Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 6
Ariel P. Santos, F.ASEP
Co‐Chairman, Wood Committee
WOOD – Essentially, the term ‘wood’
is used to refer to the trees,
specifically it refers to the substance
that trees are made out of. Wood is
the hard, fibrous structural tissue
that is commonly found in the stems
and roots of the trees. In simpler
terms, wood is the material we
obtain from trees.
75,9,$7KHWHUP´: 2 2 'µRFFXUUHGWLPHVLQ
&KDSWHURI16&3
1
7/22/2017
TIMBER
TIMBER – is dominantly considered as
the wood that is still attached to the
ground. It is widely accepted as the
wood with its bark still on. Timber still
has to be cut and processed for it to
TIMBER be sold for construction purposes. In
75,9,$7KHWHUP´7,0 %(5µ United States and Canada, ‘timber’
RFFXUUHG
WLPHVLQ&KDSWHU
usually refers to felled trees. ‘Timber’
RI16&3 may also used to describe sawn
lumber that is not less than 5 inches
(127 mm). This is the smallest
dimension that timber is available.
LUMBER
LUMBER – Lumber can be either rough
or finished. The rough lumber is the
raw material, which can be processed
and then used for a variety of
functions. Additional cutting and
LUMBER shaping is usually required before it
75,9,$7KHWHUP´/80 %(5µ can be used. Finished lumber is the
RFFXUUHGWLPHV
LQ&KDSWHURI
wood that has already been processed
16&3 and usually cut into various sizes
which can usually be bought and
immediately be used without requiring
much or any cutting or shaping.
2
7/22/2017
Basic References
National Structural Code 0f the
Philippines 2010 (NSCP 2010)
TRIVIA: Many of the provisions and
tables date back to the 1st Edition of the
National Structural Code for Buildings
(NSCB 1972)
To keep with the times, sections 615
to 619 has been adopted from the
National Design Specification for
Wood Construction (NDS 2015)
Sections 601 to 614
Almost the same with NSCP 2010
With minor corrections to
conform with the NSCP 2015
updates
Tables were re‐arranged so as
they appear right after the first
time they were mentioned as
practically as possible
3
7/22/2017
Section 615
DESIGN VALUES FOR STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
615.1 General
615.2 Reference Design Values
615.3 Adjustment of Reference Design Value
Section 615
DESIGN VALUES FOR STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
615.2 Reference Design Values
Table 6.1 Working Stresses for Visually Stress‐Graded
Unseasoned Structural Timber of Philippine Woods of
NSCP 2010
has been renamed as
Table 615.2‐1 Reference Values for Visually Stress‐Graded
Unseasoned Structural Timber of Philippine Woods
Reference Values for 63% Stress Grade has been
restored
References Values for additional species of Philippine
Woods has been place immediately after Table 615.2‐1
4
7/22/2017
Section 615
DESIGN VALUES FOR STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
615.3.2 Load Duration Factor, CD
7DEOH/RDG'XUDWLRQ)DFWRUV
Section 615
DESIGN VALUES FOR STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
615.3.3 Temperature Factor, Ct 1(:
7DEOH7HP SHUDWXUH)DFWRU
,Q6HUYLFH
5HIHUHQFH
0 RLVWXUH
'HVLJQ9DOXHV
&RQGLWLRQV ° ° ° ° °
5
7/22/2017
Section 616
DESIGN PROVISIONS AND EQUATIONS
* HQHUDO
%HQGLQJ0 HPEHUV* HQHUDO
%HQGLQJ0 HPEHUV² )OH[XUH
%HQGLQJ0 HPEHUV² 6KHDU
%HQGLQJ0 HPEHUV'HIOHFWLRQ
&RPSUHVVLRQ0 HPEHUV* HQHUDO
6ROLG&ROXPQV
7HQVLRQ0 HPEHUV
&RPELQHG%HQGLQJDQG$[LDO/RDGLQJ
'HVLJQIRU%HDULQJ
Section 616
DESIGN PROVISIONS AND EQUATIONS
616.3.3 Beam Stability Factor, CL 1(:
For laterally supported beams, CL = 1.0
616.3.3.8 When lateral support to compression side of beam may permit beam
to buckle laterally, the beam stability factor, , shall be calculated as follows:
∗ ∗ ∗
⁄ ⁄ ⁄
where . . .
