Gas-Vapor Mixtures and AirConditioning

Content: Dry and Atmospheric Air Dew-point Temperature Properties in the Psychrometric Chart Air Conditioning Processes

Dry and Atmospheric Air

Dry air is a mixture of N2, O2, and small amount of other gases. Normally, atmospheric air contain moisture (or water vapor). Atmospheric air = dry air + water vapor In air-conditioning applications ranges from about 10 to about 50oC, the atmospheric air can be treated as an ideal gas with constant specific heats. Taking 0oC as the reference temperature then hdry air = Cp(T(14.1a) (T-Tref) = CpT hdry air = Cp(T2 T1) = Cp T (14.1b)

Total Atmospheric Air Pressure

When the mixture temperature is below 50oC, the water vapor is an ideal gas with negligible error (<0.2%). Then, the atmospheric air (Dry air + Water Vapor) can be treated as ideal gas mixture. The total atmospheric air pressure (P) is sum of partial pressure of dry air (Pa) and that of water pressure (Pv): P = Pa + Pv (14.2)

Enthalpy of Water Vapor

For Air conditioning temperature (-10oC to 50oC), the enthalpy of water vapor in air can be taken to be equal to the enthalpy of saturated vapor at the same temperature. hv(T, (T, low P) ~ hg(T) (T) and can be expressed as hg (T) = hg(T=0 (T=0oC) + Cp(T2 T0) hg (T) = 2,500.9 + 1.82(T) (14.4) (14.3)

Specific Humidity ( Z)
Absolute humidity or specific humidity (sometimes called humidity ratio, Z) is the ratio of mass of water vapor to mass of dry air.
specific humidity; Z mv ma Z mv ma
(kg water vapor/kg dry air)

(14.6) (14.7) (14.8)

PvV/RvT PaV/RaT Z

Pv /Rv Pa /Ra 0.622 Pv ( P  Pv )

0.622

Pv Pa

Relative Humidity ( )
Relative humidity ( ) vapor at the specified vapor if saturated temperature. mv I mg is the ratio of mass of condition to mass of condition at the water water same

PvV/RvT PgV/RvT Pg ZP

Pv Pg

(14.9) (14.10) (14.11a) (14.11b)

where Then; and I Z

Psat @T

0.622IPg P  IPg

(0.622  Z ) Pg

Total Enthalpy of Air (Water Vapor Mixture)

H h Ha  Hv H ma ha  ma ha  mv hv mv hv ma ha  Z hv (14.12)

since hv # hg then;

ha  Z hg (kJ/kg dry air)

Note : Temperature of atmospheric air is called Dry - Bulb Temperature

For an amount of moist air, the mass of dry air is not change but water vapor may condense causing mass of vapor change. Then enthalpy of moist air is expressed per unit mass of dry air instead of per unit mass of air-water vapor mixture.

Example 14.1 A 5-m x 5-m x 3-m room contains air at 25oC and 100 kPa at a relative humidity of 75 percent. Determine (a) the partial pressure of dry air, (b) the specific humidity (c) the enthalpy per unit mass of dry air, and (d) the masses of dry air and water vapor in the room. Solution

(a) Pa (b)

P  Pv Z Z

Pv Pg

and .......

Pg

Psat @ T 97.62 kPa answer

0 . 622 Pv ( P  Pv )

.......... answer answer answer answer

(c)

(d )

h # C p, air T  Z h g Pa V ma .......... .. RaT mv Pv V R vT .......... ..

0.0152 kg water/kg dry air h h a  Z h g (kJ/kg dry air) 63 . 8 kJ/kg dry air 85.61 kg 1.30 kg

or

mv

Zma

Dew Point Temperature

Dew-point temperature (Tdp) is the temperature at which condensation begins when the air is cooled at constant pressure or Tdp is the saturation temperature of water corresponding to the vapor pressure. Tdp = Tsat@Pv (14.13)

Example 14.2 In clod weather, condensation frequently

occurs on the inner surfaces of the windows due to the lower air temperatures near the window surface. consider a house shown, that contains air at 20oC and 75 percent relative humidity. At what window temperature will the moisture in the air start condensation on the inner surfaces of the windows?

Solution
Tdp = Tsat@Pv Pv = Pg@20C Tdp = 15.4oC

Adiabatic Saturation Temperature

Relative humidity, and Specific humidity, ( = Pv/Pg, = mv/ma = 0.622 Pv/Pa) dew point temp. Pv (Tdp = Tsat@Pv)
onn noo o

on

T, P

Consider an Adiabatic Saturation Process

MassBalance : m a1 and : or : thus : m aZ1  m f m w1  m f mf ma2 m a (dry air) m aZ 2 m w 2 (Water & Vapor)

m a (Z 2 - Z1 ) 0 h2

devided by m a : h1  (Z 2 - Z1 ) h f (C p T1  Z1hg1 )  (Z 2 - Z1 ) h f 2 which yield, Z1

Energy Balance : SSSF Q 0, W m a h1  m f h f m a h2

C p (T2  T1 )  Z 2 h fg 2 hg 1  h f 2

(C p T2  Z 2 hg 2 ) (14.14)

from (14.11b) for state 2, where I 1.0 , 0.622 Pg2 Z2 P  Pg 2

(14.15) So, just measure T1, T2 and Ptotal, we can get

To make exit stream saturated, it need a very long channel or spray mechanism. At normal atmospheric WetWet-Bulb Temperature and Adiabatic Saturation Temperature of air and water vapor mixture are approximately equal.

