NOVEMBER 2020 REFRESHER

SURVEYING AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Situation 1 8. Given:

The mean flow speed at a portion of the highway is 62.8 ADT before improvement = 6624 (average over a 3-year
mph and a jam density of 110 vehicles/mile. period)
ADT after improvement = 9200
1. Compute the density when the flow is maximum. CRF = 30%
a. 55 veh/mi. c. 53 veh/mi. Number of crashes occurring per year = 10, 12, 14 (over
b. 57 veh/mi. d. 58 veh/mi. the 3-year before improvement period)
Determine the expected reduction in number of crashes
2. Compute the maximum capacity in vehicle/hour. occurring after the implementation of the
a. 1337 veh/hr c. 1432 veh/hr countermeasure.
b. 1307 veh/hr d. 1727 veh/hr a. 3 crashes c. 5 crashes
b. 4 crashes d. 6 crashes
3. Compute the speed of maximum flow.
a. 24.32 mph c. 22.34 mph 9. At a single location along NLEX, three countermeasures
b. 31.40 mph d. 23.76 mph with crash reduction factors of CRF1 = 38%, CRF2 = 26%,
and CRF3 = 22% are proposed. Determine the overall crash
4. In a given instant, there were 2400 vehicles counted at a reduction factor.
specific point along the portion of NLEX. The highway was a. 0.546 c. 0.987
designed to have a capacity of 4000 vehicles per hour with b. 0.642 d. 0.127
a free flow speed of 50 kph. Compute the maximum value
of the jam density that could possibly occur during heavy 10. Compute the peak hour factor if the hourly volume of
traffic. traffic is 1800 vehicles/hour and the highest 15 min
a. 310 veh/km c. 300 veh/km volume is 750.
b. 320 veh/km d. 350 veh/km a. 0.50 c. 0.70
b. 0.40 d. 0.60
5. A portion of the extension of SLEX is known to have a
free-flow speed of 60 kph and a capacity of 3600 vehicles Situation 2: The table shows a 15 minute volume counts
per hour. If in a given hour 3344 vehicles were countered during the peak hour on an approach of an intersection.
at a specific point along this highway, compute the space
mean speed of these 3344 vehicles.
a. 30 kph c. 35 kph Time Volume of Traffic
b. 43 kph d. 38 kph
6:00 – 6:15 PM 375
6. A vehicle is approaching a signalized intersection at a
speed of 30 kph. The density of traffic is 55 vehicles/hour. 6:15 – 6:30 PM 380
The red phase of the traffic signal is 20 seconds. If the jam
density is 100 vehicles/km, determine the speed of
stopping shock wave.
6:30 – 6:45 PM 412
a. -12.6 kph c. -16.5 kph
b. -14.7 kph d. -11.5 kph 6:45 – 7:00 PM 390

7. Given: 11. Determine the peak hour volume.

Length of segment highway = 0.3 miles a. 1540 c. 1554
Annual average daily traffic = 16000 b. 1598 d. 1557
Test Factor = 1.96 for 95% confidence level
For a 4-year period; an average crash rate per million 12. Determine the peak hour factor.
entering vehicles for property damage of 250, fatal injuries a. 0.879 c. 0.973
(death) = 120 b. 0.945 d. 0.993
Calculate the critical crash rate.
a. 973.453 c. 876.214 13. Determine the design hourly volume (DHV) of the
b. 765.312 d. 937.176 approach.
a. 1648 c. 1564
b. 1543 d. 1768
 NOVEMBER 2020 REFRESHER
SURVEYING AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Spiral Curves

D = Degree of spiral curve at any point

Dc = Degree of simple curve

Formulas
Distance along tangent to any point on the spiral:
𝑳𝟓
𝒀=𝑳−
𝟒𝟎𝑹𝟐 𝑳𝒔 𝟐
𝑨𝒕 𝑳 = 𝑳𝒔 , 𝒀 = 𝒀𝒄 , 𝒕𝒉𝒖𝒔,
𝑳𝒔 𝟑
𝒀𝒄 = 𝑳𝒔 −
𝟒𝟎𝑹𝟐

Offset distance from tangent to any point on the spiral:

