Chapter 9 Impulse and Momentum

Physics, 6th Edition

Chapter 9. Impulse and Momentum

9-1. A 0.5- ! "rench is dropped #rom a hei!ht o# 10 m. $hat is its momentum %ust &e#ore it stri es the #loor' (First find the velocity from conservation of energy.) mgh = mv2; v = ) gh = )(9.* m+s ) ,(10 m, v = 1-.0 m+s

p = mv = (0.5 !,(1- m+s,.

p = /.00 ! m+s, do"n

9-). Compute the momentum and inetic ener!y o# a )-00-l& car mo0in! north at 55 mi+h. m= W )-00 l& = . m 1 /5 slu!s . v = 55 mi+h 1 *0./ #t+s g 2) #t+s ) p = 6050 slu! #t+s K = )--,000 #t l&

p = mv = (/5 slu!s,(*0./ #t+s,. K = mv2 = (/5 slu!s,(*0.66 #t+s,).

9-2. A )500- ! truc tra0elin! at -0 m+h stri es a &ric "all and comes to a stop in 0.) s. (a, $hat is the chan!e in momentum' (&, $hat is the impulse' (c, $hat is the a0era!e #orce on the "all durin! the crash' Take + to e to!ard the !all. ( -0 m+h 1 11.1 m+s, p = mvf " mvo = # $ ()500 !,(11.1 m+s,. p 1 - )/,*00 ! m+s

%mp&lse = p; F t = $)/,*00 ! m+s 3orce 45 truc 6 F= )/,*00 . 0.) s 3 1 -129,000 5 3 1 7 129,000 5

3orce on "all is opposite, so

9--. $hat is the momentum o# a 2- ! &ullet mo0in! at 600 m+s in a direction 200 a&o0e the 600 m+s hori8ontal' $hat are the hori8ontal and 0ertical components o# this momentum'
200

p = mv = (2 !,(600 m+s,. p9 1 1*00 cos 200 and py = 1*00 sin 200.

p 1 1*00 ! m+s, 20

p' = ()*# ! m+s. py 1 900 ! m+s

101

Chapter 9 Impulse and Momentum

Physics, 6th Edition

:9-5. A 0.)- ! &ase&all tra0elin! to the le#t at )0 m+s is dri0en in the opposite direction at 25 m+s "hen it is hit &y a &at. ;he a0era!e #orce on the &all is 6-00 5. <o" lon! "as it in contact "ith the &at' ( %mp&lse = change in moment&m. ) F t = mvf " mvo = (0.) !,(25 m+s, = (0.) !,(-)0 m+s, (6-00 5, t 1 11 ! m+s.
t 25 m+s

7
-)0 m+s

t 1 1./) ms

:9-6. A &at e9erts an a0era!e #orce o# )-* l& on 0.6-l& &all #or 0.01 s. ;he incomin! 0elocity o# the &all "as -- #t+s. I# it lea0es in the opposite direction "hat is its 0elocity' +hoose positive + as direction a!ay from the at, making incoming all velocity negativeF t = mvf " mvo ; F t = mvf " mvo ; m= 0.6 l& = 0.01*/5 slu!s 2) #t+s )

()-0 l&,(0.01 s, 1 (0.01*/5 slu!s,vf $ (0.01*/5 slu!s,(--- #t+s, 0.01*/5 vf = ).- l& s = 0.*)5. vf = *-.0 #t+s

:9-/. A 500-! &all tra0els #rom le#t to ri!ht at )0 m+s. A &at dri0es the &all in the opposite direction "ith a 0elocity o# 26 m+s. ;he time o# contact "as 0.002 s. $hat "as the a0era!e #orce on the &all' ( m = #.) !, vo = 7)0 m+s, vf = -26 m+s, t 1 0.002 s ,

F t = mvf " mvo ; F(0.002 s, 1 (0.5 !,(-26 m+s, = (0.5 !,()0 m+s, F= 1* ! m+s - 10 ! m+s ; 0.002 s F = 9220 5

:9-*. A -00-! ru&&er &all is dropped a 0ertical distance o# 1) m onto the pa0ement. It is in contact "ith the pa0ement #or 0.01 s and re&ounds to a hei!ht o# 10 m. $hat is the total chan!e in momentum' $hat a0era!e #orce is e9erted on the &all'

