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Chng IV: BIN IU BIN

I CNG. S BIN IU ( MODULATION). BIN IU BIN SNG MANG B NN 2 BNG CNH: (DSB SCAM). ( DOUBLE - SIDE BAND SUPPRESSED CARRIED AMPLITUDE MODULATION ). BIN IU BIN SNG MANG C TRUYN 2 BNG CNH. HIU SUT. CC KHI BIN IU. CC KHI HON IU ( DEMODULATORS). TRUYN MT BNG CNH (SINGLE SIDEBAND) SSB. BIN IU AM TRC PHA. BIN IU BNG CNH ST ( VESTIGIAL SIDEBAND ) VSB. AM STEREO.

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I CNG
Hnh 4.1 trnh by mt mu dng sng ca ting ni m ta mun truyn i. N khng c mt c trng ring bit no v ty thuc rt nhiu vo m thanh c to ra. V dng sng chnh xc khng c bit, nn ta c th ni nh th no v h thng cn thit truyn n ? Trong trng hp ting ni ( hay bt k mt tn hiu Audio no ), cu tr li da vo sinh l hc. Tai ngi ta ch c th p ng vi nhng tn hiu c tn s khong di 15kHz ( s ny gim theo tui tc ). Vy nu mc ch cui cng ca ta l nhn nhng tn hiu audio, phi gi s rng nh F ca tn hiu l zero khi f >15kHz.

S(f) = 0 , f > fm

; Vi fm = 15kHz .

Hnh 4.1: Dng sng ca ting ni Nhng ha m hoc nhng dng c pht m khc, c th to ra nhng thnh phn tn s cao hn 15kHz, d tai ngi khng th nghe c. Tuy nhin, nu mt trong nhng tn hiu nay i qua mt lc h thng c tn s ct 15kHz, th ng ra ca lc ( nu a n loa ) s to li ging nh tn hiu vo. Nh vy, ta gi s rng tn hiu b gii hn bi mt tn s trn ( upper frequency ) vo khong 15kHz. By gi ta gi s ly mt tn hiu audio v c truyn qua khng kh - Bc sng ca tn hiu 3KHz trong khng kh khong 100km. Mt anten 1/4 sng s di 25km! iu y khng th thc hin. V nu gi s ta c th dng c anten th ta cn gp phi 2 vn . Th nht, lin quan n nhng tnh cht ca khng kh v tn s audio. Nhng tn s ny truyn khng hiu qu trong khng kh. Th hai, s giao thoa do cc dy tn cc i pht ph ln nhau. V nhng l do , ta phi ci bin tn hiu tn s thp trc khi gi n i t ni ny n ni khc. Tn hiu ci bin t nhy cm vi nhiu so vi tn hiu gc. Phng php chung nht thc hin s ci bin l dng tn hiu tn s thp bin iu ( ci bin nhng thng s ca ) mt tn hiu tn s cao hn. Tn hiu ny thng l hnh sin.

S BIN IU
SC(t) l tn hiu hnh sin cao tn, c gi l sng mang (carrier). Gi nh th v n c dng chuyn ti tn hiu tn tc t i pht n my thu. SC(t) = Acos (2fet+) (4.1) Nu fC(t) c chn thch hp, sng mang c th c truyn i c hiu qu. Th d, c th chn nhng tn s trong khong gia 0.5 v 3MHz truyn xa n 250 km. Bc sng ca cc tn s tng ng c 100MHz, v chiu di hp l ca anten c th chp nhn c: c 3.10 8 = = = 3m f 10 8 Biu thc (4.1) cha 3 thng s c th thay i: bin A; tn s fC; v pha . Nh vy, hu qu l c 3 kiu bin iu: bin iu bin , bin iu tn s hoc bin iu pha.

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BIN IU BIN SNG MANG B NN 2 BNG 2 CNH: (DSB SCAM)

( double - side band suppressed carried amplitude modulation ). Nu ta bin iu bin ca sng mang phng trnh (4.1), ta c kt qu: Sm(t) = A(t) cos ( 2fCt+ ) (4.2) Tn s fC v pha khng i Bin A(t) thay i cch ny hay cch khc theo s(t). n gin, ta gi s = 0. iu ny khng nh hng n kt qu cn bn v gc thc t tng ng vi mt di thi gian

2fc

. ( Mt s di thi gian khng c xem l s mo

dng trong mt h thng tin ). A(t) thay i nh th no vi s(t)? Cu tr li n gin nht l chn A(t) bng vi s(t). iu s a n dng sng bin iu AM. sm(t) = s(t) cos 2fCt (4.3) Tn hiu loi nay gi l bin iu AM sng mang b nn 2 bng cnh v nhng l do m ta s thy ngay sau y: t S(f) l bin i F ca s(t). Nh l ta khng cn g hn l S(f) phi bng zero i vi nhng tn s cao hn tn s ct fm. Hnh 4.2 ch mt S(f) biu din cho yu cu . ng ngh rng S(f) lun phi l nh vy, m n ch l bin i F ca mt tn hiu tn s thp tng qut, c dy tn b gii hn.

Hnh 4.2 nh l v s bin iu ( chng II ) c dng tm Sm(f): 1 Sm(f) = F [s(t)Cos2fCt] = [S (f + fC) + S (f - fC)] 2

(4.4)

Nh l bin iu mt sng mang bng s(t) s lm di tn s ca s(t) ( c chiu ln v chiu xung ) bi tn s ca sng mang.

1 1/2

Hnh 4.3 iu ny vi kt qu lng gic ca mt php nhn mt hm sin vi mt hm sin khc.

tng t

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+ fm.

1 1 Cos(A+B) + cos (A-B) (4.5) 2 2 Nu cosA thay bng s(t), trong s(t) cha nhng tn s lin tc t gia 0 v fm. Hnh 4.3 cho thy, sng bin iu sm(t) cha nhng tn s trong khong fC - fm v fC

CosA CosB =

Nu gn nhng tr tiu biu vo cho fm = 15kHz v fC = 1MHz, ta s thy khong tn s b chim bi sng bin iu l t 985.000 n 1.015.000Hz. - Th nht: Vi khong tn s ny, th th anten c chiu di hp l c th xy dng c. l mt trong 2 vn cn gii quyt. - Vn th hai, l kh nng tch knh trong mt h a hp (Multiplexing). Ta thy, nu mt tin tc bin iu mt sng hnh sin tn s fC1 v mt tin tc khc bin iu mt sng hnh sin tn s fC2 th cc nh F ca 2 sng mang b bin iu s khng ph ln nhau. V fC1, fC2 tch bit nhau t nht l 2fm.

f > 2fm Hnh 4.4: Bin i F ca 2 sng AM. Nu cc tn s ca 2 sng bin iu khng cch nhau xa lm, c 2 c th dng 1 anten, mc d chiu di ti u ca anten khng nh nhau cho c 2 knh [trong thc t, mt anten c dng cho c 1 khong tn s. Ta nhn mnh li rng, cc tn hiu c th c tch ra nu chng khng b ph ln nhau ( hoc v thi gian, hoc v tn s ). Nu chng khng ph nhau v thi gian, c th dng cc cng hay cc Switchs tch. Nu chng khng ph v tn s, cc tn hiu c th tch ra bi cc lc dy thng. Vy, mt h thng nh hnh 4.5 c th dng tch sng mang b bin iu.