∗
= Reference bending design value multiplied by all applicable
adjustment factors except , , and , MPa
.
=
= where < 50
This provision replaces the NSCP 2010 provision for Slenderness Factor
Adjustment for Beams.
This revision is compatible with Column Stability Factor, Cp.
6
7/22/2017
Section 616
DESIGN PROVISIONS AND EQUATIONS
SAMPLE COMPARISON OF VALUES OF Fb’
20.00
BASIS OF GRAPH:
18.00 ′
63% stress‐graded
16.00 Guijo
16&3 Fb = 17.10 MPa
14.00 Adjustment
12.00 factors other than
′
CL taken as 1.0
10.00 16&3 E = 6,670 MPa
8.00 COVE =0.25
6.00
.
′
4.00
NSCP 2010
2.00 NSCP 2015
0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
∗ ∗ ∗
⁄ ⁄ ⁄
′
. . .
7
7/22/2017
Section 616
DESIGN PROVISIONS AND EQUATIONS
Table 616.3‐1 Effective Length, ℓe , for Bending Members
&DQWLOHYHU Z KHUH ⁄ Z KHUH ⁄
8QLIRUP O\GLVWULEXWHGORDG . .
&RQFHQWUDWHGORDGDWXQVXSSRUWHGHQG . .
6LQJOH6SDQ%HDP ZKHUH ⁄ ZKHUH ⁄
8QLIRUP O\GLVWULEXWHGORDG . .
&RQFHQWUDWHGORDGDWFHQWHUZ LWKQRLQWHUP HGLDWHODWHUDOVXSSRUW . .
&RQFHQWUDWHGORDGDWFHQWHUZ LWKODWHUDOVXSSRUWDWFHQWHU .
7Z RHTXDOFRQFHQWUDWHGORDGVDWSRLQWVZ LWKODWHUDOVXSSRUWDWSRLQWV .
7KUHHHTXDOFRQFHQWUDWHGORDGVDWSRLQWVZ LWKODWHUDOVXSSRUWDWSRLQWV .
)RXUHTXDOFRQFHQWUDWHGORDGVDWSRLQWVZ LWKODWHUDOVXSSRUWDWSRLQWV .
)LYHHTXDOFRQFHQWUDWHGORDGVDWSRLQWVZ LWKODWHUDOVXSSRUWDWSRLQWV .
6L[HTXDOFRQFHQWUDWHGORDGVDWSRLQWVZ LWKODWHUDOVXSSRUWDWSRLQWV .
6HYHQRUP RUHHTXDOFRQFHQWUDWHGORDGVHYHQO\VSDFHGZ LWKODWHUDOVXSSRUW
.
DWSRLQWVRIORDGDSSOLFDWLRQ
(TXDOHQGP RP HQWV .
)RUVLQJOHVSDQRUFDQWLOHYHUEHQGLQJPHPEHUVZLWKORDGLQJFRQGLWLRQVQRWVSHFLILHGLQ7DEOH
. ZKHUH ⁄
. ZKHUH ⁄ .
. ZKHUH ⁄ .
0 XOWLSOHVSDQDSSOLFDWLRQVVKDOOEHEDVHGRQWDEOHYDOXHVRUHQJLQHHULQJDQDO\VLV
Section 616
DESIGN PROVISIONS AND EQUATIONS
616.4 Bending Members ‐ Shear
Shear Design Equations: in general;
1RWH ′
for rectangular section
For beams notched at tension face:
for rectangular section : ’ ′ dn
d
for circular section : ’ ′
for gradual notch : ’ ′ d dn
1RWH ′
8
7/22/2017
Section 616
DESIGN PROVISIONS AND EQUATIONS
616.4 Bending Members ‐ Shear
For beams notched at compression face of rect. section:
when e > dn : ’ ′
For beams notched at compression face of rect. section: Unloaded Edge
when x < 5d : ’ ′ d
de
when x ≥ 5d : ’ ′
d de d de
1RWH ′
Unloaded Edge
Unloaded Edge
Section 616
DESIGN PROVISIONS AND EQUATIONS
616.5 Bending Members ‐ Deflection
616.5.2 Long‐Term Loading
Total deflection, ∆ ∆ ∆
where
= time dependent deformation (creep) factor
= 1.5 for seasoned lumber and glulam in dry service condition
= 2.0 for glulam in wet service condition
= 2.0 for unseasoned lumber or seasoned lumber in wet service cond.
