Subject: CSE 102 (Web Technology)

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Suparna Roy
Univer ity o! "n!or#ation Technology $ Science (U"TS) %angla&e h

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'ahi#a ()ter *ahi "+ ,o: 10-.0../0 %atch ,o: ..

+ate: 11210210

DIAL-UP LINE
Dial-up pertains to a telephone connection in a system of many lines shared by many users. A dial-up connection is established and maintained for a limited time duration. The alternative is a dedicated connection, which is continuously in place. Dial-up lines are sometimes called switched lines and dedicated lines are called nonswitched lines. A dedicated line is often a leased line that is rented from a telephone company. A dial-up connection can be initiated manually or automatically by your computer's modem or other device.

Advantages of Dial-Up Internet Access:

Low Cost: Dial up method has always been and will remain the cheapest method of connecting to the Internet. All inds of usages are charged according to the telephone call tariff only. !o e"tra money is charged #ust because it is being used in data transfer, most of the times. $ometimes, the pri%es go up because of the individual re&uirements of speed and performance. Safety: A dial up connection is much safer than any other technology because of the rotation of the I' addresses, assigned to a user. I' address is a set of numbers assigned to you, that you use to connect to the Internet. $o, wherever you go you leave a trail behind. (sing a dial up connection, every time a person logs in, he does so using a new I' address. This ma es hac ing an account impossible and saves the user a lot of headache. I' address theft has some serious conse&uences, li e someone can login using your I' address and do 'wrong things' that may actually point bac at you. Availability: This is probably the best feature of dial up internet access. It provides the user with the convenience of using his account wherever the service is available. That means, if you are going on a vacation and the service provider is available at that location, you can very much log in to your account and access the internet. This is mostly not the case with the broadband connection. And hence the dial up gets an upper edge when it comes to 'being there',always.

Disadvantages of Dial Up Internet Access:

Speed: $peed is one of the biggest disadvantages of a dial up connection. The ma"imum speed a dial up connection can achieve is )*,+++ bytes per second, which is way too less compared to all the other technologies available, these days. The page loading speed is so slow that, many times you may want to go and finish other wor s in between. The slow speed of the dial up can be easily and very conveniently blamed on the technology that it uses. The internet surfing process on a dial up connection goes through various levels of conversions, modulations and also handsha es ,yes, the machines hand sha e and agree to a few things, before they start wor ing-. .e are not going in details of the wor ing of this technology here. /or now, it's enough to now that all these processes, that actually happen in a few minutes are really tedious. 0ne should really go through the technology concepts at least once. It's guaranteed that you will stop complaining about the speed of your connection and will start admiring it. A computer actually achieves so much in #ust a few minutes. 1ut yes, there are many technologies that are doing better, and hence the less popularity of the dial up connection. Requires Phone Line: A dial up connection re&uires a permanent phone line, that can be dialed to connect to the Internet. $o you cannot always carry your internet along with you, li e with some other technologies. 2es, you can surf it from some other place but only when there is an e"isting phone line of the same service provider, at that place. Route Busy: 3veryone of us born in the 4+s and the 5+s very well now, what it means. !ewer generations might not be familiar with it because of the absence of land lines in most places, these days. 1y route busy, the technology means that the single line available, is being used for some ind of data transfer and hence anything else cannot be done right now. $o if the user is using the line for internet purpose, the line will sound busy for the other people, who may be trying to dial in. 6ence, there may be times, that you are connecting to the world and feeling liberated and at the same time, your parents ,out for a trip- are going mad trying to call you up at home. Dial up Internet access has its pros and cons, li e any other technology in the world. There are many reasons behind its depleting popularity and out of them speed seems to be the ma#or one. Time is the only factor that people don't have these days. 7any a times, money and other things don't matter at all. 'eople need speed along with the convenience and they are ready to pay anything for that. 'erhaps, dial-up will be e"tinct in the coming few years, but people who wanted security will always miss it. .henever they will sit down with their friends, discussing hac ing and how they lost precious data, they will fondly remember their days of dialing up to the Internet.

Leased line connections

A leased line is a telephone line that has been leased for private use. In some conte"ts, it's called a dedicated line. A leased line is usually contrasted with a switched line or dial-up line. Typically, large companies rent leased lines from the telephone message carriers ,such as AT8T- to interconnect different geographic locations in their company. The alternative is to buy and maintain their own private lines or, increasingly perhaps, to use the public switched lines with secure message protocols. ,This is called tunneling./or e"ample, a T-9 channel can be lewd, and provides a ma"imum transmission speed of 9.):: 7bps. The user can divide the connection into different lines for multiple"ing date and voice communication, or use the channel for one high speed data circuit. Increasingly, leased lines are being used by companies, and even individuals, for Internet access because they afford faster data transfer rates and are cost-effective for heavy users of the Internet.

Advantages of leased line connections:

A ;eased ;in It has <7bps-9+=bps internet speed. The problem is that it is very e"pensive. )55>month and more. The Advantage of a leased line is that it is a connection directly ?laid in? for you thus you end up with a dedicated connection - for high end business's usually, with higher speeds, lower contention and faster response times to any problems. Distance is also less of a problem with a ;eased line as they can be laid especially for the contract - up to distances of @A) msee related lin Typically they are used for people re&uiring e"tra high bandwidth, or with distance problems that re&uire a dedicated line.

