UNIT-III

1) MAKING BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST: Write a Bibliography A bibliography is a list of the sources you used to get information for your report. It is included at the end of your report, on the last page (or last few pages). You will find it easier to prepare your final bibliography if you keep track of each book, encyclopedia, or article you use as you are reading and taking notes. Start a preliminary, or draft, bibliography by listing on a separate sheet of paper all your sources. Note down the full title, author, and place of publication, publisher, and date of publication for each source. When assembling a final bibliography, list your sources (texts, articles, interviews, and so on) in alphabetical order by authors' last names. Sources that don't have authors (encyclopedias, movies) should be alphabetized by title. General Guide to Formatting a Bibliography (1) For a book: Author (last name first). Title of the book. City: Publisher, Date of publication. EXAMPLE: Dahl, Roald. The BFG. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1982. (2) For an encyclopedia: Encyclopedia Title, Edition Date. Volume Number, "Article Title," page numbers. EXAMPLE: The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1997. Volume 7, "Gorillas," pp. 50-51. (3) For a magazine: Author (last name first), "Article Title." Name of magazine. Volume number, (Date): page numbers. EXAMPLE: Jordan, Jennifer, "Filming at the Top of the World." Museum of Science Magazine. Volume 47, No. 1, (Winter 1998): p. 11. (4) For a newspaper: Author (last name first), "Article Title." Name of newspaper, city, state of publication. (Date): edition if available, section, page number(s). EXAMPLE:

Powers, Ann, "New Tune for the Material Girl." The New York Times, New York, NY. (3/1/98): Atlantic Region, Section 2, p. 34. (5) For a person: Full name (last name first). Occupation. Date of interview. EXAMPLE: Smeckleburg, Sweets. Bus driver. April 1, 1996. (6) For a film: Title, Director, Distributor, Year. EXAMPLE: Braveheart, Dir. Mel Gibson, Icon Productions, 1995 (7) CD-ROM: Disc title: Version, Date. "Article title," pages if given. Publisher. EXAMPLE: Compton's Multimedia Encyclopedia: Macintosh version, 1995. "Civil rights movement," p.3. Compton's Newsmedia. (8) Magazine article: Author (last name first). "Article title." Name of magazine (type of medium). Volume number, (Date): page numbers. If available: publisher of medium, version, date of issue. EXAMPLE: Rollins, Fred. "Snowboard Madness." Sports Stuff (CD-ROM). Number 15, (February 1997): pp. 1519. SIRS, Mac version, Winter 1997. (9) Newspaper article: Author (last name first). "Article title." Name of newspaper (Type of medium), city and state of publication. (Date): If available: Edition, section and page number(s). If available: publisher of medium, version, date of issue. EXAMPLE: Stevenson, Rhoda. "Nerve Sells." Community News (CD-ROM), Nassau, NY. (Feb 1996): pp. A4-5. SIRS, Mac. version, Spring 1996. (10) Online Resources

Internet: Author of message, (Date). Subject of message. Electronic conference or bulletin board (Online). Available e-mail: LISTSERV@ e-mail address EXAMPLE: Ellen Block, (September 15, 1995). New Winners. Teen Booklist (Online). Helen Smith@wellington.com World Wide Web: URL (Uniform Resource Locator or WWW address). author (or item's name, if mentioned), date. EXAMPLE: (Boston Globe's www address) http://www.boston.com. Today's News, August 1, 1996. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2) TYPES OF PARAGRAPH: Its very hard to write about that which is always beautiful and pleasant and good. You dont get anywhere with it. Theres no friction in it. Theres no trouble. You have to have trouble. Somebodys got to get in trouble, or no one wants to read it. Paul Bowles a) Narrative writing: Often, the word narrative is synonymous with story. A narrative is the story (fiction or non-fiction) told and the order in which it is told. Sometimes, there is a narrator, a character or series of characters, who tell the story. Sometimes, as with most non-fiction, the author himself/herself is the narrator. The narrative is shaped by details. These details offer clues about the authors purpose. Example: The Three Little Pigs Once upon a time there lived a mother pig with her three little pigs. The pigs grew so big that they had to leave their home and build houses for themselves. The three pigs set off. Soon they met a man with some straw. The first little pig took the straw and built a house of straw for himself. The second little pig met a man with sticks. He built his house with sticks. The third little pig was afraid that the wolf might blow his house down, so he built his house with bricks. The next day the wolf appeared. He blew down the house of straw. Then he blew down the house of sticks, but he could not blow down the house of bricks. Suddenly the wolf got an idea. He climbed on the roof. Meanwhile the third little pig put a pot of water on the fire to boil. The wolf began to come down the chimney. Into the pot fell the wolf with a big splash! That was the end of the greedy wolf and the pigs lived together happily ever after in the house of bricks. b) Descriptive writing:

The most characteristic features of descriptive writing are that it will describe something, but will not go beyond an account of what appears to be there. A certain amount of descriptive writing is needed to establish for example:

the setting of the research; a general description of a piece of literature, or art; the list of measurements taken; the timing of the research; an account of the biographical details of a key figure in the discipline; or A brief summary of the history leading up to an event or decision.