∆ = immediate deflection due to the long‐term component of the design load, mm.
∆ = deflection due to the short‐term or normal component of the design load, mm.
9
7/22/2017
Section 616
DESIGN PROVISIONS AND EQUATIONS
616.6 Compression Members
Column – refers to all types of compression
members, including members
forming part of trusses or other
structural components
Simple Solid Wood Columns – consists of a
single piece or of pieces properly
glued together to form a single
member.
Section 616
DESIGN PROVISIONS AND EQUATIONS
616.7.1 Column Stability Factor, CP
For laterally supported columns, CP = 1.0
.
where ⁄
c = 0.80 for sawn lumber
c = 0.85 for round timber poles
or piles
c = 0.90 for structural glulam
timber, structural
composite lumber, and
cross laminated timber
10
7/22/2017
SAMPLE COMPARISON OF VALUES OF Fc’
12.00
′ BASIS OF GRAPH:
63% stress‐graded
10.00 Guijo
16&3 Fc = 10.40 MPa
8.00 Adj. factors other
than CP taken as
1.0
6.00 ℓ ⁄
′ E = 6,670 MPa
COVE =0.25
4.00 16&3
2.00 ′
.
ℓ ⁄ NSCP 1992
NSCP 2015
0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
∗ ⁄ ∗ ∗
⁄ ⁄
′
NSCP 2015 NSCP 1992
Section 616
DESIGN PROVISIONS AND EQUATIONS
616.7.2 Tapered Columns
Use of drep :
.
where
representative dimension for tapered column, mm
the minimum dimension for that face of the column, mm
the minimum dimension for that face of the column, mm
Value of (depends on column end support conditions):
. when large end is fixed, small end unsupported or simply supported
. when small end is fixed, large end unsupported or simply supported
. when both ends are simply supported, tapered toward one end
. when both ends are simply supported, tapered toward both ends
For all other support conditions:
11
7/22/2017
Section 616
DESIGN PROVISIONS AND EQUATIONS
616.7.3 Round Columns
The design of a column of round cross section shall be based on
the design calculations for a square column of the same cross‐
sectional area and having the same degree of taper.
TRIVIA:
The column stability factor for rectangular columns can be
used for other column shapes by substituting for in
computing .
. .
⁄ ⁄
Section 616
DESIGN PROVISIONS AND EQUATIONS
616.8 Tension Members
Basic requirement: ≤ ′
12
7/22/2017
Section 616
DESIGN PROVISIONS AND EQUATIONS
616.9 Combined Bending and Axial Loading
616.9.1 Bending and Axial Tension
∗ . and ∗∗ .
where:
∗
= reference bending design value multiplied by all
applicable adjustment factors except , MPa.
∗∗
= reference bending design value multiplied by all
applicable adjustment factors except , MPa.
Section 616
DESIGN PROVISIONS AND EQUATIONS
616.9.1 Bending and Axial Compression
and
.0
. for either uniaxial edgewise
where:
bending or biaxial bending
. for uniaxial flatwise bending or
and
biaxial bending
.
and for biaxial bending
13
7/22/2017
Section 616
DESIGN PROVISIONS AND EQUATIONS
616.10 Design for Bearing
616.10.3 Bearing at an Angle with the Grain
Hankinson’s Formula:
∗
’
∗
’ θ
where:
= angle between direction of
load and direction of grain
(longitudinal axis of
member), degrees
Section 616
DESIGN PROVISIONS AND EQUATIONS
616.10 Design for Bearing
616.10.4 Bearing Area Factor, Cb
.
For some values of :
7DEOH%HDULQJ/HQJWK)DFWRU lb ≤ 150 mm ≥75 mm
RU
P P
PRUH
14
7/22/2017
Section 617
SAWN LUMBER
* HQHUDO
5HIHUHQFH'HVLJQ9DOXHV
$GMXVWPHQWRI5HIHUHQFH'HVLJQ9DOXHV
6SHFLDO'HVLJQ&RQVLGHUDWLRQV
Section 617
SAWN LUMBER
617.1.3 Definitions
“Dimension” refers to lumber from 50 mm to 100 mm (nominal) thick, and 50 mm
(nominal) or more in width. Dimension lumber is further classified as Structural
Light Framing, Light Framing, Studs, and Joists and Planks.
