, .

, , ,
,

, ...... ...,, 1.1. 1.1.2..
(...).

1.
1.1. ...5
1.1.1. ..7
1.1.2. ...9
1.1.3. ...10
1.1.4. 11
1.1.5 .11
1.1.6 12
1.2. 16
1.2.1 ..17
1.2.2 ...17
1.2.3 .18
1.2.4. 19
1.3. .22
1.4. 25

2.
2.1 ........29
2.1.1. 35
2.1.2 39
2.1.3. 45
2.1.4. ..49
2.1.5. .53
2.1.6. ...57
2.1.7. ..58
2.2. .61
2.2.1. ..61
2.2.2. .62

3.
3.1. .....65
3.1. ....66
3.1.1. .70
3.2.
.77
3.3. .80
3.4. ..89
3.5. 93
3.6. .95
3.7. 99
4.
4.1. 105
4.2. 106
4.3. ..111
4.4. 116
4.5. 121
4.6. ..125
4.7. ..129
4.8.
133

5.
5.1. .137
5.2. 141
5.3. .149
5.4.
.159
5.5. ...161

6.
6.1. ...169
6.2.
.....170

1.
1.1.

, , ,
.
: ,
, .
:

,








. . . ().
. .
:
82394,

205,

28,

5,

144

:
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

.
82394

:
82394 = 8 10.000 + 2 1000 + 3 100 + 9 10 + 4 1

. 234.375.698 , , .

()
0,

2,

4,

6,

8,

12,

14,

()
1,

3,

5,

7,

11,

13,

, :

> .

< .
,
. .
, = .
:
4008 > 965
4008
424567 > 154567 4 > 1.
000465 =465 , . 000465=465

1.1.1.
Super-Market 4 .
:

-

22357
31122
9375
8179
35328
49753
36205
39000

;
22357 + 31122 :
+ 22357

+ 31122
+ 53479
53.479
:
(1) (1)

(1)

+ 3 5328

: + 4 9 7 5 3
+8 5 0 8 1
85.081
4 ;
:
( 2)

4
3
3

(1)

9 7
9 0
1 1
8 1

(1)

(1)

5
0
2
7

3
0
2
9

+
1

128.054

,
.
:

.
:
(1)

9 7 5 3
9 0 0 0

8
+ 3

(1)

8
9

7 5 3
3 0 1

0 5 4

4
+ 3

7 5 3

(1)

3 1 1
+
8 1

(1)

(1)

2
7

2
0

3 9 3

1:
:
3 Player
162
DV-D Player
35
21
275
Hi-Fi
220
(Fax, Scanner, ) 235
MP3 Player DV-D. :
:
162 + 35 = 100 + 60 + 2 + 30 + 5
= 100 + 60 + 30 + 2 + 5
= 100 + 90 + 7

(
)

= 197

2:
, , , Hi-Fi .
:
2 + 2 + 2 = 6

275 + 220 + 235 = 7 + 2 + 3 = 12 = 1 + 2

7 + 5 + 5 = 10 = 1

= 730

1.1.2.
, , 1522 . 925
112 . ;

1522 925. :
1 5

(1)

(1)

9 7

( )
( )
( )

597 .
597 112
5 9 7
1 1 2
4 8 5

2 5

: (41) 8 5
4 4 0

:

,
.
1522 925 = 597 , :
(1)

(1)

+ 5

2 2

2 5
7

1 5 2 2

5 9 7
9 2 5

10

1.1.3.
3:
24 . 4 ;
:
4 24 + 24 + 24 + 24 = 96 .
24 4 24 4 = 96 .

, 1 9. ( )
.

1 .

.
.

6 7 = 42

11

1.1.4.
:


,
( ).
.
375 7 :

375
7
5

7 5=35
5
: 3

375
7

7 7=49+3=52
: 2

25 : 5

375
7

7 3= 21+5=26
: 26

2625

1.1.5


,
.
.
:

10, 100, 1000, 10, 100, 1000, . :

28 100 = 2800
376 10000 = 3.760.000

12

1.1.6
:

. 2460 m. .
i) .
ii) 5 ;
:
2460 : 4.
() 2460 4 ()
615 ()
( )
24

06
4
20
20
0 ()
:

: ( ) ( ) .
, .
!
.
478253 : 62 :

13

1. ,
.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Km2

1.635.998

1.401.459

734.014

477.942

476.288

406.612

389.434

383.672

84.069

77.014
: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...............
: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..............
: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..............
: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..............

2. : 379238
1534758
324756
39273
3. 6 :
3678
. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
456
...........................................
69734
..........................................
369735824 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. :

7
32

14

5. () ().
i) 61 < 49

ii) 3075 < 3750

iii) 9009 > 9909

iv) 75 > 57

v) 1000350 < 897350

6. (<, >) :
i) 475 4091
iv)
313 331 ii)
123 201
v) 7500 7499
iii)
89001 80901
vi)
897532 895732
7. :
16 + 23
67 + 22
35 + 37
128 + 31
135 + 120
210 + 230
8. :
i) 375 + 579
ii)
1278 + 148
iii)
88035 + 39009
iv) 123579 + 88975 + 1274
v)
1375528 + 899775 + 338753 + 75979
9. :

10. 15.873 2677 .

12053
. ,
.
;
11. 300. ,
180, 169, 117, 68, 35
CD 19. ;
12. :
i) 928 735
ii) 1275 988

iii) 2006 1821

13.
.

15

14. 41 . 7
6 .
;
15. :
i) 407 36
ii) 2693 75

iii)

31254 502

16. .

17. 1366. 280.

; ;
18. 15 . 40 .
8 20 30 . ;
19. :
i) 1043 : 7
ii) 19533 : 24
iii)

988 : 26

iv)

389762 : 341

20.
i) 71 = 7 9 + 8
ii) 879 = 24 35 + 39
iii) 196 = 11 17 + 9
iv) 42813 = 347 123 + 132
21. . 120 15 ,
240 20 .
540. ;
22. 23 45 7930.
110 . ;

1.2.
5 26,
. ;
5 1,
6 4.
5 6.
, .
.
26 : 5 = 5,2 5 2
.
.
().
:

.

40,3:

2,85:

323,017:
0, 36:
( ).
. , , , ,
: 2,3 > 1,576, 28,35 > 28,305, 0,018 < 0,108

0,35, 0,08, 1,21, 0,80

.
:
2,3 = 2,30 = 2,300

:
6 = 6,0 = 6,00 = 6,000

17

1.2.1


.
.

.
:
: 17 + 3,75 + 208,3 + 2,035 :
2 0 8 , 3 0 0
1

7 , 0 0 0
3 , 7 5 0

+ 2 , 0 3 5
2 3 1 , 0 8 5

1.2.2

.
.
:
49,23 23,897 :
4 9 , 2 3 0
2 5 , 3 3 3
2 3 , 8 9 7
: + 2 3 , 8 9 7
2 5 , 3 3 3

4 9 , 2 3 0

18

1.2.3

, ,
, .
.
.
: 1o
3, 7 2, 63 :

3, 25 0, 04 :
3 , 2 5
0 , 0 4
0 , 1 3 0 0

( 4
10, 100, 1000, , , , .
.
2:
2, 723 100 = 272,3
3, 4 1000 = 3400
0, 004 10 = 0, 04
0,1, 0,01, 0,001, ,
, , , .
3:
28, 75 0,1 = 2,875
3,14 0, 01 = 0, 0314
3873 0, 001 = 3,873

19

1.2.4.
, , .
1:
624,87 : 9 :

10, 100, 1000, ,
:
2:
903,5 : 3,25
100 : 90350 : 325 :

20

1. :
i) : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii) : . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iii) : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iv) : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
v) : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. 347,286 :
i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iii) 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iv) 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. (>, =, <) :
403,2 . . . . 49,298
49,6 . . . . 49,59
3,22 . . . . 3,220
7,305 . . . . 7,35
805 . . . . 8,05
0,0001 . . . .0,001
4. :
7,06
7,36
7,246
7,199
7,099
5. 3 1,54 1,56.
6.


.

7.
i) 0,003 + 2,75
iii) 2,15 + 0,03 + 14,68 + 35,71

21

ii) 2,063 + 7,35

iv) 3,4 + 17 + 2,893 + 0,05

8. , ,
.