Example: A car accident It is the made craze for speed that is responsible for many motor accidents. Only last year I witnessed what might have been a fatal accident on the Kashmir road. I was motoring down from Srinagar; and as I was nearing Kohala I came upon the wreckage of two cars on the road. The smash had been caused by a car coming down, which swept round a sharp corner at 40 miles an hour and crashed into a car coming up. Happily no one was killed; but several were badly injured, and the two cars were wrecked. To drive at such a speed down a twisting mountain road is simply to court disaster. c) Expository writing: In an expository paragraph you give information. You explain a subject, give directions, or show how something happens. In expository writing, linking words like first, second, then, and finally are usually used to help readers follow the ideas (except for our purposes those words cannot be used). This paragraph, like the others, organizes itself around three parts. A topic sentence allows the reader to understand what you are writing about. The middle part of the paragraph contains sentences that follow one another in a logical sequence of steps. The final sentence closes your subject with an emphasis on the final product or process desired by the topic. Example: Population Explosion One major problem that faces the world today is the rapid growth of population, often referred to as population explosion. The population has recently risen to about 6 billion. It is 3 times as large as it was in 1960. Experts predict that by 2020 there will be about 10 billion people, causing serious problems of hunger, overcrowding and environmental pollution. The enormous increase of population is due to better food, better hygiene and, above all, the advances made in medicine. Rapid developments in modern medicine have conquered many diseases and consequently the death rate has de creased . The population goes on increasing at an alarming rate in spite of the practice of birth control in many parts of the world. The government is taking measures to check population growth and large percentage of people practice birth control. d) Argumentative writing:

Formal or informal discussions where people tend to disagree with one another not in friendly manner but in angrily manner. This involves presenting a logical case with facts and figures. Reasons are stated directly or implied. It requires use of critical perspectives. Example: "The Fast Food"

Fast food is an easy way to get food very fast and ready to eat. However, people have negative things to say about fast food. In the United States fast food is too popular. In all the streets you can find restaurants of different countries and the most popular is McDonalds. Fast food affects us in many negative ways. Our health and people that are professional in medicine don't agree with this kind of food. When I say health, it means the overweight. For example people in United States eat fast food everyday and kids are more motivating to eat this kind of food. Being overweight is a big problem nowadays. It isn't healthy because people in many cases suffer with heart problems and respiratory problems. In conclusion fast food can have many negative things and people should be careful and take care of their lives. I don't have any bad experience. In reality I don't often eat those foods but like I explain before I saw many people with health problems. In the United States fast food is the king of the business, however I had the answer of my question fast food for me is the fat way to die. 4) CLARITY It is not enough to write so that you can be understood; you must write so clearly that you cannot be misunderstood. - Ralph Waldo Emerson Clarity in writing is one of the most important features to be focused or divert the reader attention towards your thinking. Here are some important points to be remembered in writing. If readers don't understand what you write, you might as well have written nothing at all. Ground-breaking ideas don't count for much if you can't express them clearly, and your incisive opinion won't carry much weight if it can't be followed. Worthwhile writing should contain new, interesting and complex ideas. It should challenge the reader and, hopefully, resonate. To be effective, this kind of writing must be crystal clear. In this post, I want to outline a few simple things you can do to make anything you write easier to understand. Let's start with an old favorite: Tell them what you're going to tell them Throughout my schooling years teachers must have repeated this refrain a hundred times when describing the structure of an essay. A good essay introduction maps out the logic of what follows, and in my experience, this strategy is powerful across all forms of writing. Telling the reader what to expect will assist them in following your logic and linking together your ideas.

If readers know from the outset what you're getting at, they'll be able to look at each sentence you've written through the prism of your intended meaning. In doing so, they'll better be able to see how each point you make relates to the big picture you're painting. The newspapers do it An interesting fact: most hard news stories in the papers follow a strict formula of one sentence = one paragraph.

CONCISENESS: I believe more in the scissors than I do in the pencil. Truman Capote 1. Eliminate redundant pairs When the first word in a pair has roughly the same meaning as the second, choose one. Common examples of redundant pairs include: full and complete, each and every, hopes and dreams, whole entire, first and foremost, true and accurate, always and forever. Example: For each and every book you purchase, you will receive a free bookmark. Revision: For every book you purchase, you will receive a free bookmark. 2. Delete unnecessary qualifiers Often we use qualifiers that really arent necessary to express our meaning (such as really in this sentence). By deleting unnecessary qualifiers, you can often eliminate one or two words per sentence. Tweaks like this may not seem like much, but they can add up. Common qualifiers include: actually, really, basically, probably, very, definitely, somewhat, kind of, extremely, practically. Example: Because a great many of the words in this sentence are basically unnecessary, it would really be a very good idea to edit somewhat for conciseness. Revision: Because many of the words in this sentence are unnecessary, we should edit it. 3. Identify and reduce prepositional phrases Overuse of prepositional phrases (which begin with words like in, for, at, on, through, and over) can make a sentence clunky and unclear. To locate this problem, circle the prepositions in your draft and see whether you can eliminate any prepositional phrases without losing your meaning. Sometimes the easiest way to revise a wordy sentence is to ask yourself What do I really mean here? and then write a new sentence; this approach can be more efficient than just tinkering with your existing sentence. Example: The reason for the failure of the basketball team of the University of North Carolina in the Final Four game against the team from Kansas was that on that day and at that time, some players were frequently unable to rebound the ball