“Beams and Stringers” refers to lumber of rectangular cross section, 125 mm (nominal)
or more thick, with width more than 50 mm greater than thickness, graded with
respect to its strength in bending when loaded on the narrow face.
“Posts and Timbers” refers to lumber of square or approximately square cross section,
125 mm x 125 mm (nominal) and larger, with width not more than 50 mm greater
than thickness, graded primarily for use as posts or columns carrying longitudinal
load.
“Decking” refers to lumber from 50 mm to 100 mm (nominal) thick, tongued and
grooved, or grooved for spline on the narrow face, and intended for use as a roof,
floor, or wall membrane, Decking is graded for application in the flatwise direction,
with the wide face of the decking in contact with the supporting members, as
normally installed.
15
7/22/2017
Section 617
SAWN LUMBER
617.1.4 Moisture Service Condition of Lumber
7DEOHD: HW6HUYLFH)DFWRU 7DEOHE: HW6HUYLFH)DFWRU
9LVXDOO\*UDGHG6DZ Q/XP EHU0 & *OXHG/DP LQDWHG7LP EHU0 &
6WUHQJWK3URSHUW\
6WUHQJWK3URSHUW\
DQG
DQG
$OO
'LP HQVLRQ
6SHFLHV
/XP EHU
7LP EHUV
'HFNLQJ
Section 617
SAWN LUMBER
617.2.6 Compression Perpendicular to Grain,
. .
where
. = compression perpendicular to grain design value
at 0.5 mm deformation limit, MPa
= reference compression perpendicular to grain
design value at 1 mm deformation limit (as
tabulated in Tables 615.2‐1 and 615.2‐2), MPa
16
7/22/2017
Section 617
SAWN LUMBER
617.3 Adjustment of Reference Design Values
7DEOH$SSOLFDELOLW\RI$GMXVWP HQW)DFWRUVIRU6DZ Q/XP EHU
%HDP6WDELOLW\)DFWRU
/RDG'XUDWLRQ)DFWRU
%HDULQJ$UHD)DFWRU
7HPSHUDWXUH)DFWRU
: HW6HUYLFH)DFWRU
%XFNOLQJ6WLIIQHVV
&ROXPQ6WDELOLW\
5HSHWLWLYH)DFWRU
)ODW8VH)DFWRU
,QFLVLQJ)DFWRU
6L]H)DFWRU
)DFWRU
)DFWRU
′ [
′ [
′ [
′ [
′ [
′ [
[
Section 617
SAWN LUMBER
617.3.6 Size Factor
617.3.6.1 Where the depth of a rectangular sawn lumber
bending member 125 mm or thicker exceeds 300 mm, the
reference bending design values, , shall be multiplied by the
following size factor:
⁄
where
= size factor
= depth of member, mm
617.3.6.2 For beams of circular cross section with a diameter
greater than 340 mm, or for 300 mm or larger square beams
loaded in the plane of the diagonal, the size factor shall be
determined in accordance with 617.3.6.1 on the basis of an
equivalent conventionally loaded square beam of the same
cross‐sectional area.
17
7/22/2017
Section 617
SAWN LUMBER
617.3.7 Flat Use Factor,
Bending design adjusted by size factors are based on loads applied to narrow
face. When sawn lumber is used flatwise, (i.e. load applied to wide face) bending
design value, , shall also be multiplied by the following flat‐use factors:
7DEOH9LVXDOO\*UDGHG6DZ Q/XP EHU 7DEOH0 DFKLQH*UDGHG 6DZ Q/XP EHU
)ODWXVH)DFWRUV )ODWXVH)DFWRUV
: LGWK 7KLFNQHVVEUHDGWK : LGWK 7KLFNQHVVEUHDGWK
GHSWK PP PP GHSWK PP
PP P P P P
P P P P P P
P P P P
P P P P
P P P P
P P P P Z LGHU
5HIHUW
R 6HFWLRQ
P P Z LGHU
Section 617
SAWN LUMBER
617.3.8 Incising Factor,
Many species readily accept preservative treatments, while others don’t. For
species that are not easily treated, incising is used to make the treatment
effective.
