College of Engineering and Computer Science

Mechanical Engineering Department

Mechanical Engineering 390
Fluid Mechanics
Spring 2008 Number: 11971
Instructor: Larry Caretto
February 12 Homework Solutions
2.49 A rectangular gate having a width of 5 ft is
located in the sloping slide of a tank as shown
in the figure on the right (copied from the text.)
The gate is hinged along its top edge and is
held in place ! the force ". #riction in the
hinge and the weight of the gate can e
neglected. #ind the force$ ".
The force has to offset the force create! by the "ater
pressure at the gate# This pressure creates an a$erage
resu%tant force& '(& that acts at the center of pressure& yC&
an! by ta)ing moments about the hinge "e can fin! the force
# In the e*uations for the resu%tant force& '( + ,ycsin& the centroi! coor!inate& yc& is measure!
from the top of the "ater# Since the centroi! of a rectang%e is at its mi!point -ha%f of the . ft#
height of the gate/ yc + 10 0 .12 + 12 ft# The area is -. ft/-3 ft/ + 20 ft
2
# 4e can then fin! the
resu%tant force as fo%%o"s#
( )( )
f
o
f
c R
lb x ft ft
ft
lb
A y F
4 2
3
10 11 . 2 60 sin 30 13
4 . 62
sin
In or!er to fin! the %ocation of the center of
pressure "e nee! to fin! the moment of inertia
about the 5 a5is& I5c# ,s sho"n in the !iagram at
the %eft& I5c + ba
2
112 "here a is the !imension a%ong
the y a5is# In our case a + . ft an! b + 3 ft so I5c +
-3 ft/-. ft/
2
112 + 90 ft
6
# 4e then use the formu%a for
the center of pressure to fin! y( + yC as fo%%o"s#
( )
( )( )
ft ft
ft ft
ft
y
A y
I
y
c
c
xc
CP
23 . 13 13
30 13
90
2
4
+ + 4e can no" use a moment ba%ance
aroun! the hinge as sho"n in the free7bo!y !iagram to
the right# The moment ba%ance gi$es -. ft/ + '(-yC 8 10
ft/# Note that "e ha$e to correct the $a%ue of yC to ma)e it
re%ati$e to the %ocation of the hinge instea! of the $a%ue "e
ha$e "hich is re%ati$e to the top of the "a%%# 4e can thus
fin! + -2#11510
6
%bf/ -2#22 ft/ 1-. ft/#
P =1.14x10
4
lbf
9acaran!a -:ngineering/ 2222 ;ai% Co!e hone: 818#.77#.668
:7mai%: %caretto<csun#e!u 8268 'a5: 818#.77#70.2
'ebruary 12 home"or) so%utions age 2
ME 390, L. S. Caretto, Spring 2008
2.52 A homogenous 4%ft wide$ &%ft long
rectangular gate$ weighing &'' lf is held
in place ! a hori(ontal flexile cale as
shown in the figure in the right copied
from the text. )ater acts against the
gate which is hinged at point A. #riction
in the cale is negligile. *etermine the
tension in the cale.
This problem is similar to problem 49, except
that the gate extends above the top of the
water. Since the distance along the gate where
water is present is 6 ft, the centroid of the area where there is water pressure is yc =
ft. The area impacted by the water pressure is ! = "6 ft#"4 ft# = $4 ft
$
. %e can find
the resultant force by the usual e&uation.
( )( )
f
o
f
c R
lb x ft ft
ft
lb
A y F
3 2
3
10 89 . 3 60 sin 24 3
4 . 62
sin
In or!er to fin! the %ocation of the center of pressure "e nee! to fin! the moment of inertia about
the 5 a5is# ,s sho"n in the !iagram for prob%em 69& I5c + ba
2
112 "here a is the !imension a%ong
the y a5is that is e5pose! to the f%ui!# In this case a + . ft an! b + 6 ft so I5c + -6 ft/-. ft/
2
112 +
72 ft
6
# 4e then use the formu%a for the center of pressure to fin! y( + yC as fo%%o"s#
( )
( )( )
ft ft
ft ft
ft
y
A y
I
y
c
c
xc
CP
4 3
24 3
72
2
4
+ +
4e ne5t ta)e a moment ba%ance aroun! the hinge as sho"n in the free7
bo!y !iagram to the %eft# The resu%tant force is norma% to the gate at a
%ocation 2 ft abo$e the hinge# The cab%e tension& T& acts 8 ft abo$e the
hinge an! the component norma% to the gate is Tsin.0
o
# The "eight acts
6 ft abo$e the hinge an! has a component %cos.0
o
norma% to the gate#
=sing these resu%ts gi$es the fo%%o"ing moment ba%ance#
( ) ( ) ( ) ft T ft ft F
o o
R
8 60 sin 4 60 cos 2 + %
So%$ing this e*uation for T an! substituting the $a%ues for "eight an!
resu%tant force gi$es the !esire! numerica% resu%t#
( ) ( )
( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ft
ft lb ft lb x
ft
ft ft F
T
o
o
f f
o
o
R
8 60 sin
4 60 cos 800 2 10 89 . 3
8 60 sin
4 60 cos 2
3
+