Revision: UNCs basketball team lost the Final Four game against Kansas because it could not consistently rebound the ball. 4. Locate and delete unnecessary modifiers Sometimes the meaning of a word or phrase implies its modifier, making the modifier unnecessary. Example: Do not try to anticipate in advance those events that will completely revolutionize society. In this example, anticipate already implies that something is in advance, and revolutionize already implies that something will be completely changed. Revision: Do not try to anticipate revolutionary events. 5. Replace a phrase with a word Many commonly-used phrases can be replaced with single words. These phrases often crop up in writing that requires a formal tone, but they detract from, rather than add to, meaning. Common phrases that can be replaced with single words include: The reason for, due to the fact that, in light of the fact that, given the fact that, and considering the fact that can be replaced with because, since, or why. In the event that and under circumstances in which can be replaced with if. It is necessary that and cannot be avoided can be replaced with must or should. For the purpose of can often be replaced with an infinitive verb (the to ____ form of the verb). Example: In the event that going out for the purpose of eating with them cannot be avoided, it is necessary that we first go to the ATM, in light of the fact that I am out of cash. Revision: If we must go out to eat with them, we should first go to the ATM because I am out of cash. For more examples of common phrases that can be replaced with a word, see the Writing Centers handout on style. 6. Identify negatives and change them to affirmatives Expressing ideas in negative form means you must use an extra word; it also makes readers work harder to figure out your meaning. Example: If you do not have more than five years of experience, do not call for an interview if you have not already spoken to human resources. Revision: Applicants with more than five years of experience can bypass human resources and call for an interview 5) FORMATS USED IN WRITTEN COMMUNICATION:

Writing, the art of communicating thoughts to the mind through the eye, is the great invention of the world...enabling us to converse with the dead, the absent, and the unborn, at all distances of time and space. Abraham Lincoln In-house Magazines & journals: Organizations publish quarterly or monthly in-house magazines to keep employees updated about the latest development in the business, activities conducted in the company like social or cultural and achievements by the sales team. Management can unite with employees in an informal or direct way through these magazines. It also contains promotions, retirements, honors and awards with pictures of employees receiving award from management. Bulletin boards: Bulletin boards in attractive colors & types can be used for display of clippings from newspapers, magazines, clippings on retirements, honors, marriages and other events in the lives of employees. Letters: Letters are messages, and certain letter forms have been established by experience and custom as the most useful forms learned and used by every letter writer, for neglect of them is a sign of ignorance and carelessness. There are several kinds of letters (such as friendly letters, business letters, etc.) each of which has its own particular form; but there are certain matters of form which apply to all, and these may be explained first.

Reports: A report is a formal document written for a specific audience to meet a specific need. It may contain facts of a situation, project or process; an analysis and interpretation of data, events, and records; inferences or conclusions drawn from objective data; or suggestions and recommendations. A report is factual and systematic account of a specific business or professional activity. Posters: Posters are used to display topics related with health and safety, hygiene, improvement in production process, etc. Along with text matter, it should contain pictorial diagrams, charts, and photographs to explain the topic in a simple way. Notice Boards: Notice boards are usually placed at the factory gate or in front lobby. These are used to display notices and circulars issued by the management for administrative purposes, circulars related with hours of work, factories act and any new rules and regulations.

Suggestion system: Some organizations use suggestion system to provide an opportunity for a working communication with the management. Employees can use this system to give positive proposals for improvement in machines, devices, techniques and procedures or to express their dissatisfaction with existing facilities or particulars. Memo: Memos are business letters but used within an organization and only for employees. Memos are used to give information to employees such as changes in some procedures or rules, policy change or for specific purpose like request to attend a meeting. The format of the memo differs from business letter format. Emails Emails are the most common form of written business communication, according to Startupbizhub, an online reference site. Business professionals use emails to send documents, set up meetings, confirm appointments and contact job candidates.

