Hamphuc SV DH 2011

H Cng nghip Tp.
HCM
dvntailieu.wordpress.com
Thursday, July 28, 2011
Hm phc & Php bin i Laplace
i hc 1
H H M PH M PH C C
V V
PH PH P BI P BI N N I LAPLACE I LAPLACE
I H I H C C
PHN PH PHN PH I CHNG TRNH I CHNG TRNH
S S ti ti t t: 30 : 30
----- -----
Chng 1. S phc
Chng 2. Hm bin phc
Chng 3. Tch phn hm phc
Chng 4. Chui v Thng d
Chng 5. Php bin i Laplace
Ti liu tham kho

1. Nguyn Kim nh Hm phc v ng dng
(H K thut TP.HCM 1998)
2. Nguyn Kim nh Php bin i Laplace
(NXB Khoa hc v K thut 1998)
3. V ng Tho Hm phc v Ton t Laplace
(H K thut TP.HCM 2000)
4. Phan B Ngc Hm bin phc v php bin i
Laplace (NXB Gio dc 1996)
5. Trng Vn Thng Hm s bin s phc
(NXB Gio dc 2007)
6. u Th Cp Hm bin phc v php tnh
Ton t (NXB H Quc gia 2006)
Download Slide Download Slide b b i i gi gi ng ng H H m m ph ph c c v v
Ph Ph p p bi bi n n i i Laplace Laplace i i h h c c t t i i
dvntailieu.wordpress.com dvntailieu.wordpress.com
Bin Bin so so n n: : ThS ThS. . o o n n Vng Vng Nguyn Nguyn
7. Nguyn Vn Khu L Mu Hi Hm bin phc
(NXB i hc Quc gia H Ni 2006)

8. Theodore. W. Gamelin Complex Analysis
(Department of Mathematics UCLA)

9. Trng Thun Ti liu Hm phc v
php bin i Laplace
(H Cng nghip TP.HCM)
Chng Chng 1. 1. S S ph ph c c
1. S PHC V CC PHP TON
1.1. Cc nh ngha
S phc l s c dng z x iy = , trong , x y .
S i tha
2
1 i = c gi l n v o.
x c gi l phn thc ca s phc z , k hiu Rez .
y c gi l phn o ca s phc z , k hiu Imz .
c bit
0 z x i = l s thc, ( 0) z iy y = l s thun o.
1. S phc v cc php ton.
2. Dng lng gic ca s phc,
cng thc Moivre, cng thc Euler.
3. ng v min trong mt phng phc.
Hai s phc
1 1 1
z x iy = v
2 2 2
z x iy = c gi l
bng nhau nu
1 2
x x = v
1 2
y y = .
VD 2.
2
2 3 4
3.
x
x i iy
y
'
1 =
1
1
=
!
1
=
1
1+

S phc z x iy = c gi l s phc lin hp ca
s phc z x iy = , ngha l x iy x iy = .
VD 3. 2 3 2 3 i i = ; 2 2 i i = ; 1 1 = .
VD 1. Re(2 3 ) 2 i = ; Im(2 3 ) 3 i = .
3 3 0 i = ; 2 0 2 i i = .
Tp hp tt c cc s phc c k hiu l .

, z x iy x y = = .
Ch

.
Im 0 z z = .
Khi x = hoc y = , ta k hiu z x iy = = .
Tp { } = c gi l tp s phc m rng.
1.2. Cc php ton trn s phc
Cho hai s phc
1 1 1
z x iy = v
2 2 2
z x iy = , ta nh
ngha cc php ton nh sau:
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
i hc 2
a) Php cng v tr s phc

1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ).
x iy x iy x x i y y
x iy x iy x x i y y
=
=

Ch . Php cng s phc c tnh giao hon v kt hp.
VD 4. (2 ) ( 1 ) 1 i i = ; 3 ( 1 5 ) 1 8 i i i = .
b) Php nhn s phc

1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1
( )( ) ( ) ( ). x iy x iy x x y y i x y x y =
VD 5.
2
2( 1 ) 2 2 2 2 i i i i i = = ;
2
(1 )( 2 3 ) 2 3 2 3 1 5 i i i i i i = = ;
2
(1 2 )(1 2 ) 1 4 5 i i i = = .
Ch
Do
1 1 2 2
( )( ) x iy x iy
2
1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2
x x ix y ix y i y y =

1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1
( ) ( ) x x y y i x y x y = ,
nn ta nhn nh hai a thc v ch
2
1 i = .
Php nhn s phc c cc tnh cht nh nhn s thc.
c) Php chia s phc
Gi s
2
0 z , khi ta c:
1 1 2 1 1 2 2
1 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
( )( )
: .
z z z x iy x iy
z z
z z z x y

= = =

VD 6.
1 (1 )(2 ) 1 3 1 3
2 (2 )(2 ) 5 5 5
i i i i
i
i i i

= = =

;
3 2 (3 2 )( ) 2 3
2 3
( ) 1
i i i i
i
i i i

= = =
.
d) Ly tha bc n ca s phc

. ... ( ).
n
z z z z n z = so
VD 7.
2
1 i = ;
3
i i = ;
4 2 2
( ) 1 i i = = ;
3 2 3
(1 ) 1 3 3 2 2 i i i i i = = .
e) Cn bc n ca s phc

.
n n
w z z w = =
VD 8. Tnh 3 4i .
VD 9. Tnh
3
1.
1.3. nh l
Cho z x iy = ,
1 1 1
z x iy = ,
2 2 2
z x iy = , ta c:
1)
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
; ; . . z z z z z z z z z z = = = .
2) 2Re 2 ; 2 Im 2 z z z x z z i z iy = = = = .
3)
2 2
. ( )( ) 0 z z x iy x iy x y = = .
4)
1 1
2
2 2
( 0)
z z
z
z z
1

=

( )
.
VD 10. Cho
0 1
( ) ...
n
n n
P z a a z a z = l a thc bc
n theo z vi h s ( 0, 1,..., )
i
a i n = .
Gi s (2 3 ) 1
n
P i i = , tnh (2 3 )
n
P i .
2. DNG LNG GIC CA S PHC
CNG THC MOIVRE, CNG THC EULER
a) Mt phng phc
V mt hnh hc, s phc z x iy = c biu din
bng im ( ; ) M x y trong mt phng ta Descartes
vung gc Oxy .
Khi , mt phng Oxy c gi l mt phng phc.
2.1. Dng lng gic ca s phc
Trong mt phng phc, ta c:
Im 0 z z Ox = ; Re 0 z z Oy = .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
i hc 3
O
x
y
M
z x iy =
x
y
Do :
Trc honh Ox
c gi l trc thc.
Trc tung Oy
c gi l trc o.
O
x
y
M
x
y
r
b) Modul v argument ca s phc
Trong mt phng phc,
khong cch r t gc ta
O n im M c gi l
modul ca z , k hiu l | | z .
Modul ca z c xc nh bi:

2 2
| | . z r OM x y = = =
Gc nh hng
( )
, Ox OM =

c tia u Ox v tia
cui OM, c gi l argument ca z .
Nu z l s thc dng th arg 0 z = ,
z l s thc m th arg . z =
0 z = th argument ca z khng xc nh.
O x
y
M
O x
y
M
Argument ca z tha mn
<
c gi l argument chnh,
k hiu l argz .
K hiu tp hp tt c argument ca z l Argz .
Vy Arg arg 2 , . z z k k =
Quy c
Khi khng ni r thuc khong no th ta hiu l
argument chnh.
Cch xc nh argument chnh ca z = x + iy
Bc 1. Xc nh im M biu din z trn mpOxy .
Bc 2. argz = tha mn cos , sin
x y
r r
= = ,
< v ph thuc vo v tr ca M.
VD 1. Xc nh modul v argument ca cc s phc:
a) z i = ; b) 3 z i = .
VD 2. Vit cc s phc sau di dng lng gic:
a) 4 z = ; b) 1 3 z i = ; c) 2 2 z i = .
Vy dng lng gic ca s phc z l:
(cos sin ). z r i =
c) Dng lng gic ca s phc
Cho s phc z x iy = c | | z r = v argz = .
Ta c: (cos sin )
x y
z r i r i
r r

1

= =

( )
.
Nhn xt
Nu (cos sin ) z r i = th:
(cos sin ) [cos( ) sin( )] z r i r i = = .
Nu z , 0 z x i = th
2 2
| | 0 | | z x x = = .
VD 3. Tnh a)
100
(1 ) i ; b)
3
8 .
2.2. Cng thc Moivre
Cho s phc cos sin z i = .
Khi : cos sin ( , 1).
n
z n i n n n =
Tng qut, cho s phc (cos sin ) z r i = .
Khi :
( )
1) (cos sin ), .
2 2
2) cos sin
, 2, 0, 1 .
n n
n n
k
z r n i n n
k k
z w r i
n n
n n k n

=
1

= =

( )
=

2.3. Cng thc Euler
Ta c:
4 4
( ) . (0 3)
n k r k r r
i i i i i r
= = = . Do :
1
n
i = nu 0 r = , ngha l 4 n ;

n
i i = nu 1 r = , ngha l : 4 n d 1;
1
n
i = nu 2 r = , ngha l : 4 n d 2;

n
i i = nu 3 r = , ngha l : 4 n d 3.
Khai trin Maclaurin hm ( )
i
e
, ta c:
0
( )
!
n
i
n
i
e
n
=
=
2 4 3
1 ... ...
2! 4! 1! 3!
i

1 1

=

( ) ( )
cos sin . i =
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
i hc 4
VD 4. Vit cc s phc sau di dng m:
a) 3 z = ; b) z i = ; c) 3 z i = .
Nhn xt
1) Nu
i
z re

= th
i
z re

= .
Cng thc Euler
cos sin .
i
e i
=

Da vo cng thc Euler, s phc z c | | z r = v
argz = c th c vit di dng m:
.
i
z re

=
2) Vi mi
1 1 1 2 2 2
, z x iy z x iy = = , ta gi
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
| | ( ) ( ) z z x x y y =
l khong cch gia
1
z v
2
z .
Khi | | z a r = hay ( [0; 2 ])
i
z a re

=
l phng trnh ng trn tm a, bn knh r .
c bit, | | 1 z = hay
i
z e

= l phng trnh ca
ng trn n v.
Cng thc cn nh
Vi
i
z re
= ,
1
1 1 1 1 1
(cos sin )
i
z re r i
= = ,

2
2 2 2 2 2
(cos sin )
i
z r e r i
= = , ta c:
1)
1 2
( )
1 2 1 2
i
z z r r e

=

1 2 1 2 1 2
[cos( ) sin( )] r r i = .
2)
1 2
( )
1 1
2 2
i
z r
e
z r

=

1
1 2 1 2
2
[cos( ) sin( )]
r
i
r
= .
3) ,
n n in
z r e n
= .
4)
( )
2
. 2, 0, 1 .
k
i
n n
n
k
z w r e n k n

