Cen 204 Module 5a Concrete Concrete Properties

CEN 204-MODULE 5A CONCRETE AND CONCRETE
PROPERTIES
• Concrete is a construction material composed of cement, fine

aggregates (sand) and coarse aggregates mixed with water which
hardens with time. Portland cement is the commonly used type of
cement for production of concrete. Concrete technology deals
with study of properties of concrete and its practical applications.
• In a building construction, concrete is used for the construction of
foundations, columns, beams, slabs and other load bearing
elements.
• There are different types of binding material is used other than
cement such as lime for lime concrete and bitumen for asphalt
concrete which is used for road construction.
• https://theconstructor.org/concrete/
• Concrete is a composite material composed of fine and
coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement (cement
paste) that hardens (cures) over time.
• In the past, lime based cement binders, such as lime putty, were
often used but sometimes with other hydraulic cements, such as
a calcium aluminate cement or with Portland cement to form
Portland cement concrete (named for its visual resemblance
to Portland stone).
• Many other non-cementitious types of concrete exist with other
methods of binding aggregate together, including asphalt
concrete with a bitumen binder, which is frequently used
for road surfaces, and polymer concretes that use polymers as a
binder.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete
CONCRETE
• Concrete –has been defined as any aggregate bonded
together by a cementing agent that will harden it into a
solid mass.
• Concrete has been of use since antiquity:
• Romans- used pozzulan ( volcanic product from town
of Pozzuoli, mixed with lime )
• In 1756- John Smeaton – made cement from
limestone ( heating / drying , pulverizing and mixing
with water) from Portland, England
• Other cementing material- asphalt
CONCRETE
• Strength and Durability
• Used in the majority of buildings, bridges, tunnels and dams
for its strength
• Gains strength over time
• Not weakened by moisture, mold or pests
• Concrete structures can withstand natural disasters such as
earthquakes and hurricanes
• Roman buildings over 1,500 years old such as the Coliseum
are living examples of the strength and durability of concrete
•
• Versatility
• Concrete is used in buildings, bridges, dams,
tunnels, sewerage systems pavements,
runways and even roads
• Low Maintenance
• Concrete, being inert, compact and non-
porous, does not attract mold or lose its key
properties over time
• Affordability
• Compared to other comparable building
materials e.g. steel, concrete is less costly to
produce and remains extremely affordable
• Fire-resistance
• Being naturally fire-resistant concrete forms a
highly effective barrier to fire spread
• Thermal mass
• Concrete walls and floors slow the passage of
heat moving through, reducing temperature
swings. This reduces energy needs from
heating or air-conditioning, offering year-
round energy savings over the life-time of the
building
• Locally Produced and Used
• The relative expense of land transport usually
limits cement and concrete sales to within
300km of a plant site.
• Very little cement and concrete is traded and
transported internationally
• This saves significantly on transport emissions
of CO2 that would otherwise occur
• Albedo Effect
• The high "albedo" (reflective qualities) of
concrete used in pavements and building walls
means more light is reflected and less heat is
absorbed, resulting in cooler temperatures
• This reduces the "urban heat island" effect
prevalent in cities today, and hence reduces
energy use for e.g. air-conditioning
• Source: Cement Sustainability Initiative(CSI)
CONCRETE
•
CONCRETE
• Typical properties of normal strength Portland cement concrete:
• Density - ρ : 2240 - 2400 kg/m3 (140 - 150 lb/ft3)
• Compressive strength : 20 - 40 MPa (3000 - 6000 psi)
• Flexural strength : 3 - 5 MPa (400 - 700 psi)
• Tensile strength - σ : 2 - 5 MPa (300 - 700 psi)
• Modulus of elasticity - E : 14 - 41 GPa (2 - 6 x 106 psi)
• Permeability : 1 x 10-10 cm/sec
• Coefficient of thermal expansion - β : 10-5 oC-1 (5.5 x 10-6 oF-1)
• Drying shrinkage : 4 - 8 x 10-4
• Drying shrinkage of reinforced concrete : 2 - 3 x 10-4
• Poisson's ratio : 0.20 - 0.21
• Shear strength - τ : 6 - 17 MPa
• Specific heat - c : 0.75 kJ/kg K (0.18 Btu/lbm oF (kcal/kg oC))
•
• PROPERTIES OF FRESH CONCRETE
• Workability.
