Lecture 5 - Fundamentals

September 11, 2001 CVEN 444

Lecture Goals
Concrete Mixing and Proportioning Concrete Properties Steel Reinforcement

A. Concrete Mixing and Proportioning

Concrete: Composite material composed of portland cement, fine aggregate (sand), coarse aggregate (gravel/stone), and water; with or without other additives.
Hydration: Chemical process in which the cement powder reacts with water and then sets and hardens into a solid mass, bonding the aggregates together

A. Concrete Mixing and Proportioning

Heat of Hydration: Heat is released during the hydration process.
In large concrete masses heat is dissipated slowly temperature rises and volume expansion later cooling causes contraction. Use special measures to control cracking.

A. Concrete Mixing and Proportioning

1. Proportioning: Goal is to achieve mix with
Adequate strength Proper workability for placement Low cost Low Cost: Minimize amount of cement Good gradation of aggregates (decreases voids and cement paste required)

A. Concrete Mixing and Proportioning

Water-Cement Ratio (W/C) Increased W/C: Improves plasticity and fluidity of the mix. Increased W/C: Results in decreased strength due to larger volume of voids in cement paste due to free water.

A. Concrete Mixing and Proportioning

Water-Cement Ratio (W/C) (cont..) Complete hydration of cement requires W/C ~ 0.25. Need water to wet aggregate surfaces, provide mobility of water during hydration and to provide workability. Typical W/C = 0.40-0.60

A. Concrete Mixing and Proportioning

Water/Concrete table

A. Concrete Mixing and Proportioning

Proportions have been given by volume or weight of cement to sand to gravel (ie. 1:2:4) with W/C specified separately Now customary to specify per 94 lb. Bag of cement: wt. Of water, sand & gravel Batch quantity: wt. per cubic yard of each component

A. Concrete Mixing and Proportioning

2. Aggregates
70-75% of volume of hardened concrete Remainder = hardened cement paste, uncombined water, air voids More densely packed aggregate give better strength weather resistance (durability) Economy

A. Concrete Mixing and Proportioning

2. Aggregates
Fine aggregate: sand (passes through a No. 4 sieve; 4 openings per inch) Coarse aggregate: gravel Good gradation: 2-3 size groups of sand Several size groups of gravel

A. Concrete Mixing and Proportioning

Maximum size of coarse aggregate in RC structures: Must fit into forms and between reinforcing bars:(318-99, 3.3.2) 1/5 narrowest form dimension 1/3 depth of slab 3/4 minimum distance between reinforcement bars

A. Concrete Mixing and Proportioning

Aggregate Strength Strong aggregates: quartzite, felsite Weak aggregates: sandstone, marble Intermediate strength: limestone, granite

A. Concrete Mixing and Proportioning

In the design of concrete mixes, three principal requirements for concrete are of importance: Quality Workability Economy

A. Concrete Mixing and Proportioning

Quality of concrete is measured by its strength
and durability. The principal factors affecting the strength of concrete , assuming a sound aggregates, W/C ratio, and the extent to which hydration has progressed. Durability of concrete is the ability of the concrete to resist disintegration due to freezing and thawing and chemical attack.

A. Concrete Mixing and Proportioning

Workability of concrete may be defined as a
composite characteristic indicative of the ease with which the mass of plastic material may deposited in its final place without segregation during placement, and its ability to conform to fine forming detail.

A. Concrete Mixing and Proportioning

Economy takes into account effective use of
materials, effective operation, and ease of handling. The cost of producing good quality concrete is an important consideration in the overall cost of the construction project.

A. Concrete Mixing and Proportioning

The influence of ingredients on properties of concrete.

A. Concrete Mixing and Proportioning

3. Workability
Workability measured by slump test slump

12 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 2 3

Layer 1: Fill 1/3 full. 25 stokes Layer 2: Fill 2/3 full. 25 stokes Layer 3: Fill full. 25 stokes Lift cone and measure slump (typically 2-6 in.)

A. Concrete Mixing and Proportioning

Slump test - The measurement of the consistency of the mix is done with the slump-cone test. The recommend consistency for various classes of concrete structures .

A. Concrete Mixing and Proportioning

4. Admixtures
Applications: Improve workability Accelerate or retard setting and hardening Aid in curing Improve durability

A. Concrete Mixing and Proportioning

4. Admixtures
Air-Entrainment: Add air voids with bubbles Help with freeze/thaw cycles, workability, etc. Decreases density: reduces strength, but also decreases W/C Superplasticizers: increase workability by chemically releasing water from fine aggregates.

A. Concrete Mixing and Proportioning

5. Types of Cement
Type I: General Purpose Type II: Lower heat of hydration than Type I Type III: High Early Strength
Higher heat of hydration (7 days vs. 28 days for Type I) quicker strength

A. Concrete Mixing and Proportioning

5. Types of Cement
Type IV: Low Heat of Hydration
Gradually heats up, less distortion (massive structures)

Type V: Sulfate Resisting

For footings, basements, sewers, etc. exposed to soils with sulfates

A. Concrete Mixing and Proportioning

Failure Mechanism of Concrete
Shrinkage Microcracks are the initial shrinkage cracks due to carbonation shrinkage, hydration shrinkage, and drying shrinkage.

A. Concrete Mixing and Proportioning

Failure Mechanism of Concrete
Bond Microcracks are extensions of shrinkage microcracks, as the compression stress field increases, the shrinkage microcracks widen but do not propagates into the matrix. Occur at 15-20 % ultimate strength of concrete.

A. Concrete Mixing and Proportioning

Failure Mechanism of Concrete
Matrix Microcracks - are microcracks that occur in the matrix. The propagate from 20% fc. Occur up to 30-45 % ultimate strength of concrete. Matrix microcracks start bridge one another at 75%. Aggregate microcracks occur just before failure (90%).