%
T =1.35x10
3
lbf
'ebruary 12 home"or) so%utions age 2
ME 390, L. S. Caretto, Spring 2008
2.57 A 3-m wide, -m high rectangular gate i!
located at the end of a rectangular
pa!!age that i! connected to a large
open tan" filled with water a! !hown in
the figure at the right #copied from the
te$t%. &he gate i! hinged at it! 'ottom
and held clo!ed '( a hori)ontal force, *+
located at the center of the gate. &he
ma$imum ,alue for *+ i! 35-- ".. #a%
Determine the ma$imum water depth, h,
a'o,e the center of the gate that can
e$i!t without the gate opening. #'% /! (our an!wer the !ame if the gate i! hinged at the
top0 E$plain (our an!wer.
The resu%tant force on the gate& "hose area is -2 m/-8 m/ + 26 m
2
& is gi$en by the usua% formu%a&
'( + yc,sin# >ere yc must be compute! from the top of the %i*ui! to the center of the gate gi$ing
yc + h# Since "e are trying to fin! h& "e ha$e to carry h -or yc/ as an un)no"n throughout the
ca%cu%ation# Thus the resu%tant force becomes
( )( )
m
kN
y m y
m
kN
A y F
c
o
c c R
232 90 sin 24
80 . 9
sin
2
3

The %ocation of the resu%tant force re*uires the ca%cu%ation of the moment of inertia about the 5
a5is through the centroi!# See the so%ution to prob%em 69 for a !iscussion of this ca%cu%ation# 'or
the rectangu%ar gate here the moment of inertia& I5c + ba
2
112 + -2 m/-8 m/
2
112 + 128 m
6
# 4e can
no" obtain an e*uation for yC from the usua% e*uation#
( )
( )
c
c
c
c
c
c
xc
CP
y
y
m
y
m y
m
y
A y
I
y + + +
2
2
4
333 . 5
24
128
The free7bo!y !iagram to the %eft sho"s that there are t"o forces on
the gate# The first is the resu%tant pressure force that is a !istance ?
abo$e the hinge an! the opposing force& '> that is 6 m abo$e the
hinge# The !istance from the surface of the %i*ui! to the bottom of
the %i*ui! is yc 0 6 m from the !iagram# The !istance& ?& is the
!ifference bet"een this !istance to the bottom an! yC so& ? + yc 0
-6 m/ 8 yC# 4ith these !imensions a momentum ba%ance about the
hinge gi$es:
( )

,
_

,
_

1
1
]
1

,
_

+ +
,
_

c
c c
c
c c R H
y
m
m
m
kN
y y
y
m
m y
m
kN
y F m F
2 2
333 . 5
4 232
333 . 5
4 232 4
4hen '> has its ma5imum $a%ue of 2300 )N& the $a%ue of yc + h is gi$en by the fo%%o"ing e*uation#
( ) ( )( ) m kN kN y
y
m
m
m
kN
y m kN m F
c
c
c H

,
_

,
_

1237 918
333 . 5
4 232 4 3500 4
2
( )
( )( )
m
kN
m kN m kN
m F y
H c
6 . 16
918
1237 4 3500
4


'ebruary 12 home"or) so%utions age 6
ME 390, L. S. Caretto, Spring 2008
h = yc = 16.6 f
The free7bo!y !iagram at the %eft sho"s the forces "hen the gate is
hinge! at the top# >ere the %ength& ?1 + yC 8 -yc 8 6/ + -3#222 m
2
/1yc 0 yc
8 -yc 8 6 m/ + -3#222 m
2
/1yc 0 6m# ,pp%ying this %ength to the momentum
ba%ance gi$es#
( ) ( ) ( )
kN y m kN m
y
m
m
kN
y
F m kN kN m m F
c
c
c
R H
928 1237 4
333 . 5
232
14000 4 3500 4
2
+