• Setting.
• Segregation.
• Plastic Shrinkage.
• Thermal Shrinkage.
• Thermal Expansion.
• Water Cement Ratio.
• Workability:
• Workability, in the simplest language, is the ease with which
freshly prepared concrete can be transported and placed for
the job and compacted to a dense mass.
• The fresh concrete which may be expected to give the best
results must possess the property of workability. This is the
most important property of concrete.
• Fresh concrete should be capable of spreading and uniformly
without inducing any segregation of the aggregates
• Workability
• A workable concrete should have a right balance between the
plasticity and mobility for a particular job in particular place. To
develop such a balance, you must select the right type of
aggregates, proper proportioning of cement, sand, coarse
aggregates, and water, and a thorough mixing of the constituents.
• Besides plasticity or consistency and mobility, the third most
important aspect considered to define workability is the ease
with which the freshly placed concrete can be compacted
without developing any defects.
Workability
• Workability
• Workability Tests:
• Since workability depends on a number of
factors, no single test is thought to be sufficient
to express this property of fresh concrete. For
quality construction, the following three tests
are required to be carried out.
• Workability
• Workability Tests:
• Slump test.
• Compacting factor test.
• V-B Consistometer test.
• Slump Test:
• This test is already described here in details. Please, visit it for more
details. Slump Test gives us an idea of about the consistency of the mix.
• Compaction Factor Test:
• This test is developed in the UK by Glanville. In this test samples of
concrete are weighed first when concrete is partially compacted, and
then after full compaction.
• Then, the samples are compacted using specified techniques and
apparatus.
• The ratio between partially compacted weight to the fully compacted
weight gives a measure of compaction factor. It is always less than 1.
• The reliability of this test has been questioned by many peoples. But still,
for very stiff and dry concrete, this test is often considered to be a good
indicator of workability.
• V-B Consistometer Test:
• This test is developed by Bahrner in Sweden.
In this test samples of fresh concrete is taken
in a metallic cone and compacted by a
specified vibrator to an ultimate shape of a
flat cylindrical mass.
• Total time taken for this process, in seconds,
is recorded. This is called V-B time and gives a
measure of compatibility of the concrete.
• This test is useful in determining the
workability of concrete mixes with aggregates
size up to 20 mm. It is expensive as compared
to Slump Test and Compaction Factor Test and
is used mostly in precast concrete works.
• Setting:
• When concrete changes its state from fresh to
hardened then this process is called setting.
And the time required to complete this
process is known as Setting Time of Cement.
• Setting
• Setting time depends on the type of cement,
aggregates etc used in concrete-mix. For
increasing or decreasing the setting time
Admixtures is used.
• The setting time for Portland cement is about
30 – 45 minutes.
• Segregation:
• The separation of concrete ingredients from
each other is known as segregation. This can
be caused due to excessive vibration in
concrete mixer machine or falling concrete
from more than 1-meter height.
• Plastic Shrinkage:
• This is the shrinkage that the fresh concrete undergoes
till it sets completely. It may be also called initial
shrinkage. This can be due to excessive loss of water
from the concrete due to evaporation, bleeding, and
soaking by formwork.
• Excessive shrinkage at initial stages may develop
cracks. Therefore, all precautions should be taken to
avoid excessive loss of water.
• Thermal Shrinkage:
• This may be due to falling in temperature of
concrete-mix from the time it laid to the the
time it sets completely. Due to change in
temperature, some shrinkage may be
expected. Sometimes, It may be negligible on
its own account.
• Thermal Expansion:
• In massive concrete works, when the upper layers
are laid before the lower layers have completely set,
there may arise a phenomenon of thermal
expansions – in the lower layers. This is because the
heat of hydration gets accumulated in those layers
and may attain magnitudes beyond acceptable limits.
