U I
1
cos
1
2-65

2-66
1 1
1 1 1
cos cos
cos
v

= = = =
I
I
UI
UI
S
P

v =I
1
/ I

=cos
1
1
Review of the reactive power concept

The reactive power Q does not lead to net transmission of energy between
the source and load. When Q 0, the rms current and apparent power
are greater than the minimum amount necessary to transmit the
average power P.

Inductor: current lags voltage by 90, hence displacement factor is zero.
The alternate storing and releasing of energy in an inductor leads to
current flow and nonzero apparent power, but P = 0. Just as resistors
consume real (average) power P, inductors can be viewed as
consumers of reactive power Q.

Capacitor: current leads voltage by 90, hence displacement factor is
zero. Capacitors supply reactive power Q. They are often placed in the
utility power distribution system near inductive loads. If Q supplied by
capacitor is equal to Q consumed by inductor, then the net current
(flowing from the source into the capacitor- inductive- load
combination) is in phase with the voltage, leading to unity power
factor and minimum rms current magnitude.

2.5.2 AC side harmonics and power factor of controlled rectifiers with
inductive load
Single- phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier
R
T
u
1
u
2
a )
i
2
a
b
VT3
u
d
i
d
VT4
VT1
VT2
e t
e t
e t
e t
e t
e t
e t
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
u2
ud
id
Id
Id
Id
Id
Id
iVT1,4
iVT2,3
uVT1,4
i2
,
b )
AC side current harmonics of single- phase bridge fully-controlled
rectifier with inductive load





Where


Conclusions
Only odd order harmonics exist
In1/n
In / I1 = 1/n


= =
= =
+ + + =

, 5 , 3 , 1 , 5 , 3 , 1
d
d 2
sin 2 sin
1 4
) 5 sin
5
1
3 sin
3
1
(sin
4
n
n
n
t n I t n
n
I
t t t I i
e e
t
e e e
t
2-72

t n
I
I
n
d
2 2
= n=1,3,5, 2-73


A typical gate triggering control circuit

220 V 36V
+
B
TP
+ 15 V
A
VS
+ 15 V
- 15 V - 15 V X Y
Disable

R
Q
u
ts
VD
1
VD
2
C
1
R
2
R
4
T S
V
2
R
5
R
8
R
6
R 7
R
3
R
9
R
10
R
11
R
12
R
13
R
14
R
16
R
15
R
18
R
17
RP
1
u
co
u p
C
2
C 3
C
3
C
5
C
6
C
7
R
1
RP
2
V 1
I
1c
V
3
V
4
V 6
V
5
V
7
V
8
VD
4
VD
10
VD
5
VD
6
VD 7
VD
9
VD 8
VD
15
VD
11
~VD
14
Three- phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier

b
a
c
T
n
load

i a
i d
u d
VT 1
VT
3
VT
5
VT
4
VT
6
VT
2
d
2
d
1

u
d 1
o = 30
u
d 2
u
d
u
ab
u
ac
u
bc
u
ba
u
ca
u
cb
u
ab
u
ac
I II III IV V VI
e t O
e t O
e
t
O
e t O
i
d
i a
e t 1
u
a
u
b
u c

AC side current harmonics of three- phase bridge fully- controlled
rectifier with inductive load





where

=
=
=
=
+ = + =
+ + =

3 , 2 , 1
1 6
1
3 , 2 , 1
1 6
d d
d a
sin 2 ) 1 ( sin 2 sin
1
) 1 (
3 2
sin
3 2
] 13 sin
13
1
11 sin
11
1
7 sin
7
1
5 sin
5
1
[sin
3 2
k
k n
n
k
k
k n
k
t n I t I t n
n
I t I
t t t t t I i
e e e
t
e
t
e e e e e
t
2-79
2-80

= = =
=
, 3 , 2 , 1 , 1 6 ,
6
6
d
d 1
k k n I
n
I
I I
n
t
t
2.5.3 AC side harmonics and power factor of capacitor- filtered
uncontrolled rectifiers
Situation is a little complicated than rectifiers with inductive load.