H1(f) 1

BPF s1(t).cos2fc1t + s2(t).cos2fc2t H1(f) s1(t). Cos2fC1t

-fc1

fc1 H2(f)

1 H2(f) s2(t). Cos2fC2t -fc2 Hnh 4.5: S tch 2 knh.

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Nu nhiu tn hiu c truyn trn cng mt knh, ch c th c tch ra ti my thu bng cc lc dy thng. Cc lc ny ch tip nhn, mt trong cc tn hiu hin din trong tn hiu bin iu mong mun. TD: Mt tn hiu cha thng tin c dng: sin2t s(t) = t Tn hiu ny bin iu bin mt sng mang c tn s 10Hz. Hy v dng sng AM v bin i F ca n. Gii: Sng AM c cho bi phng trnh: sin2t sm(t) = cos 20t t Hm ny c v nh hnh 4.6: Hnh 4.6: Dng sng AM

cos 20t l sng mang.

k ), sm (t) = s(t). 10 k 1 , sm(t) = -s(t). - Khi sng mang bng -1, t = + 10 20 v dng sng AM. Ta bt u v s(t) v nh qua gng ca n -s(t). Sng AM chm mt cch tun hon vo mi ng cong ny v thay i bin gia nhng im tun hon . Trong hu ht trng hp thc t, tn s sng mang cao hn rt nhiu so vi th d trn. Bin i F ca s(t) c v hnh 4.7 ( Xem ph lc chng II )

- Khi sng mang bng 1 ( t =

Hnh 4.7: nh Fourier ca s(t) Bin i F ca sng bin iu c tnh nh nh l bin iu. S(f - 10) + S(f + 10) Sm(f) = 2

(4.7)

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Hnh 4.8: Tn ph ca sng bin iu V Sm (f) c suy t S(f) bng cch di tt c cc thnh phn tn s ca s(t) mt khong l fC, ta s c th hi phc li s(t) t sm(t) bng cch di cc tn s bi cng mt tr theo chiu ngc li. nh l bin iu chng t rng php nhn mt hm thi gian vi mt hm Sinusoide s di nh F ca hm thi gian i ( c chiu ln v xung ) trong min tn s. Vy nu ta li nhn Sm(t) vi mt hm sin ( tn s sng mang ), th nh F s di lui xung n tn s thp ca n. Php nhn ny cng di nh F ln n 1 v tr gia khong 2fC, nhng thnh phn ny d dng b loi bi mt lc h thng. Tin trnh ny v hnh 4.9. S hi phc ca s(t) c m t bi phng trnh (4.8) sm(t). cos 2fCt = [ s(t) cos 2fCt ] cos 2fCt = s(t) cos2 2fCt s( t ) + s(t )cos 4f C t = (4.8) 2 Ng ra lc h thng l s(t ) /2 sm(f)

Hnh 4.9: S hi phc tn hiu t sng bin iu. Tin trnh ny gi l hon iu ( Demodulation ).

BIN IU BIN SNG MANG C TRUYN 2 BNG CNH

( Double - Side Band Transmitted Carrier AM ). DSBTCAM. By gi ta ci bin thm s bin iu AM, bng cch cng vo sng bin iu mt phn ca sng mang.

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s(t)

Hnh 4.10. Hnh 4.10 ch s cng mt sng mang hnh sin thun ty vo sng bin iu DSBSCAM. Kt qu cho bi phng trnh (4.8) sm(t) = s(t) cos 2fCt + A cos 2fCt (4.9) y l kiu bin iu AM sng mang c truyn 2 bng cnh. ( DSBTC AM). Khc vi kiu AM sng mang b nn 2 kiu AM sng mang c truyn c cha mt thnh phn r rng ca sng mang ( A cos 2fCt ). nh F ca TCAM l tng ca bin i F ca SCAM v bin i F sng mang thun ty. Bin i sng mang l mt cp xung lc fC.

Hnh 4.11: Bin i F ca TCAM Dng sng c th vit li ( T phng trnh 4.9 ) sm(t) [A+s(t)] cos 2fCt (4.10) Hm ny c th v theo cch v dng sng SCAM. Trc ht, ta v ng bin [A+s(t)] v nh qua gng -[ A + s(t)]. Sng AM chm tun hon vo 2 ung bin v thay i bin iu gia nhng im tun hon . Hnh v 4.12, cho mt s(t) hnh sin ( th d ting hut so vo mt microphone ). - Hnh 4.12a Tn hiu s(t) hnh sin - Hnh 4.12b Dng sng DSBTCAM vi gi tr ca A nh hn bin a ca s(t); A<a; A0. - Hnh 4.12c Dng sng DSBTCAM khi A ln hn bin ca s(t); A>a; A0. - Hnh 4.12d Dng sng DSBTCAM khi A=0.

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Hnh 4.12

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1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Hnh 4.12

HIU SUT
S cng thm sng mang vo sng bin iu s lm cho s hon iu d dng hn. Ci gi m ta phi tr l hiu sut. Mt phn ca nng lng c truyn dng gi sng mang v nh vy khng mang mt thng tin hu ch no. Ta thy t phng trnh (4.9) : Cng sut sng mang l cng sut ca A cos2fCt, hay 2 2 A 2 watts. Cng sut ca tn hiu l cng sut ca s(t) cos2fCt, l tr trung bnh ca s (t) chia 2. Cng sut trung bnh ca s2(t) th n gin l ca s(t), hay PS. Vy cng sut ca tn hiu l PS 2. Cng sut truyn ton phn l tng ca 2 s hng ny. Ta nh ngha hiu sut l t s ca cng sut tn hiu cng sut ton phn: PS = (4.10) A 2 + PS TD: Gi s ta xem dng sng hnh 12c, v t A bng vi bin ca hnh sin. Vy hiu sut l 33%.