9. :
i) 457,8 29,86
iii) 3975,503 39,53

ii) 65 4,065
iv) 3,75 0,002

10. :
i) 2,003 + 7,23 3,465 2,75 + 42
ii) 0,03 + 0,103 0,120 + 3,233 1,75
iii) 19,7 + 12,36 28,926 + 3 3,512
11. :
i) 4506 0, 75
ii) 1, 25 4, 009
iii) 1008 6, 405
iv) 0, 62 0, 4
12. :
i) 85 10
8,5 100
ii) 570 0,1
5700 0, 01
iii) 7,35 100
0, 735 10
iv) 37 0,1
370 0, 01

0,85 100
5700 0, 001
0, 0735 1000
37 0, 001

13. .
28, 7 3, 71
0, 287 371
2870 3, 71
287 0,371
2,87 37,1
28, 7 37,1
14. :
i) 75,9 : 3
iii) 23,25 : 3,1

ii) 294,72 : 12
iv) 88,314 : 7,18

22

1.3.
:
230 32,3 .
4000 . ;
:
230 32,3 = 7429 4000 .
7429 + 4000 = 11429
:
11429: 230.
:

50 49,7 49,69 .
.
,
.
0 1 2 3 4,

.
5 6 7 8 9, .
:

392587
452003
35,673
12,674
3,5453
23,99673

23

392600
452000
36
12,7
3,545
24

0,
0
.
!
0 .
:
37 : 75 :

1,764 : 28 :

24

1. :
i) 11,584
iv) 4, 0198
ii) 8, 352
v) 7,3926
iii) 2759
vi) 29963
2. 6523, 17892 29656 :
i)
ii)
3. :

236
217
228
249
214
i) .
ii) .
4. i) ii) .
9,1260
7,020
428,77
2,196
5. :
i) 778 : 16
iii) 266 : 35

ii) 38,25 : 5
iv) 429 : 65

6.
i) 275 : 43
ii) 38,6 : 2,7
iii) 39,267 : 0,07
7. 5 14 .
;
8. 40 7 .
; .
9. 4,75 38,95. 4,25 . ;

1.4.
:
.

.

1:
300
210 , 120 20
84 14
.
i) ;
ii) .
:
i) 300 + 120 = 420
210 + 84 = 294
420 + 20 = 440
294 + 14 = 308
ii) : 300 + 420 + 440 = 1160 :
210 + 294 + 308 = 812
:
.
.
.
2:
1500 3500
170. :
:
3500 + 170 = 3670
1500
3670 1500 = 2170
:
.
.
.

26

3:
35 . 18 35,
12 45 60.
(5 );
:
18 18 35 = 630
12 12 45 = 540
35 18 12 = 5
5 60 = 300

630 + 540 + 300 = 1470
5
1470 5 = 7350 .
:

( )

( ).

4:
900. 37
678. ;
:
37 :
900 678 = 222. 222 : 37 = 6.
900 : 6 = 150 .
5:
72 15 .
5 8 , ;
:
72 5 = 360 .
1080 360 = 720 72 + 8 = 80 .
720 : 80 = 9 .

27

1. . 1270 , 138
272 . ;
2. 55 , , .
33, 30. , ;
3. . 867 833 . 1800 , ;
4. 12 5 .
8 40 ;
5. 6 . 4 ,
5 42 .
;
6. 27. , 4 ;
7. 25 . 45
5 . ;
8. 36 27 1 2.
1 2 ;
9. 135 28 . 1755 ;
10. 224 25 .
735 ;
11.
30 . 6768 .. 12 , 6 .

28

..
;
12. 74,2 m 37,8 m.
1,2 2,5 . ;
13. 5,4 . 12 0,3 . 0,5
0,4 . 1,80
;
14. 14 , 620,2 . 53 32,7 .
;

2.

, .
:
, .
:

2.1
, .
, . (
).
1
.
2

1

.
O 2 .

,
1
.
4

30

1

4

1
.
2
.

:
1.
.
2. .

. .
:
20
1
, ,

4
5 .
20 4 5
.
1
20 = 5 .
4
:
,
.
5 , 10
1 1 2
: + = .
4 4 4
2
20 = 10 20 : 4 = 5 2 5 = 10 .
4

31

:
1. ,
.
2. .
1:


.
:
1 , 1
1.
1
1
2 .
2
1
1
3 4 .
4
8
1 1 1 1
< < < .
8 4 2 1
2:

1
;
4

:
60 ,
1
60 .
4
60 4. 60 : 4 =15.
1
15 .
4
3:
4 , 3 5 . : ) , ) , ) ;

32

:
) 4 + 3 + 5 = 12 . 4 12
4
.

12
5
) 5 12
.
12
3
) 3 12
.
12
4:
513.000,000 2
(..).
3
. . . ;
:

3
, ( 3
).
2
1
, .
3
3
: 513.000.000 : 3 = 171.000.000 .
1
513.000.000 = 171.000.000 .
3

33

1. .

2.
.

3.
, .

.
4. .
1 1
1 1
1
1
1 1
...
...
...
...
2 5
6 3
10 100
11 12

5. , .
1
1
1
1
1
1
14
15
3
9
12
6
6.
.

34

7.
1
, .
3
;

8. )
:
3:7 =

4:9 =

12 : 23 =

) :
5
7
=
=
8
9

3
=
16

9. . 12 20.
3
2
,

4
5
;
10. :
1
3
3
)
)
)
6
10
4
11. :
) 10
) 2

2
5

) 20

12. , :
) 250 ,
) 100

) 750

13. 20 ,

. ;
14. 132.000 ...

.. ;

5
6

35

2.1.1.

3
,
4

4
7

.
4
4
;
4 ,
3 .
.
3
< 1 3 < 4.
4

4 .
4
= 1 4 = 4.
4

4
1
4
3 4 .
.
7
7 4 3
3
3
> 1 7 > 4. = + = 1 + 1 .
4
4 4 4
4
4
1

3
4

8
,
4

8
4
2
, 2 = 2 = .
4
2
1
:

2=

1. ,
.
2. , .
3. ,
.
4. 1.

36

1:
.
3
3
,
6
4
3

. 6
9
;
:
3
3 4
, , .
6 6
9
3
4
, -
6
6
6 3 4 .
3 4
< .
6 6
3 4
(
,
6 6
) .
3
3
, , ,
6
9
6 9 3 .
6 9 3 3
, > .
6 9
3
3

6
9
( ) .
3 3 4
< < .
9 6 6
.
:
1. .
2. , .

37

1. .
3
6
9
...1
...1
1...
8
6
1

0
...1
5

1...

7
5

4...

4
1

2. ,
:

3. :
...
9
...
,
,
) :
6
...
...
...
8
...
,
,
) :
5
...
...
...
14
...
,
,
) :
7
...
...
4.
.

4
3
7
1
2
5
2
12
7
3
5
5

28
5
25
7
86
7
11
5

5. :

10 35 23 101
,
,
,
.
9 8 10 50

38

6. 5 8 . ;
7. , , .
3
1
5
7
1
2
......
......
5 ......5
4
4
8
8
3
3
6
6
3
3
8
11
4
4
......
......
......
3 ......3
16
12
7
5
15
15
4
9
8. , .
8
8
9
8
11
,
,
,
,
12
20
12
25
12
9. 1500 , 4 .
4
6
, ,

7
7
4
4

.

8
9
.

39

2.1.2
:
12 3
1
: ,
3
2
4

.

6
12
;
:
12 3 . 1
12 : 3 = 4. 12 = 4 , 4 .
3
: 12 : 6 = 2 2 2 = 4 .
2
12 = 4 , 4 .
6
:12 : 12 = 1 4 1 = 4 .
4
12 = 4 , 4 .
12
1 2 4
. , ,
3 6 12
. .

:
1. , .
2. , . , .

40

:
1
2


4
3
. ;

:
, ,
4 1 3 2.

1
2

,
4
3
.
, ,
.
(...) :

, .
2 4 2
.

2.

, .

4 3

4 3 2

4 3 2
2 3

4 3 2
2 3 2
1 3

41

....
E.K..(4,3) = 2 2 3 = 12 .
:

12 3 8 .
.
3 8
1 2
<

< .
12 12
4 3
3
8


12
12
1
2
, .
4
3

1 4 2 11
, , ,

6 9 3 18

.
:
.
, .
... 6, 9, 3, 18 :
6
3
1
1

9
9
3
1

3 18 2
3 9 3
1 3 3
1 1

E.K..(6,9,3,18) = 2 3 3 = 18 .
:

3 8 11 12
1 4 11 2
< < < , : < < <
18 18 18 18
6 9 8 3

42

1. , :
3 .....
2 10
4 .....
3 30
,
,
,
=
=
=
=
5 20
7 .....
6 12
8 .....
2. :
1
=
=
=
4
3
=
=
=
5
3
=
=
=
10
3. , :
18
=
=
=
24
20
=
=
=
30
36
=
=
=
72
4.

2
3

5. 6 :
) 1,
) 8,
) 13,
) 12.
6.

) 8,

3
:
4
) 16.
) 24,
) 40.

7. :
18
10
27
22
,
,
,
24
35
63
55

43

8. x

1
15

9
x

.
9. :
3
1
2
2
3
5
6
59
....
....
....
....
4
2
5
4
8
12
10
100

1 2 3 17

, , ,
4 5 10 20
.

10.

11. , .
4
2


. 9
6
;
3
5

.
12.
8
12
;
13.

4
,
7

9
. ;
14

 2.1.3.

:
7 (km).
2 km
1 Km.
. ;
. ;
:
.

2

7

1
.
7
3 7 km
. 4 km

3
2 1 3
. + = .
7
7 7 7

4
.
7

7
.
7
3
4

.
7
7
3 7 3 4
1 = = .
7 7 7 7
:
1 =

1. ,
.
2. , .

:

2
9

1
.
6
. ;
. ;

45

2 1
+ .
9 6
, .
... 6 9.
.