Some conclusions that are easy to remember:
Only odd order harmonics exist in single- phase circuit, and only 6k1
(k is positive integer) order harmonics exist in three- phase circuit.

Magnitude of harmonics decreases as harmonic order increases.

Harmonics increases and power factor decreases as capacitor increases.

Harmonics decreases and power factor increases as inductor increases.
2.5.4 Harmonic analysis of output voltage and current

(

= + =


=

=
t n
n
k
U t n b U u
mk n mk n
n
e
t
e cos
1
cos 2
1 cos
2
d0 d0 d0 2-85

2-86
m
m
U U
t
t
sin 2
2 d0
=
d0
2
1
cos 2
U
n
k
b
n

=
t
2-87

u
d
e t O
t
m
t
m
2 t
m
U
2
2
Output voltage of m- pulse
rectifier when = 0
Ripple factor in the output voltage
Output voltage ripple factor


where UR is the total RMS value of all the harmonic components in the
output voltage


and U is the total RMS value of the output voltage


d0
R
U
U
u
=
2-88

2-89
2
d0
2 2
R
U U U U
mk n
n
= =

=


Harmonics in the output current



where


) cos(
d d n
mk n
n
t n d I i e + =

=
2-92

2-93
R
E U
I

=
d0
d
2 2
) ( L n R
b
z
b
d
n
n
n
n
e +
= =
R
L n
n
e
arctan =
2-94
2-95
Conclusions
for = 0
Only mk (k is positive integer) order harmonics exist in the output voltage
and current of m- pulse rectifiers
Magnitude of harmonics decreases as harmonic order increases when m is
constant.
The order number of the lowest harmonics increases as m increases. The
corresponding magnitude of the lowest harmonics decreases
accordingly.
For 0
Quantitative harmonic analysis of output voltage and current is very
complicated for 0.
As an example,for 3- phase bridge fully- controlled rectifie
2.6 High power controlled rectifier
2.6.1 Double- star controlled rectifier
Circuit Waveforms When = 0

T
a b
c
L
R
n
i
P
L
P
u
d
i
d
VT5
c a
'
b
'
n
1
n
2
'
VT4 VT6 VT2 VT3 VT1
u
d 1
u
a
u
b
u
c
i
a
u
d 2
i
a
'
u
c
' u
a
'
u
b
' u
c
'
O e t
O e t
O e t
O e t
I
d
1
2
I
d
1
6
I
d
1
2
I
d
1
6
Effect of interphase reactor(inductor, transformer)

n
L
R
+
- + -
u
d 1
L
P
u
b
'
u
d 2
u
d
n
2
n
1
i
P
u
a
VT
1
VT
6
u
P
1
2
u
p
u
d 1
, u
d 2
O
O
60
360

e
t 1 e t
e t
b )
a )
u
a
u
b
u
c
u
c
'
u
a
'
u
b
'
u
b
'

d1 d2 p
u u u =
) (
2
1
2
1
2
1
d2 d1 p d1 p d2 d
u u U u u u u + = + = =
2-97
2-98
Quantitative analysis when = 0

] 9 cos
40
1
6 cos
35
2
3 cos
4
1
1 [
2
6 3
2
d1
+ + = t t t
U
u e e e
t
] 9 cos
40
1
6 cos
35
2
3 cos
4
1
1 [
2
6 3
] ) 60 ( 9 cos
40
1
) 60 ( 6 cos
35
2
) 60 ( 3 cos
4
1
1 [
2
6 3
2
2
d2
=
+ + =
t t t
U
t t t
U
u
e e e
t
e e e
t
] 9 cos
20
1
3 cos
2
1
[
2
6 3
2
p
= t t
U
u e e
t
] 6 cos
35
2
1 [
2
6 3
2
d
= t
U
u e
t
2-99
2-100
2-101
2-102
Waveforms when > 0