= = =
3.1. ng trong mt phng phc
a) Phng trnh tham s
Gi s ( ), ( ) x t y t l cc hm thc, xc nh v lin tc
trn [ ; ] a b ca ng thng thc. Khi phng trnh:
( ) ( ) ( ), a b z z t x t iy t t = =
biu din tham s mt ng cong L trong mp phc.
Cc im ( ), ( ) z a z b L ln lt c gi l im u
v im cui ca ng cong L.
3. NG V MIN
TRONG MT PHNG PHC
VD 1. a)ng trn tm O bn knh r c phng trnh:
(cos sin ) cos . sin , [0; 2 ] z r t i t r t i r t t = = .
b) on thng ni im O v im (1 ) i c phng
trnh l , [0; 1]. z t it t =
Gii. T
i
z t
t
= , ta suy ra 0 x t = v
1
y
t
= .
Kh t , ta c
1
( 0) y x
x
= .
VD 2. Xc nh ng cong c phng trnh:
(0 )
i
z t t
t
= < < .
Vy ng cong cho l nhnh hyperbol
1
y
x
= nm
gc phn t th nht ca mt phng phc.
b) Phn loi ng cong
ng cong c im u v im cui trng nhau
c gi l ng cong ng (khp kn).
ng cong khng c im t ct c gi l ng
cong Jordan. ng cong Jordan ng cn c gi
l chu tuyn.
ng cong L c gi l trn nu cc hm s ( ) x t v
( ) y t c o hm lin tc v khc 0 trn on [ ; ] a b , c
ngha l mi im ca L u c tip tuyn.
ng cong to bi mt s hu hn cc ng cong
trn c gi l ng cong trn tng khc.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
i hc 5
3.2. Min trong mt phng phc
a) Ln cn v min
Ln cn 0 ca
0
( ) z l hnh trn m tm ti
0
z :

0 0
( ) | | U z z z z
= < .
Ln cn ca im z = l | | z .
Tp D c gi l mt min trong mt phng
phc nu tha hai iu kin sau:
1) Vi mi
0
z D , tn ti ln cn
0
( ) U z D
.
2) Vi mi , a b D , tn ti ng cong L D c
im u l a, im cui l b.
VD 3. a) Tp

:| 2 | 1 D z z i = < l 1 min.
b) Tp

:| | 1 : Im( ) 0 D z z i z z = < <
khng l min v vi , a b D , ta c th ch ra c
ng cong L c im u l a, im cui l b, nhng
L khng nm trong D.
b) Bin v chiu ca bin
im
0
z c gi l im bin ca min D nu trong
ln cn bt k ca
0
z u c cha im thuc D v
im khng thuc D.
Tp hp cc im bin ca min D c gi l bin
ca D, k hiu l D .
Nu D l mt min th D D D = c gi l min
ng (hay min kn).
Quy c chiu dng ca bin D l chiu m khi ta
i dc theo bin s thy min D nm v pha tay tri.
c) Min n lin, min a lin
Xt min D gii hn bi chu
tuyn . Min ny c gi l
min n lin, chnh l D .
D
D
Nu D c gii hn bi hai chu tuyn
1 2
, khng
giao nhau, th min D c gi l min nh lin. Khi
,
1 2
D = . Tng t, ta c th nh ngha min
tam lin, t lin,...
D
Nhn xt
Nu ta b sung vo min
a lin cc on thng
1 2
, ,... l l th min s thnh
min n lin. Mi on
thng c tnh hai ln
theo chiu ngc nhau.
1
l
2
l
1 2
D =
Chng Chng 2. 2. H H m m bi bi n n ph ph c c
1. HM BIN PHC
(Complex variable function)
1.1. Hm bin phc
a) nh ngha
Quy tc f cho tng ng mi z A vi mt hay
nhiu gi tr ( ) w f z = c gi l mt hm bin
phc z .
Tp A c gi l min xc nh (MX) ca f .
Tp

( ), B w w f z z A = = tp gi tr ca f .
1. Hm bin phc.
2. Hm gii tch.
3. Quan h gia hm gii tch v hm iu ha.
4. Cc hm s s cp.
Nu mi z A ng vi mt gi tr ( ) w f z = th f
c gi l hm n tr, nu mi z A ng vi nhiu
gi tr ( ) w f z = th f c gi l hm a tr.
VD 1.
1
( ) f z
z
= l hm n tr c MX \{0} D = .
VD 2. Cho ( ) 3 Im f z z z = . Tnh:
(1), ( 2 ), (1 2 ) f f i f i .
VD 3. Cho
2
( ) 3 f z z z = . Tnh ( 1 3 ) f i .
Trong \{0} D = , ( ) w f z z = = l hm hai tr.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
i hc 6
VD 4. Xc nh phn thc v o ca
2
(1 ) w z i z = .
VD 5. Xc nh phn thc v o ca
1
( ) f z z
z
= .
b) Phn thc v phn o ca hm bin phc

Vi mi z A , ( ) w f z = nn ta c th vit:

( ) ( , ) ( , ). w f z u x y iv x y = =

Cc hm ( , ) Re u x y w = v ( , ) Im v x y w = ln lt
c gi l phn thc v phn o ca hm ( ) f z .
c*) Php bin hnh thc hin bi hm bin phc
biu din hnh hc mt hm s thc bin s thc, ta
v th ca hm s . biu din hnh hc mt
hm s phc, ta khng th dng phng php th
c na. Ta thc hin nh sau:
Cho hm bin phc ( ) w f z = , z A . Xt hai mt
phng phc Oxy (mpz ) v O uv (mpw). ng vi mi
im
0
z A , hm ( ) w f z = xc nh im
0 0
( ) w f z =
trong mt phng w.
V mt hnh hc, ta ni hm ( ) w f z = xc nh mt
php bin hnh t mpz vo mpw.
im
0
w c gi l nh ca im
0
z v im
0
z c
gi l nghch nh ca im
0
w .
ng cong : ( ) ( ) ( ) L z t x t iy t = c nh qua php
bin hnh ( ) ( , ) ( , ) w f z u x y iv x y = = l tp hp im
trong mpw vi ta :
( ( ), ( )); ( ( ), ( )) u u x t y t v v x t y t = = .
VD 6. Cho hm
2
( ) f z z = . Tm nh ca:
1) im
0
3 2 z i = ; 2) ng trn | | 2 z = ;
3) Tia argz = , 0
2
< < ;
4) Min

0 Re 1 A z z = < < .
O x
y
arg z
2
w z =
O u
v
arg w
2
2
w z =
Hnh cu 3)
Hnh cu 4)
VD 7. Tm nghch nh ca ng trn:
2 2
( 1) ( 1) 2 u v = qua php bin hnh
1
w
z
= .
T y v sau, ta ch xt trng hp hm f(z) n tr.
1.2. Tnh lin tc ca hm bin phc
a) Gii hn hm bin phc
nh ngha
Cho hm bin phc ( ) f z xc nh trong ln cn ca
0
z
(c th tr im
0
z ). S phc a c gi l gii
hn ca ( ) f z khi
0
z z , k hiu
0
lim ( )
z z
f z a
= , nu:
0
0, 0 : | | ( ) z z f z a < < .
Hm phc ( ) f z c gi l c gii hn khi
0
z z ,
k hiu
0
lim ( )
z z
f z
= , nu:
0
0, 0 : | | ( ) M z z f z M < .
Cc gii hn lim ( )
z
f z a
= , lim ( )
z
f z
= c nh
ngha tng t.
nh l
Nu hm phc ( ) ( , ) ( , ) f z u x y iv x y = ,
0 0 0
z x iy =
v a i = th:
0 0 0
0 0
lim ( ) lim ( , ) , lim ( , )
z z x x x x
y y y y
f z a u x y v x y

= = = .
b) Hm s lin tc

nh ngha
Cho hm ( ) f z xc nh trong min cha
0
z . Hm ( ) f z
c gi l lin tc ti im
0
z nu
0
0
lim ( ) ( )
z z
f z f z
= .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
i hc 7
Hm ( ) f z c gi l lin tc trong min B nu ( ) f z
lin tc ti mi im z B .
Nhn xt

Nu ( ) ( , ) ( , ) f z u x y iv x y = lin tc ti
0 0 0
z x iy =
th ( , ) u x y v ( , ) v x y lin tc ti
0 0
( , ) x y .
Cc tnh cht v php tnh gii hn tng t nh hm
thc hai bin.
VD 8. a)
2 2
1
lim( ) (1 ) 3
z i
z i i i i

= = .
b) Hm phc
2 2 2 2
1 1
( )
x y
f z i
z x iy x y x y
= = =

lin tc trn \ {0} .
2. HM GII TCH
2.1. o hm ca hm bin phc
a) nh ngha
Cho hm ( ) w f z = xc nh trong min D cha im
z x iy = . Cho z mt s gia z x i y = . Gi
( ) ( ) w f z z f z = l s gia tng ng ca ( ) f z .
Nu t s
w
z
dn ti mt gii hn xc nh khi
0 z (theo mi cch) th gii hn c gi l
o hm ca ( ) w f z = ti im z . K hiu ( ) f z .
Ta c:
0 0
( ) ( )
( ) lim lim
z z
w f z z f z
f z
z z

= =

.
VD 1. Xt hm
2
( ) f z z = , ta c:
2
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 . ( ) f z f z z f z z z z = =
0 0
( )
lim lim(2 ) 2 ( ) 2
z z
f z
z z z f z z
z

= = =
.
Ch

( ) f z c o hm ti im z th c gi l kh vi ti
im z .