6
3
1
1

9 2
9 3
3 3
1

E.K..(6,9) = 2 3 3 = 18 .
2 22 4
1 1 3 3
=
= .
=
: =
9 9 2 18
6 6 3 18
2 1 4 3
7
+ = + = .
9 6 18 18 18
7
.
18
. .
2 1
.
9 6
2 1 4 3
1
= =
.
9 6 18 18 18
:

,

. : + =

46

1. .
2 3
7 5
+ = ...
+ = ...
10 10
8 8
3 1 2
5 3 1
+ + = ...
+ + = ...
9 9 9
10 10 10
9 5
= ...
10 10

15 7 2
= ...
30 30 30

2. :
3 1
+ = ...
5 2
1 2 1 1
+ + + = ...
2 6 3 18
4 1
= ...
6 4

3
1
+
= ...
20 20
7 3
= ...
8 8

8 7 1
= ...
12 12 12

7 1
+ = ...
15 5

2 1 7
= ...
3 10 15

3. :
2
6
3
...
3 ... 1
8
+
+
=
+
+
=
... ... ... 15
... 10 ... ...
18 ... ...
17 ... 4
8

=

=
... 50 ...
20 ... ... ...
4. :
3
1 1
2 + = ...
5 + + = ...
5
3 2
1
3
6 = ...
26 = ...
4
8

3
7 = ...
8
3
14
= ...
20

5. 2 .

3
,
4

;
1
3
,
3
9
2
3

.
,
12
18
;

6.

47

7. .
1
4
1
,
.
6
18
9
. ;
. ;

2
,
5
. , 2.

8.

9.

5
9

17
.
18

10.

5
1
.
6
3

11.

3
.
4

1
;
3

48

2.1.4.

1:
,

2
.
9

3 ;
:

.
:

2
2
, 3 3
9
9

2 2 2 2 + 2 + 2 3 2 6
+ + =
=
= .
9 9 9
9
9
9
2 3 2 6
3 =
= .
9
9
9

2:
50 .

3
10

, ;
:
3 10 50 .
50
= 5 .
10
10
50
3 = 3 5 = 15 .
10
50 3 50 3
3 =
= 50 = 15 .
10
10
10
, 3
50 .
:
10
:
1.
.
2. () ,
.

49

3
.
5

2
, 7
;

:
7 .
1 3
.
7 5
1 5 3 7 , 1 1 3
3
2
= .
7 5 = 35 3 . =
7 5 7 5 35
2 3
1 3
3
23 6
=
=
.
= 2 = 2
7 5
7 5
7 5 7 5 35
:

,

.
. : =


:
;
2 7
3 8
1

)
)
)
) 5

5
7 2
8 3
:
2 7 2 7 14
3 8 3 8 24
= = 1.
) =
) =
=
=1
7 2 7 2 14
8 3 8 3 24
1 5 1 5

= =1
) =
=1
) 5 =
5
5
5

!
1. 1, : .
. 2
7
) .
7
2

50

1. :
4
3
) 9 = ...
) 5 = ...
7
8
2. :
2 1
3 2
) = ...
) = ...
5 3
4 3
2 4
2 7
) = ...
) = ...
3 3
7 2

7
3 = ...
12

15
1000 = ...
100

5 4
= ...
8 10
10 13
)
= ...
13 10
)

3. 6 .

2

3

;
4. 210 km. 2
2
;
3
5. 420 .

4

7

;
6. :
3
)

10
5
)
6
3
)
4
7

)
20

3
. 4
: ) 80 kg,
) 68 kg,
) 96 kg.

7.

2
3
.
3
5
, ;

8. O

9.

51

1
1
..
.
2
3

;
2
12
.
9
100
4 ,
4 ;

10.

11. 6 .
3
2


10
5
, :
) .]
)
.
) .
12. .
5
3
.
8
2
,
5
.

52

2.1.5.

1:

3
. 5
6 ;

3
6.
5

3
6 : . .
5
3
1
1
1 , . 5
5
3
5
1 5
5 = . 6
1 =
3 3
5
5 30
6 =
= 10 .
3 3
3
5
6 : = 6 = 10 .
5
3
2:
2
1000 kg.
7
;
:

2
1
1000
= 50 kg. 1000 kg,

2
7
7
7
1
7 . 7500 kgr = 3500 kg .
7
7

:

.

.
: = =

53

:
2
5

.
3
8
;
:

5 2
: .
8 3

2
5
1
, :
3
8
3
1 5 5 1
5
5
= =
=
.
2 8 8 2 8 2 16
3
5
3 5 5 3 15
=
= =
.
: 3
8 2 8 2 8 2 16
3
5 2 5 3 15
: = = .
:
8 3 8 2 16
:

.

.
: : = =

5 2
: . 8 3
(:).
5
5 2
5 3 15

: : = 8 ] =
= .
2
8 3
8 2 16

3
5 2
, .
8 3
5
8
5
8 ,
, 11
2
3
3
7
2
.
5
5 2 5 3 15
8 = 5 3 = 15
: = = , :
2 8 2 16
8 3 8 2 16
3

54

:
1. , ,
.
2. .

1. :
3
7
) :14 = ...
) 2 : = ...
5
8
2. :
1 3
2 8
) : = ...
) : = ...
2 4
5 10

2
= ...
7

12
: 4 = ...
15

2 1
: = ...
9 6

25 5
: = ...
30 6

) 1:

3. :
8
3
4
) 10 = ...
)
= ...
) 9 = ...
2
1
8
15
3
2
4. 2 .

32
) 15 = ...
8
2
5

;
2
3

.
7
4
;

5.

4
9
3
. 5 ;

10

6.

7.

2
2
.

3
7

8. 15 72 .

55

5
16

, :
) .
) .
9.

3
. , , 4

2
, .
5
90 . :

) .
) .

56

2.1.6.
7 28 9
,
,
, 10, 100, 1000,
10 100 1000
.
235
:
235 = 200 + 30 + 5 = 2 100 + 3 10 + 5 1 .
10
235 2 100 + 3 10 + 5 1 2 100 3 10 5 1
5
=
=
+
+
= 2 10 + 3 + =
10
10
10
10
10
10
1
= 23 + = 23 + 0,5 = 23,5
2
235
, :

100
235 2 100 + 3 10 + 5 1 2 100 3 10 5 1
3
5
=
=
+
+
= 2+ +
=
100
100
100
100 100
10 100

= 2 + 0,3 + 0, 05 = 2,35
:
1. .
2. ,
.

1. :
3
4
29
789
= ,
= ,
=
= ,
10
100
100
100
13.462
71
6825
356.829
= ,
=
= ,
=
100
1000
10.000
100.000
2. :
0,3 = ,
1,9 = ,
0, 008 =
35, 42 = ,
679,134 = , 3, 0005 =

57

2.1.7.

.

: .
1:
:
3
27
63
)
)
)
4
6
24
:
3
3
) = 3 : 4 . 3 : 4 = 0,75. = 0, 75
4
4
27
27
= 27 : 6 . 27 : 6 4,5,
= 4,5 .
)
6
6
63
)
= 63 : 24 . 63 : 24 2,625,
24
63
= 2, 625 .

24
2:
, , :
95
397856
96
)
)
)
6
25000
17
:
95
= 95 : 6
)
6
95 : 6 15,8333... .
95
15,83, :
= 15,83 .
6
397856
= 397856 : 25000
)
25000
397856 : 25000 3,97856. 397856
3,98,
= 3,98
25000
96
= 96 :17 . 96 : 17 5,64705882.
)
17
96
= 5, 65 .
5,65, :
17

58

1. , :
3
18
)
)
5
8
126
2562
)
)
16
15
2. )
) .
15
125
)
)
7
14
56
68
)
)
16
3

2.2.
,
15C , 5C
.
15C 5C.
.
, +.
:
,
, ..
: ,
, ..
(0) ,
+ 0 0 (0).
] , _
,
]. :
] = {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}

, , ( ),
_ .
, ,
. , ,
.

2.2.1.
xx .

, 1.
A = 1. , ,
, , ,
= = = = = 1.
, , ,
2, 3, 4,

60

, , , ,
= = = = = = 1, 1, 2, 3, 4,

. .

3
1,5 3 1,5.
:

.
2 2 . .
2 .
2 2 .
:
1.
.
2.
.
3. .
4.
.
5. .
6. .
7. .

61

1. :
1
1
1
+ 17, 18, 72,
, 9, 2,5, , 3
4
6
4

2. :
3
7
61, + 34, 14, 45, 28,
, , 125, 7
19
15
3. (< >):
) 9 . . . . 24
) 8 . . . . 0
) 32 . . . . 0
61
8
)
.... 4
) . . . . 1
) 9 . . . 6
4
15
3
1
3
) 15,9. . . .
) 1,4 . . . . 1
) . . . .
4
4
7

1
3
4. : 2, 9, 4, , + , 6 5
5
.

2.2.2.
1:
+ 2 .
+ 3 .
;
:
(+ 2) + (+ 3).
2 3 , 2 + 3 = 5 .
(+ 2) + (+ 3) = + 5.
, , 2
3 .
: ( 2) + ( 3).
+ 5
. 5 5 .
( 2) + ( 3) = 5.