10)

Chapter 9 Impulse and Momentum

Physics, 6th Edition

To apply the imp&lse$moment&m theorem, !e need to first find the velocities .&st efore and .&st after impact !ith the gro&nd. /0p)1eginning = /0k)2ro&nd ; mgho = mvo2;
1) m

vf h# vo F 1 11/0 5
10 m

v0 = ) gh0 = )(9.* m+s ) ,(1) m, >mvf2 = mghf ; Ft = mvf " mvo;

vo 1 - 15.2 m+s vf = + 1- m+s

v f = )(9.* m+s ) ,(10 m,

F(0.01 s, = (0.- !,(1- m+s, = (0.- !,(-15.2 m+s,.

:9-9. A cue stic stri es an ei!ht-&all "ith an a0era!e #orce o# *0 5 o0er a time o# 1) ms. I# the mass o# the &all is )00 !, "hat "ill &e its 0elocity' Ft = mvf " mvo; (*0 5,(0.01) s, = (0.) !,vf = 0. v = -.*0 m+s

9-10. A !ol#er hits a -6 ! !ol# &all "ith an initial 0elocity o# 50 m+s at 200. $hat are the '$ and y-components o# the momentum imparted to the &all' v' 1 (50, cos 200 1 -2.2 m+s . vy 1 (50, sin 200 1 )5.0 m+s p' = (0.0-6 !,(-2.2 m+s,. py 1 (0.0-6 !,()5 m+s, vy 50 m+s
200

v'

p' = 1.99 ! m+s. py 1 1.15 m+s

:9-11. ;he #ace o# the clu& in Pro&lem 9-10 is in contact "ith the &all #or 1.5 ms. $hat are the hori8ontal and 0ertical components o# the a0era!e #orce on the &all' We need to treat hori3ontal and vertical imp&lses and momenta separatelyFrom previo&s pro lem- po = #, pf = 1.99 ! m+s, pfy = 1.15 ! m+s F' t = pf' " po' =1.99 ! m+s. F' = 1.99 ! m+s . 0.0015 s 1.15 ! m+s . 0.0015 s F' 1 1220 5

F' t = pf' " po' =1.15 ! m+s.

Fy =

Fy 1 /6/ 5

102

Chapter 9 Impulse and Momentum

Physics, 6th Edition

Conservation of Momentum
9-1). A sprin! is ti!htly compressed &et"een a 6- ! &loc and a )= ! &loc and then tied "ith a strin!. $hen the strin! &rea s, the )- ! &loc mo0es to the ri!ht "ith a 0elocity o# 9 m+s. $hat is the 0elocity o# the 6- ! &loc ' ;otal moment&m is 3ero efore and after the event. 0 7 0 1 m(v( + m2v2 ; v1 = m) v) () !,(9 m+s, = . m1 (6 !, m( = 6 ! v( ! m2 = ) !

v2

v( = $ 2.00 m+s

9-12. ;"o masses, one three times that o# the other, are compressed a!ainst a sprin! and then tied to!ether on a #rictionless sur#ace as sho"n in 3i!. 9-*. ;he connectin! strin! &rea s and sends the smaller mass to the le#t "ith a 0elocity o# 10 m+s. $hat "as the 0elocity o# the lar!er mass' 4oment&m 3ero efore and after- 0 7 0 1 m(v( + m2v2 v) = m1v1 m(10 m+s, = . m) (2m, v( = $ 2.22 m+s 10 m+s m v( 5m v2

9-1-. A /0- ! person standin! on a #rictionless sur#ace thro"s a #oot&all #or"ard "ith a 0elocity o# 1) m+s. I# the person mo0es &ac "ard at 2- cm+s, "hat "as the mass o# the #oot&all' 4oment&m 3ero efore and after- 0 7 0 1 m(v( + m2v2 m) = m1v1 (/0 !,(0.2- m+s, = . v) (-1) m+s, m2 = 1.9* m+s

9-15. A )0- ! child is at rest in a "a!on. ;he child %umps #or"ard at ) m+s, sendin! the "a!on &ac "ard at 1) m+s. $hat is the mass o# the "a!on'

10-

Chapter 9 Impulse and Momentum m1 = m) v) ()0 !,() m+s, = . m( = $ 2.22 ! v1 (-1) m+s,