6) ROLE OF PUBLIC LIBRARIES: I've been drunk for about a week now, and I though it might sober me up to sit in a library. The Great Gatsby Public libraries have many important roles and responsibilities in society. They increase overall literacy--especially children's literacy---and encourage lifelong learning. They also provide free access to important information and tools. Libraries even help local economies thrive. Increase Overall Literacy The primary responsibility of public libraries is to increase overall literacy. Allowing citizens easy and free access to books, newspapers, magazines and other materials encourages people to read. People who read more have larger vocabularies and better writing skills. Books also give people new experiences and a broader worldview. Foster Children's Literacy In particular, public libraries aim to foster children's literacy. Many public libraries have programs designed to teach young children to read---including summer reading programs, mentoring and even puppet or live shows. A major role of libraries is to acclimate children to books so that they have a basic understanding of language prior to entering the formal schooling system. Excite Children about Learning

It is important for libraries to help children learn to read, but it is equally important that they excite children about learning in general. Libraries teach children that books are fun. Children should be encouraged to read books of their choosing in addition to books they have to read for school, which helps ensure that they continue to find reading and learning to be exciting and fulfilling. Provide Free Resources Libraries provide free resources to the public. These resources---such as Internet access, newspaper subscriptions and encyclopedias---are especially important in down economic times when many people cannot afford such resources on their own. National Public Radio aired a story about unemployed people using library resources to find new jobs. Help Underprivileged People Because libraries are free resources, they are particularly important to poor and underprivileged people. Libraries ensure that people of all socioeconomic classes have access to books, news and records. Many libraries have programs to help illiterate adults learn to read. Reading and writing are critical skills that help poor and uneducated people find employment. Bolster Local Economy Libraries have an important role in bolstering the local economy as well. They are often centerpieces of the community, and in this role they serve as a local meeting location, a place to advertise local businesses and events and a community landmark. Although libraries do not bring in a profit, they help local businesses thrive. Encourage Lifelong Learning One overarching responsibility of libraries is to encourage lifelong learning. People should never stop learning, and libraries allow for continued enrichment. Since libraries offer free resources, people can easily find new information and learn about new topics. 10) IMPORTANCE AND FEATURES OF DICTIONARY: Dictionary: The universe in alphabetical order. Anatole France EXPLANATION: Many students automatically buy a bilingual paper dictionary when they start studying a language (e.g. a Vietnamese > English > Vietnamese dictionary) or even an expensive electronic bilingual dictionary. While these both are great for a quick reference to translations for easy understanding, a good monolingual English dictionary can do so much more. Definition Of course a dictionary provides a definition, or the meaning, of a word. So how does a good dictionary do this? Well, if a word has more than one meaning (which most do in English!) these meanings will be listed with the most common use first. So when looking for the meaning of a new word, start at the top, and work your way down.

For example, lets look at work. This word has about 20 different meanings (in the Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary). The definitions range from: DO A JOB/TASK to do something that involves physical or mental effort. (This is the most common use of work.) FACTORY, works a place where things are made or industrial processes take place. (This is one of the less common definitions of work.) Example Sentences After most definitions there are a variety of example sentences to help explain the different definitions. This can be incredibly valuable if you are not sure what the definition means, or if you are not sure the difference between the different definitions. It is very useful to see how a word should be used in a sentence. For example, lets look at the same uses above: DO A JOB/TASK: I cant work if Im cold. (A very basic example of how to use this most common use of work.) FACTORY, works: an engineering works, a brickworks (Two examples of possible factories using the word work.) Most importantly, the examples show how to use the words in combination with other words. It is difficult to use a word well if we do not know what it goes with. Again, how is this done for the most common use of work? DO A JOB/TASK ~ at sth Ive been working at my assignment all day. ~ on sth He is working on a new novel. ~ + noun Doctors often work very long hours. (All these uses have the same meaning, but are used in very different ways.) Word forms When you look up a word, of course it is crucial to know the form; if that word is a noun, verb, adjective etc. Of course most dictionaries contain this element. After each "work" there will either be one of the following symbols, or the form actually written in full (e.g. noun, not n.): abbr. abbreviation

adj. adv. conj. det. n. prep. pron. symb. v.

adjective adverb conjunction determiner noun preposition pronoun symbol verb

This information is also very useful for accurate use of a word. Other symbols While probably all dictionaries (monolingual and bilingual) have this information, a good dictionary also uses some other very useful symbols. For example: C - Countable noun U - Uncountable noun This is very useful for deciding if we need to use a," "the or an with nouns, and whether we can use plurals. T - Transitive verb I - Intransitive verb A transitive verb needs an objective, e.g. I like is wrong because like is transitive so needs an object. Intransitive verbs dont need an object. Some verbs can be I,T > both. BrE - British English NAmE - North American English Often words are used differently in different parts of the world. For example, in the US and the UK, the spelling, pronunciation, and even the meaning may be different for one word. (e.g. labour = BrE, labor = NAmE). A good dictionary will also tell you whether a verb has a regular or irregular past tense form, or if adjectives have irregular comparative forms.