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CC KHI BIN IU:

Hnh 4.13 S ca cc khi bin iu AM. - Hnh 4.13a: H thng to nn DSBSC AM. - Hnh 4.13b,c: H thng to nn DSBTC AM. Hnh 4.13: Khi bin iu AM Ti sao s bin iu th khng tuyn tnh ? Ta bit, bt k mt h tuyn tnh v khng i theo thi gian no iu c mt output m bin i F ca n l tch ca nh F ca input vi H(f). Nu bin i ca tn hiu vo bng zero

trong mt khong tn s no , th nh F ca output phi cng bng zero trong khong y. Ngha l, tnh cht tng qut ca h tuyn tnh khng i theo thi gian l n khng th cho ra bt k mt output no nu khng c input ng vo. Vy c mt h tuyn tnh khng theo t no c th cho sm(t) ng ra khi nhn s(t) ng vo ? Ni cc khc, ta c th tm c hay khng mt H(f) no cho: Sm(f) = S(f) . H(f)

Hnh 4.14 R rng, cu tr li l khng.

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S bin iu l mt tin trnh di tn. V khng c mt h tuyn tinh no thc hin c iu . Mt h phi tuyn v thay i theo t, ni chung, l rt phc tp. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp bin iu, ngi ta c th thc hin c bng 2 kiu gin tip: Bin iu cng (Gated mudolator) v bin iu theo lut bnh phng (Square - Law Mudolator ). Bin iu Cng: Da vo s kin: Php nhn s(t) vi mt hm tun hon bt k s to ra mt chui sng AM vi nhng sng mang l bi s ca tn s c bn ca hm tun hon. Hnh_4.15

Hnh 4.15: Tch ca s(t) v hm cng tun hon Output ca mch nhn (hnh 4.15) (4.11) s(t)P(t) = s(t) a 0 + a cos(2nf c t ) n n =1 fc L tn s c bn ca hm tun hon. an , cc h s chui F. Gi s P(t) l hm chn ( trnh phi vit cc s hng sin trong chui ) Lc BPF s chn tt c, ch tr thnh phn no trong chui m ta s chn. Kt qu l ng ra c mt sng AM. Mch lc iu hp vi tn s c bn, nhng n s c th iu hp vi mt trong nhng ha tn ca sng AM, c tn s sng mang cao hn. Trong thc t, ta chn nhng ha tn thp (V cc h s F lm gim bin tn hiu khi n tng). P(t) l mt hm cng gm mt on xung tun hon. (Hnh 4.16)

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Hnh 4.16: Hm cng * V P(t) lun bng 0 hay bng 1, mch nhn c th xem nh c c ch hot ng on/off ( hoc switch ). Output ca BPF tm c bng cch khai trin P (t) thnh chui F v tm a1. 2 a1 = s m (t ) = s(t ).P(t )
2 s(t) cos2fCt (4.12) Phng trnh (4.12) c vit cho hm cng c na thi gian cao v na thi gian zero. Nhng sng AM vn c to ra vi bt k tr gi no ca chu k thao tc ca xung. B phn to hm cng c th l th ng hoc tc ng hnh 4.17 ch b phn bin iu gm 2 thnh phn th ng.

sm(t) =

B phn to hm cng

Hnh 4.17a: Mch to xung cng th ng dng Switch.

R
1

+
2 -

+ 4

s(t)

c2(t)

cos2fct

Hnh 4.17b: Mch to xung cng th ng dng diode. - Hnh 4.17a, SW ng ngt tun hon. Khi SW h, tn hiu ra bng tn hiu vo. Khi SW ng, tn hiu ra bng zero. R l in tr ngun. Bt li ca SW c hc l ng ngt chm. Tn s ng ngt ca SW phi bng tn s sng mang ( hoc c s, nu ta chn 1 ha tn ). Vi tn s sng mang c MHz, SW c hc khng th p ng kp. - Hnh 4.17b: S ng ngt thc hin nh cu diode. Khi cos2fCt dng ( im B c in th dng hn im A ), c 4 doide b kha: Mch tng t nh hnh 4.17a khi SW h, tn hiu ra l s(t). Ngc li khi cos2fCt m ( im B c in th m hn im A ). C 4 diode dn: mch ging nh hnh 4.17a khi SW ng. Gii hn duy nht cho mch ng ngt ny l tn s ng ngt ca loi Diode c dng. ( Tnh khng l tng ca cc diode, thng l thi gian hi phc ( recovery time ) ca in dung mi ni kh ln so vi chu k sng mang ).

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- Hm cng cn c th to c bng cch dng cc linh kin tc ng, nh transistor hot ng gia vng kha v vng bo ha. Mt transistor kha, tng ng vi mt SW h. Mt transistor bo ha, xem nh mt SW ng. - Hnh 4.18, trnh by mt kiu mch bin iu di l bin iu vng (ring modulator). Sng mang l mt sng vung, c a vo mi gia ca 2 bin th. Output l mt phin bn b cng ha ca input, ch cn lc l c c sng AM . Bin iu Theo Lut Bnh Phng. Loi ny da vo nh lut: Bnh phng ca mt tng 2 hm c cha mt s hng l tch ca 2 hm : [s1(t)+s2(t)]2= s1 2 (t) + s2 2 (t)+2 s1(t).s2(t) Nu s1(t) l tn hiu cha tin v s2(t) l sng mang, ta c: [ s(t) + cos2fCt ]2 = s2(t) + cos2 2fCt + 2s(t) cos2fCt (4.13) S hng th 2 chnh l sng AM mong mun. Ta phi tm cch tch n ra khi 2 thnh phn kia. Ta bit, s tch s n gin, khi chng khng ph nhau ( trong phm vi thi gian hoc phm vi tn s ). R rng, chng ph nhau v thi gian. Vy, ta hy xem phm vi tn s. Cc xung lc ti gc v 2fC kt qu ca s khai trin lng gic 1 + cos2 Cos2 = 2 ng cong lin tc gia ( tn s thp ) ch bin i F ca s2(t). Ta khng bit dng chnh xc ca s(t). Nhng ch bit rng nh F ca n b gii hn nhng tn s nh hn fm. Bin i F ca s2(t) b gii hn nhng tn s di 2fm. Mt cch thy iu l xem bin i F ca s2(t) l php chng ca S(f) ln chnh n. Php chng hnh cho thy bin i ny i t zero n 2fm. Cch khc, l xem s(t) nh l tng ca cc hnh sin c tn s (ring) di fm. Khi bnh phng tng ny, ta c kt qu l tt c cc tch ca cc s hng. iu ny s a n tng v hiu ca cc tn s khc nhau ( dng lng gic). Khng c tng hay hiu no vt qu 2fm nn tn s gc khng vt qu fm.

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Hnh 4.18: Bin iu vng

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Hnh 4.19: Bin i F ca (4.13) Hnh 4.19 cho thy khi fC >> 3fm th cc s hng khng ph nhau ( v tn s ). Vy c th tch chng bng mt lc BPF c sng AM. Trong hu ht cc trng hp thc t, fC>>fm, nn iu kin ny d tha.