•
• Water Cement Ratio:
• The compressive strength decreases, in general,
with increasing water cement ratio and vice
versa. Hence, when minimum water is used just
to ensure complete hydration of the cement,
the resulting concrete will give maximum
compressive strength on proper compaction.
• Water Cement Ratio:
• The water to cement ratio is calculated by
dividing the water in one cubic yard of the mix (
in pounds) by the cement in the mix (in
pounds). So if one cubic yard of the mix has 235
pounds of water and 470 pounds of cement-
the mix is a . 50 water to cement ratio.
• PROPERTIES OF HARDENED CONCRETE
• Strength.
• Durability.
• Dimensional stability.
• 1. STRENGTH
• In simple language, the strength of concrete means the
maximum amount of load which it can handle. “In
common practice, it is the power of the concrete which
is considered its most valuable property. In fact, high-
strength concrete is synonymous with good quality
concrete.
• The Strength of Concrete can be determined by the
compressive strength and tensile strength.
• STRENGTH
• COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
• It may be defined as the maximum compressive load that
can be taken by concrete per unit area. It has been shown
that with special care and control, concrete can be made
to bear as high loads as 800 kg/sq.cm or even more.
• In practice, however, concrete with compressive Strength
between 200-500 kg/sq.cm can be easily made on the site
for the common type of construction.
• STRENGTH-COMPRESSIVE
• The compressive strength is also called the
crushing strength, and it is determined by
loading axially cube shaped (or cylindrical
shaped, in the USA) specimens made out of the
concrete. The tests are carried out in 3 days, 7
days and 28 days after the casting of the
samples.
• It has been observed that the compressive (crushing)
strength of concrete is influenced by a huge number of
factors. Some of the most important factors are :
• i. Type of Cement:
• The composition, quality and ‘age‘ of the material which is
used in the manufacture of cements that have been stored
for the considerable time make concretes of lower strength.
• Cements with higher proportions of tri-calcium silicate
produce concretes that show higher strengths, at least in
earlier stages. Similarly, finer the particle size of the cement,
higher is the ultimate compressive strength.
• Factors Affecting Compressive Strength
• ii.Nature of Aggregates.
• Sand and coarse aggregates form the other two essential
components of concrete. A good bond between cement
and the aggregates is possible only when the aggregates
have sharp edges, clean surfaces, and rough texture.
• Smooth and rounded aggregates result in comparatively
weak bonds. Similarly, the aggregates used in the
concrete making should have in themselves good
compressive strength.
• ii.Nature of Aggregates.
• For example, if chalk (very soft limestone) is
used in making of concrete instead of massive
limestone, the resulting concrete will be weak
in compressive strength because of the
reduced strength of the aggregate.
• iii. Water-Cement Ratio.
• The compressive strength decreases, in general, with
increasing water cement ratio. Hence, when minimum
water has been used just to ensure complete hydration
of the cement, the resulting concrete will give
maximum compressive strength on proper
compaction.
• iv. Curing Conditions.
• Great importance is attached to proper curing of
concrete after it’s laying for obtaining maximum
compressive strength. Incomplete curing and
intermittent drying of concrete during the curing
period may cause a loss in the compressive
strength to the extent of 40 percent or even more.
• Curing of concrete is defined as providing
adequate moisture, temperature, and time to
allow the concrete to achieve the desired
properties for its intended use. ... When these
recommendations are properly specified and
performed in the field, the final properties of
the concrete mixture will be achieved.
• v. Weather Conditions.
• The same concrete placed in different climates –
extremely cold and dry hot, may develop
different strength values. The cause is related to
incomplete hydration of the cement in the
concrete.
• vi. Admixtures.
• Certain admixtures are added to the concrete at the mixing
stage for achieving some specific purposes. It has been
observed that certain admixtures especially calcium chloride,
increase the compressive strength.
• Some other admixtures (e.g. air entraining agents) however,
affect the compressive strength adversely if proper controls
are not maintained on the water-cement ratio.
• vii. Method of Preparation.
• Improper mixing of the concrete and careless transport and placing may result
in poor (in strength) quality. despite the best cement and aggregates used in it.