Wet-Bulb Temperature (experiment)

Example 14.3

The Specific and Relative Humidity of Air

The dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures of atmospheric air at 1 atm (101.325 kPa) pressure are measured with a sling psychrometer and determined to be 25 and 15oC, respectively. Determine (a) the specific humidity, (b) the relative humidity, and (c) the enthalpy of the air.

Solution
(a) Z1

C p (T2  T1 )  Z 2 hg 2 hg1  h f 2 I1

Tdb=T1 ; Twb=T2 ; Patm = P2

0.00653 kg water/kg dry air 0.332 or 33.2% 41.8 kJ/kg dry air Z1 P2 (0.622  Z1 ) Pg1

(b) eqn.(14.11a) : (c) h1

Pg1=Psat@Tdb Pg2=Psat@Twb hg1=hg@Tdb hg2=hg@Twb

ha1  Z1hv # C p T1  Z1hg1

Properties in the Psychrometric Chart

1. What is a dry bulb temperature?

It is measured with an ordinary thermometer. It is independent of moisture. It is located on the X axis of a psychometric chart.

0oC

dry bulb temperature

50oC

2. What is absolute humidity (humidity ratio)?

It is the ratio of the weight of moisture contained in 1 kg of dry air. It is the kg water / kg of dry air. It is located on the Y axis of the chart. It is also called Humidity Ratio or Specific Humidity
.003 .002 .001 .000

3. What is the saturation curve?

It includes the wet bulb and dew point temperatures. It completes the psychrometric chart outline.
Saturation Curve

Y Axis

X Axis

4. What is the wet bulb temperature?

The temperature at which an equilibrium exists between an air-vapor mixture and water. It is dependent on moisture in the air. Values are on the saturation curve. The lines slope downward to the X axis.
350 300 250 50 100 X Axis Y Axis

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5. What is dew point?

It is the temperature at which condensation occurs as heat is removed from an air-vapor mixture. The answer is read on the saturation curve horizontally to the left of the point where the dry bulb andwet bulb meet.
80q 65 50

How to Find Dew Point Temp. ?

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6. What is relative humidity?

It is the ratio of actual pressure of water vapor in the air to the pressure if the air were saturated and with a constant temperature.

100%

60% 30% 20%

7. What are enthalpy lines?

Enthalpy is a thermal (heat) property. It is the heat in an air vapor mixture. Lines are parallel to the wet bulb temp. lines. Values are in kJ per kg dry air.
kJ per kg 50 dry air 40 60

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8. What is specific volume?

The volume occupied by 1 kg of dry air. It represents the m3 / kg of dry air. The values are read below the dry bulb readings.

Specific Volume = m3 / kg of dry air

0.80

0.84

0.88

0.92

Psychrometric Chart
The psychrometric chart has seven lines.

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Example 14.4

The Use of t he Psychr omet r ic Char t

Consider a r oom t hat cont ains air at 1 at m (101.325 kPa) 35 oC, and 40% r elat ive humidit y. Using t he psychr omet r ic char t , det er mine (a) t he specif ic humidit y, (b) t he ent halpy (c) of wet -bulb t emper at ur e, (d) t he dew-point t emper at ur e, and (e) t he specif ic volume of t he air

Solut ion
= 0.0142 kg water/kg.da. h = 71.5 kJ/kg.da. Twb = 24 oC Tdp = 19.4 oC v = 0.893 m3/kg.da.

Human Comfort
Human wants: Not hot, not cold, not humid, not dry just COMFORTABLE Air-conditioning. Typical comfort conditions: 22 27oC and 40 60 %RH Air motion also effect human feeling (body heat loss).

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Air-Conditioning Processes
Maintaining space desired temperature and humidity requires airair-conditioning processes including simple heating, cooling, humidifying and dehumidifying.

Air-Conditioning Processes
The processes are normally considered as SSSF process; * mass of dry air remains the same * water vapor added/removed * 1st law treat dry air and water vapor separately.

MassBalanc e for dry air : ma

in

m
out

(14 - 16)

1 - in and 1 - out

MassBalanc e for water : mw maZ 1  m f mw1  m f mf

in

m a1

ma 2

ma

m
out

(14 - 17)

1 - in and 1 - out or : thus :

maZ 2

mw 2

ma (Z 2 - Z1 )

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Air-Conditioning Processes
Energy Balance : SSSF Qcv  mh
in

Wcv  mh
out

(14  18) ma h2

if, W

0 : Qcv  ma h1  m f h f

Simple Heating and cooling ( = const.)