,
_

+
,
_

So%$ing gi$es
m
kN
m kN m kN
y
c
8 . 13
928
1237 14000

@ so h = yc = 13.! #
The !epth is %ess "hen the gate is hinge! at the top because the pressure !istribution creates
more momentum on the gate then# 4hen the gate is hinge! at the bottom& the center of
momentum is c%oser to the greater pressures# 4hen the gate is hinge! at the top it is further from
these greater pressures so more momentum is e5erte! by the pressure !istribution#
2.5 A gate ha,ing the cro!! !ection !hown in the figure at the
right #copied from the te$t% clo!e! an opening 5 ft wide
and 5 ft high in a water re!er,oir. &he gate weigh! 5-- l'f
and it! center of gra,it( i! 1 ft to the left of AC and 2 ft
a'o,e 2C. Determine the hori)ontal reaction that i!
de,eloped on the gate at C.
The gate is at a !ifferent ang%e than the "a%%# 4e are to%! that
the gate is 3 ft high an! the !iagram sho"s that the proAection
of the gate on a $ertica% surface is 6 ft high# 4e thus conc%u!e
that the %ength ,B is 3 ft@ the %ength ,C is 6 ft& an! the %ength
BC + ( ) ( )
2 2
4 5 ft ft + 2 ft#
If the gate "ere to continue a%ong a "a%% that "as at the same
ang%e as the gate& the %ength of the hypothetica% "a%% cou%! be
foun! by the re%ation for simi%ar triang%es# -See the !iagram to
the %eft& be%o"#/
The 8 ft height of the $ertica% "a%% "ou%! be e*ui$a%ent to a -316/
-8 ft/ + 10 ft s%ante! !istance to the surface of the "ater# The
ang%e& & that the s%ante! %ength ma)es "ith the surface of the
"ater is sin
71
-6 ft13 ft/ + 0#9272 ra!ians# The s%ante! %ength to
the centroi! of the gate "ou%! be yc + 10 ft 0 2#3 ft + 12#3 ft#
The $a%ue of yc sin "ou%! be -12#3 ft/sin-0#9272/ + 10 ft# 4e
cou%! ha$e a%so foun! this number by %oo)ing at the $ertica%
!epth of the "ater at the centroi! of the gate ,B# 'rom the
figure abo$e "e see that this is 10 ft be%o" the surface of the
"ater# (egar!%ess of ho" "e fin! this %ength& "e can no" use
this hc+ ycsin + 10 ft in our e*uation for the resu%tant force on
the si!e of the gate& 'si!e# 4e sti%% use the actua% area of the
gate -3 ft/
2
+ 23 ft
2
#

'ebruary 12 home"or) so%utions age 3

ME 390, L. S. Caretto, Spring 2008
( )( )
f
f
c side
lb x ft ft
ft
lb
A h F
4 2
3
10 56 . 1 25 10
4 . 62

To compute the %ocation of this resu%tant force "e use our usua% formu%a for yC& an! "e use the
!istance a%ong the hypothetica% s%ante! "a%% "ith yc + 12#3 ft# The moment of inertia about the
centroi!& I5c + ba
2
112 + -3 ft/-3 ft/
2
112 + 32#08 ft
6
#
( )
( )( )
ft ft
ft ft
ft
y
A y
I
y
c
c
xc
CP
67 . 12 5 . 12
25 5 . 12
08 . 52
2
4
+ +
To fin! the reaction force at C "e ha$e to use a moment ba%ance of a%% the moments about the
hinge at ,# The point& re%ati$e to ,& "here the resu%tant pressure force acts is foun! by
subtracting the 10 ft !istance a%ong the hypothetica% s%ante! "a%% abo$e the gate# This gi$es the
%ocation of the center of pressure as 2#.7 ft# be%o" the start of the gate# There is a%so a pressure
force on the bottom of the triangu%ar gate# The "ater at this point is 12 ft !eep an! the area of the
%o"er portion of the triangu%ar gate is -2 ft/-3 ft/ + 13 ft
2
# So the up"ar! force that the "ater
pressure gi$es on this surface is
( )( )
f
f
bottom bottom bottom
lb x ft ft
ft
lb
A h F
4 2
3
10 123 . 1 15 12
4 . 62