62

.
2:
, , + 5 . 3
. ;
:
(+ 5) + ( 3).
3 ,
3 . 5 , 2 , + 2 .
: (+ 5) + ( 3) = + 2
:

, .
3:
5 . + 2
. ;
:
(+ 2) ( 5). E 5 2 ,
5 2
. +7 . : (+ 2) ( 5) = + 7.
:

.
: = + ( )

63

1. :
) (+ 9) + (+ 2) =
) ( 7) + (+ 7) =
) (+ 9) (+ 2) =
) ( 7) (+ 7) =
) (+ 3) ( 3) =

)( 15) + ( 5) =
)(+ 3) + ( 3) =
)( 15) ( 5) =
)(+ 7) ( 7) =
)( 3) (+ 3) =

2. , :
) = + 8 = + 3 )
= 8 = 3
) = + 8 = 3 )
= 8 = + 3
3. + 15C
+ 5C. ;
4. 4C
+ 2 . .
5. 100 m, . 150 m,
;
6. + 13 .
+ 8
;

64

3.
3.1.

, , , , .
: .
:

-

...

, , , ...

66

3.1.
25/100
. 25
25 25%.
25%

1.250 .
:
%
100.
24% 24/100 . 24% 1.250

24

1.250 = 300 .
100
/100 /1000 %
o
oo .
17
43
..
= 17 o o ,
= 43 o oo
100
1000
:
%
1.
2. 100.
1:
30% 800
:

30% 800

30
800 = 240
100

:
%
1. 100
2. . / (100):

67

2:
4/25 %
:
4
400
100 =
= 16 16%
25
25
:
%:
1. 100
2.
3. , 100.
(100 + ) .
%
100

3:
350 12%;
:

= 350

(100 + 12 ) = 427
100

% :
120.000 ;
4%. ;
:

4
120.000 = 4800
100
;
120.000 + 4.800 = 124.800

68

- :

1,25
1,70
:

1.70 1.25 = 0.45

0, 45
= 0.36
1.25


36
0.36 =
= 36%
100

:
%
1. 100
2.
3. 100.
(100 )
%
100

4:
72 5%.
:

(100 5) 72 = 68.4 ( = 5, = 72)
=
100

69

:

%
80
35%.

:
35
80 = 28
:
100
:
80 28 = 52

:
120.

80.
:

120 80 = 40 .
40
= 0,333

120
333
= 33,3%
0,333 =
100

:
%
80 30%
%.
50% ;
. ;

70

:

30
80
= 24
100

50
24
= 12 .
100

:


3% 1% 9%

.
:
.
. 3 + 1 + 9 = 13
13%

3.1.1.
:
%

.
: =
100
(
) 6 x
x
, x 6.
: =
1200
1:
20.000 4%, 3
20000 4 3
= 200
=
1200
( = 20.000, = 4, x = 3)

71

(...)

18%
6% , .
2:
900 18% 18
= 1062
900 +
100
1:
4%. 6 15.300 . ;
:
100 4 6
102
2. 15.300
100

102
100
15300 :
= 15300
= 15000
100
102
:
x
x 46
x
x+
= 153000 x +
= 15300 51x = 76500 x = 1500
1200
50

x = ,

2:
1.200 18%. 500 2 ,
3 6 . 2%. ;
:

18
= 216
100
500
(1.200 + 216) 500 = 916.
916 : 2 = 458
3 2
458
= 27,5
100
62
= 55
458
100
500 + 916 + 55 + 27,5 = 1498,5
... 1200

72

1. () () .

1) 3% 30 o oo

2) 1/5 50%
3) 50%
4) 150% 500 750
5) 20% 0,02
6) 65% ,
30% 10%
7) 200%
8) 2,25 2.
25%
9)
1,25 1,50 20%
2. :

2/5

3/24
1,3
30%

90%

3. :
A)

i)
ii)
iii)
iv)

2 1
100 25
1 2
300 700

i)
ii)
iii)
iv)

5 10
10 5
444 555
555 444

)
)
)
)
)

15%
50%
233,33%
200%
254

)
)
)
)
)
)

25%
35%
50%
20%
100

4.

73

2 7 2
, ,

50 45 15

15%, 2,15%, 162%.

5. ()
25% ().

6. 11 , 10 9 . .
7. ; .

8. 300. 3%
5% :
. ;
. % ;
9. 5%
( ) 10%.
85, ;
10. 2.500 . 25%
, 30% , 10% 10% . .
. ;

74

. ;
. ;
11. 115.000 3%
;
12. 60 40% 75% .
.
13. :

)
)

22%
8%
9%
11%
30%
8%
5%
5%
18000

4000
. ;
.

3.2

1:
, 60.000, 6%
15.500 18%. ,
20% 18%.
.
:
60.000

6
= 3.600
100

18
= 2.790 , 6.390.
100
,
60.000 + 15.500 + 3.600 + 2.790 = 81.890 .
20%. ,
120
81.890
= 98.268 , 98.268 81.890 = 16.378.
100
:
18
98.268
= 17.688, 27 ,
100
17.688 6.390 = 11.298,24.

15.500

2:
, -Bank G-Bank 10 40 .
15% 12% , , 1500 .
;
:

-Bank

1500 15
= 225 .
100

,
10 + 225 = 235. G-Bank
40 + 180 = 220.
, G-Bank.

1500 12
= 180 100

76

3:
1550 . , 950 .
, 190 , , 60 35 .
i. ;
ii. ;
iii. ;
iv. 35 , ;
:

950
100 = 61, 29 % .
1550
190
ii.
100 = 12, 26% .
1550
190
iii.
100 = 20% .
950
60
iv. 35
100 = 3,87%
1550
.
i.

4:
18% (+) 1660.
.
:

18
.
100
100 18 118
, 1888 ,
+
=
.
100 100 100
118
,
1888.
100
1

1888:118 = 16.
100
100
,
16 100 = 1600 .
100
, 1600.

77

5:
10.000 3%. .
.
:

x 10.000 3 1
=
=
= 300 .
100
100

, 10.000 + 300 = 10.300.

K x 10.300 3 1
=
=
= 309 .
100
100
, 10.300 + 309 = 10.609.
, 10.609
:
10.609 3 1
10.609 +
= 10.609 + 318, 27 = 10.927, 27
100
6:
1600. 40%
4 ,
1,5% .
i. .
ii. , 18% ;
iii. ;
:

40
1600 = 640 .
100
: 1600 640 = 960, 4
1,5% .
: 960:4 = 240.
1,5% .
:
1,5
240 = 240 + 3, 6 = 243, 6 .
( 1 ) 240 +
100
3
( 2 ) 240 +
240 = 240 + 7, 2 = 247, 2 .
100
i. 1600. 40% ,

78

4,5
240 = 250,8 .
100
6
( 4 ) 240 +
240 = 254, 4 .
100
ii. , 40% , 640 18%
18
1600 = 288 .
,
100

243,6+247,2+250,8+254,4 = 996.
, :
+ + = 640+288+996 = 1924.
iii. , (1600)
(288), 1888.
( 3 ) 240 +

79

.
1. 80 5% :
. 85
. 84
. 83
. 90
2. 18% 23,6.
;
. 22,6 . 20
. 21
. 22
3. 60 70,8.
:
. 18% . 10,8%
. 10%
. 16%
4. 4%. 6 15.300. ;
. 15.000 . 14.800
. 14.900
. 15.100
5. , 9 11
16 18 . ;


6. 20.000 4%.
.
.
7. 16000. 50%
8 , 1% .
) .
) 400
90 .
8. 30000 3%.
(
15% ).
9. :

500
120

30%

50

20%

70

5%
138

10. 3000, 2% ,
1% 10% ( ).
i) ;
ii) ;
iii) ;

3.3.

,
.
:




160
.
:

MEGA

ANT1

ALPHA

NET

35%

30%

10%

25%

100%

56

48

16

40

160

:
35 , 30 , 10 , 25 ,

35
30
25
10
MEGA

ANT

ALPHA

NET

10cm 3,5cm,
3cm, 1cm, 2,5cm.

81

3,5cm
MEGA

5
3cm
ANT

7
1cm

ALPHA

10

2,5cm
NET

, , 0, 35, 65 (30+35), 75 (65+10), 100. 4 ,
35%, 30%, 10%, 25%.
0
90%

10%
NET

80%

MEGA

75%

20%

ALPHA
70%

30%

ANT

65%
60%

50%

35%
40%

82

1:
, 300
.

90

150

60

i) .
ii) .
:
300.
90 300 .
90
3
,
= = 0,3 = 30% .
300 10
150 300 .
150 1
,
= = 0,5 = 50% .
300 2
60 300 .
60 1

= = 0, 2 = 20% .
300 5
, :

90
30%

150
50%

60
20%

83

0, 30, 80 (30+50).
2:
()
.
i) .
ii) .

900
30%
500
100%

:
2000 .
900 2000.
900
9
=
= 0, 45 = 45% .
,
2000 20
30% .
30
= 600 .
, 2000
100
500 2000.
500 1
,
= = 0, 25 = 25% .
2000 4

2.000

84

, :

45%
30%
25%

900
600
500

100%

2.000

45
30
25

3:
, : 10 , : 20 , : 40 , 50 .
0

90%

A
B

50%

40%

1) .
2)
.

85

:
, 40% 50 10 40
50 = 20 .
. ,
100
50% (, 90% - 40%) 20 .
50
50 = 25 .
,
100
10
10% 40 . ,
50 = 5 .
100

, :

10

20

40

20

25

40%

50%

10%

25
20

5
10

20

40

:
10cm,
4cm, 5cm, 1cm, 40%, 50%, 10%.
10 .

20 .