Pronunciation Some electronic dictionaries will be able to say a word for you. This may be very useful, but some may teach you to sound like a robot. With a good monolingual dictionary every word has the pronunciation written using the phonemic chart. If you do not know how to read phonemic transcription, it is a very good idea to learn. Using this you can learn the exact pronunciation of any word in the dictionary. Most dictionaries will give you the pronunciation (most will use a neutral British English pronunciation for this transcription, but may also show North American alternative pronunciation) including the sounds and word stress. For example: WORK: /w:k/ (This word has only one syllable) WORKABLE: /w:kbl/ (This word has three syllables, the stress is shown using the apostrophe ) So How useful is a good dictionary? VERY! Good dictionaries can help your studies a great deal. If you dont have a good monolingual English dictionary, then it is strongly recommended th at you get one, or get used to using a free online dictionary. Here are some important characteristics of a good dictionary: Lists words in order of frequency Definitions are clearly different from those for other words. Usage examples follow each definition (sample sentences). The whole dictionary is clearly organized

11) FEATURES OF EFFECTIVE WRITING:

Writing, the art of communicating thoughts to the mind through the eye, is the great invention of the world...enabling us to converse with the dead, the absent, and the unborn, at all distances of time and space. Abraham Lincoln

Focus Focus is the topic or subject established by the writer in response to the writing task. The writer must clearly establish a focus as he/she fulfills the assignment of the prompt. If the writer retreats from the subject matter presented in the prompt or addresses it too broadly, the focus is weakened. The writer may effectively use an inductive organizational plan which does not actually identify the subject matter at the beginning and may not literally identify the subject matter at all. The presence, therefore, of a focus must be determined in light of the method of development chosen by the writer. If the reader is confused about the subject matter, the writer has not effectively established a focus. If the reader is engaged and not confused, the writer probably has been effective in establishing a focus. Organization Organization is the progression, relatedness, and completeness of ideas. The writer establishes for the reader a well-organized composition, which exhibits a constancy of purpose through the development of elements forming an effective beginning, middle, and end. The response demonstrates a clear progression of related ideas and /or events and is unified and complete. Support and Elaboration Support and Elaboration is the extension and development of the topic or subject. The writer provides sufficient elaboration to present the ideas and/or events clearly. Supporting details should be relevant and clear. The writer must present his/her ideas with enough power and clarity to cause the support to be sufficient. Effective use of concrete, specific details strengthens the power of the response. Two important concepts in determining whether details are supportive are the concepts of relatedness and sufficiency. To be supportive of the subject matter, details must be related to the focus of the response. Relatedness has to do with the directness of the relationship that the writer establishes between the information and the subject matter. Sufficiency has less to do with amount than with the weight or power of the information that is provided. Insufficiency is often characterized by undeveloped details, redundancy, and the repetitious paraphrasing of the same point. Style Style is the control of language that is appropriate to the purpose, audience, and context of the writing task. The writers style is evident through word choice and sentence fluency. Skillful use of precise, purposeful vocabulary enhances the effectiveness of the composition through the use of appropriate words, phrases and descriptions that engage the audience. Sentence fluency involves using a variety of sentence styles to establish effective relationships between and among ideas, causes, and/or statements appropriate to the task. Conventions

Conventions include sentence formation, usage, and mechanics. The writer has control of grammatical conventions that are appropriate to the writing task. Errors, if present, do not impede the readers understanding of the ideas conveyed. 12) DEVELOPING WRITING SKILLS: Writing, the art of communicating thoughts to the mind through the eye, is the great invention of the world...enabling us to converse with the dead, the absent, and the unborn, at all distances of time and space. Abraham Lincoln 1. Keep a journal. Believe it or not, writing in a journal can help you improve your writing skills. It can also help you discover new story ideas that could be developed into the next best-seller. When you write in your journal, don't censor your words. Allow them to flow freely. 2. Participate in writing prompts. Writer's Digest, Creative Copy Challenge, and other writing resources provide writing exercises and prompts. These are good ways to improve your writing and to test story ideas. 3. Rewrite your blog posts. If you have a blog, go back a couple of years and find a few blog posts to rewrite and repurpose. You may be surprised how much your writing has improved over time. 4. Rewrite newspaper and magazine articles. Choose your favorite newspaper or magazine, and rewrite a couple of the articles. Challenge yourself to write a stronger headline and copy. 5. Activate Google alerts. Setup a Google Alert for writing, writing skills, book writing, and other alerts, and follow the latest stories. Read what other writers are doing to improve their writing skills. 6. Read beyond what you normally read. If you have a hankering for fantasy, sci-fi, romance, memoirs, YA, NA, middle grade, self-help, or whatever tickles your writer's fancy, get out of your comfort zone and read something different. Stretch your mind, and you'll stretch your writing skills. 7. Comment on your favorite blog posts. Challenge yourself to write in-depth comments instead of the familiar, "Great post!" or, "Thanks for sharing this brilliant information." Such vapid comments do not add to the conversation, nor do they improve your writing skills. Here's a tip: If you want to get noticed by the blog owner and taken seriously, write a decent comment. 8. Join a writer's group.