𝑳𝟑
𝑿=
𝟔𝑹𝑳𝒔
𝑨𝒕 𝑳 = 𝑳𝒔 , 𝑿 = 𝑿𝒄 , 𝒕𝒉𝒖𝒔,
𝑳𝒔 𝟐
𝑿𝒄 =
𝟔𝑹
Elements
TS = Tangent to spiral Length of throw:
SC = Spiral to curve 𝟏 𝑳𝒔 𝟐
CS = Curve to spiral 𝒑= 𝑿𝒄 =
𝟒 𝟐𝟒𝑹
ST = Spiral to tangent
LT = Long tangent Spiral angle from tangent to any point on the spiral (in
ST = Short tangent radian):
R = Radius of simple curve 𝑳𝟐
Ts = Spiral tangent distance Ɵ=
𝟐𝑹𝑳𝒔
Tc = Circular curve tangent 𝑨𝒕 𝑳 = 𝑳𝒔 , Ɵ = Ɵ𝒔 , 𝒕𝒉𝒖𝒔,
L = Length of spiral from TS to any point along the spiral 𝑳𝒔
Ls = Length of spiral Ɵ=
𝟐𝑹
PI = Point of intersection
I = Angle of intersection Deflection angle from TS to any point on the spiral:
Ic = Angle of intersection of the simple curve 𝟏 𝑳𝟐
𝒊= Ɵ=
p = Length of throw or the distance from tangent that the 𝟑 𝟔𝑹𝑳𝒔
circular curve has been offset 𝑨𝒕 𝑳 = 𝑳𝒔 , 𝒊 = 𝒊𝒔 , 𝒕𝒉𝒖𝒔,
X = Offset distance (right angle distance) from tangent to 𝟏 𝑳𝒔
𝒊 = Ɵ𝒔 =
any point on the spiral 𝟑 𝟔𝑹
This angle is proportional to the square of its distance
p = Length of throw or the distance from tangent that the 𝒊 𝑳𝟐
= 𝟐
circular curve has been offset 𝒊𝒔 𝑳𝒔
X = Offset distance (right angle distance) from tangent to Tangent distance:
any point on the spiral 𝑳𝒔 𝑰
𝑻𝒔 = + (𝑹 + 𝑷)𝒕𝒂𝒏
Xc = Offset distance (right angle distance) from tangent 𝟐 𝟐
to SC Angle of intersection of simple curve:
Y = Distance along tangent to any point on the spiral 𝑰𝒄 = 𝑰 − 𝟐Ɵ𝒔
Yc = Distance along tangent from TS to point at right angle
to SC External distance:
𝑹+𝑷
Es = External distance of the simple curve 𝑬𝒔 = −𝑹
𝑰
θ = Spiral angle from tangent to any point on the spiral 𝒄𝒐𝒔
𝟐
θs = Spiral angle from tangent to SC Degree of spiral curve:
i = Deflection angle from TS to any point on the spiral, it is 𝑫 𝑳
proportional to the square of its distance =
𝑫𝑪 𝑳𝒔
is = Deflection angle from TS to SC
 NOVEMBER 2020 REFRESHER
SURVEYING AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Super-elevation:
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟗𝒌𝟐
𝒆=
𝑹
; 𝒌 − 𝒊𝒏 𝒌𝒑𝒉 +9.0 +4.5 0 +4.5 x

Length of spiral:
𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟔𝒌𝟑
𝑳𝒔 = ; 𝒌 − 𝒊𝒏 𝒌𝒑𝒉
𝑹 y +4.0 +2.0 +2.0 +1.0

14. CE Board November 2015

b. 67.1 m d. 81.2 m
A spiral easement curve has a length of 100 meters. with a
central curve having a radius of 300 meters. Determine the 20. Find the area (m2) of the given cross-section if the
offset distance from the tangent to the third-quarter point width of roadway is 12 meters.
of the spiral.
a. 1.564 c. 1.987
Left Center Right
b. 2.344 d. 2.546

15. CE Board November 2015

+9.8 0 +11.2
A spiral easement curve has a length of 100 meters with a
central angle having a radius of 300 meters. Determine the
degree of spiral at the third quarter point. +3.2 +2.8 +4.21
a. 3.212 c. 2.798
b. 4.542 d. 2.865

16. CE Board November 2015 a. 55.31 c. 56.41

b. 51.63 d. 52.12
The degree of curve of the central curve of a spiral
easement curve is equal to 6°. If the maximum design 21. CE Board November 2016
velocity of the car passing thru the spiral curve is 75 kph,
determine the required length of the spiral. A particular station has the following earthwork cross-
a. 80.97 m c. 77.65 m section
b. 76.12 m d. 79.52 m If the width of the road base is 9 meters and the side
slopes are 1V:1.5H, the quantity of x and y is equal to:
Situation 3
The tangents of a spiral curve forms an angle of
intersection of 25° at station 2+058. Design speed is 80 a. 5,4 c. 6,3
kph. For a radius of central curve of 300 meters and a b. 7,5 d. 8,2
length of spiral of 52.10 meters.
22. CE Board November 2016
Find the length of central curve.
a. 78.1 m c. 78.8 m Given the following cross-section notes for a road grading
b. 67.1 m d. 81.2 m work:
The road bed is 9 meters wide and the side slope for cut is
17. Find the stationing at the point where the spiral starts. 1:1 and for fill is 1.5:1. Determine the area in m2 of cut of
the section.
a. 1+965.36 c. 1+876.31
b. 1+879.11 d. 1+786.13
-3.2 +1.2 +1.2 +2.8
18. Find the stationing of the start of central curve.
a. 2+016.21 c. 2+103.21
b. 2+017.46 d. 2+099.21 X1 0 +3.5 X2
19. Find the length of central curve.