( ) f z c o hm ti im z th lin tc ti im z .

o hm ca hm bin phc c cc tnh cht v quy
tc tnh tng t hm bin s thc.
VD 2. Xt hm ( ) f z z = , ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) f z f z z f z z z z = =
z x i y x i y = = = .
Nu 0 z theo trc thc th 0, y z x = =
0 0
( )
lim lim 1
z z
f z x
z x

= =

.
Nu 0 z theo trc o th 0, x z i y = =
0 0
( )
lim lim 1
z z
f z i y
z i y

= =

.
Vy hm ( ) f z z = khng kh vi ti mi im z .
b) iu kin kh vi Cauchy Riemann (C R)
nh l

Nu hm ( ) ( , ) ( , ) f z u x y iv x y = kh vi ti z x iy =
th cc hm hai bin thc ( , ) u x y v ( , ) v x y c cc o
hm ring ti ( , ) x y v tha iu kin C R:

.
x y y x
u v u v = = oa
Ngc li, nu cc hm hai bin thc ( , ) u x y v ( , ) v x y
c cc o hm ring lin tc ti ( , ) x y v tha iu
kin C R th hm ( ) ( , ) ( , ) f z u x y iv x y = kh vi ti
z x iy = v:
( ) .
x x
f z u iv =
Nhn xt
Do ,
2 2
z z z z
x y
i

= = nn ta c:
1 1
. .
2 2
z x z y z x y
f f x f y f f
i
= =

1
[( ) ( )]
2
x x y y
u iv i u iv =

1
[( ) ( )]
2
x y y x
u v i u v = .
Vy iu kin C R tng ng vi:

0.
z
f
f
z
= =

H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
i hc 8
VD 3. Xt hm
2
w z = , ta c:
2 2
, 2 u x y v xy = = .
Do
2
2
x y
y x
u x v
u y v
'
1 = =
1
!
1 = =
1
+
nn
2
w z = kh vi trn .
VD 4. Xt hm ( ) . Re f z z z = , ta c:
2 2
( ) , f z x ixy u x v xy = = = .
iu kin C R:
2 0
0 0
x y
y x
u v x x x
u v y y
' ' '
1 1 1 = = =
1 1 1

! ! !
1 1 1 = = =
1 1 1
+ + +
.
Vy ( ) . Re f z z z = kh vi ti 0 z = v
(0) (0, 0) (0, 0) 0
x x
f u iv = = .
VD 5. Xt tnh kh vi ca hm 3 Re w z z = .
nh ngha
Hm ( ) w f z = kh vi trong mt ln cn ca z c
gi l gii tch (cn gi l chnh hnh) ti z .
c) Hm gii tch
im z m ti hm ( ) w f z = khng gii tch c
gi l im bt thng ca ( ) f z .
Hm ( ) w f z = kh vi ti mi im z thuc min D th
c gi l gii tch trong min D.
Ch

Hm ( ) w f z = gii tch ti im
0
z th kh vi ti
0
z ,
ngc li ni chung l khng ng.
Chng hn, hm ( ) . f z z z = kh vi ti 0 z = nhng
khng gii tch ti im .
Hm ( ) w f z = gii tch trn min m D khi v ch
khi ( ) f z kh vi trn D.
VD 6. a) Hm w z = khng gii tch ti z .
b) Hm
n
w z = kh vi ti z nn gii tch trong .
c) Hm
2
1
z
w
z
=
gii tch ti \ { } z i .
Hai im z i = l im bt thng ca hm w.
3. QUAN H GIA HM GII TCH
V HM IU HA
3.1. Hm iu ha
VD 1. a) Hm
2 2
u x y = l hm iu ha v:
2 2
2 2 0
x y
u u = = .
b) Hm
2 2
ln( ) u x y = l hm iu ha trong
ton mt phng tr gc ta .
nh ngha
Hm hai bin thc ( , ) u x y c gi l hm iu ha
trong min D nu ( , ) u x y tha phng trnh Laplace:

2 2
0.
x y
u u u =
VD 2. Hm (cos sin )
x
w e y i y = gii tch trong .
Ta c: cos , sin
x x
u e y v e y = =
2 2
cos , cos
x x
x y
u e y u e y = = ;
2 2
sin , sin
x x
x y
v e y v e y = =

2 2 2 2
0; 0
x y x y
u u v v = = .
Vy cos , sin
x x
u e y v e y = = l cc hm iu ha.
nh l

Nu hm ( ) ( , ) ( , ) f z u x y iv x y = l hm gii tch trong
min D th ( , ) u x y v ( , ) v x y l cc hm iu ha trong
min D.
3.2. iu kin hm bin phc gii tch
Nu ( , ) u x y v ( , ) v x y l hai hm iu ha lin hp
(ngha l tha iu kin Cauchy Riemann) trong D
th hm ( ) ( , ) ( , ) f z u x y iv x y = gii tch trong D.
Nhn xt

Cho trc mt hm iu ha, ta c th tm c hm
iu ha lin hp vi n (sai khc 1 hng s). V vy,
khi cho trc phn thc hoc phn o ca mt hm
gii tch, ta c th tm c hm gii tch (sai khc
1 hng s).
VD 3. Tm hm gii tch ( ) f z .
Cho bit phn thc
2 2
2 u x y x = v (0) 0 f = .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
i hc 9
4. CC HM S S CP
4.1. Hm hu t

1
0 1
1
0 1
...
( ) .
...
n n
n
m m
m
a z a z a
f z
b z b z b

=

Cc trng hp ring ca hm hu t
Hm tuyn tnh: ( ) f z az b = , D = .
Hm ly tha: ( ) ,
n
f z z n = , D = .
Hm a thc:
1
0 1
( ) ...
n n
n
f z a z a z a
= , D = .
Hm phn tuyn tnh: ( )
az b
f z
cz d
, \
d
D
c
' '
1 1
1 1
=
! !
1 1
1 1 + +
.
4.2. Hm m v Logarit
Tnh cht
Nu z x = th .
z x
e e =
| | | | 0,
z x
e e z = .

1 2 1 2
.
z z z z
e e e

= .
Hm
z
w e = tun hon vi chu k 2 i .
Hm
z
w e = kh vi vi mi z v ( ) .
z z
e e =
a) Hm m
(cos sin ).
z x iy x
e e e y i y
= =
b) Hm logarit w = Lnz
nh ngha
Vi (cos sin ) .
i
z r i r e

= = , ta c:
ln ( 2 ), (0 2 ) lnz r i k = .
Tnh cht
Hm Lnz l hm n tr xc nh trn \{0} .

1 2 1 2
( . ) Ln z z Lnz Lnz = .
Hm w Lnz = kh vi \ {0} z v
1
( ) Lnz
z
= .
Chn 0 k = v k hiu Lnz , ta c:
ln , (0 2 ). Lnz r i =
Hm cosin:
1
cos ( )
2
iz iz
z e e
= .
Hm sin:
1
sin ( )
2
iz iz
z e e
i
= .
Hm cosin hyperbolic: cos( )
2
z z
e e
chz iz
= = .
Hm sin hyperbolic: sin( )
2
z z
e e
shz i iz
= = .
Tt c cc tnh cht v cng thc lng gic bit
cng ng vi cc hm lng gic phc.
Cc hm hyperbol xc nh v lin tc trn .
4.3. Cc hm lng gic v hyperbol

Chng Chng 3. 3. T T ch ch phn phn h h m m ph ph c c
1. Tch phn ng ca hm phc.
2. nh l Cauchy.
3. Tch phn bt nh. Cng thc Newton Leibnitz.
4. Cng thc tch phn Cauchy.
1. TCH PHN NG CA HM PHC

k

O
x
y
0
z
1 k
z
k
z
n
z
C
1.1. nh ngha
Cho ng cong nh hng
Jordan C , trn tng khc, c
phng trnh:
( ) ( ) ( ) z t x t iy t = , : t a b
v hm phc ( ) f z xc nh
lin tc trn C . Chia C thnh
n im chia lin tip:
0 1
( ) , ,..., ( )
n
z a z z z z b = = .
k
t

Trn mi cung
1 k k
z z
ta chn ty im
k
t ( 1, ) k n =
v lp tng
1
1
( )( )
n
n k k k
k
S f t z z
=
=
.
Nu khi
1
0
k k k
z z z
= , tng
n
S dn n gii
hn l I (khng ph thuc vo cch chia v chn
im
k
t ), th I c gi l tch phn ca ( ) f z dc theo
C hng t
0
z n
n
z . K hiu ( )
C
f z dz
.
Vy
( )( )
1
1
max 0
1
( ) lim
k
k n
n
k k k
z
k
C
f z dz f t z z

=
=
.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
i hc 10
Nu ng cong c im u v cui ln lt l A, B
th ta k hiu
( )
AB
f z dz
.
Nu ng cong C c im u v cui trng nhau th
ta k hiu ( )
C
f z dz
vi chiu ca C l chiu dng.

1.2. Tnh cht
Tch phn ng hm phc dc theo C c cc tnh cht
nh tch phn ng loi 2:
[ ( ) ( )] ( ) ( )
C C C
af z bg z dz a f z dz b g z dz =

.
Nu
1 2
C C C = v
1 2
C C = th:
1 2
( ) ( ) ( )
C C C
f z dz f z dz f z dz =

.

( ) ( )
AB BA
f z dz f z dz =

.
Gi L l di ca ng C v max ( )
z
M f z
, ta
c cng thc c lng tch phn:
( ) ( ) .
C C
f z dz f z dz ML

1.3. Phng php tnh
VD 1. Tnh tch phn
2
( )
C
I z dz =
, trong
C l on thng ni t gc ta O n im 1 i .
a) a v tch phn xc nh
Nu phng trnh ca : ( ) ( ) ( ), : C z t x t iy t t a b =

th: ( ) ( ( )). ( ) .
b
C a
f z dz f z t z t dt =

VD 2. Tnh tch phn
2
( )
C
I z dz =
, trong C l na
di ca ng trn n v ni t 1 z = n 1 z = .
b) Biu din tch phn theo phn thc v o ca f(z)
Thay ( ) ( ) ( )
k k k
f u iv = v
k k k
z x i y = vo
tng
n
S , ta c:
1
( )
n
n k k
k
S f z
=
=
1
[ ( ) ( )]( )
n
k k k k
k
u iv x i y
=
=

1 1
[ ( ) ( ) ] [ ( ) ( ) ].
n n
k k k k k k k k
k k
u x v y i v x u y
= =
=

Qua gii hn, ta c:

( ) .
C C C
f z dz udx vdy i vdx udy =

VD 3. Tnh tch phn
C
I z dz =
, trong
C l on thng ni t im 2 z i = n im 0 z = .
VD 4. Tnh tch phn (1 2 )
C
I i z dz =
, trong
C l cung parapol
2
y x = ni 0 z = vi 1 z i = .
VD 5. Tnh tch phn
C
dz
I
z a
=
, trong
C l ng trn tm a, bn knh r .
2.1. nh l Cauchy cho min n lin
2. NH L CAUCHY
VD 1. Hm
2
( )
4
z
f z
z
=
gii tch trong : | | 1 D z <

v lin tc trn bin D nn
2
| | 1
0
4
z
zdz
z
=
=
.
a) nh l
Nu ( ) f z gii tch trong min n lin D v lin tc
trn bin C D th:
( ) 0.
C
f z dz =

H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
i hc 11
Nu hm ( ) f z gii tch trong min n lin D, th tch
phn ( )
C
f z dz
vi mi ng cong C nm trong D
c cng im u v im cui nhn gi tr nh nhau.
VD 2. Tnh tch phn 2
C
I z dz =
, trong
C l cung
3 2
3 y x x = ni 0 z = vi 1 2 z i = .
b) H qu
Nu hm ( ) f z gii tch trong min n lin D v C l
ng cong kn nm trong D th ( ) 0
C
f z dz =
.
Gii. on thng OA ni 0 z = vi 1 2 z i = c
phng trnh: ( ) 2 , : 0 1 z t t it t = .
Do ( ) 2 f z z = gii tch trong nn:
1
0
2 2( 2 )(1 2 ) 3 4 .
OA
I z dz t it i dt i = = =