Don't be shy about sharing your writing. One of the greatest ways to improve your writing is to join a writer's group in which you'll receive valuable feedback such as how to strengthen introductions, how to develop characters, how to write stronger scenes, and more. Please note: You may have to try out a few groups before you find any that work for you. 9. Attend a writer's conference or workshop. When I lived in Chandler, Ariz., I was blessed to have found Changing Hands Bookstore in Tempe. The owners schedule writing workshops throughout the year. Not only did I meet fellow aspiring authors, I met published authors who would share writing tips and tricks such as the importance of using an outline, whether you write fiction or nonfiction. Writer's conferences and workshops are good places to meet editors, literary agents, publishers, and other writers. You can take a class or two and improve your writing skills in no time, and the contacts you make are invaluable to your career. 10. Write. You must write to improve your writing skills. Try to write at least 1,000 words each day or every other day. When you think you've finished writing, write some more. When you think you've really finished writing, keep writing. To improve your writing, you need to write five days a week, 50 weeks per year, if not more. Writing requires dedication and time. If you're serious about being a published author, you need to write and write and write. If you want to improve your writing skills and write a best-seller, start writing at least 1,000 words every day. Being a skilled writer and published author is not an impossible dream. It's closer to reality than you might believe. Amandah Tayler Blackwell is a published author with Nascent Digital Press under the pen name Celeste Teylar. She's the owner of Savvy-Writer.com, and is a freelance, ghost and creative writer. A version of this article originally appeared on Nascent Digital Press 13) IMPORTANCE OF COHESION, CLARITY CONCISENESS IN WRITING The Importance of cohesion Our hope with this initiative is to establish some cohesion to the exciting activities that will allow us to have more impact. -Catherine Peters The logical sequential relationships made clean so as to avoid ambiguity. Connectivity of sentences brings the unity of thought in a paragraph. Ideas are linked systematically. Effective sentences writing are made possible by using linkers. It enables the reader to understand the relationship between the ideas expressed in individual paragraph.

The Importance of Clarity It is not enough to write so that you can be understood; you must write so clearly that you cannot be misunderstood. - Ralph Waldo Emerson Using as much precise information as possible in business writing generates reader confidence in not only you but your product and what you have to say. To get a better understanding yourself to what message you want to convey before you start any form of written communication, you really should be answering the following questions: What are you writing about? Why are you writing about it? Why is it important that your readers know about this? A great technique in assessing whether your work flows well is by reading your work out loud. It may seem like a tedious task!

The purpose of any written document is to convey information to the reader. If the reader is confused by then the document, then it has not served its purpose. A document, whether it be a project brief, a flyer, web copy or a customer letter that is unclear could have dramatic consequences. Simplicity is the key to clarity. Clarity is the prescription to boredom! Importance of conciseness:

I believe more in the scissors than I do in the pencil. Truman Capote When writing, it is important to keep your messages concise.As a reader, I dont need to have to wade through a four line sentence in order to figure out what you mean. Concise writing is respectful of the readers time. EXAMPLE: If you want to meet your friend for lunch, send an e-mail that says, Mary, would you like to meet me for lunch today at noon? Do not send an e-mail that says, Mary, I am getting hungry. I was wondering if you were hungry too. When people are hungry, that is a sign that they need to eat. Since we might both be hungry, I was perhaps wondering if you might care to join me for a meal in the near future? The example tells me exactly what the writer wants, and I dont have to request further clarification to answer the request. 14) TAKING NOTES FROM PASSAGES: Very often, gleams of light come in a few minutes' sleeplessness, in a second perhaps; you must fix them. To entrust them to the relaxed brain is like writing on water; there is every chance that on the morrow there will be no slightest trace left of any happening. Antonin Sertillanges

Be sure you know exactly what information you have to find The more exactly you know what you are looking for, the easier it will be to write good notes. Imagine you are doing a project on explorers and you have chosen to write about Christopher Columbus. Find out from your teacher precisely what information you need to include in your work. Mark the passages containing useful information. Mark the passages containing useful information. If you have found something on the internet, you can print out the page and mark the useful passages with a highlighter. Alternatively, you can copy the passage into a Notes document (e.g. that you have made in Microsoft Word). If the information source is a book or magazine, you can copy the page and highlight as above, or you can mark the passage very lightly with a pencil (to be erased later). Remember: Highlighting is not note-taking. It is what you do before you take notes! More on internet research Make your notes short Do not write complete sentences - use abbreviations and symbols. Do not use words like "a" and "the". Sometimes its better to draw a quick diagram than to write words or phrases; e.g. if you want to show Columbus route to America. Think about using a graphic organizer A graphic organizer is just a piece of paper that is divided into different sections for you to write in your notes. This means that you can organize your notes as you are making them, not afterwards. A mind-map is one example of a graphic organizer; so is a Venn diagram, or a problem/solution chart. [ View a video showing how to use a further example of a graphic organizer. ] Make sure your notes are legible Its no use scribbling quick notes that you cant read later. It helps to space out your notes down the page, so that you can easily add new information if necessary. If you number your notes, this will help to keep them organized. Use your own words Do not just copy chunks from the highlighted/marked text. If you do this, you run the risk of plagiarism, resulting in an 0 for the work - and other problems! It is worth repeating: If you take notes in your language before composing in English, you can be sure that you have used your own words, and understand what you have written. 15) IMPORTANT POINTS REQUIRED WRITING GOOD PARAGRAPH:

Writing, the art of communicating thoughts to the mind through the eye, is the great invention of the world...enabling us to converse with the dead, the absent, and the unborn, at all distances of time and space. Abraham Lincoln Vary the length of your sentences. In general, use short sentences to emphasize ideas. Use longer sentences to explain, define, or illustrate ideas. See Sentence Variety. Put key words and ideas at the beginning or end of a sentence. Don't bury a main point in the middle of a long sentence. To emphasize key words, place them at the beginning or (better yet) at the end. See Emphasis. Vary sentence types and structures. Vary sentence types by including occasional questions and commands. Vary sentence structures by blending simple, compound, and complex sentences. See Basic Sentence Structures. Use active verbs. Don't overwork the passive voice or forms of the verb "to be." Instead, use dynamic verbs in the active voice. See Writing Advice From Stephen King. Use specific nouns and verbs. To convey your message clearly and keep your readers engaged, use concrete and specific words that show what you mean. See Detail and Specificity. Cut the clutter. When revising your work, eliminate unnecessary words. See Practice in Cutting the Clutter. Read aloud when you revise. When revising, you may hear problems (of tone, emphasis, word choice, and syntax) that you can't see. So listen up! See The Advantages of Reading Aloud. Actively edit and proofread. It's easy to overlook errors when merely looking over your work. So be on the lookout for common trouble spots when studying your final draft. See Revision Checklist and Editing Checklist. Use a dictionary. When proofreading, don't trust your spellchecker: it can tell you only if a word is a word, not if it's the right word. See Commonly Confused Words and Fifteen Common Errors.

We'll close with a cautionary note borrowed from George Orwell's Rules for Writers: "Break any of these rules sooner than say anything outright barbarous."

17) BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR PROJECT WORK: Bibliographies or works cited pages are required for a number of academic and work-related projects to show other where you derived your information from and to credit others for their research and writing. Bibliographies are easy to compile and your skills will improve with every one you make. Instructions Writing your Bibliography Compile your bibliographic information. This includes title, authors, editors, translators, place and date of publication, publisher's name, available URL, date accessed, and others, depending on your type of source. You will need a complete entry for every source that you cite. Consult with others for formatting. If in school or college, your instructor will provide a preference generally for a particular style. Different fields have different standards, so it is important to check with others to see how you should organize and present your bibliography. Use appropriate citations for your type of source. Books with one or multiple authors, Web sites, CD's, encyclopedias and other types of sources have their own conventions of bibliographic citation. See Resources below to identify the type of citation you need for you source. List authors (or other creators) alphabetically, last name first. Right align your text, double space, and indent second and subsequent lines. Tips & Warnings Collect bibliographic information from materials before you return them to the library. Keep this information organized and handy until you are ready to create your bibliography. Be consistent. If no preference is given for bibliographic style, pick one and stick to its standards.

TWO MARKS: 1) BIBLIOGRAPHY: Write a Bibliography A bibliography is a list of the sources you used to get information for your report. It is included at the end of your report, on the last page (or last few pages). You will find it easier to prepare your final bibliography if you keep track of each book, encyclopedia, or article you use as you are reading and taking notes. Start a preliminary, or draft, bibliography by listing on a separate sheet of paper all your sources. Note down the full title, author, place of publication, publisher, and date of publication for each source. When assembling a final bibliography, list your sources (texts, articles, interviews, and so on) in alphabetical order by authors' last names. Sources that don't have authors (encyclopedias, movies) should be alphabetized by title. There are different formats for bibliographies, so be sure to use the one your teacher prefers. General Guide to Formatting a Bibliography For a book: Author (last name first). Title of the book. City: Publisher, Date of publication. EXAMPLE: Dahl, Roald. The BFG. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1982.

2) BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ENTRIES WITH REFERENCE TO SOURCES FROM JOURNALS: Author (last name first). "Article title." Name of magazine (type of medium). Volume number, (Date): page numbers. If available: publisher of medium, version, date of issue. EXAMPLE: Rollins, Fred. "Snowboard Madness." Sports Stuff (CD-ROM). Number 15, (February 1997): pp. 1519. SIRS, Mac version, Winter 1997.