Physics, 6th Edition

0 1 m(v( + m2v2 ;

9-16. ;"o children, "ei!hin! *0 and 50 l&, are at rest on roller s ates. ;he lar!er child pushes so that the smaller mo0es a"ay at 6 mi+h. $hat is the 0elocity o# the lar!er child' 0 1 m(v( + m2v2 ; v1 = m) v) (50 l&,(6 #t+s, = . v( = $ 2./5 #t+s m1 (*0 l&,

/6ere !ere a le to &se the !eight eca&se it is proportional to the mass) 9-1/. A 60-! #irecrac er e9plodes, sendin! a -5-! piece to the le#t and another to the ri!ht "ith a 0elocity o# -0 m+s. $hat is the 0elocity o# the -5-! piece' The t!o pieces add to 60 !- m( + m2 = *# !. 0 1 m(v( + m2v2 ; v1 = ;hus, m( = 7) g, m2 = () g

m) v) (15 !,(-0 m+s, = . v( = $ 12.2 m+s m1 (-5 !,

:9-1*. A )--! &ullet is #ired "ith a mu88le 0elocity o# 900 m+s #rom a 5- ! ri#le. 3ind the recoil 0elocity o# the ri#le and the ratio o# the inetic ener!y o# the &ullet to that o# the ri#le' 0 1 m(v( + m2v2 ; v1 = m) v) ()- !,(900 m+s, = . m1 (5000 !, v( = $ -.2) m+s

0k >m v) ()- !,(900 m+s, ) = = . 0kr > mr vr) (5000 !,(-.2) m+s, )

?atio 1 )0*

:9-19. A 6- ! &o"lin! &all collides head on "ith 1.*- ! pin. ;he pin mo0es #or"ard at 2 m+s and the &all slo"s to 1.6 m+s. $hat "as the initial 0elocity o# the &o"lin! &all' m & + # = m v + mpvp; (6 !,& = (6 !,(1.6 m+s, 7 (1.* !,(2 m+s, *& = 8.* m+s 7 5.- m+s. & = ).50 m+s

105

Chapter 9 Impulse and Momentum

Physics, 6th Edition

:9-)0. A 60- ! man on a la e o# ice catches a )- ! &all. ;he &all and man each mo0e at * cm+s a#ter the &all is cau!ht. $hat "as the 0elocity o# the &all &e#ore it "as cau!ht' $hat ener!y "as lost in the process' (9 completely inelastic collision- vc = vm = v 1 * cm+s, m & + mm&m = /m + mm)vc ; () !,& + # = () ! 7 60 !,(0.0* m+s, & 1 ).-* m+s

2& = -.96 m+s.

m & 2 + # =/m + mm)vc2; () !,().-* m+s,) 1 >(6) !,(0.0* m+s,) 7 @oss :oss = 6.15 A = 0.19* A. :oss = 5.95 A

:9-)1. A )00-! roc tra0elin! south at 10 m+s stri es a 2- ! &loc initially at rest. (a, I# the t"o stic to!ether on collision, "hat "ill &e their common 0elocity' (&, $hat ener!y "as lost in the collision' mr&r + m & = /mr + m )vc ; (0.) !,(10 m+s, + # = (0.) ! 7 2 !,vc vc 1 0.6)5 m+s

) m+s 1 2.) vc .

mr&r2 + # =/mr + m )vc2; (0.) !,(10 m+s,) 1 > (2.) !,(0.6)5 m+s,) 7 @oss :oss =10.0 A = 0.6)5 A. :oss = 9.2* A

Elastic and Inelastic Collisions

9-)). A car tra0elin! at * m+s crashes into a car o# identical mass stopped at a tra##ic li!ht. $hat is the 0elocity o# the "rec a!e immediately a#ter the crash, assumin! the cars stic to!ether' ( &( = *.00 m+s. &2 = #, m( = m2 = m) 0 m&( + m&2 = /m + m)vc ; m&( = 2mvc

106

Chapter 9 Impulse and Momentum vc = &1 * m+s = . ) )

Physics, 6th Edition

vc = -.00 m+s

9-)2. A )000- ! truc tra0elin! at 10 m+s crashes into a 1)00- ! car initially at rest. $hat is the common 0elocity a#ter the collision i# they stic to!ether' $hat is the loss in ener!y' m(&( + m2&2 = /m( + m2)vc ; ()000 !,(10 m+s, + # = ()000 ! 7 1)00 !,vc vc 1 6.)5 m+s