2.2. nh l Cauchy cho min a lin
a) nh l 1
Cho min D n lin ( 1 n ) c bin D gm
1 2
, ,...,
n
C C C , trong
1
C bao cc chu tuyn khc v
cc chu tuyn
2
,...,
n
C C nm ngoi nhau. Nu ( ) f z gii
tch trong D v lin tc trn bin th:
1 2
( ) ( ) ... ( ) .
n
C C C

b) nh l 2
Vi gi thit nh trong nh l 1, ta c:
( ) 0.
D
f z dz

H qu (tnh bt bin khi bin dng chu tuyn)

Nu chu tuyn
1
C c th bin dng lin tc m khng
vt qua bt k im bt thng no ca ( ) f z tr
thnh chu tuyn
2
C th:
1 2
( ) ( ) .
C C
f z dz f z dz =

r
O
x
y
C
a
VD 3. Kho st tch phn

( )
n n
C
dz
I
z a
=
, trong
C l ng cong kn khng i qua im a v n .
Trng hp 2: im a nm trong C .
Ta chn r b ng trn
r
C tm a, bn knh r nm
trong C .
Gii
Trng hp 1: im a nm ngoi C .
Do hm
1
( )
( )
n
f z
z a
=
gii tch trong min ng D

c bin C nn 0
n
I = (nh l 2).
Phtrnh tham s ca
r
C l: ( [0;2 ])
i
z a re

= .
p dng h qu, ta c:
2 2
(1 )
1
0 0
( ) ( )
r
i
i n
n n i n n
C
dz ire d i
I e d
z a re r

= = =

.
Vi 1 n = th
2
1
0
2 I i d i
= =
.
Vi 1 n th
2
(1 )
1
0
0
(1 )
i n
n n
e
I
r n
= =
.
Vy
2 , 1
0, .
( )
n
C
i n a C
dz
z a
'
1 =
1
=
!
1
1
+
oa nam trong
cac truong bop con /ai

3. TCH PHN BT NH
CNG THC NEWTON LEIBNITZ
3.1. Tch phn bt nh

Hm gii tch ( ) F z c gi l nguyn hm ca hm
gii tch ( ) f z trong min D nu ( ) ( ) F z f z = .
Khi , ( ) F z C (vi C l hng s phc) cng l
nguyn hm ca ( ) f z .

Tp tt c nguyn hm ca ( ) f z c dng ( ) F z C v
c gi l tch phn bt nh ca ( ) f z .
K hiu l ( ) f z dz
.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
i hc 12
3.2. Cng thc Newton Leibnitz
Nu hm ( ) f z gii tch trong min n lin D v ( ) F z
l mt nguyn hm ca ( ) f z trong D th:

2
2
1
1
2 1 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), , .
z
z
z
z
f z dz F z F z F z z z D = =

Ch

Tch phn hm ( ) f z dc theo ng cong C ch c
p dng cng thc Newton Leibnitz nu C nm
trong min n lin m trong hm ( ) f z gii tch.
Cc phng php tnh tch phn i bin v tng phn
bit vn ng cho tch phn phc.
VD 1. Tnh tch phn
2
3
C
I z dz =
, trong
C l ng cong ni im z i = v 2 z = .
VD 2. Tnh tch phn
1
100
1
( 1)
i
I z z dz
.
VD 3. Tnh tch phn
0
i
z
I ze dz
.
4. CNG THC TCH PHN CAUCHY
VD 1. Tnh tch phn
2
| | 1
1
z i
dz
I
z
=
=
.
4.1. nh l (cng thc tch phn Cauchy)

Gi s hm ( ) f z gii tch trong min gii ni D v lin
tc trn bin D . Khi , gi tr
0
( ) f z ti im bt k
0
z D c biu din qua cng thc tch phn Cauchy
trn D :

0
0
1 ( )
( ) .
2
D
f z
f z dz
i z z

VD 2. Tnh tch phn
2 2
4
iz
C
e dz
I
z
=
, trong :
a) : | 1 | 1 C z = ; b) : | | 3 C z i = .

O x
y
C
2
1
C
2
C
i
VD 3. Tnh tch phn
2 2
| 1| 1
sin
( 1)
z
z
I dz
z
=
=
.
4.2. H qu 1
(cng thc Cauchy cho o hm ca hm gii tch)
Gi s hm ( ) f z gii tch trong min gii ni D v lin
tc trn bin D . Khi , hm ( ) f z c o hm mi
cp ti im
0
z bt k trong min D v c biu din
qua cng thc tch phn Cauchy:

( )
0 1
0
! ( )
( ) , 1, 2,...
2 ( )
n
n
D
n f z dz
f z n
i z z

= =

VD 5. Chng minh hm ( ) sin f z z = khng b chn.
Gii. Do (0) 0, 1
2
f f

1

= =

( )
nn ( ) sin f z z = khng l
hm hng. Vy hm ( ) sin f z z = khng b chn.
VD 4. Tnh tch phn

4
3
| | 2
( )
z
z
I dz
z i
=
=
.
4.3. H qu 2 (nh l Liouville)

Nu hm ( ) f z gii tch v b chn trn ton mt phng
phc th ( ) f z l hm hng.
* *
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
i hc 13
Chng Chng 4. 4. Chu Chu i i v v Th Th ng ng d d
1. Chui hm phc.
2. Thng d.
3. ng dng ca thng d.
1. CHUI HM PHC
1.1. Khi nim chung
a) Cc nh ngha
Cho dy hm phc
1 2
( ), ( ),..., ( ),...
n
f z f z f z cng xc
nh trn min D . Tng hnh thc:
1 2
1
( ) ( ) ... ( ) ... ( )
n n
n
f z f z f z f z
=
=
(1)
c gi l chui hm phc.
Nu ti
0
z z = , chui s
0
1
( )
n
n
f z
hi t (phn k) th
0
z c gi l im hi t (phn k) ca chui (1).
Tp hp cc im hi t
0
z ca chui (1) c gi l
min hi t ca chui (1).
Tng ring th n ca chui (1), k hiu ( )
n
S z , l:
1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ... ( )
n n
S z f z f z f z = .
Trong min hi t ca chui (1), lim ( ) ( )
n
n
S z f z
= .
Chui (1) c gi l hi t u trong min D nu:
0, ( ) : , | ( ) | .
n
N N n N z D R z = <
Chui (1) c gi l hi t tuyt i trong min D
nu chui
1
( )
n
n
f z
hi t.
Hm ( ) f z xc nh trong min hi t ca chui (1)
c gi l tng ca chui (1), ta vit
1
( ) ( )
n
n
f z f z
=
=
.
Khi , ( ) ( ) ( )
n n
R z f z S z = c gi l phn d ca
chui (1). Ti mi z thuc min hi t th lim 0
n
n
R
= .
nh l 1 (tiu chun Cauchy)
Chui (1) hi t u trong min D khi v ch khi:
0, ( ) : , , N N n N z D p =
1 2
( ) ( ) ... ( ) .
n n n p
f z f z f z

<
b*) Tnh cht ca chui hi t u
nh l 2 (tiu chun Weierstrass)
Nu ( ) , ,
n n n
f z a a z D
v chui s
1
n
n
a

hi t th chui (1) hi t u trong min D.
nh l 3
Nu tt c cc s hng ( )
n
f z ca chui (1) lin tc
trong min D v chui (1) hi t u th tng ( ) f z
cng l hm lin tc trong D.
nh l 5
n
f z ca chui (1) gii tch
trong min D v chui (1) hi t u th tng ( ) f z gii
tch trong D v:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ... ( ) ...
k k k k
n
f z f z f z f z =
nh l 4
n
f z ca chui (1) lin tc
trong min D v chui (1) hi t u th vi mi
ng cong C nm trong D, ta c:

1
( ) ( ) ... ( ) ...
n
C C C

b) nh l Abel
Nu chui (2) hi t ti im
0
z a th chui hi t
tuyt i ti mi im tha
0
| | | | z a z a < v
hi t u trong | | z a r , vi
0
0 | | r z a < < .
Nu chui (2) phn k ti im
1
z th chui phn k
mi im tha
1
| | | | z a z a .
a) nh ngha
Chui ly tha l chui hm phc c dng:
0 1
0
( ) = ( ) ... ( ) +...(2)
n n
n n
n
c z a c c z a c z a

trong a v
n
c l cc s phc.
1.2. Chui ly tha * *
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
i hc 14
c) Bn knh hi t
Min hi t ca chui ly tha (2) lun l hnh trn
| | z a R < vi 0 R .
S thc R c gi l bn knh hi t ca chui (2).
Ti im z tha | | z a R = , chui (2) c th hi t
hoc phn k.
Cng thc tnh bn knh hi t
Ta s dng cc tiu chun dAlembert hoc Cauchy
tm bn knh hi t ca chui vi 0,
n
c n N .
Trong trng hp , 0
n
n N c = th ta s dng trc
tip tiu chun hi t dAlembert hoc Cauchy.
Nhc li
Tiu chun hi t i vi chui
1
n
n
u
(*).
Tiu chun hi t dAlembert:

Nu
1
lim
n
n
n
u
D
u
= th
1 (*)
1 (*)
D
D
'
1 <
1
!
1
1
+
boi tu,
pban ky.

Tiu chun hi t Cauchy:

Nu lim
n
n
n
u C
= th
1 (*)
1 (*)
C
C
'
1 <
1
!
1
1
+
boi tu,
pban ky.

VD 1. Tm bn knh hi t v hnh trn hi t ca:
a)
1
1
( 1)
2
n
n
n
n
z
; b)
2
1
1
1 ( )
n
n
n
z i
n
=
1

( )
.
Tiu chun dAlembert:
1
lim .
n
n
n
c
R
c
=
Tiu chun Cauchy:
1
lim .
n
n
n
R
c
=
VD 2. Tm min hi t ca:
a)
2
1
!
( 2 )
3
n
n
n
n
z i
; b)
2
2
0
( )
( 1) .4
n
n
n
z i
n
.
Chui
0
( )
n
n
n
c z a
vi
n
c xc nh theo (*) c gi
l chui khai trin Taylor ca ( ) f z quanh im a.
a) nh l
Nu hm ( ) f z gii tch trong hnh trn | | z a R < th
vi mi z trong hnh trn , ( ) f z c khai trin thnh
chui ly tha
0
( ) ( )
n
n
n
f z c z a
=
=
. Trong :
( )
1
( ) 1 ( )
, 0 (*).
! 2 ( )
n
n n
z a r
f a f z dz
c r R
n i z a

=
= = < <

1.3. Chui Taylor
1)
2
0
1
1 ... ..., | | 1
1
n n
n
z z z z z
z
=
= = <

.

