Review of Hydraulic Stimulation Technology F.

Rummel, MeSy GmbH Bochum

Although explosives, acidizing and othe methods have long been used in oil and gas !ell t eatment, high p essu e hyd aulic stimulation !as "i st time success"ully int oduced in the Hugoton #il Field in $ansas by the Stanolind #il % Gas &ompany 'late on (an Ame ican (et oleum &ompany) in *+,- ' &la ., *+,+). /he techni0ue !as o iginally named Hyd a" ac method. *1 yea s late mo e than ,22.222 hyd aulic " actu ing 3obs have been pe "o med in the " ee !o ld. 4a ly developments "ocussed on technological aspects li.e pumping capacities, hyd aulic "luid viscosities and pumping ates, and p oppant mate ials. Hubbe t % 5illis '*+67) !e e the "i st to demonst ate conclusively the in"luence o" tectonic st ess to " actu e o ientation. /he mathematical concepts based on $i sch '*-+-), Sneddon '*+,1) o Ba enblatt '*+18) !e e developed by &h istianovich et al. '*+6+), (e .ins % $e n '*+1*), Ho!a d % Fast '*+67), o Gee tsma % de $le . '*+1-). F actu e mechanics app oaches to hyd aulic " actu ing !e e suggested by Aboud9Sayed et al. '*+7-), Rummel '*+-7), o Rummel % Hansen '*+-+). /he po!e "ul nume ical simulato FRA&(R# 'R4S *++*) is available comme cially since app. *++2. A summa y o" oil and gas ese voi stimulation technology is given by 4conomides % :olte '*+-7). Fo geothe mal ene gy exploitation " om H;R9systems hyd aulic " actu ing !as "i st applied !ithin the <AS< H;R p o3ect in *+76 "" 'e.g. Bu ns *++2). /he hyd o" ac techni0ue !as expe imentally investigated in the labo ato y by Haimson '*+1-) and in9situ !ithin the Fal.enbe g g anite shallo! geothe mal " ac p o3ect '$appelmeye % Rummel '*+-7), in the shallo! F ench H;R p o3ect at <e Mayet de Montagne '&o net *+--) o in the &o n!all g anite H;R p o3ect at about 8.6 .m depth 'Batchelo *+-=). At Soultz9 sous9Fo >ts almost ,2 la ge9scale hyd aulic stimulation expe iments !e e ca ied out since *+-- !hich con"i med the concept o" stimulation o" p e9existing " actu es "o the c eation o" a la ge scale heat exchange at depth 'e.g. Ba ia et al. *+++). ?n this context hyd aulic stimulation expe iments as e. g. ca ied out in + .m deep $/B bo ehole to induce mic oseismicity should be mentioned '@obac. % Ha 3es, *++7). <ast not least the hyd aulic stimulation o" d y !ate !ells may become inc easingly impo tant "o sustainable !ate supply in many a eas 'Rummel *++7, $lee % Rummel

'8226). /he development o" intelligent stimulation techni0ues and thei physical unde standing still is in demand "o economic methane p oduction " om impe meable deep coal beds o "o !aste disposal into a ti"icial " actu es at g eat depth.