SQR

Hnh 4.20: Mch bin iu bnh phng. Hnh 4.20 ch ton th mt khi bin iu theo lut bnh phng. Cc b phn tng c th l tc ng, th ng hay op.amp. - B phn bnh phng th khng n gin. Bt k mt linh kin phi tuyn no cng u cho mt tn hiu ra tng ng vi mt tn hiu vo bi mt h thc m ta c th khai trin thnh chui ly tha. Gi s khng c s tch tr nng lng, ngha l output ti bt k thi im no ch ph thuc vo input ti cng thi im , ch khng k n nhng tr gi trc . Vi y(t) l output v x(t) l input: y(t) = a0 + a1x(t) + a2x2(t) + a3x3(t) + .... (4.14)

S hng m ta lu l a2x2(t). V ta tm cch ta tm cch tch n khi cc thnh phn khc. Linh kin phi tuyn c chn dng phi c bn l mt linh kin c c tnh bnh phng. Th d diode an trong phng trnh (4.14) phi c tnh cht: an << a2 , Vi n > 2 C vi iu cn ni thm v s phi tuyn. Nu cc s hng ng vi n = 1 v n = 2 trong chui chim u th (bin ln) th kt qu l sng TCAM. Hn na, Nu an nh qu ( vi n > 2 ), sng AM vn c nu lm cho s(t) tht nh. Vy sn(t) << s(t) vi n > 1, v TCAM vn cn chim u th. y l mt trng hp khng mong mun, v bin ca sng qu nh. * Cc diode bn dn c c tuyn rt ging vi lut bnh phng ( trong vng hot ng ca n ). S khi ca mt mch bin iu cn bng (balance modulator) v hnh 4.21. H ny cng sng mang cos2fCt vi tn hiu cha tin s(t), sau a chng vo linh kin phi tuyn ( bnh phng ). S vn hnh cng c lp li vi -s(t) . Mch tng s ly hiu s ca 2 tn hiu ra, lm loi b s hng ca ly tha l trong khai trin (4.14). V d, xem s hng ly tha 3.

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Khi khai trin [s(t)+cos2fCt]3, S hng ph ln bng tn ca sng AM l s2(t)cos2fCt. S hng ny khng i du khi -s(t) c thay vo s(t). Nh vy ti mch tng (thc ra l tr ) chng s trit nhau. S hng m ta mun ly, s(t).cos2fCt , s i du khi -s(t) c thay cho s(t). Vy mch s lm tng i bin tn hiu. Ta cng nh rng, khi s hng bc mt b trit, nn tn hiu ra ca khi bin iu cn bng l SC AM. ( Bin iu AM sng mang b nn ). Mch in thc t ca bin iu bnh phng v hnh 4.22. y l mch transistor kiu E chung. Mch dng s phi tuyn ca transistor to nn tch ca tn hu vi sng mang. Mch c iu hp chn C, lc b nhng ha tn khng mong mun.
SQR

SQR

SQR

SQR

Hnh 4.21: Khi bin iu AM cn bng

s(t)

Hnh 4.22: Mch bin iu bnh phng Cc mch bin iu bnh phng thc t d thit k n ngc nhin! Thc vy, Chng thng hin hu ngoi mun. Cc sn phm ca s bin iu xut hin trong mch in mt khi cc linh kin in t b a vo vng hot ng phi tuyn. V vy, ngi ta thng c ngn nga mt mch hot ng nh mt mch bin iu khng mong mun. Hnh 4.23 l mch ca mt my pht AM bin iu chn C. Ch cn thay i in th tc thi t vo chn B ca Transistor do s bin i bin ca tn hiu trong tin s(t). Sng xut hin ti nh ca mch iu hp chn C l tng ca VCC v tn hiu s(t). Nh vy, c bn ta lm thay i in th tc thi do bin ca s(t) thay i.
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Ng ra ca mch l mt lc BPF, nhm gim thiu cc ha tn sinh ra do s hat ng phi tuyn ca transistor.

Hnh 4.23: Mch pht AM bin iu chn C

CC KHI HON IU ( Demodulators)

Ta ni t trc rng s(t) s c hi phc t sm(t), bng cch hon iu cho sm(t) v sau cho tn hiu qua mt lc LPF. ( loai sng mang ). Hnh 4.24 l s khi ca mt mch hon in ng b (Synchronous Demodulator) hay hon iu kt hp. Gi nh vy v mch dao ng to sC(t) c ng b ha v c tn s v pha vi sng mang c thu.

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S(f) 1

f -fm G(f) 1/4 1/2 1/4 f -2fc -fm fm 2fc fm

Hnh 4.24: Hon iu AM V mch nhn ca hnh v nhn khng khc vi mch nhn dng trong mch bin iu, ta c th tin on nhng ci bin ca mch bin iu cng v bnh phng c th p dng c y. C hai loi hon iu ng b Hon iu Cng: Trc ht, hy kho st s dng mch bin iu cng hon iu mt sng DSBSCAM:

Hnh 4.25: Hon P(t) l mt mt chui xung tun hon bin n v. P(t) = a0 +

iu cng hm cng gm

n =1

an cos2nfCt

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Phm Vn Tn

Vy tn hiu vo ca LPF l:
sm(t) P(t) = s(t) cos2fCt a0 + an cos2nf C t n =1

= a0 s(t) cos2fCt + Quan tm n thnh phn bc 1:

s(t) 2

a [cos(n 1)2f
n =1 n

t + cos(n + 1)2f C t ]

(4.15)

sm(t).P(t) = a0.s(t).cos2fct + a1.s(t).cos22fct

= a0.s(t).cos2 f c t + a 1s( t ) a 1s( t ) cos 4f c t + 2 2

Vy output ca LPF cho bi: so(t) = V s hon iu c hon tt. Ta ni v hot ng ca hon iu cng cho mt sng AM SC. By gi, nu ta thay A + s(t) cho s(t) trong phng trnh (4.15) ( trng hp TCAM). Ta s thy rng hon iu cng s to ra mt tn hiu ra. 1 so(t) = a1[A + s(t)] 2 Biu thc trnh by tn hiu cha tin gc b di bi mt hng. Nu h cha linh kin lin lc ac, hng s khng sut hin output. Nu tt c mch khuch i trong h lin lc dc, ta c th loi bng cch dng mt t ni tip tng i ln, n np n tr trung bnh ca tn hiu. Ta gi s tr trung bnh ca tin s(t) l zero. Nu n khng ng, s loi b hng cng s loi vi tn hiu khc. May mn, hu ht s(t) u c tr dc l zero. Hon iu Bnh Phng: Ta kho st hiu qu ca vic cng sng AM vo mt sng mang thun ty, ri sau bnh phng tng: [sm(t) + A cos2fCt ]2 (4.16)
1 a1s(t) 2

Trc ht, hy xem trng hp sng mang b nn SCAM. Phng trnh (4.16) tr nn: sm(t) = s(t). Cos2fCt

{cos2f C t[s(t ) + A]}2 =

=

cos22fCt + [s(t) + A]2

[s(t) + A]2 + [s(t) + A]2 Cos4f C t 2

(4.17)

- S hng th nh l mt sng AM xung quanh mt sng mang tn s 2fC. Vy c th tch n ra d dng bng mt lc LPF.