Some design values for sawn lumber must be adjusted if incising is used to
increase the penetration of the preservatives. The incising factors, , to be
used shall be as follows:
7DEOH,QFLVLQJ)DFWRU
For compression perpendicular to grain as well as for non‐incised treated
lumber, . .
18
7/22/2017
Section 617
SAWN LUMBER
617.3.9 Repetitive Member Factor,
A repetitive member system is defined as one that has:
1. Three or more parallel members of Dimension lumber or
structural composite lumber;
2. Members spaced not more than 600 mm on center;
3. Members connected together by a load‐distributing element such
as roof, floor, or wall sheathing that has been designed or has
been proven by experience to transmit the design load to
adjacent members without displaying structural weakness or
unacceptable deflection.
For a repetitive member system, the reference may be multiplied
by a repetitive member factor, . . For all other framing
systems, . .
Section 617
SAWN LUMBER
617.3.11 Buckling Stiffness Factor,
Reference modulus of elasticity for beam and column stability, , shall be
permitted to be multiplied by the buckling stiffness factor, , as specified in
617.4.2. (Can be used for wood trusses because of increased stiffness to axial loads)
when 2.40 , shall be calculated as follows:
ℓ
where
= effective column length of truss compression chord, mm
= 0.62 for wood seasoned to 19% moisture content or less at the time
of plywood attachment
= 0.33 for unseasoned or partially seasoned wood at the time of
plywood attachment
= .
= 0.59 for visually graded lumber
= 0.75 for machine evaluated lumber (MEL)
= 0.82 for products with 0.11
when 2.40 , shall be calculated based on 2.40
19
7/22/2017
Section 617
SAWN LUMBER
617.4 Special Design Considerations
617.4.1 Stability of Bending Members
Alternative Design Consideration
(a) / ; no lateral support shall be required.
(b) / ; the ends shall be held in position, as by full depth solid
blocking, bridging, hangers, nailing, or bolting to other framing
members, or other acceptable means.
(c) / ; the compression edge of the member shall be held in line for
its entire length to prevent lateral displacement, as by adequate
sheathing or subflooring, and ends at point of bearing shall be held
in position to prevent rotation and/or lateral displacement.
Section 617
SAWN LUMBER
617.4 Special Design Considerations
617.4.1 Stability of Bending Members
Alternative Design Consideration
(d) / ; bridging, full depth solid blocking or diagonal cross bracing
shall be installed at intervals not exceeding 2.40 m, the compression
edge of the member shall be held in line as by adequate sheathing or
subflooring, and the ends at points of bearing shall be held in position
to prevent rotation and/or lateral displacement.
(e) / ; both edges of the member shall be held in line for their entire
length and ends at points of bearing shall be held in position to
prevent rotation and/or lateral displacement.
617.4.1.3 If a bending member is subjected to both flexure and axial
compression, the depth to breadth ratio shall be no more than 5 to 1 if one
edge is firmly held in line. If under all combinations of load, the unbraced edge
of the member is in tension, the depth to breadth ratio shall be no more than 6
to 1.
20
7/22/2017
Section 617
SAWN LUMBER
617.4.3 Notches
Notches shall be permitted provided it satisfy the following limitations
Figure 617.4‐1 Notch Limitations for Sawn Lumber Beams
Section 618
STRUCTURAL GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER
* HQHUDO
5HIHUHQFH'HVLJQ9DOXHV
$GMXVWPHQWRI5HIHUHQFH'HVLJQ9DOXHV
6SHFLDO'HVLJQ&RQVLGHUDWLRQV
21
7/22/2017
Section 618
STRUCTURAL GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER
618.1.2 Definitions
The term “structural glued laminated timber” refers to an
engineered, stress rated product of a timber laminating plant,
comprising assemblies of specially selected and prepared wood
laminations bonded together with adhesives. The grain of all
laminations is approximately parallel longitudinally. The separate
laminations shall not exceed 50 mm in net thickness and are
permitted to be comprised of:
• one piece
• pieces joined end‐to‐end to form any length
• pieces placed or glued edge‐to‐edge to make wider ones
• pieces bent to curved form during gluing.