Water mass balance : mw1  m f or : but mf 0 Qcv maZ 1  m f

air mass balance :

m a1

ma 2

ma mw 2 Z2
WHY change and HOW

ma (Z 2 - Z 1 ) Z1 ma ( h2  h1 )

ma Z 2

Energy Balance : SSSF

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Heating with Humidification (

air mass balance :

= increases)

Control Volume Heating Section ma1 ma 2 Water mass balance : mw1 Energy Balance : SSSF Qcv mw 2 then Z1 Z 2 ma ( h2  h1 ) ma

Control Volume Humidifyin g Section air mass balance : then mw 2 Water mass balance : mw1  mw 2 ma (Z 3  Z 2 ) m a1 ma 2 ma mw 3 0

Energy Balance : SSSF Qcv

ma ( h3  h2 )

Example 14.5

Heating and Humidification of Air

An air-conditioning is to take in outdoor air at 10oC, and 30% relative humidity at a steady rate of 45 m3/min and to condition it to 22oC, and 60% relative humidity. The outdoor air is first heated to 22oC in the heating section and then humidified by the injection of hot steam in the humidifying section. Assuming the entire process takes place at a pressure of 100 kPa, determine (a) the rate of heat supply in the heating section, and (b) the mass flow rate of the steam required in the humidifying section.

Solution

(a)

= 673 kJ/min; (b) = 0.539 kg/min

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Example 14.6

Cooling and Dehumidif icat ion of Air

Air ent er s a window t ype air condit ioner at 1 at m, 30 oC, and 80% r elat ive humidit y at a r at e of 10 m3 / min and leaves as sat ur at ed air at 14 oC det er mine t he r at e of heat and moist ur e r emoval f r om t he air . (a) = 511 kJ/min; (b) = 0.131kg/min

Solut ion

Evaporative Cooling

o n

Evapor at ive cooling pr ocess: As wat er evapor at es, t he lat en heat of vapor isat ion is absor bed f r om t he wat er body and t he sur r ounding air . As a r esult , bot h of t hem ar e cooled. Evapor at ive cooling pr ocess ~ Adiabat ic sat ur at ion pr ocess: T wb ~ const , and h ~ const .

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Example 14.7

Evapor at ive cooling

Air ent er s an evapor at ive cooler at 1 at m, 35 oC, and 20% r elat ive humidit y and it exit s at 80% r elat ive humidit y det er mine (a) t he exit t emper at ur e of air , and (b) t he lowest t emper at ur e t o which t he air can becooled by t his evapor at ive cooler . (a) 21.3oC (b) 18.9oC

Solut ion

Adiabatic Mixing of Airstreams

Many air-conditioning applications require the mixing of two airstream. ie. Fresh air + Return air. Normally Q very small, no work, and KE and PE =0

air mass balance :

m a1  m a 2

ma 3 Z 3 ma 3 ma 3 h3 h2 - h3 h3 - h1

(14.21) (14.22) (14.23) (14.24)

Water mass balance : Z 1 m a1  Z 2 m a 2 Energy Balance : SSSF Elminating ma 3 : m a1 ma 2 ma1h1  ma 2 h2 Z2 - Z3 Z 3 - Z1

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Example 14.8

Mixing of Conditioned Air with Outdoor Air

Satureated air leaving the cooling section of an air conditioning system at 14oC with a rate of 50 m3/min is mixed adiabatically with the outside air at 32oC, and 60% relative humidity at a rate of 20 m3/min. Assuming that the mixing occure at 1 atm, determine, the specific humidity, the relative humidity, the dry-bulb temperature, and the volume flow rate of the mixture.

Solution
= 0.0122 kg/kg da, = 89%; Tbd3 = 19.0oC ; V3 = 70.1 m3/min
3 3

Wet Cooling Tower

Power plant, large A-C system, some industrial process need to reject a large amount of waste heat. A wet cooling tower ~ semi-closed evaporative cooling cooler. Type of cooling tower: Mechanical draft (Induced, Forced), Natural draft Other cooling method: Spray pond, Cooling pond

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Example 14.9

Cooling of a Power Plant by a Cooling Tower

Cooling water leaves the condenser of a power plant and enters a wet cooling tower at 35oC at a rate of 100 kg/s. Water is cooled to 22oC in the cooling tower by air that enters the tower at 1 atm, 20oC, and 60% relative humidity and leaves satureted at 30oC. Neglecting power input to the fan, determine (a) the volume flow rate of the air into the cooling tower, (b) the mass flow rate of the required makeup water.

Solution

(a) Va = 81.6 m3/s, (b) mf = 1.80 kg/s

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