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Phm Vn Tn

- S hng th nht c th khai trin: s2(t) + A2 + 2A s(t). Nhng tn s cha s2(t) ph vi s(t), v chng khng th tch ra. Tuy nhin, gi s rng ta
s(t) + A dng mt lc LPF tch tt c s hng ra khi thnh phn c tn s 2fc . 2
2

Nh l lc ny phi cho qua nhng tn s ln n 2fm. Vy ta hi phc bnh phng ca tng ca A v s(t). Ta s ly cn bc 2 ca n c:

0,707 s(t) + A =

1 2

s( t ) + A .

A* S ly sut ca mt tn hiu s a n mt dng mo. Th d, tn hiu l mt hnh sin thun, sut ca n c dng sng sin chnh lu 2 bn k vi tn s c bn gp i tn s gc. Tn hiu chnh lu khng ch cha mt tn s n, m bao gm nhiu ha tn. [ nu ta nghe n loa, sng sin gc s cho mt tng thun, trong lc sng sin chnh lu 2 bn k s cho mt tng s - Thnh phn ha tn - cao hn mt bt ]. Nu tn hiu gc l mt hn hp nhiu tn s, s mo s nghim trng hn. B* Nhng gi s A ln sao cho s(t) + A khng bao gi c tr m, th s(t) + A s bng s(t) + A. Khi , ta hon iu c. Ngha l sng mang c thm vo my thu hon iu phi c bin ln hn hay bng tr m ti a ca s(t).

By gi ta xem vic hon iu sng TCAM. Trong vic hon iu, cn thit phi to li mt bn sao hon chnh ca sng mang. iu ny kh thc hin, tr khi sng AM cha mt s hng tun hon c tn s bng tn s sng mang. iu ny t nhin a ta n vic phi dng TCAM. Thc vy, phng trnh (4.16) l kt qu t vic bnh phng sng TCAM thu c m khng cn cng thm mt sng mang a phng (ni local) (ti my thu ). s(t)

Hnh 4.26: Khi hon iu bnh phng cho TCAM. Hnh 4.26 l khi hon iu cho TCAM. Bin sng mang A ln lm cho s(t) khng m. A+

C* i vi sng SCAM, cn phi thm mch to (bn sao ca) sng mang ti my thu. Bn sao ny cn c ng b ha vi sng mang thu c ( ph hp v tn s v pha). Thng my thu c mt mch dao ng ni thc hin vic ny. Ta hy xem hu qu ca s khng ph hp v tn s v pha. Gi s mch dao ng ni hnh 4.24 b lch tn bi f v lch pha bi . Khi , output ca mch nhn l:

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Phm Vn Tn

sm(t) cos [ 2 (fC+f )t + A] = s(t) cos2fCt cos [ 2 (fC+f )t + A]

cos [ 2 f t + ] cos [ 2 (2 f C + f )t + ] + = s(t) 2 2

y cng l input ca LPF ca khi tch sng ng b, output ca n l: s0(t) = s(t)
cos [ 2 f t + ] 2

(4.18)

(4.19)

( S hng th nh ca (4.18) c thnh phn tn s 2fC + f nn b loi ) Biu thc (4.19) cho thy mt tn hiu l s(t) nhn vi mt hm Sinusoide ti tn s f Hertz. Ta gi s f nh, v ta c lm cho n 0. nh l bin iu ch rng so(t) c mt bin i

vi cc tn s trong khong n fm + f . D LPF c thit k ch cho qua cc tn s ln fm , nhng n vn cho qua ton b fm + f ,v f << fm

Gi s ta c th lm ph hp v tn s chnh xc ri, ch cn khc pha. Phng trnh (4.19) tr thnh: so(t) = s(t)
cos 2

(4.20)

l mt phin bn khng mo ca s(t). Khi 900, output s zero. S Hi Phc Sng Mang Trong TCAM. Ta thy, s hon iu ng b cn phi c s thch hp hon ho v tn s v s sai pha khng n 900. S thch hp tn s ch c th nu sng AM c cha mt thnh phn tun hon tn s bng vi sng mang. l, nh F ca sng AM nhn c my thu phi c mt xung lc ti tn s ca sng mang. y l trng hp ca TCAM. Tn hiu thu c c dng: sm(t) = s(t) cos2fCt + A cos2fCt Mt cch trch sng mang t sng bin iu l dng mt lc dy thng tht hp iu hp vi tn s sng mang. trng thi thng trc, tt c s hng ca sng mang s i ngang qua lc ny, trong khi ch c 1 phn ca sng bin iu qua m thi. Bin i F ca tn hiu ra ca lc l: so(f)=
1 [S(f - fC) + S(f + fC) + A(f + fC) + A(f - fC)]. 2

Vi khong cc tn s trong dy thng ca lc,

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Phm Vn Tn

fC Ly

BW BW < f < FC + 2 2

-1

:
f c + BW

so(t) = A cos2fCt +

f C BW

S(f f C ) cos2fCt + df
2

(4.21)

Tch phn ca phng trnh (4.21) gii hn bi:

1 Smax (f)BW. 2t

Vy:

Mt mch lc vi kh bng tht hp s ch cho qua s hng th nht, ( thnh phn sng mang thun ty ).

Hnh 4.27: S hi phc sng mang dng BPF trong TCAM. Mt cch khc hi phc sng mang l dng vng kha pha (phase - lock loop). Vng kha pha s kha thnh phn tun hon input to nn mt sinusoide c tn s sng mang. Hnh 4.28: Vng kha pha Hnh 4.29: Hi phc sng mang trong TCAM bng PLL Tch Sng Khng Kt Hp ( Incoherent Detection ): Cc khi hon iu ni trn cn phi to li sng mang my thu. V tn s sng mang phi chnh xc v pha phi ng phi hp ( matched ) ng ti b phn tch sng, nn sng mang t i pht xem nh l mt thng tin chnh xc v thi gian (timing information) cn phi c truyn ( n my thu ). V l do , cc khi hon iu trn gi l tch sng kt hp ( Input

So pha
VCO Trang IV.22

v0(t)

Tn hiu chun

Hi tip

C S Vin Thng

Phm Vn Tn

Incoherent Detection ). Nhng nu thnh phn ( s hng ) sng mang ln trong TCAM, ta c th dng kiu tch sng khng kt hp. Trong , khng cn phi to li sng mang. Gi s sng mang ln sao cho A + s(t) > 0. Hnh 4.30. Ta bit, hon iu bnh phng th hiu qu cho trng hp ny.