• It is the workmanship that determines the quality of the concrete-work in the
ultimate analysis. A skilled worker can produce best concrete-mix despite some
other deficiencies.
• An incompetent labor, however, may spoil the entire work despite being given
the best-designed concrete-mix. The voids left in the concrete on compaction
and curing have a profound influence on the strength of the concrete.
• Strength:
• Tensile Strength:
• Plain concrete (without steel reinforcement) is quite
weak in tensile strength which may vary from 1/8th to
1/20th of the ultimate compressive strength.
• It is primarily for this reason that steel bars
(reinforcement) are introduced into the concrete at the
laying stage to get a block of concrete which is very
Strong in compression as well as in tension.
• Strength:-Tensile
• In plain concrete, tensile strength depends
largely on the same factors as of the compressive
strength.
• The Tensile strength of concrete becomes a
valuable property when it is to be used in road
making and runways. It is determined by using
indirect methods.
• Strength-Tensile
• In the second indirect method, called the split-cylinder
method, the cylinder of specified dimensions is made
to fail under tension by applying compressive load
across the diameter. This is termed as Splitting Tensile
Strength.
• The testing machine is adjusted to distribute the load
along the entire, length of the cylinder; From the load
at failure, tensile strength is calculated.
• In one of such methods, it is deduced from the
flexural strength test. In this test, a beam of
concrete is cast in standard dimensions
depending upon the nominal size of the
aggregate.
• Then, the beam is properly cured and tested
after 28 days.
• In the second indirect method, called the split-cylinder
method, the cylinder of specified dimensions is made
to fail under tension by applying compressive load
across the diameter. This is termed as Splitting Tensile
Strength.
• The testing machine is adjusted to distribute the load
along the entire, length of the cylinder; From the load
at failure, tensile strength is calculated.
• Durability:
• Durability is the second most important
quality of hardened concrete. It may be
defined as the capacity of hardened concrete
to withstand all the forces of deterioration
that are likely to act on it, after setting, in a
given environment.
• Durability:
• Among these forces, the following are more
likely to act.
• Frost action.
• Abrasive forces.
• Chemical action.
• Alkali-aggregate reaction.
•
• Frost Action is a major cause of deterioration of
concrete in Cold Climates. It takes place due to
freezing or water within the concrete pores and
cavities during extremely cold weather.
• Water on freezing expands and exerts pressure on
the walls of the pores. This cyclic freezing of water
in the pores are responsible for the development
of cracks of various nature in the concrete.
• To minimize frost actions following measures
should be taken.
• In cold weather, the water-cement ratio should
be kept as low as possible. This will not allow
any extra water to remain within the concrete
pores. Hence frost formation will not take place.
• Use good drainage and covering methods for
removing any surface water from staying on the
concrete during the curing process.
• DIMENSIONAL STABILITY
• Dimensional Stability is a measurement of the
linear dimensional change resulting from
exposure to temperature.
• The test gives an indication of lot-to-lot
uniformity with regards to internal stress
introduced during processing.
• The test is mostly used for sheeting or film made
by extrusion or calendar processes.
• The degree to which a material maintains its
original dimensions when subjected to
changes in temperature and humidity.
CONCRETE
• Slump
• One of the variables in mixing concrete is the
thickness or viscosity of the mix.
• A thin , runny concrete would be easy to pour and
would flow readily into forms but would shrink
considerably upon curing.
• A thick concrete would be almost unworkable in
casting.
• Slump test- is used to determine the viscosity of
concrete.
• For most construction the normal slump would be
50 mm to 100 mm
CONCRETE
• Mixing Concrete
• In concrete, , rocks are glued together . To
have a strong bond , each rock must be covered
thoroughly with cement paste .
• If the paste is thin with not much cement per
unit of water , it will take a lot of aggregate to
make a slump of from 50-100 mm. Therefore
there will not be much cement to cover each
rock particle and concrete will be weak.
CONCRETE
• Mixing Concrete
• If the cement paste is thick with less water
per unit of cement . It will take less aggregate
to get the desired slump and resulting
concrete will be quite strong.