U
d
=1.17 U
2
cos o


90
= o

60
= o

30
= o
u
d
u
d
u
d
e t O
e t O
e
t O
u
a
u
b
u
c
u
c
'
u
a
'
u
b
'
u
b
u
c
u
c
'
u
a
'
u
b
'
u
b
u
c
u
c
'
u
a
'
u
b
'
2.6.2 Connection of multiple rectifiers

Connection
of multiple
rectifiers

To increase the
output capacity

To improve the AC side current waveform
and DC side voltage waveform

Larger output voltage:
series connection


Larger output current:
parallel connection


Phase-shift connection of multiple rectifiers
Parallel connection

M
L
T
VT
1 2
c
1
b
1
a
1
c
2
b
2
a
2
L
P
12- pulse rectifier realized by
paralleled 3- phase bridge rectifiers

Series connection
C
?
L
R B
A
1
*
?
?
*
*
0
30

3
i
A
c
1
b
1
a
1
1
c
2
b
2
a
2
i
ab
2
u
a 2
b
2
u a
1
b 1
i
a
1
i
d
u
d
I
II
I
III
0
a)
b)
c)
d)
i
a1
I
d




i
a2
i
ab2
'
i
A
I
d
i
ab2
et
et
et
et
0
0
0
I
d
2
3
3
3
I
d
3
3
I
d
I
d
3
2 3
(1+ ) I
d
3
2 3
(1+ )I
d
3
3
I
d
1
3
12- pulse rectifier realized by
series 3- phase bridge rectifiers
Sequential control of multiple series-connected rectifiers
L
i
a)
load



u
2
u
2
u
2
I
d
VT11
u
d
b)
c)
i
I
d
2 I
d
u
d
O
o t + o
VT12
VT13
VT14
VT21
VT22
VT23
VT24
VT31
VT32
VT33
VT34
Circuit and waveforms of series- connected
three single-phase bridge rectifiers

2.7 Inverter mode operationof rectifiers
Review of DC generator- motor system

c)
b) a)
M G M G M G
E
G
E
M
I
d
R

E
G
E
M
I
d
R

E
G
E
M
I
d
R

Id
=
EG EM
R
-
Id
=
EM EG
R
-
should be avoided

Inverter mode operation of rectifiers
Rectifier and inverter mode operation of single- phase full- wave
converter
Necessary conditions for the inverter mode operation of controlled
rectifiers
There must be DC EMF in the load and the direction of the DC EMF must
be enabling current flow in
thyristors. (In other word EM must be negative if taking the ordinary
output voltage direction as positive.)
> 90 so that the output voltage Ud is also negative.
Inverter mode operation of 3- phase bridge rectifier

u ab u
ac
u
bc
u
ba
u
ca
u
cb
u
ab
u
ac
u
bc
u
ba
u
ca
u
cb
u
ab
u
ac
u
bc
u
ba
u
ca
u
cb
u
ab
u
ac
u
bc
u a u b u c u a u b u c u a u b u c u a u b u
2
u
d
e t O
e t O
| =
t
4
| =
t
3
| =
t
6
| =
t
4
| =
t
3
| =
t
6
e t 1 e t 3
e t 2
Inversion angle (extinction angle)
+ =180

Inversion failure and minimum inversion angle
Possible reasons of inversion failures
Malfunction of triggering circuit
Failure in thyristors
Sudden dropout of AC source voltage
Insufficient margin for commutation of thyristors

Minimum inversion angle (extinction angle)
min= + + 2-109
2.8 Thyristor- DC motor system
2.8.1 Rectifier mode of operation
Waveforms and equations

U
I R
E U
d M
d
A
+ + =
E
(2-112)


where

R
E R M



R B



3XB
2

+ +
=
(for 3- phase half-wave)



u
d
O
i
d
e
t
u
a
u
b
u
c
o
u
d
O
i
a
i
b
i
c
i
c
e t
E
U
d
i
d
R
(Waveforms of 3- phase half- wave
rectifier with DC motor load