Hnh 4.30: TCAM vi A + s(t) > 0 Ta nhc li, nh hnh 4.26, output ca khi bnh phng: [A + s(t)]2 cos22fCt =
1 [A + s(t)]2 + [A + s(t)]2 cos4f C t 2

Output ca LPF ( cho qua nhng tn s ln n 2fm) l: s(t) =

[A + s(t)]2

2 Nu by gi ta gi s rng A ln sao cho A + s(t) khng bao gi m, th output ca khi cn hai l: so(t) = 0,707[ A + s(t) ] V s hon iu c hon tt
s(t)

Hnh 4.31: Tch sng bnh phng

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Phm Vn Tn

Tch sng chnh lu: Khi bnh phng c th c thay bng mt dng phi tyn khc. Trng hp c bit, xem mch tch sng chnh lu ( Rectifier Detection ) nh hnh 4.31.

sm(t)

Chnh lu

s1(t)

LPF

H (f )

-fm fm Hnh 4.31: B tch sng chnh lu. Xem mt sng DSBTCAM:
s m ( t ) = [A + s( t )]. cos 2ft

Mch chnh lu c th l na sng hoc ton sng. Ta xem loi mch chnh lu ton sng ( Full - Wave Rect ) Chnh lu ton sng th tng ng vi thut ton ly tr tuyt i. Vy tn hiu ra ca khi chnh lu l: s1(t) = A + s(t)cos2fCt V gi s A + s(t) khng m, ta c th vit: s1(t) = [A + s(t) ] cos2fCt Tr tuyt i ca cosine l mt sng tun hon, nh hnh 4.32.

cos(t )

Hnh 4.32 Tn s cn bn ca n l 2fC. Ta vit li s1(t) bng cch khai trin F : s1(t) = [ A + s(t) ] [ ao + a1 cos4fCt + a2 cos8fCt + a3 cos12fCt +.... ] Vy output ca LPF l: so(t) = ao [ A + s(t) ] V s hon iu hon tt. * By gi, ta hy xem c ch m khi tch sng trn hi phc li sng mang. Hnh 4.33 ch rng s chnh lu ton sng th tng ng vi php nhn sng vi mt sng vung. (ti tn s fC ). l tin trnh ly tr tuyt i ca phn m ca sng mang. N tng ng vi s nhn cho -1. Vy, mch chnh lu khng cn bit tn s sng mang chnh xc, m ch thc

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Phm Vn Tn

hin mt thut ton tng ng vi nhn cho mt sng vung ( c tn s chnh xc bng fC ) v pha ca sng mang thu c. C th xem y nh mt bi tp, chng t rng mt mch tch sng ng b c th hot ng bng cch nhn sng vi mt ham cosine ( tn s fC ) hoc vi mt sng vung c tn s fC.

Hnh 4.33: Chnh lu ton sng tng ng vi php nhn 1 sng vung. Tch Sng Bao Hnh. (Envelope Detection) Tch sng cui cng m ta kho st y l n gin nht. Xem dng sng TCAM hnh 4.34. Nu A + s(t) khng bao gi m, ng bin trn hay bao hnh ca sng AM th chnh xc bng vi A + s(t). Nu ta thit lp mt mch ly ng bin ny, ta thc hin mt mch tch sng bao hnh. * Trc ht, xem mt mch tch sng nh ( peak detector ) nh hnh 4.35

Hnh 4.34: Dng sng TCAM vi A < a S phn tch mch tch sng nh da vo 2 quan st: (1) input khng th ln hn output ( vi mt diode l tng ). V (2) output khng bao gi gim vi t. Quan st th nht ng, v nu input vt qu output th diode c thm mt in th dng phn cc thun. Quan st th 2 do s kin l t khng c ng x in. Nn output lun lun bng vi tr nh ca input trc thi im .

Trang IV.25

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Phm Vn Tn

Hnh 4.35: Tch sng nh * By gi nu ta u thm mt in tr x in cho t. Mch hnh 4.36 l mch tch sng bao hnh. Output s c dng expo gia cc nh. Nu chn la thi hng RC thch hp, th output s xp x vi bao hnh. V mch tc ng nh mt mch tch sng. Output c cha sng d ( tn s fC) nhng iu khng h g, v ta ch quan tm n nhng tn s di tn s fm.

Hnh 4.36: Tch sng bao hnh Thi hng RC phi ngn sao cho bao hnh c th vch nhng thay i tr nh ca sng AM . Cc nh cch nhau ti nhng khong bng vi tn s sng mang, trong lc chiu cao th theo bin i ca bin ca s(t). Ta xem trng hp s(t) l mt hm sin thun ( tn s fC). N s c kh nng thay i tr 1 nh nhanh nht. Ti tn s ny, cc nh thay i t mt tr max n min trong fm sec. Mch 2 cn 5 ln thi hng t 0,7% tr cui cng ca n. Vy nu ta t thi hng RC n 10% ca 1 , Th mch tch sng bao hnh c th hot ng tn s cao nht. V d, vi fm = 5kHz, fm 1 m sec. ( hoc 20s). thi hng s chn l 50 Bin iu v Hon iu bng IC

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Phm Vn Tn

Cc mch bin iu v hon iu c th dng IC. Cc IC ny c cha nhng mch khuch i Visai a vo vng bo ha hoc m phng mt giao hon in t. ( Electronnic Commulator ). - Hnh 4.37, IC MC1496 c s dng nh mt bin iu TCAM. Mch tng t c th dng pht ra SCAM, bng cch chn li tr s cc in tr trong mch hiu chnh sng mang. - Hnh 4.38, cng dng chip ny hon iu cho TCAM. Sng mang trong mch c thc bng cch thc tn khuch i cao tn vo vng bo ha. Nh vy, output ca tn ny ging nh mt sng vung ti tn s fC. Sng mang ny c a vo mt trong nhng ng v ca MC 1496. Ng ra phi l LPF, hi phc tn hiu cha thng tin.