Section 618
STRUCTURAL GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER
618.2.2 Orientation of Member
Reference design values for structural glued laminated timber are
dependent on the orientation of the laminations relative to the
applied loads. Subscripts are used to indicate design values
corresponding to a given orientation. The orientations of the
cross‐sectional axes for
structural glued laminated
timber are shown in Figure
618.2‐1. The x‐x axis runs
parallel to the wide face of
the laminations. The y‐y
axis runs perpendicular to
the wide face of the
laminations.
22
7/22/2017
Section 618
STRUCTURAL GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER
618.2.4 Bending, , ,
618.2.5 Compression Perpendicular to Grain, ,
618.2.6 Shear Parallel to Grain, ,
618.2.7 Modulus of Elasticity, , , ,
618.2.8 Radial Tension,
618.2.9 Radial Compression,
Section 618
STRUCTURAL GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER
618.3 Adjustment of Reference Design Values
7DEOH$SSOLFDELOLW\RI$GMXVWP HQW)DFWRUVIRU6WUXFWXUDO*OXHG/DP LQDWHG7LP EHU
6WUHVV,QWHUDFWLRQ
&ROXPQ6WDELOLW\
6KHDU5HGXFWLRQ
&XUYDWXUH)DFWRU
%HDP6WDELOLW\
/RDG'XUDWLRQ
%HDULQJ$UHD
)ODW8VH)DFWRU
7HPSHUDWXUH
: HW6HUYLFH
9ROXPH)DFWRU
)DFWRU
)DFWRU
)DFWRU
)DFWRU
)DFWRU
)DFWRU
)DFWRU
)DFWRU
′ [
′ [
′ [
′ [
· [
′ [
′ [
[
7KH EHDP VWDELOLW\ IDFWRU VKDOOQRWDSSO\ VLP XOWDQHRXVO\ Z LWK WKH YROXP H IDFWRU IRU VWUXFWXUDOJOXHG ODP LQDWHG
WLP EHUEHQGLQJ P HP EHUV VHH 7KHUHIRUHWKH OHVVHURIWKHVH DGMXVWP HQWIDFWRUV DSSO\
23
7/22/2017
Section 618
STRUCTURAL GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER
618.3.6 Volume Factor,
When structural glued laminated timber members are loaded in bending about
the x‐x axis, the reference bending design values, , and , shall be
multiplied by the following volume factor:
.
.
where
= length of bending member between points of zero moment, m
= depth of bending member, mm
= width (breadth) of bending member. For multiple piece width
layups, b = width of widest piece used in the layup. Thus, b ≤ 275
mm.
= 10 if specific value has not been established for the species used
The volume factor, , shall not apply simultaneously with the beam stability
factor, (see 616.3.3). Therefore, the lesser of these adjustment factors shall
apply.
Section 618
STRUCTURAL GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER
618.3.7 Flat Use Factor,
When structural glued laminated timber is loaded in bending about the y‐y axis
and the member dimension parallel to the wide face of the laminations, (see
Figure 618.3‐1), is less than 300 mm, the reference bending design value, ,
shall be permitted to be multiplied by the flat use factor, , calculated by the
following formula:
⁄
Figure 618.3‐1 Depth, , for Flat Use Factor
24
7/22/2017
Section 618
STRUCTURAL GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER
618.3.8 Curvature Factor,
For curved portions of bending members, the reference bending design value
shall be multiplied by the following curvature factor:
where
= thickness of laminations, mm
= radius of curvature of inside face of member, mm
= for hardwoods
= for softwoods
The curvature factor shall not apply to reference design values in the straight
portion of a number, regardless of curvature elsewhere.
Section 618
STRUCTURAL GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER
618.3.9 Stress Interaction Factor,
For the tapered portion of bending members tapered on the compression face,
the reference bending design value, , shall be multiplied by the following
stress interaction factor:
WDQ
where
= angle of taper, degrees
For members tapered on the compression face, the stress interaction factor,
, shall not apply simultaneously with the volume factor, , therefore, the
lesser of these adjustment factors shall apply.
25
7/22/2017
Section 618
STRUCTURAL GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER
618.3.9 Stress Interaction Factor,
For the tapered portion of the bending members tapered on the tension face,
the reference bending design value, , shall be multiplied by the following
stress interaction factor:
WDQ
where
= angle of taper, degrees
For members tapered on the tension face, the stress interaction factor, ,
shall not apply simultaneously with the beam stability factor, , therefore,
the lesser of these adjustment factors shall apply.