This force acts at the centroi! of the bottom p%ate "hich is 1#3 ft to the %eft of the %ine ,C# 4e are
a%so to%! that the center of gra$ity for the 3007%bf "eight of the gate is 1 ft to the %eft of the %ine ,C#
4ith this information "e can form the momentum ba%ance aroun! the hinge at , as fo%%o"s#
0 ) 4 ( ) 1 ( ) 5 . 1 ( ) 67 . 2 ( + ft F ft ft F ft F
C bottom side
%
Substituting the $a%ues for the forces an! "eight a%%o"s us to so%$e for 'C#
( ) ( ) ( )
ft
ft ft ft ft x ft ft x
ft
ft ft F ft F
F
bottom side
C
4
) 1 ( 500 ) 5 . 1 ( 10 123 . 1 ) 67 . 2 ( 10 56 . 1
4
) 1 ( ) 5 . 1 ( ) 67 . 2 (
4 4
+

%
Fc = 6.33x10
3
lbf
2.3 Dam! can ,ar( from ,er( large !tructure! with
cur,ed face! holding 'ac" water to great depth!, a!
!hown in 4ideo 42.3, to relati,e !mall !tructure!
with plane face! a! !hown in the figure at the right
copied from the te$t. A!!ume that the concrete
dam !hown in thi! figure weigh! 23.3 ".5m
3
and
re!t! on a !olid foundation. Determine the
minimum coefficient of friction 'etween the dam
and the foundation re6uired to "eep the dam from
!liding at the water depth !hown. 7ou do not need
to con!ider the po!!i'le uplift along the 'a!e. 2a!e
(our anal(!i! on a unit length of the dam.
'ebruary 12 home"or) so%utions age .
ME 390, L. S. Caretto, Spring 2008
The angu%ar portion of the !am !ecreases by 6 m -from . m to
2 m/ as the !am rises 3 m# Thus& the ang%e at the base of the
!am + tan
71
-3 m16 m/ + 0#89.1 ra!ians + 31#26
o
# This is a%so
the ang%e& & that the "ater ma)es "ith the s%oping surface of
the !am& "hich is use! in our formu%a for the resu%tant force#
See the s)etch at the %eft for the forces acting on the !am#
The s%ante! %ength of the !am& be%o" the surface of the "ater&
is -6 m/1sin + -6 m/1sin-0#89.1/ + 3#122 m# The area of a unit
"i!th of the !am is -3#122 m/-1 m/
2
+ 3#122 m
2
# The $a%ue of
yc + -3#12212 m/ + 2#33.1 m# 4ith these !ata "e can fin! the
resu%tant force of the "ater on a unit %ength of the !am#
( )( ) ( ) kN m m
m
kN
A y F
c R
4 . 100 8931 . 0 sin 122 . 5 5561 . 2
80 . 9
sin
2
3