4 cm

5 cm
10 cm

40
.

1 cm

86

4:

15%

65%

20%

5.000

:
15% 5000 ,
15
5.000 = 750 .
100
65
65% 5000 1 ,
5.000 = 3.250 100
20
20% 5000 2 ,
5.000 = 1.000 100
.
, :

15%

65%

20%

100%

750

3.250

1.000

5.000

87

1. . 420, .

2. :

40%

456

100%

1.200

) .
) .
3. , , , ,
.

20

16

32

88

i. .
ii. .
4. 40
.

1,25 cm

1,25 cm

5 cm

2,5 cm

1) .
2) .
5.
, .

40%
25%
5%

2000 , .

100%

2.000

3.4.

(1)

(2)

(1)

6
.
16

, (2),

24

64

6
24

. 6 64 = 24 16 .
16
64
,
.

12

20

25

90

, , . ..
2 3
5 1
, = =
= .
8 12 20 4
x, y
y = x, .
. , y = 4x.

1:
48. 4 ;
:
.
x 4 , :

48

:

=

=

6 4
= , 6x = 4 48 .
48 x

, x = 32.

2:
11 lt. 3%.
;
:
100, 103.
:

100

11

103

100 11
=
100x = 103 11 . , x = 11,33.
103 x
, 11,33.

3:
, .

28

5
36

91

7 5
= =
.
28 x 36
7 5
7

= 7x = 28 5 x = 20
,
=
7 36 = 28 = 9.
28 x
28 36
, , :
,

28

20

36

4:
480 16 .
14 ;
:
. :

16

30

480

16 30
=
16 x=30 480 x=900 .
480 x
900 480 = 420 .

5:
,
. 10m 4,5kg/cm2 :
) 28m.
) 38kg/cm2,
;
:
) :

10

18

4,5

10 18
=
x = 8,1kg/cm2.
4,5 x

92

) m , :

,
.

10

38,5

4,5

B
10
=
4,5B = 385 = 85,55m
38,5 4,5

3.5.

93

1:
,
100.000. 20.000, 30.000 50.000.
, 30.000. ;
:

20.000

30.000

50.000

100.000

100.000

100.000

30.000

30.000

30.000

20.000

=
,
100.000 30.000

30.000

= 6.000.
=
100.000 30.000

50.000

=
= 15.000.
= 9.000,
100.000 30.000
x1, x2, x3 1, 2, 3 ,

x + x 2 + x 3 + ...
x1 x 2 x 3
=
=
= ... = 1
.
1 2 3
1 + 2 + 3 + ...
, ( )
.

94

2:
, , , 10.000, .
, 7 , 5
8;
:
,, , :
+ + 10.000
= = =
=
= 500 .
7 5 8
20
20

= 500 =3.500
= 500 =2.500
= 500 =4.000
7
5
8
:
A

20

20

20

10.000

10.000

10.000

7
=
=3.500
20 10.000

5
=
:
=2.500
20 10.000

8
:
=
=4.000
20 10.000
:

3.6.

95

, , .


1
=
=4
4

, .
m

12

12

1 2 3

x,
= x ,
.

1:
, x, , :
i) .
ii) :

x 6 1

4
2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

96

:
i) , . , .
x ,
= x (1).

(3,2),
2
2
(1), 2 = 3 = . = x (2).
3
3

ii) (2) x = 6 = 4, x = 1 = 2/3 = 4

x = 6.
, :
x

2/3

2:
= 1,5x (1).
i) .
ii)
(2,4), (2,3), (4,6), (3,5) .
:
i) x ,
= x.

= x , .
ii) (1):
. x = 2 = 3. , (2,4) () = 1,5x.
B. x = 2 = 3. , (2,3) .
. x = 4 = 6. , (4,6) .
, .

97

1. ;
) (5,20) (2,8)
) (3,6) (6,9)
1
) (,) (3, 3)
) (1,3) (2,9)
) ( ,5) (1,10)
2
2. .
i.

ii.

iii.

iv.

v.

() .

vi.

3. 18m 27, 30m :

45
. 50
. 39

. 35

4. 1,5% .
80kg:
. 3
. 4
. 5
. 6
5. :

kg

7,5
32

6. 1/6 :
) :

18

5
8

12

98

)
.
7. :

1
20

(2,8), .
8. 130km 1 30 .
:
) 3 ,
) 2 40
9. 80 lt . lt ( ), 6 ;
10. , 50.000,
35.000 20.00. 10.000.
;
11. 1850. , 10%
. ,
. 8 , 12 10 , ;
12. = 0,5x (1).
i) .
ii) :

0,1
12

iii) (1).
iv) (2,1), (3,6), (6,3), .

3.7.

99

.. 1: 100.000
1: 200,
1
1

()
().
100.000
200

, 1: :
1
=

2 :

.
!
.
2 :

/cm

12

100

2 4 1
= = . ,
6 12 3
. , 3
3 .

1:
1: 100.000. 1cm , :
1cm 100.000 cm
1.000 m 1 Km
2:
1: 1.000.000 5,5cm. 2 .

5,5

cm

1:1.000.000

:
x,
5,5
1
=
x = 5.500.000cm 55.000m 55km.
x 1.000.000
3:

1
16cm.
250

m2.
:
cm x,
16
1

=
, x = 4.000cm 40m.
x 250
, E = 402 =1.600m2.

101

4:
:

1:3
1 : 50
3 : 10

12 cm
4 cm

150 cm

)

20 km

2 cm

1
2.000.000

100 km
50 m
:

10 cm

1
12 1
=
= x = 36cm.
3
x 3

4 1
=
x = 200cm.
x 50

3
,
= 45cm.
=
150 10
)

2
1
=
=

20.000.000 1.000.000
5cm
1
10
1
=
=
=
=
100.000.000 20.000.000
5.000 500
,

102

5:
() () 1 . 2
.

1
1
=

=
=3
2
6
2
1
1
=

=
=1 .
2
2
2
1
1

=
= =2 .
2
2
1
1

=
= =4 .
2
2
= 1, = 2, = 1, = 2,

6 + 4 + 8 + 2 + 4 + 2 + 4 + 2 + 2 34
=
=
=2

3 + 2 + 4 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 1 17

()

()

103

1:100.000,
, .

cm

10

1.

4,5
cm

2. 1: 150.000:
)
3,6cm.

)
8,4km.
3. , 1/500.

(cm)

10

(m)

100

24

4. , 1:50.
, .
5400 m m

1325mm

1150mm

6333mm

77 ccmm
8 cm

1325 m m

5. A1, A2, A3, A4. A2, A3, A4

1.

104

A1

A2

A3

A4
6. 4cm,
12km. .
7.

1
4cm.
500

.
8. :

10 Km

4 cm

10

1 : 100
2 cm

1 : 250.000

9. 1: 1000, 12cm.
1:500;
10. . 1:100.000.
, 84km, 1 . ,
3,8m.

4
4.1.

m, cm, ,
.


, .
:






;
. ,
8 . 8 .

8 . 8
.

, 4 .
, .

106

4.2.
m. (dm), (cm)
(mm). .

dm

1
m = 0,1m
10
1
1cm =
m = 0, 01m
100
1
1mm =
m = 0, 001m
1000
1dm =

cm
mm

.
1m = 10dm = 100cm = 1000mm
1dm = 10cm = 100mm
1cm = 10mm
:
23dm
;
,
.
m
x10

:10
dm

:10

x10

cm
x10

:10
mm

107

, 10,
10. m dm 10, 23:10 = 2,3. , dm 10, 23 10 = 230cm .
1:
1,7dm. mm;
:

1,7dm = 17cm = 170mm

2:
432cm.
m;
:

432cm = 43,2dm = 4,32m

3:
2m 3dm 8cm
) m;
) cm;
:
) 2m + 3dm + 8cm = 2m + 3dm + 0,8dm =
=2m + 0,3m + 0,08m = 2,38m
) 2m + 3dm + 8cm = 20dm + 3dm + 8cm =
=200cm + 30cm + 8cm = 238cm
:
,
, , (km)
1000m.
km
x1000

:1000
m

km m 1000, m
km 1000.

108

4:
, 4,3km. m;
:

4,3km = 4,3x1000m = 4.300m

5:
43.580m . km ;
:

43.580m = 43.580:1000km = 43,580km

:
, ,
. (yrd) 3 (ft) 12 (in).

, :
1 yrd = 0,9144 m = 91,44 cm
1 ft = 0,3048 m = 30,48 cm
1 in = 0,0254 m = 2,54 cm
yrd, ft in m cm .
.

6:
20.000 . m;

20.000 = 20.000 0,3048m = 6.096m

7:
32 80cm.
;
:
80cm = 80 : 2,54in = 31, 49in , .

109

:
()
1.852m. m
1852, 1852.