)0,000 m+s 1 2)00 vc .

m(&(2 + # =/m( + m2)vc2; ()000 !,(10 m+s,) 1 >(2)00 !,(6.)5 m+s,) 7 @oss :oss = 100,000 A = 6),500 A. :oss = 2/,500 A

9-)-. A 20- ! child stands on a #rictionless sur#ace. ;he #ather thro"s a 0.*- ! #oot&all "ith a 0elocity o# 15 m+s. $hat 0elocity "ill the child ha0e a#ter catchin! the #oot&all' m(&( + 0 = m(v( + m2v2; (0.* !,(15 m+s, = (20 ! 7 0.* !,vc (20.* !,vc = 1) m+s. vc =0.290 m+s

:9-)5. A )0-! o&%ect tra0elin! to the le#t at * m+s collides head on "ith a 10-! o&%ect tra0elin! to the ri!ht at 5 m+s. $hat is their com&ined 0elocity a#ter impact' m(&( + m2&2 = /m( + m2)vc ; ()0 !,(-* m+s, + (10 !,(5 m+s, = ()0 ! 7 10 !,vc vc 1 -2.6/ m+s, to le#t

-110 m+s 1 20 vc .

:9-)6. 3ind the percent loss o# ener!y #or the collision in Pro&lem 9-)5. +onservation of 0nergy- m(&(2 + m2&22 =/m( + m2)vc2 + :oss >()0 !,(-* m+s,) 7 (10 !,(5 m+s,) 1 >(20 !,(-2.6/ m+s,) 7 @oss /65 A 1 )0) A 7 :oss; :oss = )*5 ;; <:oss = 562 A = /2.6B /65 A

10/

Chapter 9 Impulse and Momentum

Physics, 6th Edition

:9-)/. A )- ! &loc o# clay is tied to the end o# a strin! as sho"n in 3i!. 9-9. A 500-! steel &all em&eds itsel# into the clay causin! &oth to rise a hei!ht o# )0 cm. 3ind the entrance 0elocity o# the &all' h

1efore applying moment&m conservation, !e need to kno! the common velocity of the clay and all after the collision. 0nergy is conserved - /m( + m2) vc2 = /m( + m2) gh vc = ) gh = )(9.* m+s ) ,(0.)0 m, ; m(&( + 0 = /m( + m2) vc ; vc = 1.9* m+s

(0.5 !, &( = (0.5 ! 7 ) !,(1.9* m+s, &( = 9.90 m+s

(0.5 !,&( = -.95 m+s.

:9-)*. In Pro&lem 9-)/, suppose the 500-! &all passes entirely throu!h the clay an emer!es "ith a 0elocity o# 10 m+s. "hat must &e the ne" entrance 0elocity i# the &loc is to raise to the same hei!ht o# )0 cm' We m&st find the velocity v2 of the clay /m2) after collision/m( + m2) v22 = /m( + m2) gh vc = ) gh = )(9.* m+s ) ,(0.)0 m, ; v2 = 1.9* m+s. h
10 m+s

4oment&m is conserved- m(&( + # = m(v( + m2v2; (0.5 !,&( = (0.5 !,(10 m+s, 7 () !,(1.9* m+s,. &( = 1/.9 m+s

:9-)9. A 9-! &ullet is em&edded into a ).0 ! &allistic pendulum (see 3i!. *-12,. $hat "as the initial 0elocity o# the &ullet i# the com&ined masses rise to a hei!ht o# 9 cm' /m( + m2) vc2 = /m( + m2) gh vc = ) gh = )(9.* m+s ) ,(0.09 m, ; m(&( + 0 = /m( + m2) vc ; vc = 1.22 m+s