2)
2
0
1 ... ...
! 1! 2! !
n n
z
n
z z z z
e
n n
=
= =

3)
2 1 3 5 7
0
sin ( 1) ...
(2 1)! 3! 5! 7!
n
n
n
z z z z
z z
n

=
= =

4)
2 2 4 6
0
cos ( 1) 1 ...
(2 )! 2! 4! 6!
n
n
n
z z z z
z
n
=
= =

Khai trin Taylor ca cc hm c bn quanh z = 0
Ch
Hm ( ) f z gii tch ti im a nu ( ) f z c th khai trin
thnh chui ly tha
0
( )
n
n
n
c z a
quanh im a.
Hm ( ) f z xc nh trong ln cn v cng | | z R
c gi l gii tch ti nu ( ) f z c th khai trin
thnh chui dng
1 2
0 2
0
...
n
n
n
c c c
c
z z z
=
=

b) Phng php khai trin Taylor
p dng cng thc (*) tm h s
n
c .
Da vo tnh cht ca ( ) f z thc hin cc php
bin i ng nht v p dng cc khai trin bit.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
i hc 15
VD 3. Khai trin Taylor ca hm
1
( )
2
f z
z
=
quanh:
a) im a i = ; b) im a = .
Gii
a) t t z i = , ta c:

1 1 1
( ) .
2 2
1
2
f z
i t i t
i
= =

0
1
2 2
n
n
t
i i
=
1

=

( )
, vi 1
2
t
i
<
.
Vy
1
0
1
( ) ( )
(2 )
n
n
n
f z z i
i
=
=
, vi | | 5 z i < .
b) t
1
t
z
= , ta c:
0
1
( ) . (2 )
2 1 1 2
n
n
t
f z t t t
t t
=
= = =

, vi | 2 | 1 t < .
Vy
1
0
2
( )
n
n
n
f z
z
=
=
, vi | | 2 z .
VD 4. Khai trin Taylor ca
2
2
( )
z z
f z e

= quanh 1 z = .
Gii. t 1 t z = , ta c:
2
2 2
1
0 0
1 ( ) 1 ( 1)
( )
! !
n n
t
n n
t z
f z e
e n e n

= =
= = =

.
VD 5. Khai trin Taylor
2
3
( )
3
f z
z z
=
quanh 1 z = .
Gii. Ta c:
3 1 1
( )
(3 ) 3
f z
z z z z
= =

.

0
1 1
[ ( 1)]
1 [ ( 1)]
n
n
z
z z
=
= =

, vi | 1 | 1 z < .

0
1 1 1 1 1
.
3 2 1 2 2
1
2
n
n
z
z z
=
1

= =

( )
, | 1 | 2 z < .
Vy
1
0
1
( ) ( 1) ( 1)
2
n n
n
n
f z z
=
l
l
=
l
l
, | 1 | 1 z < .
VD 6. Khai trin Taylor
2
1
( )
( 3)
f z
z
=
quanh 1 z = .

Gii. Ta c:
1
0
1 1 1 ( 1)
.
3 2 1 2
1
2
n
n
n
z
z z
= =

, | 1 | 2 z < .

o hm tng s hng ca chui, ta c:
1
1
0
1 ( 1)
( )
3 2
n
n
n
n z
f z
z

1

= =

( )

, | 1 | 2 z < .
1.4. Chui Laurent
a) nh l
Nu hm phc ( ) f z gii tch trong hnh vnh khn
: 0 | | G r z a R < < th vi mi z thuc G,
ta c khai trin ( ) f z thnh chui Laurent:

( ) ( ) .
n
n
n
f z c z a
=
=

Trong :
1
1 ( )
( , ).
2 ( )
n n
z a q
f z dz
c r q R n
i z a

=
= < <

Chui Laurent ( )
n
n
n
c z a
c chia thnh 2 phn:

Phn u:
2
1 0 1 2
0
( )= ( ) = + ( )+ ( ) +...
n
n
n
f z c z a c c z a c z a

hi t trong min | | z a R < .
Phn chnh:
1 2
2 2
1
( ) ( ) ...
( )
n
n
n
c c
f z c z a
z a z a

=
= =

hi t trong min | | z a r .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
i hc 16
O
x
y
a
G
r
R
Khai trin Laurent ca ( ) f z
trong hnh vnh khn cho
trc l duy nht. Tuy nhin
trong cc hnh vnh khn
khc nhau th khai trin
Laurent c th khc nhau.
Ch
Chui Taylor l trng hp
ring ca chui Laurent, trong
phn chnh b trit tiu.
Cch 2. a v khai trin Taylor p dng cc khai
trin ca cc hm s cp bit.
Gi s hm ( ) f z gii tch trong | | r z a R < < v
1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) f z f z f z = hoc
1 2
( ) ( ). ( ) f z f z f z = . Trong ,
1
( ) f z v
2
( ) f z ln lt gii tch trong | | z a R < v
| | z a r th ta khai trin:

1
( ) f z thnh chui ly tha ca ( ) z a ;

2
( ) f z thnh chui ly tha ca
1
z a
.
b) Phng php khai trin chui Laurent
Cch 1. Tm h s
n
c t cng thc trong nh l trn.
Tuy nhin, cch ny dn n tnh ton phc tp.
VD 7. Khai trin
1
( )
( 1)( 2)
f z
z z
=

trong cc min:
a) | | 1 z < ; b) 1 | | 2 z < < ; c) | | 2 z .
Gii. Ta c:
1 1
( )
2 1
f z
z z
=

.
a) Trong min | | 1 z < , hm ( ) f z gii tch.
Do | | 1 1
2
z
z < < nn ta c khai trin Taylor:
0 0
1 1 1 1
( ) .
2 1 2 2
1
2
n
n
n
n n
z
f z z
z z

= =
= =

.
Vy
1
1 1
0 0
1 2 1
( ) 1
2 2
n
n n
n n
n n
f z z z

= =
1

= =

( )

, | | 1 z < .
b) Hm
1
1
( )
2
f z
z
=
gii tch trong | | 2 z < nn:

1 1
0
1 1
( ) .
2 2
1
2
n
n
n
z
f z
z
=
= =
, 1
2
z
< .
Hm
2
1
( )
1
f z
z
=
gii tch trong | | 1 z nn:

2
0
1 1 1 1
( ) .
1
1
n
n
f z
z z z
z
=
= =
1
n
n
z
=
=
,
1
1
z
< .
Vy
1
1 0
( )
2
n
n
n
n n
z
f z z

= =
=

, 1 | | 2 z < < .
c) Trong min | | 2 z , ta c
2
1
z
< v
1
1
z
< nn:
1 1
0
1 1 1 2
( ) .
2 2
1
n
n
n
f z
z z z
z
=
= = =
.
2 1
0
1 1 1 1
( ) .
1 1
1
n
n
f z
z z z
z
=
= = =
.
Vy
1 1
0 1
2 1 1
( ) 1
2
n
n
n n
n n
f z z
z

= =
1

= =

( )

, | | 2 z .
VD 8. Khai trin
2
2 1
( )
2
z
f z
z z
=

trong cc min:
a) 0 | 2 | 3 z < < ; b) | 2 | 3 z .
VD 9. Khai trin
1
( )
z
f z e = trong min 0 | | z < < .
Nhn xt
T khai trin trn, ta c:
1
1
1
1
1!
c
c
z z
= = .
Mt khc,
1
1
1
(0 )
2
z
z q
c e dz q
i
=
= < <
.
Vy
1
2
z
C
e dz i =
, vi mi C bao quanh gc O.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
i hc 17
2. THNG D
2.1. im bt thng c lp ca hm gii tch
VD 1
Hm
2
1
( ) f z
z
= c 0 z = l im bt thng c lp.
Hm
2
1
( )
1
f z
z
=
c hai im bt thng c lp l
z i = .
2.1.1. im bt thng c lp hu hn
a) nh ngha
im z a = c gi l im bt thng c lp
ca hm ( ) f z nu tn ti mt ln cn ca a trong ch
c z a = l im bt thng.
Gi s z a = l im bt thng c lp ca ( ) f z .
Khi , hm ( ) f z c khai trin Laurent trong hnh vnh
khn 0 | | z a R < < l ( ) ( )
n
n
n
f z c z a
=
=
(*).
Nu trong khai trin (*) khng cha ly tha m no
ca ( ) z a , ngha l:
2
0 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ... f z c c z a c z a =
th z a = c gi l im bt thng b c.
Nu trong khai trin (*) c cha hu hn cc ly
tha m ca ( ) z a , ngha l:
b) Phn loi im bt thng c lp hu hn
1
0 1 1
( ) + +...+ + ( )+...
( ) ( )
m m
m m
c c
f z c c z a
z a z a

=

th z a = c gi l cc im ca ( ) f z .
Nu ( )
m
z a

,
*
m , l ly tha m cao nht ca
(*) th z a = c gi l cc im cp m ca ( ) f z .
Nu trong khai trin (*) c cha v s ly tha m
ca ( ) z a th z a = c gi l im bt thng
ct yu ca ( ) f z .
Ch
im bt thng b c cn c gi l cc im
cp 0 hay khng im.
Cc im cp 1 ( 1 m = ) cn c gi l cc im n.
VD 2. Hm
sin
( )
z
f z
z
= c khai trin Laurent:
3 5 2 4
1
( ) ... 1 ...
3! 5! 3! 5!
z z z z
f z z
z
1

= =

( )

Vy 0 z = l khng im ca ( ) f z .
VD 3. Hm
2
( )
z
e
f z
z
= c khai trin Laurent:
2
2 2
1 1 1 1
( ) 1 ... ...
2! 2! 3!
z z
f z z
z z z
1

= =

( )

Vy 0 z = l cc im cp 2.
VD 4. Hm
1
( )
z
f z e = c khai trin Laurent:
2 3
0
1 1 1 1 1
( ) 1 ...
! 2! 3!
n
n
f z
n z z z z
=
1

= =

( )

Vy 0 z = l im bt thng ct yu.
Cho z a = l im bt thng c lp ca ( ) f z .
Nu lim ( )
z a
f z L
= th z a = l cc im cp 0.
Nu
lim ( )
lim[( ) ( )] \ {0}
z a
m
z a
f z
z a f z L
'
1 =
1
1
!
1 =
1
1+

th z a = l cc im cp m.
c) Cch tm cc im bng gii hn
Nu lim ( )
z a
f z
khng tn ti th z a = l im bt
thng ct yu.
VD 5. Tm v phn loi im bt thng c lp ca:
2
2 3
sin
( )
( 1)
z
f z
z z
=
.
VD 6. Xc nh im bt thng c lp ca:
1
( ) cos f z
z i
=
.
Gi s hm ( ) f z gii tch trong min | | r z < <
vi 0 r v khng gii tch ti z = .
2.1.2. im bt thng c lp ti v cng
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
i hc 18
Trong khai trin Laurent ca ( ) g t , ty theo 0 t = l cc
im b c, cc im cp m hay im bt thng
ct yu ta c z = l cc im tng ng ca ( ) f z .
t
1
t
z
= th
1
( ) ( ) f z f g t
t
1

= =

( )
.
Khi ( ) g t gii tch trong min
1
0 | | z
r
< < nn c
khai trin Laurent.
VD 7. Xc nh im bt thng c lp z = ca:
a)
1
( ) cos f z
z
= ; b) ( )
z
g z e = ;
c)
1
0 1 0
( ) ... , 0
m m
m m
P z a z a z a a
= .
2.2. THNG D
2.2.1. nh ngha
H s
1
c
ca
1
z a
trong khai trin Laurent hm ( ) f z
quanh im bt thng c lp z a = c gi l
thng d ca ( ) f z ti im z a = .
K hiu l [ ( ), ] Res f z a .
Vy ta c:
1
[ ( ), ] ( ) .
2
C
Res f z a f z dz
i
=

Trong , : | | C z a r = .
Nu hm ( ) f z gii tch trong min | | z r v z =
l im bt thng c lp th thng d ti v cng
c nh ngha l:
1
[ ( ), ] ( ) .
2
C
Res f z f z dz
i
=

Trong , C l ng trn | | z R r = .
2.2.2. Phng php tnh thng d
Cch 1. Dng nh ngha, ta c:

1
[ ( ), ] Res f z a c
= (h s ca
1
z a
trong khai trin
( ) f z quanh im z a = ).
Cch 2. Dng cc im.