Speed- torque (mechanic) characteristic when load current is
continuous
n
E
M
=
C
e 2-113
For 3- phase half-wave

U
I
E
M

=
coso 1.17
2
U
E
R d A
E
M
=
coso 1.17
2
U
o
e
d
e C
U I
R
C
U
n
A +

=
E cos 1.17 2
2-114
For 3-phase bridge

o
e
d
e
C
I
R
C
U
n
=
E cos 2.34 2
2-115
2-116
O
n
a
1
<a
2
<a
3
a
3
a
2
a
1
I
d
(R
B
+R
M
+ )
I
d
C
e
3X
B
2t
For 3- phase half-wave

Speed- torque (mechanic) characteristic when load current is
discontinuous
EMF at no load (taking 3- phase half-wave as example)

For 60


2
2U
Eo=


For >60


) 3 cos( 2
2
t o U
Eo=

discontinuouts
mode

continuous mode

E
E 0
E 0
'
O
I dmin
I
d
( 0 . 585 U
2
)
( U 2 )
2
For 3- phase half-wave

2.8.2 Inverter mode of operation
Equations
are just the same as in the
rectifier mode of operation
except that Ud, EM and n
become negative. E.g., in
3- phase half- wave

U
I
E
M

=
coso 1.17
2
U
E
R d A
o
e
d
e C
U I
R
C
U
n
A +

=
E cos 1.17 2
2-114
2-115
Or in another form

2-123
I)
0 cos |+ (

R I
U
E
d
d M
= -
2-122
e C
n
=

+
R
I
U
d d | cos
0
1
rectifier
mode

n
o
3
o
2
o
1
I
d
o
4
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
1
o = | =
t
2
inverter
mode

i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g

i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g


Speed-torque characteristic of
a DC motor fed by a thyristor
rectifier circuit
2.8.3 Reversible DC motor drive system(4-quadrant operation)

L
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
AC
source

converter 2 converter 1

converter 2

+ T - T
converter 1 rectifying

converter 2 rectifying

converter 2 inverting

converter 1 inverting
forward motoring

reverse motoring

forward braking(regenerating)

reverse braking(regenerating)

converter 1

converter 2

E
M
M
a
b
c
a
b
c
+ n
I
d
I
d
U d
o
M
E
M
I
d
M
E
M
M E
M
I
d
Energ
y

M
E
M
- n
U
d |
U
d o
U
d |
O
AC
source

converter 1

Energ
y

Energ
y

Energ
y
converter 2 converter 2 converter 1

converter 1

AC
source

AC
source


Back-to-back
connection of two 3-
phase bridge circuits

converter 1

converter 2

n
o
3
o
2
o
1
I
d
o
4
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
1
o = | =
t
2
o ' = | ' =
t
2
| '
3
| '
2
| '
1
| '
4
o '
2
o '
3
o '
4
o '
1
o
1
= | '
1
; o '
1
= |
1
o
2
= | '
2
; o '
2
= |
2

i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g

i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g

i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g

i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g


2.9 Gate triggering control circuit for thyristor rectifiers
A typical gate triggering control circuit

220 V 36V
+
B
TP
+ 15 V
A
VS
+ 15 V
- 15 V - 15 V X Y
Disable

R
Q
u
ts
VD
1
VD
2
C
1
R
2
R
4
T S
V
2
R
5
R
8
R
6
R 7
R
3
R
9
R
10
R
11
R
12
R
13
R
14
R
16
R
15
R
18
R
17
RP
1
u
co
u p
C
2
C 3
C
3
C
5
C
6
C
7
R
1
RP
2
V 1
I
1c
V
3
V
4
V 6
V
5
V
7
V
8
VD
4
VD
10
VD
5
VD
6
VD 7
VD
9
VD 8
VD
15
VD
11
~VD
14