•
CONCRETE
• Mixing Concrete
• The primary factor controlling the ultimate
strength of concrete is the amount of water
used per sack of portland cement.
• Water-cement ratio- water used per sack of
portland cement ( gallons per sack)
CONCRETE
• Mixing Concrete
• Once the desired water cement ratio is
determined, the necessary weights of sand
and aggregates are found to give the correct
slump. The Engineers will design the concrete
on a weight basis.
CONCRETE
• Mixing Concrete
• The specifications of a concrete will state
the following:
• 1. Water cement ratio
• 2. Slump
• 3. Required compressive strength in Mpa, psi
• 4. Any additives necessary
• 5. aggregate size
CONCRETE
• Mixing Concrete
• The specifications of a concrete will state the
following:
• 6. Aggregate gradation
• 7. Handling specifications
• 8., Conditions of the mixing water
• 9. Curing specifications
• 10. Required test on the batch or job
• 11. Delivery conditions
CONCRETE
• Mixing Concrete
• Yield – cubic meter of concrete per bag of
cement
• Cement Factor- number of sacks of cement
per cubic meter of concrete
CONCRETE
• Mixing Concrete
• Pre-mix or Plant Mix Concrete- concrete
mixed at a concrete mixing plant and hauled by
concrete transit mixer trucks to site.
• The concrete transit mixer trucks have rotary
drum that is kept turning during travel.
• Without the constant agitation and mixing,
larger rocks will settle at the bottom while the
cement will rise up.
CONCRETE
• Mixing Concrete
• Pre-mix or Plant Mix Concrete
• At the site pouring of concrete can be done
as follows:
• 1. Direct pouring from truck to forms
• 2. Concrete pumping with crane
• 3. Skip bucket handled by crane
• 4. Wheel barrow
CONCRETE
• Mixing Concrete
• Pre-mix or Plant Mix Concrete
• Samples for testing will be taken from
truck in accordance with prescribed
procedures. After necessary curing the
samples will be tested for compressive
strength and other tests.
CONCRETE
• Mixing Concrete
• Test results may be graphed :
• 1. Compressive strength vs. curing time
• 2. Compressive strength vs. water cement
ratio for each curing time.
CONCRETE
• Aggregates
• Gradation of Aggregates-size distribution of
aggregates
• Well sorted aggregates- aggregate of uniform
size.
• Concrete made of well sorted aggregates will
have very poor yield, will be very coarse or lumpy ,
have considerable shrinkage, be relatively weak with
considerable cracking and very poor workability.
CONCRETE
• Aggregates
• Gradation of aggregates
• Well graded Aggregates- rocks of large size ( 20
mm to 31 mm ) , smaller rocks to fill in the voids
between larger rocks, still smaller to fill smaller voids
and finally smallest voids will be filled with sand.
• Well sanded-aggregate- aggregate with sufficient
sand to provide smoothly troweled surface .
CONCRETE
• Aggregates
• The more sand in the aggregate, the lower the
yield, but resulting concrete will be more
workable.
• Sieve Analysis of Aggregates- used to determine
the gradation of aggregates
•
•
CONCRETE
• Aggregates
• Gradation of Aggregate
• Fineness Modulus- used to indicate the gradation of
aggregates. Sum of cumulative percentage retained in
each sieve divided by 100.
• Fineness Modulus of 0 or 6, indicate a well sorted
aggregate,
• Fineness Modulus of 2.5 to 4.5 generally indicate well
graded aggregates.
•
CONCRETE
• Aggregates
• Gradation Curve- method of indicating
gradation of aggregates. It is the graph of the
cumulative percent of aggregate on or above
each screen on the y –axis , with the size of
screen starting with pan plotted in x-axis
CONCRETE
• Aggregates
• Silt Test- to determine the relative silt content
of a batch of aggregates
• Calorimetric Test – test for presence organic
matter in the aggregates. Organic matter
especially sugars in the aggregates can
prevent concrete from setting ( hardening).
CONCRETE
• Aggregates
• Test for Water Content
• Dry aggregates will absorb water and reduce
the available water to react with cement.