1
[ ( ), ] Res f z c
= (h s ca
1
z
trong khai trin
( ) f z quanh im z = ).
Nu a l cc im n th:
[ ( ), ] lim[( ) ( )].
z a
Res f z a z a f z
=
Nu a l cc im cp m ( 2) m th:
( 1)
1
[ ( ), ] lim[( ) ( )] .
( 1)!
m m
z a
Res f z a z a f z
m

Ch
1) Nu a l cc im n v
( )
( )
( )
h z
f z
g z
= vi
( ) 0 g a = , ( ) 0 h a , ( ) 0 g a th:
( )
[ ( ), ] .
( )
h a
Res f z a
g a
=

2) Khi tnh gii hn c dng
0
0
, ta c th dng quy tc
LHospital.
VD 8. Tnh [ ( ), 2] Res f z ca
2
2 3
( )
2
z z
f z
z

=
.
VD 9. Tnh [ ( ), 1] Res f z ca
2
1
( )
( 1)
f z
z z
=
.
VD 10. Tnh [ ( ), ] Res f z ca cc hm:
a)
2
( )
z
f z e = ; b)
15
8
3
( )
1
z
g z
z
=
.
VD 11. Tm thng d ca
2
( )
1
z
e
f z
z
=
ti cc im
bt thng c lp hu hn.
VD 12. Tm thng d ca
4
sin 1
( )
z
f z
z
= ti cc im
bt thng c lp hu hn.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
i hc 19
3. NG DNG CA THNG D
3.1. Tnh tch phn dc theo ng cong kn
VD 1. Tnh tch phn
2
| | 2
1
z
z
e
I dz
z
=
=
.
VD 2. Tnh tch phn
2
| 1| 1
2
( 1) ( 1)
z
z
I dz
z z
=
.
nh l 1 (nh l thng d)
Nu ( ) f z gii tch trong min n lin D v lin tc
trn bin C tr mt s hu hn im
1
a ,
2
a , ,
n
a bt
thng c lp nm trong D th
1
( ) 2 . Res[ ( ), ]
n
k
k
C
f z dz i f z a
=
=

VD 3. Tnh tch phn
4
| | 2
1
z
dz
I
z
=
=
.
VD 4. Tnh tch phn
4
5
| | 1
2 1
z
z
I dz
z
=
=
.
nh l 2 (thng d ton phn)

Nu hm ( ) f z gii tch trong ton mt phng phc tr
n im
1 2
, ,...,
n
a a a bt thng c lp hu hn th

1
Res[ ( ), ] Res[ ( ), ] 0
n
k
k
f z a f z
=
=

Phng php gii
t
it
z e = , ta c:
it
dz
dz ie dt dt
iz
= = ,
2 2
( ) 1 1
cos
2 2 2
it it it
it
e e e z
t
z e

= = = ,
2 2
( ) 1 1
sin
2 2 2
it it it
it
e e e z
t
i iz ie

= = = .
3.2. Tnh tch phn thc dng lng gic
Dng tch phn
2
0
( ) ( ) I f t dt I f t dt

= =

boac
vi ( ) f t l hm hu t thc theo sint v cost .
Khi t bin thin t 0 n 2 (hoc t n ) th z
bin thin trn ng trn n v | | | | 1
it
z e = = .
Trong
( )
1,
k
a k n = l cc im bt thng c lp
nm trong hnh trn | | 1 z < .
Suy ra, cc tch phn trn c dng:
1
| | 1
( ) 2 [ ( ), ].
n
k
k
z
I f z dz i Res f z a
=
=
= =

VD 5. Tnh tch phn
2
0
2 sin
dt
I
t
.
VD 6. Tnh tch phn
0
3 cos
dt
I
t
.
b) ng dng
Tnh tch phn ( ) I f x dx
vi ( ) f z gii tch trong

na mt phng trn (tr mt s hu hn im bt
thng c lp
1 2
, ,...,
n
a a a ) v tha b 1.
3.3.1. Dng suy rng ( ) f x dx

a) B Jordan 1
Gi s hm ( ) f z lin tc trong ln cn ca im v
tha mn lim ( ) 0
z
zf z
= . Khi
( )
lim ( ) 0
R
C R
f z dz
,
vi ( ) C R l na trn ca ng trn | | z R = .
3.3. Tnh tch phn thc suy rng
Ta v na trn ca ng trn
( ) : | | C R z R = vi R ln
sao cho cc im
1 2
, ,...,
n
a a a
thuc min D gii hn bi
( ) C R vi on [ ; ] R R .
O
R
R
D
y
x
1
.a
2
.a
.
n
a
p dng thng d, ta c:
1
( )
( ) ( ) 2 [ ( ), ]
R
n
k
k
R C R
f x dx f z dz i Res f z a
=
=

.
Cho R v p dng b 1, ta c:
1
( ) 2 [ ( ), ].
n
k
k
f x dx i Res f z a

H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
i hc 20
Nhn xt
Nu
( )
( )
( )
P x
f x
Q x
= , vi bc ( ) P x (bc ( ) 2 Q x ) th
tch phn ( ) f x dx
c tnh theo phng php trn.

VD 7. Tnh tch phn
4
1
dx
I
x
.
VD 8. Tnh tch phn
2 2
( 1)
dx
I
x
.
a) B Jordan 2

Gi s hm ( ) f z lin tc trong ln cn ca im v
tha mn lim ( ) 0
z
f z
= . Khi vi mi 0 , ta c:
( )
lim ( ) 0
i z
R
C R
f z e dz
.
Vi ( ) C R l na trn ca ng trn | | z R = .
3.3.2. Dng suy rng:

1 2
( )cos , ( )sin . I f x x dx I f x x dx

= =

b) ng dng
Trong ,
k
a l cc im bt thng nm trong na mt
phng trn.
Cn bng phn thc v phn o, ta c
1
I v
2
I .
Gi s 0 v hm ( ) f z tha b 2, ta c:
1 2
1
( ) 2 [ ( ) , ]
n
i x i z
k
k
I iI f x e dx i Res f z e a

= =

.
VD 9. Tnh cc tch phn sau:
1 2 2 2
cos sin
,
2 10 2 10
x x x x
I dx I dx
x x x x

= =

.
Chng Chng 5. 5. Ph Ph p p bi bi n n i i Laplace Laplace

1. nh ngha php bin i Laplace.
2. Cc tnh cht ca php bin i Laplace.
3. Php bin i Laplace ngc.
4. Cc ng dng ca php bin i Laplace.
1. NH NGHA PHP BIN I LAPLACE

1.1. nh ngha hm gc
Hm gc l hm phc n tr ( ) f t vi bin s thc t ,
tha mn 3 iu kin:
1) ( ) f t v cc o hm cp cao ca n lin tc tng
khc (ngha l hm lin tc tr mt s im gin
on hu hn m ti hm c gii hn tri v gii
hn phi hu hn).
2) ( ) 0 f t = khi 0 t < .
3)
0
0, 0 M sao cho
0
.
0 : | ( ) |
t
t f t Me
.
Khi ,
0
c gi l s m tng ca ( ) f t .
Nhn xt
iu kin 2) c t ra v trong ng dng, bin s t
thng l thi gian, hm ( ) f t biu din mt qu trnh
no m ta ch cn kho st lc 0 t .
Hm gc ( ) f t khi t hoc l hu hn hoc tng
ra , nhng khng nhanh hn hm m
0
.t
e
.
VD 1. Hm bc thang n v (hm Heaviside) ( ) u t l
hm s c nh ngha bi:

0, 0
( )
1, 0
t
u t
t
'
1 <
1
=
!
1
1
+
.
Hm Heaviside ( ) u t (cn c
gi l hm nc n v hay hm
bc nhy n v) l hm gc.
VD 2. Hm tr T n v thi gian:

0,
( )
1,
t T
u t T
t T
'
1 <
1
=
!
1
1
+

Hm ( ) u t T l hm gc.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
i hc 21
VD 3. Hm lc n v l hm c dng:

1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) h t u t t u t t =

1
1 2
2
0,
1, .
0,
t t
t t t
t t
'
1
<
1
1
1
= <
!
1
1
1
1+

Hm lc n v l hm gc.
VD 4. Hm xung l hm gc c dng:
1
1 2
2
0,
( ) ( ),
0,
t t
f t t t t t
t t
'
1
<
1
1
1
= <
!
1
1
1
1+
.
Trong , ( ) t l hm s s cp. Hm xung c th biu
din qua hm lc n v:
1 2
( ) [ ( ) ( )] ( ) ( ) ( ). f t u t t u t t t h t t = =
VD 5. Hm ( ) ( 1,1) ( 3, 2) V t u t u t = l m hnh
ton hc ca bi ton kho st mch in khi ng
mch ti thi im 1,1 t = giy (s) v ngt mch ti
thi im 3, 2 t s = .
Khi mch in s c
hiu in th 1 volt trong
khong:
3, 2 1,1 2,1 s s s = .
VD 6. Mt ngun in 12 volt c ng mch ti thi
im 4 t s = . Biu din hm ( ) V t theo hm Heaviside ?
VD 7. Biu din hm xung sau theo hm lc n v:
0, 0
2, 0 1
( )
3, 1 2
0, 2
t
t t
f t
t
t
'
1 <
1
1
1
<
1
1
=
!
1 <
1
1
1

1
1+
.
Quy c
n gin, thay v vit ( ). ( ) u t f t , ta vit ( ) f t .
Gii hn phi ca ( ) f t khi 0 t

c vit l (0) f .
1.2. nh ngha php bin i Laplace
a) nh ngha
Hm nh ca hm gc ( ) f t l hm phc ( ) F s bin s
phc s i = xc nh bi tch phn Laplace:
0
( ) ( ) .
st
F s e f t dt