B. Concrete Properties
1. Uniaxial Stress versus Strain Behavior in Compression
fc
fc Ec
12

0.45fc

B. Concrete Properties
The standard strength test generally uses a cylindrical sample. It is tested after 28 days to test for strength, fc. The concrete will continue to harden with time and for a normal Portland cement will increase with time as follows:

B. Concrete Properties
fc

fc

Ec

0.45fc o u

Compressive Strength, fc
Normally use 28-day strength for design strength

Poissons Ratio, n
n ~ 0.15 to 0.20 Usually use n = 0.17

B. Concrete Properties
Modulus of Elasticity, Ec Corresponds to secant modulus at 0.45 fc ACI 318-99 (Sec. 8.5.1):

Ec ( psi ) = 33 w1.5
where w=unit weight (pcf) 90 pcf < wc <155 pcf

f 'c ( psi )

Ec ( psi ) = 57,000
For normal weight concrete (wc 145 pcf)

f 'c ( psi )

B. Concrete Properties
In-Class Exercise: Compute Ec for fc = 4500 psi for normal weight (145 pcf) concrete using both ACI equations:
Ec ( psi ) = 33 w1.5
Ec ( psi ) = 57,000

f 'c ( psi )
f 'c ( psi )

B. Concrete Properties
fc fc Ec

0.45fc

Concrete strain at max. compressive stress, o See Fig. 3.17 for typical curves in compression o varies between 0.0015-0.003 For normal strength concrete, o ~ 0.002 Maximum useable strain, u ACI Code: u =0.003 Used for flexural and axial compression

B. Concrete Properties
Typical Concrete Stress-Strain Curves in Compression

B. Concrete Properties
Types of compression failure
There are three modes of failure. [1] Under axial compression concrete fails in shear. [2] the separation of the specimen into columnar pieces by what is known as splitting or columnar fracture.

[3] Combination of shear and splitting failure.

B. Concrete Properties
2. Tensile Strength
Tensile strength ~ 8% to 15% of fc Modulus of Rupture, fr
For deflection calculations, use:

f r = 7.5

f 'c ( psi )

ACI Eq. 9-9

Test:

unreinforced concrete beam

fr

Mmax = P/2*a

Mc 6M fr = = 2 I bh

B. Concrete Properties
2. Tensile Strength (cont.)
Splitting Tensile Strength, fct Split Cylinder Test
P

Concrete Cylinder
Poissons Effect

 2. Tensile Strength (cont.)

2P f ct = ld f ct = (5 to 7) f 'c ( psi )

B. Concrete Properties

(Not given in ACI Code)

B. Concrete Properties
3. Shrinkage and Creep
Shrinkage: Due to water loss to atmosphere (volume loss).
Plastic shrinkage occurs while concrete is still wet (hot day, flat work, etc.) Drying shrinkage occurs after concrete has set Most shrinkage occurs in first few months (~80% within one year). Cycles of shrinking and swelling may occur as environment changes. Reinforcement restrains the development of shrinkage.

B. Concrete Properties
Shrinkage of an Unloaded Specimen

Fig. 3-21, MacGregor (1997)

* 80% of shrinkage occurs in first year

B. Concrete Properties
Shrinkage is a function of
W/C ratio (high water content reduces amount of aggregate which restrains shrinkage) Aggregate type & content (modulus of Elasticity) Volume/Surface Ratio

B. Concrete Properties
Shrinkage is a function of
Type of cement (finely ground) Admixtures Relative humidity (largest for relative humidity of 40% or less). Typical magnitude of strain: (200 to 600) * 10-6 (200 to 600 microstrain)

 Creep Deformations (strains) under sustained loads. Like shrinkage, creep is not completely reversible. P L
dL, elastic dL, creep

B. Concrete Properties

=dL/L

B. Concrete Properties
Magnitude of creep strain is a function of all the above that affect shrinkage, plus magnitude of stress age at loading Creep strain develops over time Absorbed water layers tend to become thinner between gel particles that are transmitting compressive stresses Bonds form between gel particles in their deformed position.

B. Concrete Properties
Triaxial Compression
Confined Cylinder Improved strength and ductility versus uniaxial compression F1 Example: spiral reinforced

1 = f 'c 4.1 3
where, F1 = longitudinal stress at failure F3 = lateral pressure

F3

F1

B. Concrete Properties
Triaxial Compression

Fig. 3-15, MacGregor (1997)

C. Steel Reinforcement
1. General
Standard Reinforcing Bar Markings

C. Steel Reinforcement
1. General Most common types for nonprestressed members:
hot-rolled deformed bars welded wire fabric

C. Steel Reinforcement
Areas, Weights, Dimensions

C. Steel Reinforcement
2. Types ASTM A615 - Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain-Billet Steel Bars Grade 60: fy = 60 ksi, #3 to #18 most common in buildings and bridges Grade 40: fy = 40 ksi, #3 to #6 most ductile Grade 75: fy = 75 ksi, #6 to #18

C. Steel Reinforcement
2. Types
ASTM A616 - Rail-Steel Bars ASTM A617 - Axle-Steel Bars ASTM A706 - Low-Alloy-Steel Bars more ductile GR60 steel min. length of yield plateau = sh/y = 5

C. Steel Reinforcement
3. Stress versus Strain
Stress-Strain Curve for various types of steel reinforcement bar.

C. Steel Reinforcement
Es = Initial tangent modulus
= 29,000 ksi (all grades)

GR 60 (less ductile) GR 40

Stress Note: GR40 has a longer yield plateau

Es
1 0.20 Strain