• If rock is fully saturated with water and has
additional layer of water on the outside of each
rock , the outside water will be an additional
water available to react with cement and will
exceed the design water cement ratio.
CONCRETE
• Aggregates
• The ideal aggregate would be saturated but
surface dry condition. The aggregates in this
condition will neither absorb water from the
mix or add more water to it.
CONCRETE
• Aggregates
• An aggregate is saturated and surface dry if
it starts to fall apart after being packed in the
hand.
• Unsaturated aggregates will be dusty.
• Saturated aggregate with surface water will
stick together and leave your hand wet.
CONCRETE
• Aggregates
• Test for Water Content- Methods
• Moisture Probe- an analog meter which measures
the electrical resistance between two points and gives a
read out as a percent excess water. Since impure water
conducts electricity, the more water the lower the
resistance .
• The meter is inserted into a pile of aggregates to
read excess moisture content directly.
•
CONCRETE
• Aggregates
• Speedy Moisture Tester- another analog type of
tester in that gas pressure is representing an amount
of water present.
• Uses Calcium Carbide which gives off acetylene
gas when in contact with water, the more water the
more acetylene gas is given off, and gas pressure is
recorded and read out as percent moisture.
CONCRETE
• Aggregates
• Moisture content by weight- weighing aggregate in
wet condition, drying in an oven, and weighed after
drying, the difference is amount of water lost
expressed as percent.
• Once the percent moisture of the aggregate is
known, the amount of water in cubic meter can be
computed and subtracted from the water that is
added to the mix with cement.
CONCRETE
• Mixing Water for Concrete
• 1. Concrete will not stand an acidic
environment. Water containing less than 1%
sulfuric, hydrochloric and other inorganic acids
has little effect on concrete.( pH of 7.0 is
neutral, pH of 0 to 7 are acids , 7 to 14 are
bases ) Acidic pH values should be kept higher
than 3.0.
•
CONCRETE
• Mixing Water for Concrete
• 2. Water containing industrial waste or
sewage is to be avoided.
• 3. Concrete can be mixed with sea water , but
its corrosive effect on reinforcing steel is
detrimental.
• 4. Algae in water can cause a drastic reduction
in concrete strength.
CONCRETE
• Testing of Concrete Samples:
• After the test samples are taken from each
truck load or mix batch, they are taken to the
test laboratory , cured as per specifications at
100% relative humidity.
• After curing samples are removed from
molds and capped with concrete capping
compound ( sulfur and paraffin) to make end
level and parallel.
•
CONCRETE
• Testing of Concrete Samples:
• Samples are placed in compression tester and
broken. Maximum load taken by sample is
recorded and divided by the cross-section area of
sample will give the strength of concrete in Mpa.
• The strength must be equal to or greater than
the engineer’s specification, other wise the
concrete from which the bad samples were taken
could be required to be removed and replaced
CONCRETE
• Curing of Concrete
• Curing- process to retain water in concrete so that
it can react with cement to complete the chemical
reaction for the specified number of days.
• If water is allowed to evaporate from concrete
structure, chemical reaction stops and concrete ceases
to get stronger.
• It is difficult to re-start the curing process since it is
hard for water to get back to the cement once it has
evaporated .
CONCRETE
• Curing of Concrete
• Methods of Curing Concrete:
• 1. Sprinkler for wetting concrete surface
• 2. Ponding , covering surface with layer of
water at specified depth.
• 3. Covering with wet rags, sawdust, straw, or
plastic
• 4. Additives
CONCRETE
• Reinforced Concrete
• Concrete has very low tensile strength but
high compressive strength
• Steel has high tensile strength
• Reinforced Concrete – a combination of
concrete and steel where the steel is placed in
location where concrete will undergo tension
and concrete is placed where it will be subjected
to compression.
CONCRETE
• Pre-stressed concrete:
• An initial compressive force is applied to
concrete before the loads such that the stress
is within the elastic range.
• Upon load application, the tensile stress in
the concrete will be reduced by the initial
compressive stress.