+12V 1K 1K

1K 2 51 0.1uF Carrier s(t) U3 7 8 1 4 MC1496 9 3 6

3,9K

3,9K

+Sm(t)

-Sm(t)

51 1 3

51

10

5 6,8K

+8V

Hnh 4.37: Bin iu AM

Trang IV.27

C S Vin Thng
+12V
+12V

Phm Vn Tn
+12V
+12V

3,9K

3,9K

1K

600

1K

Sm(t)

U3

U3 7
8
Amplifier/Limiter

1
10K
50K

MC1496
9

10K

s(t)

51

51

10

6,8K

+8V

Hnh 4.38: Hon iu cho TCAM

TRUYN MT BNG CNH (single sideband) SSB:

Trong cc h thng AM m ta ni trn, khong tn s cn thit truyn tn hiu l bng gia fC - fm v fC + fm kh bng tng cng l 2fm Trong vic khai thc cc i pht AM, ngi ta xem tng ph nh l ti nguyn thin nhin . Vic bo qun cho n l mt ch tiu quan trng. Nu kh bng cn thit cho mi knh rng qu, Th s i pht sng cng mt lc s t i. Ta tm mt phng php c th gi thng tin m kh bng th nh hn 2fm. Truyn mt bng cnh l k thut cho php truyn phn na kh bng cn thit cho AM hai bng cnh.

Hnh 4.39: nh ngha cc cnh bng Hnh 4.39 nh ngha cc bng cnh. Phn ca sm(t) nm trong bng trn sng mang gi l bng cnh trn ( upper - sideband ). V phn di sng mang gi l bng cnh di (lower sideband). Mt sng AM 2 bng cnh th bao gm c bng cnh trn v bng cnh di. Ta c th dng cc tn cht ca bin i F chng t rng 2 bng cnh ny ph thuc ln nhau. Bin i F ca sng AM c to nn bng cch di ( shifting ) S(f) ln v xung, nh bit. Bng cnh di to nn do phn f m ca S(f); v bng cnh trn do phn f dng ca S(f). Ta gi s rng tn tc s(t) l mt hm thc. Vy sut ca S(f) th chn v pha th l. Phn f m c th suy t f dng bng cch ly phc lin hp. Tng t, bng cnh di ca sm(t) c th suy t bng cnh trn. V cc bng cnh khng c lp, ta c th truyn tt c cc thng tin c bn bng cch gi i ch mt bng cnh.

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Hnh 4.40: Bin i F ca cc bng cnh Hnh 4.40 ch bin i F ca bng cnh trn v bng cnh di ca sng AM, ln lt k hiu l susb(t) l slsb(t). Sng AM 2 bng cnh l tng ca 2 bng cnh.

sm(t) = susb(t) + sLsb(t)

(4.22)

V sng SSB ch chim mt phn ca bng tn b chim bi sng DSB, n tha 2 yu cu ca mt h bin iu. l, bng cnh chn tn s sng mang ring, ta c th chuyn sng bin iu thnh mt khon tn s, m truyn i mt cch hiu qa. Ta cng c th dng nhng bng khc nhau cho nhng tn hiu khc nhau (tc fc khc nhau). Nn, cng lc c th truyn i nhiu tn hiu (a hp). Ch cn mt vn cn chng t. l, thng tin gc c th c hi phc t sng c bin iu SSB. V sng bin iu c th c to ra bi cc mch tng i n gin. Vy ta xt n cc khi bin iu v hon iu. Khi Bin iu Cho SSB: V bng cnh trn v bng cnh di tch bit v tn s, cc mch lc c th dng chn bng cnh mong mun. Hnh 4.41, ch khi bin iu cho bng cnh di (LSB). C cc cch to bng cnh trn (USB). Ta c th hoc thay i dy thng ca lc BPF ch nhn USB, hoc c th ly h s gia DSB v LSB.

Hnh 4.41: Khi bin iu cho LSB, SSB

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Hnh 4.42: Khi bin iu cho USB, SSB

Cc mch lc 2 hnh bn phi tht chnh xc, v khng c dy tn bo v no gia bng cnh trn v bng cnh di. * Mt phng php khc to ra SSB. S khi v hnh 43 ( dng LSB - SSB ). Gi s s(t) l mt Sinusoide thun ty. Vi trng hp n gin ny, s phn tch ch cn n lng gic. S(t) = cos2fCt Sng DSB Amc dng: sm(t) = cos2fCt + cos2fCt cos2(f C f m )t + cos2(f C + f m )t = (4.23) 2 S nhn dng cc bng cnh trong trng hp n gin ny tht r rng: S hng th nht l bng cnh di, s hng th nh l bng cnh trn.

Hnh 4.43: Bin iu cho LSB, SSB By gi ta khai trin bng cnh di: cos2(f C fm)t sLsb(t) = 2 cos2f C t.cos2 f m t + sin2 f C t.sin2 f m t = 2

(4.24)

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SSB

Vy ta c th thy ti sao s khi hnh 4.43 c th to ra LSB. S hng th nht ca phng trnh (4.24) l sng DSB AM. S hng th nh c c l do s di pha 900 cho mi sng Cosine. S trn y c th ci bin to ra bng cnh trn (USB). Ch cn thay b phn tng bng mt b phn ly hiu s hai outputs ca 2 mch nhn. Khi Hon iu Cho SSB: Khi hon iu ng b hnh 4.44 c th dng hon iu SSB Hnh 4.44: Hon iu ng b * V phng din tn s, ta bit s nhn cho mt Sinusoide s lm di tn bin i F c chiu ln v chiu xung. - Hnh 4.45, ch bin i F ca susb(t) khi nhn n vi mt Sinusoide ti tn s fC. - Hnh 4.46, ch kt qu tng t i vi tn hiu sLsb(t). Trong c 2 trng hp, mt lc LPF s hi phc li bn sao ca tn hiu cha thng tin gc. SUSB(f)

Hnh 4.45: Bin i F ca hon iu USB v SSB

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SLSB(f)

-fc

fc

F sLSB(t).cos2fc t

-2fc

2fc

Hnh 4.46: Bin i F ca hon iu LSB v SSB * V phng din thi gian ta thy:

s(t)cos2 2f C t s(t)sin2f C t + cos2f m t fSSB(t) cos2fCt = 2 Du + cho LSB v du - cho USB. Khai trin lng gic s(t) + s(t)cos2 2f C t s(t)sin4f C t = 4 Output ca LPF (vi mt input nh vy ) s l s(t)/4 V ta hon tt c s hon iu. * Ghi ch: (t) l bin i Hilbert ca s(t)
1 s() 1 s(t) d s(t) (t) = d. V s(t) = - t t

(4.25)

(4.26)

Bin i Hilbert ca mt hm thi gian c c bng cch quay tt c thnh phn tn s i mt gc 900. V d: s(t)= cos(2fCt+) (t)= sin(2fCt+)

BIN IU M TRC PHA:

Ta chng t rng nhng tn hiu khng ph nhau v tn s v thi gian th c th tch ra khi nhau. DSBAM gia s tch bit v tn s v thi gian th c th tch bit tn s cc knh khng b giao thoa vi nhau. Nhng n phi cn dng kh bng rng gp i SSBAM. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp 2 tn hiu DSBAM c gi i ng thi m c tn s v thi gian ph nhau, chng vn c th tch ra ti my thu. Thc vy, bin iu bin trc pha s thc hin c vic y. ( Quadrature Amplitude Modulation QAM ) .