3) Its very hard to write about that which is always beautiful and pleasant and good. You dont get anywhere with it. Theres no friction in it. Theres no trouble. You have to have trouble. Somebodys got to get in trouble, or no one wants to read it. Paul Bowles NARRATION: Narration refers to the way that a story is told, and so belongs to the level of discourse (although in firstperson narration it may be that the narrator also plays a role in the development of the story itself). The different kinds of narration are categorized by each one's primary grammatical stance: either 1) the narrator

speaks from within the story and, so, uses "I" to refer to him- or herself (see first-person narration); in other words, the narrator is a character of some sort in the story itself, even if he is only a passive observer; or 2) the narrator speaks from outside the story and never employs the "I" (see third-person narration).: DESCRIPTION: A rhetorical strategy using sensory details to portray a person, place, or thing. Description is used in many different types of nonfiction, including biographies, memoirs, nature writing, profiles, sports writing, and travel writing EXPOSITION: A pedagogical term for any form of writing that conveys information and explains ideas: exposition. As one of the four traditional modes of discourse, expository writing may include elements of narration, description, and argumentation, but unlike creative writing or persuasive writing, its primary goal is to deliver information about an issue, subject, method, or idea

4) WORKING BIBLIOGRAPHY: Working bibliography is to help keep you on track. There are two main purposes for you to have one of these. It helps you to remember where your sources were or what you are looking for and to be able to tell people where your information came from. Developing a working bibliography-a detailed list of books, articles and other sources relevant to your project-will keep you organized while gathering and sorting through potentially useful sources. Most importantly, a working bibliography is a tool; one that will change and grow as the focus of your research shifts and narrows. It has two purposes: 1. To keep a record of the sources you've already examined and those that you are going to examine. 2. To record the publishing details of each source you use or cite so that they can be properly referenced in a Works Cited or References List at the end of your document.

5) COHESIVE WRITING: Our hope with this initiative is to establish some cohesion to the exciting activities that will allow us to have more impact. -Catherine Peters

Cohesion is the grammatical and lexical linking within a text or sentence that holds a text together and gives it meaning. It is related to the broader concept of coherence. There are two main types of cohesion: grammatical, referring to the structural content, and lexical, referring to the language content of the piece. A cohesive text is created in many different ways. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6) ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY: An annotated bibliography is a bibliography that gives a summary of each of the entries.[1] The purpose of annotations is to provide the reader with a summary and an evaluation of the source. Each summary should be a concise exposition of the source's central idea(s) and give the reader a general idea of the source's content.Types of annotations[edit]
Annotations may be written with different goals in mind. Can vary with different types of annotation.

Indicative annotations[edit] This type of annotation defines the scope of the source, lists the topics and explains what the source is all about. In this type of entry, there is no attempt to give actual data such as hypotheses, proofs,author etc.[4] Informative annotations[edit] This type of annotation is a summary of the source. An informative annotation should include the thesis of the work, arguments or hypotheses, proofs and a conclusion.[4] Evaluative annotations[edit] This type of annotation assesses the source's strengths and weaknesses, in terms of usefulness and quality.[4] Combination annotations[edit] Most annotated bibliographies contain combination annotations. This type of annotation will summarize or describe the topic, and then evaluate the source's usefulness

7) BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ENTRIES WITH REFERENCE TO SOURCES FROM BOOKS: Author (last name first). Title of the book. City: Publisher, Date of publication. EXAMPLE: Dahl, Roald. The BFG. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1982.

8) FOUR MODES OF WRITING:

Its very hard to write about that which is always beautiful and pleasant and good. You dont get anywhere with it. Theres no friction in it. Theres no trouble. You have to have trouble. Somebodys got to get in trouble, or no one wants to read it. Paul Bowles NARRATION: Narration refers to the way that a story is told, and so belongs to the level of discourse (although in firstperson narration it may be that the narrator also plays a role in the development of the story itself). The different kinds of narration are categorized by each one's primary grammatical stance: either 1) the narrator speaks from within the story and, so, uses "I" to refer to him- or herself (see first-person narration); in other words, the narrator is a character of some sort in the story itself, even if he is only a passive observer; or 2) the narrator speaks from outside the story and never employs the "I" (see third-person narration).: DESCRIPTION: A rhetorical strategy using sensory details to portray a person, place, or thing. Description is used in many different types of nonfiction, including biographies, memoirs, nature writing, profiles, sports writing, and travel writing EXPOSITION: A pedagogical term for any form of writing that conveys information and explains ideas: exposition. As one of the four traditional modes of discourse, expository writing may include elements of narration, description, and argumentation, but unlike creative writing or persuasive writing, its primary goal is to deliver information about an issue, subject, method, or idea ARGUMENTATIVE WRITING: In this kind of essay, we not only give information but also present an argument with the PROS (supporting ideas) and CONS (opposing ideas) of an argumentative issue. We should clearly take our stand and write as if we are trying to persuade an opposing audience to adopt new beliefs or behavior. The primary objective is to persuade people to change beliefs that many of them do not want to change. Choosing an argumentative topic is not an easy task. The topic should be such that it should be narrowed down it should contain an argument it should be a topic that can be adequately supported (with statistics, outside source citations, etc.)

9) ROLE OF LIBRARY IN LEARNING A LANGUAGE: I've been drunk for about a week now, and I thought it might sober me up to sit in a library. The Great Gatsby 1) Books in all languages are available. 2) Literature books enhance one to learn a language still deeper. 3) Audios and CD s help one to become familiar with the pronunciation of a language.