8:
82. km
;
:

82 = 82 1852m = 151.864m = 151.864 :1000km = 151,864km

110

1. () () :

) 3dm = 30mm
) 72cm = 0,72m
) 32km = 3.200m
) 4,1m = 0,41km
) 26in = 66,04cm
) 1000ft = 304,8m
) 5 = 92,6km

2. :
) mm 3,7m.
A. 0,37mm B. 37mm
. 370mm
) m 21,5dm.
. 0,215m
. 2,15m
. 215m
) cm 10yrd.
A. 0,9144cm B. 9,144cm . 91.44m

. 3.700mm

E. 37.000mm

. 2.150m

E. 21.500m

. 914,4cm

. 9144cm

3. :

2,3

cm

35,2

mm

71,4

4. :
0,37m,
15in,
2,4dm,
31cm,

1,1ft

5. 1m, .
A

6. :
) 4.729cm
) 8.126mm

) 520cm

7. 10.000m 30.000ft. ;
8. , 3,7m 250cm. ;
9. cm ;
10. 2,25 , , 2,1 . ;

4.3.

111

, (m2), 1m. 12m2 12 1m

.
, :
) (dm2) 1dm,
) (cm2) 1cm,
) (mm2) 1mm.
, 1dm 1m.

1m

1dm

1dm

1m

1m2
10x10 = 100dm. , .
.

m2

dm2

cm2

mm2

1 2
m = 0, 01m 2
100
1
1cm 2 =
m 2 = 0, 0001m 2
10.000
1
1mm 2 =
m 2 = 0, 000001m 2
1.000.000
1dm 2 =

112

.
1m2 = 100dm2 = 10.000cm2 =
1.000.000mm2
1dm2 = 100cm2 = 10.000mm2
1cm2 = 100mm2
,
.
m2
x100

:100
dm 2
x100

:100
cm2

x100

:100
mm 2

, 100,
100.

1:
cm2 12m2.
:

12m2 = 12x100dm2 = 1200x100cm2 = 120.000cm2

2:
m2 2dm2 75cm2;
:
2dm2 + 75cm2 = 2dm2 + 75:100dm2 =
= 2dm2 + 0,75dm2 = 2,75dm2 = 2,75:100m2 = 0,0275m2

, (km2) 1km , 1000m2. .

113

km2
x1000

:1000

x1000

:1000
m2

3:
m2 3,7 ;
:

3,7 = 3,7x1000m2 = 3.700m2

4:
750.000m2. ;
:
750.000m2 = 750.000:1000 = 750 = 750:1000km2 = 0,75km2
, , . .

114

1. () () :
) 3mm2 = 0,3cm2

2
2
) 2m = 200dm

2
2
) 35cm = 0,35m

2
) 2,3 = 230m

2
) 21.500m = 21,5

2
2
) 2,07km = 207.000m

2
2
) 20.000m = 20km

2. :

) mm2 13cm2;
. 0,13mm2
B. 1,3mm2 . 130mm2

. 1.300mm2 E. 130.000mm2

) m2 72dm2;
. 0,72m2
B. 7,2m2
. 720m2

. 7.200m2

) dm2 3cm2;
. 0,003dm2 B. 0,03dm2 . 0,3dm2

. 30dm2

) 2.450m2;
. 0,245 B. 2,45
E. 2.450.000
) m2 2,35km2;
. 23,5m2
B. 235m2

. 23.500m2

E. 72.000m2
E. 3.000dm2

. 24,5

. 235.000m2

3. :

m2

3,9

dm2
cm2

73
531

mm2
m2

4.060
75.030

km

852
4,7

. 245

E. 2.350.000m2

115

4. :
0,29m2
,
2.750cm2 ,
31,2dm2 ,
37.260mm2
5. :

) 45032cm2

) 127670mm2

) 20407mm2

) 1790054cm2

6. ,
1.600cm2. m2 ;
7.

8. 4,32 , 8 .
;
9. 400cm2
6m2;
10. , 1kg 8m2.

12.000dm2;
11.
15% .
80m2;
12. 43.000m2.
,
4 ;

116

4.4.

(m3),
1m.
150m3, ,
150 1m. :
) (dm3), 1dm.
( A ),
) (cm3), 1cm. (m A ),
) (mm3), 1mm.
1m3 , 1dm3,
1000 .

1m

1dm

1m
1dm 1dm

1dm

1m

, 1m2 1000dm3
:

m3

dm3

cm3

mm3

1
m3 = 0, 001m3
1000
1
1cm3 =
m3 = 0, 000001m3
1.000.000
1
1mm3 =
m3 = 0, 000000
1.000.000.000
1dm3 =

117

1m3 = 1000dm3 = 1.000.000cm3 = 1.000.000.000mm3

1dm3 = 1.000cm3 = 1.000.000mm3
1cm3 = 1.000mm3
, :
m
x1000

:1000
dm3 l

x1000

:1000
cm3 l

x1000

:1000
mm 3

, , 1000,
, 1000.

1:
3,2m3;
:

3,2 m3 = 3,2x1000 A = 3.200 A

2:
mA 75mm3;
:

75mm3 = 75:1000 mA = 0,075 mA

,
, (km3), 1km
1.000.000.000m3. 3,5km3 ,
3,5x1.000.000.000 = 3.500.000.000m3.
(gal),
4,405 A .
, 159 .

118

OIL

..
159

3:
55 , ;
:
159 , 55:159 0,35 35
.

119

1. () () :

) 2dm3 = 2 l
) 3,7cm3 = 370mm3
) 2,4 l = 2400ml
) 52m3 = 520dm3
) 3mm3 = 0,0003cm3
) 572dm3 = 0,572m3
) 7ml = 7000mm3

2. :

) dm3 2,8m3;
A. 0,28dm3

B. 28dm3

. 280dm3

. 2800dm3

E. 2.800.000dm3

. 0,372cm3

. 37,2cm3

E. 3.720cm3

. 750km3

E. 7.500.000km3

. 89 A

E. 185 A

) cm3 3,72dm3;
A. 0,00372cm3

B. 0,0372cm3

) km3 75.000m3;
A. 0,000075km3

B. 0,075km3

. 7,5km3

) 4,2 ;
A. 12,5 A

B. 15,8 A

. 18,5 A

3. :

m3
dm3

3,75
752,4

cm3

35.200

mm3

7.500.000

4. :
6,2m3, 5.900 l, 6.000.000 ml, 5.800.000.000mm3
5. :
) 7.252.546cm3
) 3.211dm3

) 340.021mm3

6. 1,5 .
150cm3. ;

120

7. 150m3 . 0,75 ;
8. 0,25dm3. ( 5 mA ), 4 . ;
9. 2,5m3 .
1500 , ;
10. 12m3 .
300 , ;

121

4.5.
(kg)
1 4 .
1kg . , .
(g) (mg).
(t). .

1t = 1000kg

kg

1kg = 1000gr

1
kg = 0, 001kg
1.000
1
1mg =
kg = 0, 000001k
1.000.000
1g =

mg

1t = 1000kg = 1.000.000g = 1.000.000.000mg

1kg = 1.000g = 1.000.000mg
1g = 1.000mg
, :
t

:1000

x1000

kg
x1000

:1000
g

x1000

:1000
mg

1000, , 1000.

122

1:
30 20mg
. ;
:
30 20 = 600mg = 600 :1000g = 0, 6g .
2:
2kg , . 16
. ;
:
2kg = 2 1000g = 2000g
2000 :16 = 125g .

:
, .
, ,
0,2g. 20 , 20 0, 2 = 4g .

1kg,
. .

1,03
1
0,92
0,8
0,69

123

:
5 ;
:
0,92 , 5 5 0,92 = 4, 6kg

5L

1. () () :

)
)
)
)
)

5,2kg = 5.200g
750mg = 0,75g
1200kg = 12t
50 = 20g
1 l 1kg

2. :
) 2,5 ;
A. 0,25kg
B. 25kg

. 250kg

) 500mg;
A. 0,5g
B. 5g
. 50g
) 2560 ;
A. 0,256kg
B. 2,56kg
. 256kg
) 2 ;
A. 1,38kg
B. 1,6kg
. 2kg

. 2500kg

E. 25.000kg

. 5000g

E. 500.000g

. 256.000kg E. 2.560.000kg
. 2,06kg

E. 6,9kg

3. :

kg
g
mg

2,7
1.500
350.000

4. 200g. 3kg;
5. 15 800g.
;
6. 1,3 . 5 75kg 100kg . ;

124

7.
180g . kg

12 ;

8.
200mg.
10mg/ mA . 20 mA ;
9.
2mg . 20mg 25 ;
10.
30kg. ,
200g;

4.6.

125

(s).
(min) 60s, (h),
60min 24h.
:
, 4.000 .

:
1 = 24h = 1.440min = 86.400s
1h = 60min = 3.600s
1min = 60s
, .
30 ( ) 12 ,
360 ( 365 366 ).
100 .
1:
17.45 4 40 15 .
;
:
40x4 = 160min 15 3 = 45 min .
, 160 + 45 = 205min.
21.10 :
17h
+ 3h

45min
25min

20h
21h

70min
10min

( 60
60 )

126

2:
21 1960. 25
2005;
:
:
2004
2005
_
1960

15
3
9

25
21

44 6 4

:
( ,
. , 1 2005,
12 ).

:

.
, , .
24 .
.
.
.
Greenwich .
.

127

3:
9.00, :
)
)
)
)
:
) , :
9.00 2.00 = 7.00.
) , :
9.00 7.00 = 2.00 ( !)
) , 9.00.
) , :
9.00 + 8.00 = 17.00.
4:
17.15 19.25 . ;
:
, 19.25,
20.25. 20.25 17.15 = 3h 10min.