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Hnh 4.47: My thu QAM Gi s, c 2 tn hiu s1(t) v s2(t) c tn s gii hn nh hn fm. Hai tn hiu ny bin iu 2 sng mang c tn s bng nhau. s1m(t) = s1(t).cos2fCt s2m(t) = s2(t).sin2fCt Tng ca 2 sng: AM = sm1(t) + sm2(t) = s1(t). cos2fCt + s2(t).sin2fCt Mc d hai sng ph ln nhau, nhng chng c th tch ra bi my thu nh hnh v trn. - Tn hiu ng vo LPF1: sa(t) = [s1(t) cos2fCt + s2(t) sin2fCt].cos2fCt = s1(t).cos22fCt + s2(t).sin2fCt.cos2fCt 1 = [s1(t)+ s1(t) cos4fCt + s2(t) sin4fCt] 2 Mch lc LPF1 s ch cho qua s hng th nht, l s1(t)/2 - Tn hiu ng vo LPF2: sb(t) = s1(t) cos2fCt.sin2fCt + s2(t) sin22fCt 1 = [s1(t) sin4fCt + s2(t) - s2(t) cos4fCt] 2 Ng ra ca LPF1 l s hng th hai, s2(t)/2

BIN IU BNG CNH ST ( vestigial sideband ) VSB.

Bin iu SSB c li hn DSB v mt s dng tn s. l SSB ch dng phn na kh bng cn thit tng ng ca DSB. Nhng SSB c bt li l kh thit k mt my pht v mt my thu c hiu qu. Mt vn ni bt ca SSB l vic thit k mch lc loi b mt bng cnh - Tnh cht pha ca mch lc s to nn sng d. Vic ny s gy hu qu xu. V d, trong truyn hnh, kh bng rng hn trong truyn thanh (ting ni). S mo pha tn hiu video gy nn hiu ng offset ln hnh nh c qut, ( to ra bng ma )- mt ngi rt nhy vi dng mo nh vy (hn l s mo tng t ca ting ni). Vy ta c l do ni n mt kiu bin iu nm gia SSB v DSB. l kiu bng cnh st (VSB). [ Mt bng cnh b loi tr khng hon ton bi mch lc trnh mo ].

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Phm Vn Tn

VSB c xp x cng kh bng tn vi SSB v khng kh thit k mch hon iu. Nh tn gi, VSB c cha phn st li ca bng cnh th nh (khng loi b hon ton nh SSB). Hnh 4.48: Bin iu VSB Mch lc c dng cho VSB khng ging nh trong SSB - n khng cht ch. sm(f)

-fc

+fc

H(f)

-fc

+fc

Sm(f).H(f)

-fc

+fc

Hnh 4.48 ch bin i ca DSB, c tnh mch lc v bin i ca output. Nu SV(f) l bin i F ca tn hiu VSB, th: SV(f) = Sm (f)H(f) = [ s(f + fC) + s(f - fC)]H(f) Output ca b hon iu ng b c bin i: S (f + f C ) + S V (f f C ) S0(f) = V , f < fm 2 Thay (4.27) vo (4.28), ta tm c:
S(f )[H(f f C ) + H(f + f C ) 4 Phng trnh (4.29) c dng t cc iu kin cho mch lc. Tng nm trong [ ] c v hnh 4.49. Vi mt H(f) tin biu.

(4.27) (4.28)

S0(f) =

(4.29)

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Hnh 4.49: Lc BPF cho VBS Gi s rng mt s hng sng mang c cng vo (TCAM). Sng mang c truyn VSB c dng sv(t) + A cos2fCt S hng sng mang ny c rt ra ti my thu bng cch dng hoc mt lc bng rt hp hoc mt vng kha pha. Nu s hng sng mang ln, c th dng tch sng bao hnh [ ta thy iu SSB. , sng mang ln hn nhiu so vi tn hiu. Cn DSB, sng mang ch cn ln cng c vi tn hiu. i vi VBS, Bin sng mang th nm gia 2 kiu y ]. Khi cng mt sng mang vo, hiu sut s gim. S d dng trong vic thit k mt mch tch sng bao hnh khin h ny c chn dng trong truyn hnh.

AM STEREO.
Ta ch gii thiu nhng im ch yu v AM stereo. S phn gii su hn cn n nhng hiu bit v bin iu pha, m ta s ni chng 5. Nguyn l AM Stereo l gi 2 tn hiu audio c lp trong kh bng 10kHz nm trong mi i pht thanh thng mi. Nhng hiu chnh cn thit c th tng thch vi cc my thu mono ang hin hu (nu 2 tn hiu biu din cho 2 knh tri v phi, th mt my thu mono phi hi phc tng ca 2 tn hiu ny). Nu 2 tn hiu k hiu l sL(t) v

sR(t), tn hiu tng hp c th vit :

(4.30)

q(t) = sL(t) cos2fCt + sR(t) sin2fCt

Nu c 2 tn hiu sL(t) v sR(t) l tn hiu aodio vi tn s ti a l 5kHz, q(t) chim dy tn gia fC - 5kHz n fC+5KHz. ( kh bng tng cng l 10kHz ). Tn hiu tng hp c th vit li nh l mt Sinusoide duy nht: q(t) = A(t) cos[2fCt+(t)]
2 Trong : A(t) = s 2 L (t) + s R (t)

(4.31)

s R (t) (t) = -tan s (t) L

-1

Mch tch sng bao hnh trong mt my thu mono s to A(t). l mt phin bn b mo ca tng ca 2 knh v khng cn cho yu cu tng thch. Hnh 4.50 Ch s ca khi bin iu v hon iu. Khi v chm chm l mt vng kha pha, c dng hi phc sng mang. Output ca vng kha pha l cos(2fCt-450)

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Cc hm thi gian khc c ghi trong hnh l: s1(t) = (2fCt - 450) s2(t)= cos2fCt s3(t)= sin2fCt s4(t) = sL(t) cos22fCt + sR(t) sin2fCt + cos2fCt

s5(t)= sL(t) sin2fCt cos2fCt + sR(t) sin22fCt s (t) s6(t)= L 2 s (t) s7(t)= R 2

Hnh 4.50: H thng AM STEREO

=1/2sL(t)
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