Php bin i t hm gc ( ) f t sang hm nh ( ) F s xc
nh bi cng thc trn c gi l php bin i
Laplace. K hiu l ( ) { ( )}. F s L f t =
b*) nh l tn ti nh
nh l 1
Nu ( ) f t l hm gc vi s m tng
0
th hm nh
( ) F s hi t trong na mt phng
0
Re( ) s v l hm
gii tch trong min .
nh l 2
Nu hm ( ) F s l hm nh ca hm gc ( ) f t vi s m
tng
0
th
Re( )
lim ( ) 0
s
F s
= .
1.3. Bin i Laplace ca mt s hm thng dng
a) Hm bc thang n v u(t)
Ta c:

0 0
( ) ( ) lim
b
st st
b
F s e u t dt e dt
= =

1 1 1
lim
sb
b
e
s s s
1

= =

( )
, vi Re( ) 0 s .
Vy:
1
{ ( )} (1) , Re( ) 0. L u t L s
s
= =
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
i hc 22
b) Hm f(t) = e
at
, f(t) = e
at
(a l hng s phc)
Ta c:
( )
0 0
( ) lim
b
st at s a t
b
F s e e dt e dt
= =

1
s a
=
, vi Re( ) Re( ) s a .
Vy:
1
( ) , Re( ) Re( ).
at
L e s a
s a
=

Thay a bi a , ta c:
1
( ) , Re( ) Re( ).
at
L e s a
s a

c) Hm f(t) = t

Ta c:
0 0
( ) lim
b
st st
b
F s e tdt e tdt
= =

2 2
1
lim .
sb sb
b
be e
s s s

1

=

( )

Vy:
2
1
( ) , Re( ) 0. L t s
s
=

Tng qut:
1
!
( ) , , Re( ) 0.
n
n
n
L t n s
s
=
d) Hm lng gic f(t) = cosat, f(t) = sinat

Ta c:
0 0
1
( ) cos ( )
2
st st iat iat
F s e at dt e e e dt

= =

1 1 1
2 s ia s ia
1

=

( )
, vi Re( ) 0 s .
Vy:
2 2
(cos ) , Re( ) 0.
s
L at s
s a
=

Tng t:
2 2
(sin ) , Re( ) 0.
a
L at s
s a
=

2. TNH CHT CA PHP BIN I LAPLACE
2.1. Tnh cht tuyn tnh
VD 1.
4 4
(3 2 ) (3 ) ( 2 ) L t t L t L t =

4
3. ( ) 2. ( ) L t L t =

3
5 2 5
4! 2 72 2
3.
s
s s s
= = .
nh l 1
Nu { ( )} ( ) L f t F s = v { ( )} ( ) L g t G s = th:

{ . ( ) . ( )} ( ) ( ). L a f t b g t aF s bG s =

Trong , a v b l cc hng s phc.
2.2. Tnh cht di (dch chuyn nh)
(bin i ca hm ( )
at
e f t
)
VD 2. Do
1
!
( ) ( )
n
n
n
L t F s
s

= = nn:

1
!
( ) ( )
( )
n at
n
n
L t e F s a
s a
= =
.
nh l 2
Nu { ( )} ( ) L f t F s = , vi a l hng s phc, th:

{ ( )} ( ).
at
L e f t F s a
=
VD 3. Tm bin i Laplace ca cc hm:
a)
2
( ) cos 3
t
g t e t
= ; b)
3
( ) sin2
t
g t e t = .
2.3. Tnh cht tr (di theo t)
(bin i ca hm ( ). ( ) u t T f t T )
nh l 3
Nu { ( )} ( ) L f t F s = th vi mi 0 T , ta c:

{ ( ). ( )} ( ).
sT
L u t T f t T e F s
=
Trong
0,
( )
1,
t T
u t T
t T
'
1 <
1
=
!
1
1
+
.
Nhn xt
1) Nu hm gc ( ) f t c th l ( ) C th th ca hm
( ). ( ) u t T f t T l ( ) C c suy ra t ( ) C bng
cch tnh tin theo trc honh sang phi mt on
bng T (tr mt khong thi gian T).
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
i hc 23
2) Cng thc tnh tin gc thng dng tm nh khi
hm gc cho bi nhiu cng thc trn nhng khong
khc nhau.
Ch
1) { ( )}
sT
st
T
e
L u t T e dt
s
= =
.
2) Cn trnh nhm ln gia hm ( ). ( ) u t T f t T v
( ) f t T (hm ( ) f t T thc cht l ( ). ( ) u t f t T ).
a)
sin( 2), 2
( )
0, 2
t t
f t
t
'
1
1
=
!
1 <
1
+
.
b)
2
( ) ( 3).
t
g t u t e = .
VD 5. Tm bin i Laplace ca hm:
0, 1
( ) 1, 1 3
0, 3
t
f t t
t
'
1
<
1
1
1
= <
!
1
1
1
1+
.
0, 0
( ) 1, 0 1
3, 1
t
f t t t
t
'
1
<
1
1
1
= <
!
1
1
1
1+
.
0, 0
, 0 1
( )
2 , 1 2
0, 2
t
t t
f t
t t
t
'
1 <
1
1
1
<
1
1
=
!
1 <
1
1
1

1
1+
.
2.4. Tnh cht ng dng (i thang o)
VD 8. Cho bit
1
1
{ ( )} ( )
s
L f t e F s
s
= = , ta c:

3
1 1 3
{ (3 )}
3 3 3
s
s e
L f t F
s
1

= =

( )
.
Vy
3
1
1 1
{ (3 )}
3 3 1
s
t
s e
L e f t F
s

= =

( )
.
nh l 4
Nu { ( )} ( ) L f t F s = th:
1
{ ( )} . , Re( ) 0.
s
L f at F a
a a
1

=

( )

2.5. Bin i Laplace ca o hm f
(n)
(t)
nh l 5
Nu { ( )} ( ) L f t F s = v hm gc ( ) f t c o hm n
cp n v cc o hm cng l hm gc th:
( ) 1 2
( 2) ( 1)
{ ( )} ( ) (0) (0)
... (0) (0).
n n n n
n n
L f t s F s s f s f
sf f

=

Trong ,
( ) ( )
0
(0) lim ( ), 0, 1,..., 1
k k
t
f f t k n
= = .
Cc trng hp ring:
2
3 2
{ ( )} ( ) (0),
{ ( )} ( ) (0) (0),
{ ( )} ( ) (0) (0) (0).
L f t sF s f
L f t s F s sf f
L f t s F s s f sf f
=
=
=

2.6. Bin i Laplace ca hm t
n
f(t)
nh l 6
Nu { ( )} ( ) L f t F s = th:
( )
{ ( )} ( 1) ( ).
n n n
L t f t F s =
( ) ( ) 3 ( ) 4 ( ) 2 g t y t y t y t = ,
vi iu kin u (0) 1, (0) 2 y y = = .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
i hc 24
b) Bit
1
( )
at
L e
s a
=
, ta suy ra:

1
1 !
( ) ( 1)
( )
n
n at n
n n
d n
L t e
s a ds s a

1

= =

( )
.
a) ( ) sin 3 g t t t = ; b)
2
( ) cos 4 g t t t = .
VD 10. a) Bit
1
(1) L
s
= , ta suy ra:
( )
1
1 !
( ) ( 1)
n
n n
n
n
L t
s s

1

= =

( )
.
a)
0
( ) sin2
t
g t x x dx =
; b)
2
0
( ) cos 2
t
g t x dx =
.
2.7. Bin i Laplace ca tch phn
0
( )
t
f x dx

nh l 7
Nu { ( )} ( ) L f t F s = th:
0
( )
( ) .
t
F s
L f x dx
s
1

( )

* *
2.8. Bin i Laplace ca hm
( ) f t
t

nh l 8
Nu { ( )} ( ) L f t F s = v
0
( )
lim
t
f t
t
th:
( )
( ) .
s
f t
L F u du
t
1

=

( )

H qu
Cho 0 s , ta c:
0 0
( )
( ) .
f t
F u du dt
t

=

* *
VD 13. Tm bin i Laplace ca:
a) hm gc
2
( )
t t
e e
g t
t
= .
b) hm tch phn sin:
0
sin
Si( )
t
x
t dx
x
=
.
VD 14. Tnh tch phn suy rng
0
sinx
I dx
x
.
2.9. Bin i Laplace ca hm tun hon
VD 15. Tm bin i Laplace ca hm tun hon vi
chu k 4 T = nh sau:
2, 0 3
( )
0, 3 4
t
f t
t
'
1 < <
1
=
!
1 < <
1
+
.
nh l 9
Nu ( ) f t l hm tun hon vi chu k 0 T th:

0
1
{ ( )} ( ) .
1
T
st
sT
L f t e f t dt
e

VD 17. Tm bin i Laplace ca hm tun hon chu k
2 0 T a = c m t bng th sau:
VD 16. Tm bin i Laplace ca ng sin chnh lu
bn sng chu k 2 T = sau:

sin , 0
( )
0, 2
t t
f t
t

'
1 < <
1
=
!
1 < <
1
+
.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
i hc 25
3. PHP BIN I LAPLACE NGC
VD 1. Ta c:
3 1 3
4 4
3! 6
( ) L t L t
s s
1

= =

( )
.
Ch

Php bin i Laplace ngc c cc tnh cht tng t
php bin i Laplace.
3.1. nh ngha
Php bin i Laplace ngc ca hm ( ) F s l i tm
hm ( ) f t lin tc trn [0; ) v tha { ( )} ( ) L f t F s = .
K hiu l:
1
( ) { ( )}. f t L F s
=
3.2. Cc phng php tm bin i Laplace ngc
3.2.1. S dng cc tnh cht
VD 2. Cho
2
3 6
( )
2 9
s
F s
s s
=

. Ta c:
1 1 1
2
1
{ ( )} 3 6
2 9
s
L F s L L
s s

1 1

=

( ) ( )
.
Vy
1 2
( ) { ( )} 3 6cos 3
t
f t L F s e t

= = .
a) Tnh cht tuyn tnh
1 1 1
1 2 1 2
{ ( ) ( )} { ( )} { ( )}. L aF s bF s aL F s bL F s

=
VD 3. Tm bin i
1
4
2
( 1)
L
s
' '
1 1
1 1
! !
1 1
1 1 + +
.
b) Tnh cht di theo s
1 1
{ ( )} { ( )}.
at
L F s a e L F s

=

VD 4. Tm bin i
1
2
3 6
4 13
s
L
s s

( )
.
c) Tnh cht di theo t
1
{ ( )} ( ). ( ).
sT
L e F s u t T f t T

=
VD 5. Tm bin i
1
2
4
s
e
L
s

( )
.
VD 6. Tm bin i
1 2
1 3
2 1
s
L e
s s

' ' 1
1 1
1 1
! !