Taper cuts on the tension face of structural glued laminated timber beams are
not recommended.
Section 618
STRUCTURAL GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER
618.3.10 Shear Reduction Factor,
The reference shear design values, and , shall be
multiplied by the shear reduction factor, = 0.72
where any of the following conditions apply:
Design of non‐prismatic members.
Design of members subject to impact or repetitive
cyclic loading.
Design of members at notches (616.4.3.2).
Design of members at connections (616.4.3.3).
26
7/22/2017
Section 617
SAWN LUMBER
618.4 Special Design Considerations
618.4.1 Curved Bending Members with Constant Cross Section
618.4.1.3 The radial stress induced by a bending moment in a curved bending
member of constant rectangular cross section is:
where
= bending moment, N∙m
= radius of curvature at center line of member, mm
Where the bending moment is in the direction tending to decrease curvature
(increase the radius), the radial stress shall not exceed the adjusted radial
tension design value perpendicular to the grain, ′, unless mechanical
reinforcing sufficient to resist all radial stresses is used. In no case shall
exceed (1/3) ′.
Where the bending moment is in the direction tending to increase curvature
(decrease the radius), the radial stress shall not exceed the adjusted radial
compressional design ′.
Section 617
SAWN LUMBER
618.4 Special Design Considerations
618.4.2 Double‐Tapered Curved Bending Members
618.4.2.1 The bending stress induced by a bending moment, , at the peaked
section of a double‐tapered curved bending member (see Figure 618.4‐1) shall
be calculated as follows:
where
= empirical bending stress shape
factor
= .
= angle of roof slope, degrees
= bending moment, N∙m
= depth at peaked section of
member, mm
The stress interaction factor from 618.3.9 shall apply for flexural design in the
straight‐tapered segments of double‐tapered curved bending members.
27
7/22/2017
Section 617
SAWN LUMBER
618.4 Special Design Considerations
618.4.2 Double‐Tapered Curved Bending Members
618.4.2.3 The radial stress induced by bending moment in a double‐tapered
curved member shall be calculated as follows:
where
= empirical radial stress factor
= . ⁄ . WDQ .
= empirical load‐shape radial stress reduction factor
= . . ⁄ . ⁄ .
for uniformly loaded members where ⁄ 0.3
= . for members subject to constant moment
= radius of curvature at center line of member, mm
= ⁄
= radius of curvature of inside face of member, mm
Section 617
SAWN LUMBER
618.4 Special Design Considerations
618.4.2.4 The deflection of double‐tapered curved members shall be
determined in accordance with 616.5, except that the mid‐span deflection of a
symmetrical double‐tapered curved beam subject to uniform loads shall be
permitted to be calculated by the following empirical formula:
∆
where
∆ = vertical deflection at midspan, mm
= . . .
28
7/22/2017
Sample Problem 1
Simply Supported Beam Capacity Check
Example (ASD)
A Mahogany, Big Leafed (80% Stress Grade) 4”x16” (100mm x
400mm), 6‐meter span supports a hoist located at the center of
the span. Determine the maximum allowable load on the hoist
(including its weight) based on bending. Assume normal load
duration. The beam is supported on a 2”x4” (50mm x 100mm) top
plate. Lateral support is provided only at the ends of the member
and the ends are considered pinned.
Sample Problem 1
29
7/22/2017
Sample Problem 1
Sample Problem 1
Table 616.3-1
30
7/22/2017
Sample Problem 1
Sample Problem 1
31
7/22/2017
Sample Problem 1
Sample Problem 2
Compression Member Analysis Example
(ASD)
A 2”x6” (50mm x 150mm) Pine interior bearing stud, 4 meters long,
sheathed on both sides with gypsum board, carries roof loads.
Determine Cp and the allowable compressive stress Fc’ for the stud.
Assume studs are placed 400mm on center and top and bottom
plates are of same grade and species. Determine axial loads
controlled by buckling and allowed by bearing.
32
7/22/2017
Sample Problem 2
Sample Problem 2
33
7/22/2017
Sample Problem 2
Sample Problem 2
34