College of Engineering and Computer Science Mechanical Engineering Department

Mechanical Engineering 370 Thermodynamics

Fall 2010 Course Number: 14319 Instructor: Larry Caretto

Unit Nine Homework Solutions, November 9, 2010

1. Oxygen gas is compressed in a piston-cylinder device from an initial state of 0.8 m3/kg and 25oC to a final state of 0.1 m3/kg and 28 oC. !etermine t"e entropy c"ange of t"e oxygen for t"is process# ass$me constant specific "eats. Assume that oxygen behaves as an !eal gas so that "e can use the e#uat on $or the entro%y change o$ an !eal gas " th tem%erature an! s%ec $ c volumes as the n!e%en!ent var ables as sho"n belo"&

s2 s1 = cv
T1

T2

v2 T2 v2 dT + R ln if cv const , s2 s1 = cv ln + R ln v T v1 T1 1

In th s case' (1 ) 2*oC ) 29+&1* ,' (2 ) 2+-oC ) *.0&1* ,' v1 ) 0&+ m3/0g an! v2 ) 0&1 m3/0g& For oxygen' 1 ) 0&2*9+ 02/0g, $rom (able A31 on %age 910 an! cv ) 0&.+. 02/0g, at the mean tem%erature o$ 429&1* ,' $rom (able A324b5 on %age 912& 6ubst tut ng these numbers nto the e#uat on $or constant heat ca%ac ty g ves the !es re! result&

T2 v 2 0.686 kJ 560.15 K 0.2598 kJ 0.1 m 3 / kg s2 s1 = cv ln + R ln 298.15 K + kg K ln 0.8 m 3 / kg T v = kg K ln 1 1

s2 s1 = -0.107 !"#!g$ 2. % 1.5 m3 ins$lated rigid tank contains 2. kg of car&on dioxide at 100 k'a. (o) paddle-)"eel )ork is done on t"e system $ntil t"e press$re in t"e tank rises to 150 k'a. !etermine t"e entropy c"ange of t"e car&on dioxide d$ring t"is process in k*/+. %ss$me constant specific "eats. I$ "e assume that carbon ! ox !e behaves as an !eal gas' "e can use the same e#uat on that "e use! n the %rev ous %roblem to $ n! the change n s%ec $ c entro%y&

s2 s1 = cv
T1

T2

v2 T2 v2 dT + R ln if cv const , s2 s1 = cv ln + R ln v T v1 T1 1

7ere the volume s constant' so the 1ln4v2/v15 term s 8ero& 9e !o not have the tem%eratures' but "e can $ n! these n terms o$ other !ata us ng the !eal gas la"& For carbon ! ox !e' 1 ) 0&1++9 02/0g, $rom (able A31 on %age 910 :s ng th s value $or 1' an! the g ven values $or the other !ata' g ves the $ollo" ng values $or the tem%erature' $rom the !eal gas la"&

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T1 =

P 1V = mR

(100 kPa )(1.5 m 3 ) = 294.10 K 0.1889 kJ 1 kPa m 3 ( 2.7 kg ) kg K kJ (150 kPa )(1.5 m 3 ) = 441.15 K 0.1889 kJ 1 kPa m 3 ( 2.7 kg ) kg K kJ

T2 =

P2V = mR

9e can nter%olate n (able A324b5 on %age 9.2 to $ n! c v ) 0&-21. 02/0g, at the mean tem%erature o$ 3.-&-* ,& 9e thus com%ute the s%ec $ c entro%y change as $ollo"s&

T2 s 2 s1 = cv ln T 1

v2 + R ln v 1

0.7215 kJ 441.15 K 0.2925 kJ 294.10 K + R ln(1) = kg K = kg K ln

9e can no" com%ute the entro%y change n the !es re! un ts o$ 02/,&
0.2925 kJ S = m( s2 s1 ) = ( 2.7 kg ) kg K = 0.7%&& !"#$

Could we have used the equation for entropy change in terms of the pressure ratio since we are given the initial and final pressures? The answer is yes, of course! However we would then have to calculate an additional term in ln(P2 P!"# That calculation is shown $elow where we compute cp % cv & ' % 0&-21* 02/0g, ? 0&1++9 02/0g, ) 0&9104 02/0g,&

T2 s 2 s1 = c p ln T 1

P2 R ln P 1

0.9104 kJ 441.15 K 0.1889 kJ 150 kPa 0.2925 kJ 294.10 K kg K ln 100 kPa = kg K = kg K ln