128

1. () () :

)
)
)
)
)

2,5 250
200 3 20
90 1,5
12.00, 14.00
20.00, 19.00

2. : ) 3 :

. 3,25min B. 135min
. 195min
. 255min
) 2min 30s :
. 23s
B. 150s
. 230s
. 270s
) 250 min :
. 2h 50min B. 3h 10min . 3h 50min . 4h 10min
) 18.00, :
. 11.00
B. 12.00
. 15.00
. 18.00

E. 325min
E. 30s
E. 5h
E. 23.00

3. :

3,2
510
7.200

4. 6.35 10.15.
;
5. 45min 15min 9.45. ) ;
) 5min
5min , ;
6. .
7. 7min 6min . 23min
12min. 8.30.
;
8. 9.00 14.30.
20min . ;
9. 19.00 . ;
10. 2h 50min. 16.20.
;

4.7.

129

2001, , . 100 . 1 , 2 , 5 , 10 , 20 ,
50 , 1 2 .

5 , 10 , 20 , 50 , 100 , 200 500 .

1:
16,57 20. ;
:
20 16,57 = 3,43 2,
1, 20 , 2 1 .
.
2:
. 2,63
750 mA , 2,45 600 mA .
;

130

:
,
.
2,63 : 0,75 = 3,5 .
2,63 : 0,6 = 4,08 .
.

, ... . .

( 30,000 EURO)

09/12/2005

USD

1,1764

1,1999

1,1529

DKK

7,4491

7,5981

7,3001

GBP

0,67495

0,68845

0,66145

SEK

9,4217

9,6101

9,2333

JPY

141,82

144,66

138,98

GHF

1,5387

1,5695

1,5079

NOK

7,9250

8,0835

7,7665

CYP

0,57330

0,58477

0,56183

CAD

1,3677

1,3951

1,3403

AUD

1,5762

1,6077

1,5447

, .
, .
1 .

131

3:
500 .
;
:
, 0,6872
.
, 500 : 0,66145 = 755,92.
4:
100
.
. ,
3%. ;
:
100 : 1,1999 = 83,34.
(100 : 1,1764) x 0,97 = 82,45. .

132

1. () () ( ).

)
)
)
)

1 = 141,82 JPY
1 CAD = 1,3677
10 = 5,733 CYP
10 AUD = 15,762

2. :

) 200USD :
. 166,68
. 170,01
. 173,47
. 239,98
. 230,58
) 100 , :
. 63,71
. 150,79
. 153,87
. 156,95
3. . ( ):

100, 120USD, 65GBP, 15.000JPY, 150CHF

4. 2,46.
3 , 1 7,85. ;
5. 750 mA 4,27. 2 A 11,45. ;
6. 350 . ;
7. 25 ,
15% . ;
8.
. , 5
. ;

133

4.8.
, .
. . ,
. .
mm dm,
. mm.

10

( ),
.
, , . , . ,
. , .
,
.
. ,
.
,
.

134

, (
) . ,
.
00.00

,
0. , . ..
.
, ,
.
, .
, ,

. , .
, , , , , ,
.

135

1. :

)
4000

B
/min

2000

6000

8000

)
200

300

10 0

40

)
100

50

km/h

150

200

2. ,
. .

2
1
0

10

20

3. .

100

500
1

5
10

136

4. .
5. ,
.
6. . .
7.
.
8. , ( )
.
9.
.. .
10.
( ) .
11. 10 , 8g
. 10 7g .
;
12. ,
. ,
. ;
13. 50
100m. , m/s km/h.
100m .

5.
5.1.

.
, , , .
:

///

. ;

4
. :
18m+26m+24m+20m=88m
88 .
88m .
, .

138

,
5 .
;

.
5 ., 4 5. = 20.

:
,
4 .

5m 3m .
;

. ,
2 5m 2
3m .
:
2 5m + 2 3m = 10m + 6m = 16m

3m

5m

:
, , 2 + 2 .

139

2m, 3,5m 4m. ;

:
, , ,
+ + .

2m

:
4m + 2m + 3,5m = 9,5m

3,5
m

4m

140

1. 2 , :
. 10. . 8.
. 20.
. 2.
. 4.
2. , :

8.
3m

50

10.

3. 110 70 . 5 . .
4. , , 40.,
. 10 ,
;
5. ,
100m, 10m. , 1,50
. ;

141

5.2.
. ;
.

:
6m 4m,
1m. 20
, ;
:
6
4 . , 6 4 = 24 .
1m, 1
(m2), : E . = 6 4 = 24m 2 .

, .

:
,,
, E = .

142

:
3m, 10
1m.
, 10 ;
:
3 3 .
, 3 3 = 32 = 9 ,
. 1 (1m2),
= 32 = 9m 2 .

, 10 ,
.

,
:
=

.

(
), ,
.
,
, , .

143

,
.
E / =

,
. ,
. :

. .

,

, .

:
=

( ),
2

:
, ,
.

. =
2

144

1:

.
50 ,

;

30m

70m

:
,
. ,
. .
20m
30m, :
20 30
=
= 300m 2
2

50m

50m

30m

20m

30m
Z

50m

70m

50m 30m, :
= 50 30 = 1500m 2

, :
= 1500 + 300 = 1800m 2
, 1800 50 = 90.000 .

:
,
, :
=

( + )
2

145

30m

40m

15m

15m
40m

. ,
.

30 40
=
= 600m 2 .
, : =
2
2

30 40
=
= 600m 2 .
, : =
2
2
, , :
= 600m 2 + 600m 2 = 1200m 2

80m

2:

, ,
80m 30m .
3 ,
;

, , :
3 1200 = 3600 .

:
1, 2, :

= 1 2
2

146

1. :
4cm
5cm

5cm
E=
----------------

80cm

4m
10m
E=
----------------

2. , , , , ,
.

, :
()
.
()
;

2m
E=
----------------

8cm
E=
----------------







210m

15 0
m

3.
780m.

.
100
,
;

6cm

300m B

4. 10m .
2m, .

1m
1m
20m

25m
8m
8m

8m

40m

7.
40m
50m.
,
6m
, .
100 , :
()
.
() .
8.
.
4m
9m

20m

6. ,

.

.

147

2m

5. .
8 , ;

148

9.
.
1m

5m
2m

1,5m
1,2m

10m

1,5m
1,2m

2,40m

10.
3 .
. 3
,
.

2m
16m

149

5.3.
.
, .
- , (,).
, .

p.
, ,
.

p , .

, () , , .

, , , .

.

150

.
;

,
1800.., Rhid.
,

16
 = 3,16049 (  ). , 9
, , ,
Lambert . , .
20 :
= 3,1415926535897932384
 3,14 .

= = . =2, : =2.
:

, , .
, 2 . :

= = 2
2

151

1:
60m, 4m. , .
() ;
() , 1m2
5;

:
() , .
, :
= = 3,14 60 = 188, 4m .

, :
= = 3,14 4 = 12,56m .
, : 188,4m+12,56m=200,96m.
() .
:
2
= ( 30 ) = 3,14 900 = 2.826m 2

:
= 2 = 3,14 22 = 12,56m 2
:
= = 2826m 2 12,56m 2 = 2.813, 44m 2
:
2.813, 44 5 = 14.067, 20

152

2:
. 5 4 , :
() .
() ;

20m

100m

() 80m 20m
10m.
10m
= 3,14 20 = 62,8m = 2 = 3,14 102 = 314m 2 .
, : 62,8m + 2 80m = 222,8m .

A
10m

10m

10m

10m

10m
80m
100m

10m

222,8 5 = 1114
() . = 80 20 = 1.600m 2
: = 314m 2 , : 1600+314=1914m2.
:
1.914 4 = 7.656

153

1. .

2cm

31,4

15,70

8cm

12,56

10cm

20,24

25,12

31,4

2. 18,84cm. :
. 2cm B. 7cm
. 5cm
. 4cm
. 3cm
3. 25,12cm, :
. 40,36cm2
B. 50,24cm2
. 62,28cm2
. 74,16cm2
. 25,12cm2
4. ,
20cm
30cm. 60 ,

;

154

5.
2cm 4cm. 100
,

.

2cm

4cm

6. 18 .
376,8
.
7.
1m. . 14 , ;

8. 5cm. ;
9. 1 15m2.

.

10.
20cm,
4 ,
.
;

11.
,
. , , , ,
.

155

12.
.
10m

10m
40m

13. . , 10cm , 6cm,

;
14.
40.003,6Km. .

156

5.4.

:
. ;



:
, .
,
. , 360
M = 2 = 2 3,14 10cm = 62,8cm .
p 1,

62,8cm
.

360
360
p 60,

62,8
60 =
60  10, 47cm . 10,47cm .
360
360

:
,
,
M

S =
S =
180
360

157

,

. p.


.
. =2 360.
2
l 1, .

360
2
p , : .

360
:

: .. =

2
360

1:
, . 6, .

:
,
p , .

p 10m 90, :

2 3,14 102 90 3,14 100

. . =
=
=
= 78,5m 2
360
360
4
10 10
= 50m 2 .
10m, E =
2
, = 78,5m 2 50m 2 = 28,5m 2 .
, : 28,5 6 = 171 .