1 1 ( )
1 1 + +
.
VD 7. Tm bin i
1
2 2
( 4)
s
L
s
' '
1 1
1 1
! !
1 1
1 1 + +
.
VD 8. Tm bin i
1
1
ln
1
s
L
s

( )
.
d) Bin i Laplace ngc ca o hm
1 ( ) 1
1 ( )
1
{ ( )} ( 1) { ( )},
{ ( )}
{ ( )} .
( 1)
n n n
n
n n
L F s t L F s
L F s
L F s
t

=
=

VD 9. Tm bin i
1
2 2
1
( 2 2)
s
L
s s
' '
1 1
1 1
! !
1 1

1 1 + +
.
3.2.2. Phn tch nh thnh tng
cc phn thc ti gin
Phn thc ti gin loi I c dng:
1
,
( )
n
s a
vi a l s thc.
e) Bin i Laplace ngc ca tch phn
1 1
{ ( )} . ( ) .
s
L F s t L F x dx

' '
1 1
1 1
=
! !
1 1
1 1
+ +

* * e*) e*)
Phn thc ti gin loi II c dng:

2 2
[( ) ]
n
Ms N
s a k

vi , , , M N a k l cc s thc.
VD 10. Tm bin i
1
2
2 5
2
s
L
s s

( )
.
VD 11. Tm bin i
1
2
2 1
6 13
s
L
s s

( )
.
VD 12. Tm bin i
1
2 2
1
( 9)
L
s s
' '
1 1
1 1
! !
1 1
1 1 + +
.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
i hc 26
VD 13*. Tm bin i
1
2
1
( 4)
s
L
s s
' '
1 1
1 1
! !
1 1
1 1 + +
.
Gii. Ta c:
2 2
1
( 4) 4
s A Bs C
s s s s

=

2
2
( ) 4
( 4)
A B s Cs A
s s

=
.
ng nht cc h s, ta c:
0
1 1
1 , , 1
4 4
4 1
A B
C A B C
A
'
1
=
1
1

1
= = = =
!
1
1
= 1
1+
.
VD 14*. Tm bin i
1
2
1
( 1)
L
s s
' '
1 1
1 1
! !
1 1
1 1 + +
.
Gii. Ta c:
2 2
1
1 ( 1)
A B C
s s s s s
=

2 2
1 1 1 1 2
. . .
4 4 2 4 4
s
s s s
=

.
Vy
1
2
1 1 1 1
cos 2 sin2
4 4 2 ( 4)
s
L t t
s s
' '
1 1
1 1
=
! !
1 1
1 1 + +
.
Suy ra:
2 2
1 1 1 4
.
4 4 ( 4) 4
s s
s s s s

=

VD 15*. Tm bin i
2
1
3
3
7 6
s
L
s s

( )
.
ng nht cc h s, ta c:
1, 1, 1 A B C = = = .
Suy ra:
2 2
1 1 1 1
1 ( 1) s s s s s
=

.
Vy
1
2
1
1
( 1)
t
L t e
s s
' '
1 1
1 1
=
! !
1 1
1 1 + +
.

2
2
( ) ( )
( 1)
B C s A B s A
s s

=
.
Gii. Ta c:
2 2
3
3 3
( 1)( 2)( 3) 7 6
s s
s s s s s

=

1 2 3
A B C
s s s
=

.
Quy ng v ng nht cc h s, ta c:
1 1 3
, ,
2 5 10
A B C = = =
2
3
3 1 1 1 1 3 1
. . .
2 1 5 2 10 3 7 6
s
s s s s s
=

.
Vy
2
1 2 3
3
3 1 1 3
2 5 10 7 6
t t t
s
L e e e
s s

1

( )
.
3.2.3. S dng thng d
VD 16. Tm bin i
1
2
1
2
s
L
s s

( )
.
VD 17. Tm bin i
1
2
( 3) ( 5)
s
L
s s
' '
1 1
1 1
! !
1 1

1 1 + +
.
VD 18. Tm bin i
1
3
1
( 2)
L
s
' '
1 1
1 1
! !
1 1
1 1 + +
.
Cho ( ) F s l phn thc thc s v
k
s ( 1, 2,..., ) k n = l
cc im bt thng c lp ca ( ) F s . Khi :
1
1
{ ( )} Res[ ( ), ].
n
st
k
k
L F s e F s s
=
=

0 0
( )( ) 1
t t
t x t x t
f g t xe dx e xe dx e t

= = =

.
VD 19. Cho hai hm gc ( ) f t t = v ( )
t
g t e = . Ta c:
a) nh ngha tch chp
Tch chp ca hai hm gc ( ), ( ) f t g t c nh ngha
v k hiu l:
0
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) .
t
f t g t f g t f x g t x dx = =

VD 20. Xc nh tch chp
at
t e ?
3.2.4. S dng tch chp f(t)g(t)
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
i hc 27
b) Tnh cht ca tch chp
1) Tnh giao hon: f g g f = .
2) Tnh kt hp: ( ) ( ) f g h f g h = .
3) Tnh phn phi: ( ) f g h f g f h = .
c) ng dng ca tch chp
nh l Borel
Nu { ( )} ( ) L f t F s = v { ( )} ( ) L g t G s = th:
{ ( ) ( )} ( ). ( ). L f t g t F s G s =
Nhn xt
1 1 1
{ ( ). ( )} { ( )} { ( )}. L F s G s L F s L G s

=
VD 21. Tm bin i
1
2
1
( 1)
L
s s
' '
1 1
1 1
! !
1 1
1 1 + +
.
VD 22. Tm bin i
1
2 2
1
( 1)
L
s
' '
1 1
1 1
! !
1 1
1 1 + +
.
VD 23. Tm bin i
1
3
1
( 2)
L
s s
' '
1 1
1 1
! !
1 1
1 1 + +
.
VD 24. Tm bin i
1
2
( 1)( 1)
s
L
s s
' '
1 1
1 1
! !
1 1

1 1 + +
.
Cng thc Duamel

Nu { ( )} ( ) L f t F s = , { ( )} ( ) L g t G s = v ( ) f t , ( ) g t
cng l hm gc th:

1
1
{ ( ) ( )} ( ) ( ) (0) ( ),
{ ( ) ( )} ( ) ( ) (0) ( ).
L sF s G s f t g t f g t
L sF s G s g t f t g f t
=
=

* *
3.2.5*. Tm gc bng khai trin chui
nh l
Nu hm nh ( ) F s c khai trin thnh chui
1
0
( )
n
n
n
c
F s
s
=
=
, vi | | 0 s R th hm gc ca
( ) F s c dng
0
( )
!
n
n
n
t
f t c
n
=
=
v hi t vi mi 0 t .
VD 25. Tm hm gc ca
1
( ) 1
s
F s e = .
1
1
1
( ) . , 0
! ( 1)!
n
n
t
f t t
n n

=
l
l
=
l
.
VD 26. Tm hm gc ca
2
1
( )
1
F s
s
=
.
Gii. Ta c:

1
2
2
2
1 1 1
( ) 1
1
F s
s s
s
1

= =

( )

Gii. Ta c:
0 1
1 1 1
( ) 1
! !
n
n
n n
F s
n s n s

= =
1

= =

( )

2 1
1
1 ( 1) (2 1)!! 1
.
2 !
n
n n
n
n
s n s
=
l

l
=
l
l
.

Vy
2
1
( 1) (2 1)!!
( ) 1 .
(2 )! 2 !
n n
n
n
n t
f t
n n
=
l

l
=
l
l

2
2 2
0
( 1)
2 ( !)
n n
n
n
t
n
.

3 2 5 3 7
1 1 1.3 1.3.5
...
2 2 .2! 2 .3! s s s s
=
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
i hc 28
4. NG DNG CA PHP BIN I LAPLACE
4.1. Gii phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh
vi h s hng
Phng php gii
Xt phng trnh vi phn vi nghim cn tm l ( ) y t .
Bc 1. Bin i Laplace hai v ca phng trnh vi
phn ta thu c mt phng trnh bc nht
vi hm cn tm l ( ) { ( )} Y s L y t = .
Bc 2. Thay iu kin u (nu c), tm ( ) Y s theo s .
Bc 3. Nghim cn tm l
1
( ) { ( )} y t L Y s
= .
Ch
n gin, ta vit Y thay cho ( ) Y s ; y thay cho ( ) y t .
VD 1. Gii phng trnh vi phn:
2 3 ; (0) 1
t
y y e y = = .
3
3 ; (0) 2
t
y y e y
= = .
; (0) 1, (0) 2 y y t y y = = = .
2
3 2 4 ; (0) 3, (0) 5
t
y y y e y y = = = .
1; (0) (0) (0) 0 y y y y y = = = = .
VD 6*. Gii phng trnh vi phn:
4 2sin2 ; (0) 0, (0) 1 y y t y y = = = .
Gii. Ta c:
2
2
4
. (0) (0) 4
4
s Y s y y Y
s
=

2 2 2 2 2 2
4 1 2 2 1
.
( 4) 4 4 4 4
Y
s s s s s
= =

.
Vy
1 1
2 2 2
2 2 1
.
4 4 4
y L L
s s s

' ' ' '
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
=
! ! ! !
1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 + + + +

4.2. Gii h phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh
vi h s hng
VD 7. Gii h phng trnh vi phn:
3 0
; (0) 1, (0) 1
0
x x y
x y
y x y
'
1 =
1
= =
!
1 =
1
+
.

1
sin 2 * sin 2 sin 2
2
y t t t =

0
1
sin 2 sin2( ) sin2
2
t
x t x dx t =

1 1
sin2 cos 2
4 2
t t t = .
Gii. t ( ), ( ) X L x Y L y = = .
Ly bin i Laplace c hai phng trnh, ta c:
(0) 3 0
(0) 0
sX x X Y
sY y X Y
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+

( 3) 1
( 1) 1
s X Y
X s Y
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+
.

Gii h bng cng thc Cramer, ta c:
2 2
2 2
1 2
2 ( 2) ( 2)
4 1 2
2 ( 2) ( 2)
s
X
s s s
s
Y
s s s
'
1
1
= =
1
1

1
!
1
1
= =
1
1
1+
.
VD 8. Gii h phng trnh vi phn:
2 1
; (0) 0, (0) 0
2
x y
x y
y x t
'
1 =
1
= =
!
1 =
1
+
.
Ht
Vy nghim ca h l
2 2
2 2
2 ,
2 .
t t
t t
x e te
y e te

'
1
=
1
!
1 =
1
+

Hamphuc SV DH 2011

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Hamphuc SV DH 2011

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

H Cng nghip Tp.

4.3. Cc hm lng gic v hyperbol

1. TCH PHN NG CA HM PHC

Chng Chng 3. 3. T T ch ch phn phn h h m m ph ph c c

vi chiu ca C l chiu dng.

gii tch trong : | | 1 D z <

VD 3. Kho st tch phn

gii tch trong min ng D

VD 4. Tnh tch phn

c chia thnh 2 phn:

gii tch trong | | 2 z < nn:

gii tch trong | | 1 z nn:

vi ( ) f z gii tch trong

c tnh theo phng php trn.

Chng Chng 5. 5. Ph Ph p p bi bi n n i i Laplace Laplace

1. NH NGHA PHP BIN I LAPLACE

You might also like