(s e)pected, the results are the same# 3. % piston-cylinder device contains 1.2 kg of nitrogen gas at 120 k'a and 2 oC. ,"e gas is no) compressed slo)ly in a polytropic process d$ring )"ic" '-1.3 . constant. ,"e process ends )"en t"e vol$me is red$ced &y one-"alf. !etermine t"e entropy c"ange of nitrogen d$ring t"e process. For =@n ) constant' the en! states are relate! as $ollo"s: =1@1n ) =2@2n ) constant& 9e can comb ne th s e#uat on " th the !eal gas e#uat on' =@ ) m1( to obta n the $ollo" ng result&

P1V1n =

mRT1 n mRT2 n V1 = P2V2n = V2 V1 V2

mRT1 mRT2 = 1 n V11 n V2

9e can cancel the common $actor o$ m1 on both s !es o$ the last e#uat on& 9hen "e !o th s' "e see that the $ nal tem%erature s relate! to the n t al tem%erature by the e#uat on ( 2 ) (14@1/@25n31& In th s %roblem' (1 ) 2-oC ) 300&1* ,' @2/@1 ) A' an! n ) 1&3& (h s g ves the $ nal tem%erature as 4300&1* ,54251&331 ) 3.9&* ,& I$ "e assume a constant heat ca%ac ty "e can use the value o$ c v at the average tem%erature o$ 334&+ , ) 0&-43- 02/0g , $rom (able A324b5 on %age 912B the value o$ 1 $or n trogen' $rom (able A31 on %age 910 s 0&29.+ 02/0g ,& :s ng the $ormula $or !eal gas entro%y change as a $unct on o$ tem%erature an! volume rat o " th the !ata g ven here g ves the s%ec $ c entro%y change&

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 T2 v 2 0.7437 kJ 369.5 K 0.2988 kJ 0.0514 kJ s2 s1 = cv ln 300.15 K + kg K ln ( 0.5) = kg K T + R ln v = kg K ln 1 1

9e no" $ n! the total entro%y change

0.0514 kJ S = m( s2 s1 ) = (1.2kg ) kg K

= 0.0 17 !"#$

/. % mass of 15 l&m of "eli$m $ndergoes a process from an initial state of 50 ft3/l&m and 80o0 to a final state of 10 ft3/l&m and 200o0. !etermine t"e entropy c"ange of t"e "eli$m d$ring t"is process1 ass$ming 2a3 t"e process is reversi&le and 2&3 t"e process is irreversi&le. 6 nce entro%y s %ro%erty an! "e are as0e! to com%ute the change n entro%y bet"een t"o g ven states' the ans"ers to %arts 4a5 an! 4b5 " ll be the same& For the same change n state the change n entro%y s the same& For hel um' the gas constant 1 ) 0&49.1 Ctu/lbm1 $rom (able A31; on %age 934& 6 nce hel um s a monatom c gas' ts heat ca%ac ty s constant over a " !e tem%erature range& 7ere "e " ll use the value o$ cv ) 0&-*3 Ctu/lbm1 $rom (able A32;4a5 on %age 9.1& 9e $ n! the entro%y change o$ an !eal gas' " th constant heat ca%ac t es' us ng volume an! tem%erature as n!e%en!ent var ables as $ollo"s&

T2 v2 s2 s1 = cv ln + R ln T v = 1 1 ft 3 10 lbm 0.753 Btu 659.67 R 0.4961 Btu 0.6474 Btu ln + ln = 539.67 R ft 3 lbm R lbm R lbm R 50 lb m
<ult %ly ng th s by the mass g ves the total entro%y change&

0.8092 Btu S = m ( s2 s1 ) = (15 bm ) lb R m = -&.71 !"#$

5 %ir is compressed in a piston cylinder device from 100 k'a and 1 oC to 800 k'a in a reversi&le adia&atic process. !etermine t"e final temperat$re and t"e )ork done d$ring t"is process ass$ming 2a3 constant specific "eats and 2&3 varia&le specific "eats for air Cecause a revers ble a! abat c %rocess s sentro% c' "e can $ n! the $ nal state $rom the e#uat ons $or an sentro% c %rocess n an !eal gas& I$ the s%ec $ c heats are constant' the $ nal tem%erature n an !eal3gas sentro% c %rocess s $oun! $rom the e#uat on ( 2 ) (14=2/=1540315/0& For a r' " th an n t al tem%erature o$ 1-oC ) 290&1* ,' "e can use the value o$ 0 ) 1&400 at 300 , $rom (able A324a5 on %age 911& (h s g ves
P2 T2 = T1 P 1
k 1 k