158

2:
60m. , 30m. 4 ,
.
:
:
=602=3.600m2. 4

30m 90. :
2 3,14 302 90
. . =
=
= 706,5m 2
360
360
,
:
3600m 2 4 706,5m 2 = 3600m 2 2826m 2 = 774m 2

30m

30m

B 30m 30m

3:
4cm, .
.
:
8cm.
, , 60.
4cm
60.
:
3,14 4 60
 4,19cm .
S=
=
180
180
:
3 4,19cm = 12,57cm .

4cm

4cm

4cm

4cm

4cm

4cm

159

1. :

2cm

45

6cm
30

9,42cm

6,28m

2. :
2m

8m

2m
2m

10m

5m

2m

6m

2m

2m
2m

4m
4m

2m
12m

2m

3.
20,56cm, .

8cm

4.
.

4cm

4cm

160

5. , , , 6cm.

.

6cm

6. 8mm. :
() 1h
() 15min
() 20min
() 1h 45min
7. 90cm,
120.
()
;
() 85m2,

,
5 ;

120o

8. , 800Km
.
, 1000Km . (
=6.370Km).
9. 200m,
,
, . .

20m 6m

20m

10. ,
,
6m, .

50 ,
;

6m

30m

80m

5. 5.
:
1,2,3 50m, 40m, 30m,
. .
;

1
m
50

40m

A 30m B
3

:
:
1 1=502=2.500m2. To 2 2 =402=1.600m2
3 3 =302=900m2. 2, 3 :
2+3=1600m2+900m2=2500m2=E1.
2, 3, 1.
, , 2, 3 1.

=30m

0m

=40m

5
=

=40m,
=30m =50m.
:
2
40 +302=2500=502
: 2=2+2

, 500..
.
1:
,
.
.
2=2+2 , , : 2=2-2 2=2-2.
2:
.

162

1:

12m
A

15m

.
100,
;

9m

:
,
. E =
,
2
.
: 2=122=144m2, 2=92=81m2
2+2=144m2+81m2=225m2=(15m2)=2
, . , , =9m
=12m.

12m

:
==9m ==12m.
: 2=2+2=92+122=225m2,
=15m =.

9m

, ,
l =
l = 90 , . ,
. ,
:
9m 12m
=
=
= 54m 2
2
2
:
54m 2 100 = 5.400
3:

,
.
.

163

2:
;

2m

1m

:
, . :
2=2+2=12+22=1+4=5m2. 5. 5
5 . ;
.
. 22=4 32=9, : 2 < 5 < 3 .
: 2,12 = 4, 41 , 2,22 = 4,84, 2,32 = 5, 29 ,

2, 2 < 5 < 2,3 .

5 . , : 5 = 2, 236 .

().
:
5
:

, 2,23606798. 5 = 2, 236 .

, = 5 =2,236m :
1m+2m+2,236m=5,236m.

4:
x, x.

164

3:
A

20m

m
50

.
2 ,
;

12m

:
. , , . :
2=2-2=(20m)2-(12m)2=400m2-144m2=256m2, , = 256m = 16m .
: 2=2-2=(50m)2-(12m)2=2500m2-144m2 2=2356m2,
= 2356m = 48,54m . :

20m+50m+16m+48,54m=134,54m
: 134,54 2 = 269, 08 .

9m
6m

4:

15m

8m

:
=6m +=9m,
=3m.

==8m

==4m.
:
2=2+2=32+42=25m2,
= 25 m=5m.
,
:
= = 15m 5m = 75m 2 .

A
B

15m

6m

8m

165

5:

4 ,5 m

4,5m ,

1,5m.
;

5m
1,

:
, .
.
:
2=2-2=(4,5m)2-(1,5m)2
=20,25m2-2,25m2=18m2.
, = 18 m=4,24m.
4,24m.

m
4, 5

1,5m

6:

m
4c

,
4cm, .

.

4c
m

m
4c

:

.
, 2==. , ,
.

:

2=42+42=16+16=32cm2, = 32cm = 5, 66cm . , 2=5,66cm =2,83cm.

: M = 2 = 2 3,14 2,83 = 17, 7724cm
: E = 2 = 3,14 ( 2,83cm ) = 25,14cm 2
2

166

8cm

1. :
. 12cm . 10cm
. 9cm
. 11cm E. 14cm

6cm
2.
:

2=

2=

2=

3. :
8
6

10

12

16

14

20

12
10

4. :
2m
x
5m

9m

6m
y

m
7m

5. , 64m
48m, ,
2.

6m

48m
64m

167

3 2 , ;

6m

2,1

2, 1

6.
.

6m

1,64m

7. , 3m
. 4
2m
2m ,
4 .

8. . 30Km 40Km , .

9.
. ;

12m
B

8m

11m

16m

168

10.
=4cm.

. (
).

12.
,
. 3cm,
.

8cm

cm
10

11. ,
1,2,3. 2,3,
1.

3
A

6cm

3cm

6.

.
.
.

.
:
/

6.1.

.
, .
(64)
.
.

170

,
:

:
: () .
: .
: .
.

6.2.



.

-
,

(

).
:
V =
.
= 2 ( + + )

, .
, .
3 .
3 .

171

,
.

V = =

:
= 2 ( + + ) = 6 2

1:
, =5cm, =6cm, =10cm.
:
V = = 5 6 10 = 300m3
E = 2( + + ) = 2 ( 5 6 + 6 10 + 10 5 ) = 280cm 2
2:
56dm3. =7dm,
=4dm. .
:
V = 56 = 7 4 56 = 28 = 2dm . , =2(++)=2 ( 7 4 + 4 2 + 2 7 ) =100dm2.

172

3:
96cm2. .
:
.
96cm2.
, 96=62 2=16 =4cm. , V = 3 = 64cm3 .
4:


()
5cm
10cm

12cm

() 3m , 2m
20cm.

:
() : 10 12 5 = 600cm3 .
() 3m 300cm, 2m 200cm 20cm.
, 300 200 20 = 1.200.000 cm3.
1.200.000cm3
= 2.000 .
,
600cm3

173

1. (1) (2) :

2. () , , .
() ,
, , ,
.

3. 150m2. .
4. , =6cm, =16cm, =10cm. .
5. , 84dm3. =7dm,
=4dm. , .
6. .

1m

cm
20

20cm

174

7.

=16cm, 2=8cm
.
cm2;

8. cm 3cm, 4cm, 5cm.

9. ,

.
24m, lt
.

B
=2

10. , , , . =60cm, =24cm 4.056cm2, dm3.

11. 8cm,
8cm, 40cm, :
() 2,5 lt
() 2 lt
() 1 lt

175

:

.
,
.

, V = E B


, . , E = , ,
.

.
.

, .
, , .

.
, = + 2 ( ).
1:

.
:

V = (1)

2 cm

3cm

= 3 8 = 24cm 2 .

8cm

V = 24 2 = 48cm3
2:

.
:

. , V = E B .
1
= 2 1,80 2 = 1,80m 2
2
, V = 1,80 2,5 = 4,5m3

2m
1,80m

2,5m

176

3:
, 5cm
7cm. :
() .
() .
() .

7
5

5
5

:
() ,
E B = 25cm 2 . , V = 7cm 25cm 2 = 175cm3 .

()
, .
,
E = = 20 7 = 140cm 2 .
() .
E = + 2 = 140 + 2 25 = 190cm 2

1.
324cm2.

,
.

2. 20cm
15cm.
,
.

3.
.

4.

.

177

178

5. , 3cm, 45cm3. .
6.
,
,
2m.
2,75.
. 3,9
7m2.
;

179

, .

, .
V = 2
,

.
.

.

,
.
, = 2 .

180

, .. .
,
.
. .
.

.
2 (). , =2+2.

1:
.
.

:
=10cm. ,
=2 31, 4 = 2 3,14 = 5cm , =2=314cm2, EB=2=3,14 52=15,7cm2

E = + 2 = 314 + 2 15, 7 = 345, 4cm 2

2:
=16cm 12cm. =4cm
=6cm. .
:
: V1 = 2 = 256 6 = 3.072cm3

: V2 = 2 = 16 6 = 96cm3
V 3.072
= 32 V1 = 32V2 = 32 .
, 1 =
V2
96

181

1. .

.

=10cm
=18,84cm

2. =8cm 6cm,
=2cm =3cm. .
3. 10cm 125,6cm2.
.
4. , . 0,4,
. %
;

5. 5m
12m.
,
0,25kg
4,8m2

182

, .
.
.
. .

. , , , .

,
.

183

1
V = ,
3
.
,
.

, =+

1
= ( ) h ,
2
h .

1:
, 8cm 10cm.
:
() ,
() ,
() ,
() .

184

:
() 8cm.
.
A
= 4 2cm . 2=2+2=64+64=128cm2. , = 128 = 8 2 cm =
2
.

2=2+2=102+ 4 2 =132 = 132 = 11, 49 cm.

l )
() ( E

: 2=2+2 132=2+16 2=116

= 116 =10,77cm.

() , :
1
E = ( ) h =
2
1
4 8 10, 77 = 172,32cm 2
2
() : =82=64cm2.
1
1
, V = B = 64 10 = 213,3cm3 .
3
3

185

1. 6cm.
10cm.
.
2.
h, 13cm. .

194 cm

3m

3. 1,2m 1m.
.

4.

.

2m
4m
4m

5. 12cm
. .
6. 120cm2
h 10cm. .