References to Review of Hydraulic Stimulation Technology presented by F. Rummel Aboud9Sayed AS, B echtel &4, &li"ton RA '*+7-)B ?n9situ st ess dete mination by hyd o" actu ingB a " actu e mechanics app oach. AGR, -=, 8-6*98-18. Ba ia R, BaumgC tne A, Rummel F, (ine RA, Sato D '*+++)B H;REH5R ese voi sB concepts, unde standing and c eation. Geothe mics, 8-, 6==9668, (e gamon. Ba enblatt G? '*+18)B /he mathematical theo y o" e0uilib ium c ac.s in b ittle " actu e. Adv. Appl. Mechanics, 7, 669*8+. Batchelo AS '*+-=)B Hot ; y Roc. ese voi stimulation in the F$. ( oc. = d ?nt. 4& Semina on Geoth. 4ne gy, 1-*97**, Munich :ov. *+-=. Bu ns $< '*++2)B Hot ; y Roc. Resea ch G A compendium o" publications #ct. -+ 9Sept. +2, <os Alamos :at. <ab. *++2 Fiscal yea Repo t. &h istianovich SA, @heltov D(, Ba enblatt G?, Maximovich G$ '*+6+)B /heo etical p inciples o" hyd aulic " actu ing o" oil st ata. ( oc. 6th 5o ld (et . &ong ., :e! Do ., Section ?? 8=, 8-+98+1. &la ., AB '*+,+)B Hyd a" ac p ocess "o !ell t eatment. ;iv. ( oduction, Am. (et . ?nst., pape -819829A, Sp ing Meeting 4aste n ;ist ict, (ennsylvaniaH / ans. A?M4, *-1, *9=. &o net FH '*+--)B ( o3et Mayet de Montagne 9 etude in9situ de la pe culation "o ce dIeau en milieu g aniti0ue. Final ( o3ect Repo t, &449;GJ??, AFM4, &:RS. 4conomides MA, :olte $G '*+-7)B Rese voi stimulation. Schlumbe ge 4ducational Se vices Houston, SM(972*-.

Gee tsma A, de $le . F '*+6-)B A apid method o" p edicting !idth and extent o" hyd aulically induced " actu es. A. (et ol. /echn., 8*, *67*9*6-*. Haimson B '*+1-)B Hyd aulic " actu ing in po ous and nonpo ous oc. and its potential "o dete mining in9situ st esses at g eat depth. (h;9thesis, Fniv. Minnesota. Ho!a d G&, Fast &R '*+67) #ptimum "luid cha acte istics "o " actu e extension. ; illing % ( oduction ( actise, 81* "". Hubbe t $H, 5illis ;G '*+67)B Mechanics o" hyd aulic " actu ing. / ans. A?M4, Kol. 8*2, *6=9*1-. $appelmeye #, Rummel F '*+-7)B /e est ial heat " om impe vious oc.s G

investigations in the Fal.enbe g g anite massi". Geol. Aah buch, Reihe 4EH =+, Sch!eize ba t Stuttga t. $i sch G '*-+-)B ;ie /heo ie de 4lastizitCt und die BedL "nisse de Festig.eitsleh e @eitsch . K;?, ,8E8+, 7+79-27. $lee G. Rummel F '8226)B Sustainable development o" g ound!ate " om ha d oc. "o mations. ?nB Roc. Mech. !ith 4mphasis on St ess 'ed. Rummel), 88=98=,, Bal.ema. :a ashimhan /: '*+-7)B Hyd odynamics o" a ve tical hyd aulic " actu e. Rep. <a! . Be .eley <ab., 4a th Sci. ;iv.. (e .ins /$, $e n <R '*+1*)B 5idth o" hyd aulic " actu es. A. (et . /echn., +=79+,+H / ans. A?M4, 888 "". R4S Resou ces 4nginee ing SystemsB Mechanics o" " actu ing and pet oleum p oduction. Semina Hand9#ut, Munich, Aune *++*.

Rummel F '*+-7)B F actu e mechanics app oach to hyd aulic " actu ing st ess measu ements. ?nB F actu e Mechanics o" Roc. 'ed. At.inson), 1, 8*798=+. Rummel F '*++7)B Stimulation eine Mine al!asse boh ung mit ge inge SchLttung. ;e Mine alb unnen, *2E+7, ,6-9,11. Rummel F, Hansen A '*+-+)B ?nte p etation o" hyd o" ac p essu e eco dings using a simple " actu e mechanics simulation model. ?nt. A. Roc. Mech., 81E1, ,-=9,--. Sneddon ?: '*+,1)B /he dist ibution o" st ess in the neighbou hood o" a c ac. in an elastic solid. ( oc. Roy. Sic. <ondon, A *-7, 88+9812. @obac. M;, Ha 3es H( '*++7)B ?n3ection induced ea th0ua.es and c ustal st ess at + .m depth at the $/B deep d illing site, Ge many. AGR, *26EB-, *-,779*-,+*.