800 kPa 1.4 = ( 290.15 K ) 100 kPa

1 .4 1

= '2'.'$

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For an close! system' the $ rst la" g ves 9 ) D E : ) D E m4u2 E u15& For an a! abat c %rocess D ) 0 an! $or an !eal gas " th constant heat ca%ac t es' u ) cv( so that the "or0 s g ven by the $ollo" ng e#uat on: 9 ) m4u1 E u25 ) mcv4(1 E (25& At an average tem%erature o$ 40-&9 ,' "e $ n! that cv ) 0&-2- 02/0g, $rom (able A324b5 on %age 912& (h s g ves the $ollo" ng result $or the "or0&

w=

W 0.727 kJ ( 290.15 K 525.5 K ) = cv ( T1 T2 ) = m kg K = -171.1 !"#!g

For var able heat ca%ac ty "e use the $ollo" ng e#uat on $or an sentro% c %rocess n an !eal gas: =2/=1 ) =r4(25/=r4(15 "here =r4(5 s $oun! $rom the a r tables& From (able A31- on %age 9*+ "e $ n! that =r4(1 ) 290&1* ,5 ) 1&2334 so that =r4(25 ) =r4(15 =2/=1 ) 41&233454+00 0=a5 / 4100 0=a5 ) 9&+.-0& 9e nee! to $ n! the value o$ ( $or "h ch = r4(5 ) 9&+.-0B "e $ n! th s by nter%olat ng n the a r tables bet"een =r4*20 ,5 ) 9&.+4 an! =r4*30 ,5 ) 10&3-&

T2 = 520 K +

530 K 520 K ( 9.867 9.684 ) = '22.7$ 10.37 9.684

A s m lar nter%olat on g ves us the nternal energy at th s $ nal tem%erature&

u 2 = 374.36 kJ

kg

381.84 kJ

374.36 kJ kg kg ( 9.867 9.684 ) = 376.36 kJ kg 10.37 9.684

Also' by nter%olat on "e $ n! that u1 ) u4290&1* ,5 ) 20-&02& (hus "e $ n! the s%ec $ c "or0' " ) 9/m $rom the $ollo" ng e#uat on& " ) u1 E u2 ) 20-&02 02/0g E 3-.&3. 02/0g ) 1 &.( !"#!g& 4. )elium gas is compressed from &0 !*a and (0oC to +'0 !*a in a re,ersi-le adia-atic process. Determine the final temperature and the .or! done/ assuming the process ta!es place 0a1 in a piston c2linder de,ice and 0-1 in a stead2-flo. compressor. 6 nce hel um s a monatom c gas' ts heat ca%ac ty s constant over a " !e tem%erature range& 7ere "e " ll use the values o$ c% ) *&192. 02/0g,' cv ) 3&11*. 02/0g,' an! 0 ) 1&..- $rom (able A324a5 on %age 911 For revers ble' a! abat c com%ress on the entro%y s constant an! the $ nal tem%erature can be $oun! $rom the $ollo" ng e#uat on $or !eal gases " th constant heat ca%ac ty n an sentro% c %rocess: (2 ) (14=2/=1540315/0&
P2 T2 = T1 P 1
k 1 k

450 kPa 1.667 = ( 303.15 K ) = 577.1 K 90 kPa

1.667 1

I$ th s %rocess ta0es %lace n a close! system the $ rst la"' " th D ) 0' g ves 9 ) E : ) m4u1 E u25' so " ) 9/m ) u1 E u2 ) cv4(1 E (25 $or an !eal gas " th constant heat ca%ac t es&

w=

W 3.1156 kJ ( 303.15 K 577.1 K ) = cv (T1 T2 ) = m kg K = -%'(.+ !"#!g

For an a! abat c stea!y3$lo" system " th one nlet an! one outlet an! negl g ble changes n 0 net c an! %otent al energ es' the "or0 4%er un t mass5 s g ven by the $ollo" ng e#uat on: " ) h n E hout& For an !eal gas " th constant heat ca%ac t es' h n E hout ) c%4( n E (out5& In th s case "e $ n! the "or0 as $ollo"s:

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w=

W 5.1926 kJ ( 303.15 K 577.1 K ) = c p (Tin Tout ) = m kg K = -1/+22.( !"#!g

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