Integrated Services Digital Net or! "ISDN#

Integrated Services Digital etwor! "ISD # is a set of communications standards for simultaneous digital transmission of voice, video, data, and other networ services over the traditional circuits of the public switched telephone networ . It was first defined in 9544 in the BBITT red boo . 'rior to I$D!, the phone system was viewed as a way to transport voice, with some special services available for data. The ey feature of I$D! is that it integrates speech and data on the same lines, adding features that were not available in the classic telephone system. There are several inds of access interfaces to I$D! defined as 1asic Cate Interface ,1CI-, 'rimary Cate Interface ,'CI- and 1roadband I$D! ,1-I$D!-.

I$D! is a circuit-switched telephone networ system, which also provides access to pac et $witched networ s, designed to allow digital transmission of voice and data over ordinary telephone copper wires, resulting in potentially better voice &uality than an analog phone can provide. It offers circuit-switched connections ,for either voice or data-, and pac et-switched connections ,for data-, in increments of *: ilobit>s. A ma#or provides a ma"imum of 9<4 bit>s in both upstream and downstream directions. Bhannel bonding can achieve a greater data rateD typically the I$D! 1-channels of A or : 1CIs ,* to 4.*: bit>s channels- are bonded.

I$D! should not be mista en for its use with a specific protocol, such as E.5A9 whereby I$D! is employed as the networ , data-lin and physical layers in the conte"t of the 0$I model. In a board sense I$D! can be considered a suite of digital services e"isting on layers 9,<, andA of the 0$I model. I$D! is designed to provide access to voice and data services simultaneously.

6owever, common use has reduced I$D! to be limited to E.5A9 and related protocols, which are a set of protocols for establishing and brea ing circuit switched connections, and for advanced call feature for the user. They were introduced in 954*.

In a videoconferences, I$D! provides simultaneous voice, video, and te"t transmission between individual des top videoconferencing systems and group ,roomvideoconferencing system.

Integrated services refers to I$D!Fs ability to deliver at minimum two simultaneous connections, in any combination of data, voice, video, and fa", over a single line. 7ultiple devices can be attached to the line, and used as needed. That means an I$D! line can ta e care of most peopleFs complete communications needs at a much higher transmission rate, without forcing the purchase of multiple analog phone lines. It also refers to Integrated $witching and Transmission in that telephone switching and carrier wave transmission are integrated rather than separate as in earlier technology.

$alue-added Net or! "$AN#:

A Galue-added !etwor ,GA!- is a hosted service offering that acts as an intermediary between business partners sharing standards based or proprietary data via shared 1usiness 'rocesses. The offered service is referred to as HGalue-added !etwor $erviceI. $A S traditionally transmitted data formatted as 3lectronic Data Interchange but increasingly they also transmit data formatted as J7; or in more specific Hbinary formats. GA!Fs usually service a given vertical or industry and provide HGalue-added !etwor $erviceI ,HGA! $erviceI or GA!$Fs- such as data transformation between formats ,3DI-to-J7;, 3DI-to-3DI etc.-.

At one e"treme, a GA! hosts only hori%ontal 1usiness-to-1usiness application integration services, hosting general-purpose integration services for any process or industry. At the other e"treme a GA! also hosts process-specific or industry-specific integration, for e"ample supply chain ordering or data synchroni%ation services. A GA! not only transports ,receives, stores and forwards- messages but also adds audit information to them and modifies the data in the process of automatic error detection and correction or conversion between ,communication protocols-.

%roadband:
The term broadband refers to a telecommunications signal of greater bandwidth, in some sense, than another standard or usual signal ,and the broader the band, the greater the capacity for traffic-. Different criteria for HbroadI have been applied in different conte"ts and at different times. Its origin is in radio system engineering, but become populari%ed after 7edia 0ne adopted it as part of mar eting campaign in 955* to sell their high speed data access. The slogan was H This is 1roadband. This is the wayI. The term has never been formally defined, even though it is used widely and has been the sub#ect of many policy debates, and the /BB H!ational 1roadband 'lanI.

Connecting A%erica& 'he ational Broadband Plan( unveiled 7arch 9*, <+9+, is a /ederal Bommunications Bommission ,/BB- plan re&uired by the American Cecovery and Ceinvestment Act of <++5 for improving broadband Internet access throughout the (nited $tates. Its goal is providing 9++ million American households with access to 9++ 7bit>s ,megabits per second- connections- as much as <+ times faster than what is generally available in <+9+- by <+<+. In order to Hensure every American has access to broadband capabilityI, the purpose of the plan is to Hinclude a detailed strategy for achieving affordability and ma"imi%ing use of broadband to advance consumer welfare,.

In addition, the plan calls for broadcasters to give up as much as 9<+ m6% of spectrum for wireless broadband access. 1y <+9), channels :* through )9 would be reassigned and the e"tra A* m6% sold to wireless Internet providers. The remaining spectrum would be given up through voluntary efforts. A total of A++ m6% would be needed, with mobile satellite service giving up 5+ m6%.

/BB Bhairman Kulius =enachows i, in an interview with The Associated 'ress, named the plan as Hhis top 'riorityI.