a. 78.1 m c. 78.8 m a. 9.912 c. 6.754

 NOVEMBER 2020 REFRESHER
SURVEYING AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
b. 8.724 d. 9.404 It is a diagram that provides a suitable means for studying
haul and overhaul to compute the total payment. It’s x-axis
Situation 4 represents the distance in stations, while the y-axis
Given the following cross section notes of an earthwork on represents the cumulative volume (the algebraic sum of
a rolling terrain. excavations and embankment between any selected
points) after correction due to soil condition.

Station 5 +000 The cost of excavation includes cost of transporting of

materials (unwanted soil) from either cut or fill for a
10 5 3 maximum distance called the free-haul distance (FHD).
But transporting of materials for a greater distance greater
than free-haul is called overhaul distance.
31 0 13.5 Overhaul is the overhauled material multiplied by
overhaul distance.
Station 5 + 020 Free-haul is a distance with which there is a fixed price for
excavating, hauling, and dumping regardless of the
distance moved.
14 7 4.5 Borrow is the location away from the Right of Way
(R.O.W.) and it is chosen by the Engineer. The borrow pits
41 0 17.25 soil should be comply with the followed specification
(preferably out of R.O.W.).
Waste is the unwanted excavation material which should
The width of the road is 12 meters and the side slope is be disposed out of R.O.W.
2.5:1.
Situation 5
23. The width of the road is 12 meters and the side slope is The grading works of the portion of the proposed
2.5:1. expansion of the North expressway shows the following
Compute the volume using Prismoidal formula. notes. Free haul distance = 50 meters. Limit of economical
a. 3030.21 c. 2990.21 haul = 450 meters.
b. 4050.42 d. 5140.11 Limits of free-haul distance is from sta. 1 + 272 to 1 + 322
Limits of economical haul is from sta. 1 + 052 to 1 + 502
24. The width of the road is 12 meters and the side slope is Assume the ground surface to be sloping uniformly from
2.5:1. one end to the other end.

Compute the volume using End Area with Prismoidal Station End Areas (m2)
Correction.
a. 4050.42 c. 5140.11
b. 3030.21 d. 2990.21
Cut Fill

Haul and Mass Diagrams 1+000 40

1+052 33

1+272 3.021

1+300 0 (Balancing point)

1+322 3.845

1+502 40.18

1+600 60
 NOVEMBER 2020 REFRESHER
SURVEYING AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
meters, above elevation zero. Find the volume in cut in
25. Determine the overhaul volume. cubic meters.
a. 3345.12 c. 4356.42
b. 3962.25 d. 3992.32 A = 29.8 B = 27.3 C = 25.2 D = 28.3

26. Determine the volume of waste. E = 26.5 F = 24.3 G = 26.9 H = 23.3

a. 4908.82 c. 4921.56
b. 5546.31 d. 5678.21 I = 24.2 J = 21.3 K = 22.9 L = 20.5

M=
27. Determine the volume of borrow. N = 18.5 O = 17.8 P = 16.5
21.2
a. 1976 c. 1898
b. 1997 d. 1778

Situation 6

The following are the data on a simple summit mass

diagram.

Mass Ordinate
Station
(m3)

0+000 -80

0+500 -130

Initial point of limit of free haul distance = +600

Initial limit of economical haul = +200
Free haul distance = 60 meters
a. 76500 c. 82300
Limit of economical distance = 400 meters
b. 66400 d. 69780
Cost of haul = P120 per cu.m per meter station
33. After surveying a borrow pit above elevation zero, the
28. Determine the volume of waste in m3. surveyor produced the following borrow pit grid below. To
a. 280 c. 300 determine the volume of earth to be removed by the
b. 256 d. 289 Borrow Pit Method, the land is divided into 5 squares and
2 triangles. Find the volume of cut in ft3.
29. Determine the volume of borrow in m3.
a. 554 c. 310
b. 330 d. 405

30. Determine the overhaul volume in cubic meters.

a. 340 c. 300
b. 430 d. 400

31. Determine the length in meters of overhaul if the total

cost of hauling is P192, 000.00.
a. 50 c. 110
b. 80 d. 30

32. A square piece of land 60 m x 60 m is to be leveled

down to 5 meters above elevation zero. To determine the
volume of earth to be removed by the Borrow Pit Method, a. 5740 c. 6260
the land is divided into 9 squares whose corners are b. 7680 d. 5548
arranged as follows with the corresponding elevations, in