'or force e*ui%ibrium in the 5 !irection& the 5 component of the resu%tant force& '(sin + -100#6
)N/sin-0#8921/ + 78#60 )N& must e*ua% the friction force& 'f# 'orce e*ui%ibrium in the y !irection
re*uires the "eight of the !am& "hich is the pro!uct of the specific "eight times the $o%ume of the
unit %ength of the !am# The cross sectiona% area has t"o parts: -1/ a rectang%e "ith an area of -2
m/-3 m/ + 10 m
2
an! -2/ a triang%e "ith an area of -6 m/-3 m/12 + 10 m
2
# The $o%ume of a unit
%ength of the !am is thus -10 m
2
0 10 m
2
/-1 m/ + 20 m
2
# Thus the "eight of concrete in the unit
%ength of he !am is -22#. )N1m
2
/-20 m
2
/ + 672 )N# 4ith this "eight "e ha$e the fo%%o"ing force
ba%ance in the y !irection#
( ) kN kN kN F N
R
534 472 8931 . 0 cos 4 . 100 cos + + %
The friction coefficient& & is simp%y the friction force !i$i!e! by the norma% force#
kN
kN
N
F
f
534
40 . 78
= 0.146
2.3 &he homogenou! wooden 'loc" A !hown in the
figure at the right copied from the te$t i! -.7 m
'( -.7 m '( 1.3 m and weigh! 2.8 ".. &he
concrete 'loc", 2, #!pecific weight 9 23.3
".5m
3
% i! !u!pended from A '( mean! of the
!lender ca'le cau!ing A to float in the po!ition
indicated. Determine the ,olume of 2.
4e can consi!er t"o separate force ba%ances
%in)e! by the force in the cab%e# -4e "i%% assume
that the "eight of the Cs%en!erD cab%e can be
ignore! in this force ba%ance#/ In the first force
ba%ance on the "oo!& "e can compute the force in
the cab%e that causes the "oo! to f%oat in the position sho"n "here ha%f of its $o%ume of -0#7 m/
-0#7 m/-1#2 m/ + 0#.67 m
2
is f%oating# In the secon! force ba%ance for the concrete& "e "i%% use
the force in the cab%e foun! in the first force ba%ance to obtain the $o%ume of concrete -B/#
The $ertica% force ba%ance for the "oo! is sho"n in the figure on
the %eft# The cab%e force& T + 'B 8 % & the buoyancy force minus
the "eight# The "eight of the "oo!en b%oc) is gi$en as 2#6 )N#
The buoyancy force& 'B& is the specific "eight of "ater times the
$o%ume of "ater !isp%ace! -"hich is ha%f the $o%ume of the "oo! +
0#2223 m
2
from the computation in the pre$ious paragraph/# This
'ebruary 12 home"or) so%utions age 7
ME 390, L. S. Caretto, Spring 2008
gi$es 'B + -9#80 )N1m
2
/-0#2223 m
2
/ + 2#121 )N# Thus the cab%e force& T + 'B 8 % + 2#121 )N 8
2#6 )N + 0#721 )N
The $ertica% force ba%ance on the concrete is sho"n in the figure on the %eft# ->ere
the subscript c stan!s for concrete#/ Both the "eight an! the buoyancy force are
proportiona% to the $o%ume of the concrete# =sing this resu%t "e can "rite the
$ertica% force ba%ance as fo%%o"s#
c c c O H Bc
V V kN F T + +
2
721 . 0 0 %
So%$ing for the un)no"n concrete $o%ume an! substituting the )no"n specific "eights gi$es the
!esire! ans"er#

3 3
80 . 9 6 . 23
721 . 0 721 . 0
2
m
kN
m
kN
kN kN
V
O H c
c
0.05"3
3
2.: ;hen a h(drometer !hown in the figure on the right copied
from the te$t #!ee ,ideo 42.3 to !ee the operation of a
h(drometer% ha,ing a !tem diameter of -.3- in i! placed in
water the !tem protrude! 3.15 in a'o,e the water !urface. /f
the water i! replaced with a li6uid ha,ing a !pecific gra,it( of
1,1-, how much of the !tem would protrude a'o,e the li6uid
!urface0 &he h(drometer weigh! -.-82 l'f.
The hy!rometer measures !ensity -or specific "eight/ by f%oating
in the "ater# The "eight of the hy!rometer is ba%ance! by the
buoyant force cause! by the "ater it !isp%aces# The hy!rometer
contains air spaces to gi$e it a specific "eight that is %ighter than
that of "ater# In actua% operation the sca%e of the hy!rometer is
ca%ibrate! !irect%y in specific "eight or specific gra$ity# This
prob%em i%%ustrates ho" such a ca%ibration "ou%! be !one#
'or both the initia% "ater an! the secon! f%ui! "ith a specific gra$ity of 1#10& the "eight of the
hy!rometer& %& is ba%ance! by the buoyant force "hich is the specific gra$ity of the f%ui! times the
submerge! $o%ume of the hy!rometer#
3 4
3
1 1 1
10 73 . 6
4 . 62
042 . 0
2
2
ft x
ft
lb
lb
V V F
f
f
O H
O H B

%
%
3 4
3 4
1
2 2 2 1 1
10 12 . 6
1 . 1
10 73 . 6
2 2
ft x
ft x
SG
V
V V SG F V F
O H B O H B

%
The !ifference bet"een these t"o $o%umes is .#72510
76
ft
2
8 .#12510
76
ft
2
+ 0#.1510
76
ft
2
# This
!ifference in $o%ume !isp%ace! "i%% e%e$ate the hy!rometer tip by e5act%y the same $o%ume# Since
the hy!rometer tip has a !iameter of 0#20 in + 0#023 ft& gi$ing it an area of -0#023 ft/
2
12 +
0#000691 ft
2
& it "i%% protru!e an a!!itiona% !istance of -0#.1510
76
ft
2
/ 1 -0#000691 ft
2
/ + 0#123 ft + 1#3
in# Since it origina%%y protru!e! 2#13 in "ith "ater& the ne" height "i%% be 4.65 in#