CONCRETE
• Concrete Construction
• 1. Concrete poured directly on the ground, must be
properly supported by the underlying soil . Soil must
be properly prepared and must have the bearing
capacity to resist the load without deforming
• 2. Water in the ground will tend to seep thru the
concrete directly in contact with the soil. A vapor seal
is placed between soil and concrete before pouring if
necessary.
•
CONCRETE
• 3. In reinforced concrete construction , vibrator
is used to make concrete flow around the steel
bars and concrete forms. Concrete must
completely cover the reinforcing steel bars.
• 4. Concrete must be compacted to increase
density and strength. Compactors will be used.
Surface will be levelled off with a screed.
CONCRETE
• 5. Troweling concrete surface while still very
wet will draw cement to the surface away from
the aggregates, result is smooth surface but
with many hairline cracks.
• 6. If concrete is allowed to flash or just begin to
set before it is troweled, cement will no longer
be drawn to the surface, the finish will not be as
smooth but hairline cracks will be lesser.
CONCRETE
• Concrete Additives ( Admixtures)
• Purpose:
• 1. Pozzolan are added to make concrete less
porous
• 2. Increase fluidity or workability
• 3. Speed up setting time or slow it down
• 4. Coloring
CONCRETE
• Accelerated Curing Test of Concrete.
• Several problems remain in the use of concrete.
• Concrete has no strength when it is first put in
place.
• Much of the quality and strength of concrete
depends on the workers.
• There is no assurance that concrete cured in
place will have the same strength as that of the
test samples cured in the laboratory.
CONCRETE
• Rapid construction techniques accelerates
placing large volume of concrete in less time
than the required curing period.
• Engineers however have to wait for 28 days
test to know if the previously poured concrete
meets the specifications.
CONCRETE
• Methods of Accelerating Curing of
Concrete Test Samples.
• 1. Warm –Water Method
• 2. Boiling Water Method
• 3. Autogenouos Method
CONCRETE
• Methods of Accelerating Curing of Concrete Test
Samples.
• 1. Warm Water Method
• Cast samples in metal cylinders are submerged in
tank of water held at 95 deg F ( +/_ 5 deg) . After
curing time of 23.5 hrs, cylinders are removed from
tank demolded and allowed to return to room
temperature for 30 mins. Test samples are capped and
tested at 24 hrs.( +/_ 15 mins.)
CONCRETE
• Methods of Accelerating Curing of Concrete
Test Samples.
• 2. Boiling Water Method
• Standard samples are taken and allowed to cure
for 23 hours ( +/_ 15 mins) The samples are then
placed in boiling water for 3.5 hours ( +/- 5 mins) .
The samples are removed from boiling water and
allowed to return to room temperature for not less
than 1 hr prior to capping. The samples are capped
and tested at 28.5 hrs. ( +/_ 15 mins)
CONCRETE
• Methods of Accelerating Curing of Concrete Test
Samples.
• 3. Autogenouos Method
• Involves using the heat of hydration of concrete itself to
accelerate the curing of the samples.
• Immediate after molding the molds are covered with metal
caps and encased in tight heavy duty plastic bag, with as
much air removed from the bag prior to sealing.
• The molds are placed in an insulated tank. The concrete
test cylinders are left in the container for 48 hours ( +/- 15
min) , then removed and allowed to stand for 30 minutes at
room temperature. The cylinders are capped and tested at
49 hrs. ( +/- 15 min)
CONCRETE
• Methods of Accelerating Curing of Concrete
Test Samples.
• In all the accelerated test methods , the strength
obtained at end of accelerated curing times are
approximately equal to room temperature cure
obtained from 3 to 5 days. From these data, it can
be determined if the concrete is on the curing line
to give the required strength at the end of 28 days.
• Usually the accelerated test is backed up with a
standard 28 day test.
• WORK IS A SERVICE IN WHICH
MAN HIMSELF GROWS TO THE
EXTENT TO WHICH HE GIVES
HIMSELF TO OTHERS

Cen 204 Module 5a Concrete Concrete Properties

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CEN 204-MODULE 5A CONCRETE AND CONCRETE

• Concrete is a construction material composed of cement, fine

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