(0.009 !, &( = (0.009 ! 7 ) !,(1.22 m+s, 10*

Chapter 9 Impulse and Momentum (0.009 !,&( = ).6* m+s. &( = )9/ m+s

Physics, 6th Edition

:9-20. A &illiard &all mo0in! to the le#t at 20 cm+s collides head on "ith another &all mo0in! to the ri!ht at )0 cm+s. ;he masses o# the &alls are identical. I# the collision is per#ectly elastic, "hat is the 0elocity o# each &all a#ter impact' /+onsider right as +.) Momentum6 m(&( + m2&2 = m(v( + m2v2 2iven- m( = m2 = m, v( = $20 cm+s, v2 = #

m(-20 cm+s, 7 0 1 mv( + mv2 ; v( + v2 1 (-20 cm+s, 7 ()0 cm+s,. v( + v2 1 -10 cm+s 0nergy /e = ()- v2 " v( = &( " &2 = /$20 cm+s, = ()0 cm+s,. v2 " v( = $ 50 cm+s From second e=&ation6 v2 = v( = 50 cm+s. >& stit&ting this for v2, !e o tainv( + (v1 - 50 cm+s, = $ 10 cm+s. and v( = )0 cm+s, to right v2 = $20 cm+s, to left

9nd, v2 = v( " 50 cm+s 1 ()0 cm+s, = 50 cm+s.

9-21. ;he coe##icient o# restitution #or steel is 0.90. I# a steel &all is dropped #rom a hei!ht o# / m, ho" hi!h "ill it re&ound' e= h) . h1 e) = h) . h1 h) = h1e ) = (/ m,(0.9, ) . h2 =5.6/ m h(
/m

h2

:9-2). $hat is the time &et"een the #irst contact "ith the sur#ace and the second contact #or Pro&lem 9-21' (We need to kno! vo to rise to 5.6/ m, then find t.) vo = 10.5- m+s

) > mv0 = mgh. 0 0 = ) gh = )(9.* m+s ) ,(5.6/ m, ;

s=

v0 + v f )

t. t =

)s )(5.6/ m, = . vo + 0 10.5- m+s ; 1 ).15 s

t = 1.0/ s. ; 1 )t.

109

Chapter 9 Impulse and Momentum

Physics, 6th Edition

:9-22. A &all dropped #rom rest onto a #i9ed hori8ontal plate re&ounds to a hei!ht that is *1 percent o# its ori!inal hei!ht. $hat is the coe##icient o# restitution' $hat is the reCuired 0elocity on the #irst impact to cause the &all to re&ound to a hei!ht o# * m. e= v) v1 . &1 &) h) = 0.*1. h1 v2 = &2 = #; e = 0.900 v1 . &1 h( v1 v1 = ; e (0.9, 7

h2 &( = $1.11v(

e=

e=

&1 =

> mv1) = mgh. 01 = ) gh = )(9.* m+s ) ,(* m, ; &( = $1.11v(; &( = -1.11(-1).5 m+s,.

v( = $1).5 m+s

&( = 12.9 m+s

:9-2-. A 200-! &loc mo0in! north at 50 cm+s collides "ith a )00-! &loc mo0in! south at 100 cm+s. I# the collision is completely inelastic, "hat is their common 0elocity a#ter stic in! to!ether' $hat is the loss in ener!y' /+onsider north as positive) 4oment&m6 m(&( + m2&2 = m(v( + m2v2 ; v( = v2 = vc for inelastic collision

(200 !,(50 cm+s, 7 ()00 !,(-100 cm+s, 1 (200 ! 7 )00 !,vc 15,000 ! cm+s = )0,000 ! cm+s 1 (500 !,vc; vc = -10 cm+s, so&th

/?ote- When !orking !ith energy, it is necessary to &se ! for the mass &nit.) +onservation of 0nergy- m(&(2 + m2&22 =/m( + m2)vc2 + :oss >(0.2 !,(-* m+s,) 7 (0.) !,(5 m+s,) 1 >(0.2 ! 7 0.) !,(-2.6/ m+s,) 7 @oss >olving for @lossA, !e o tain:oss = 0.125 A

:9-25. Duppose the collision in Pro&. 9-2- is per#ectly elastic. 3ind the 0elocities a#ter impact. m(&( + m2&2 = m(v( + m2v2; m( = 5## !, m2 = )00 !, &( = 50 cm+s, &2 1 - 100 cm+s

(200 !,(50 cm+s, 7 ()00 !,(-100 cm+s, 1 (200 !,v( + ()00 !,v2 110

Chapter 9 Impulse and Momentum Bividing each term y (## !6 2 v( + 2 v2 = $50 cm+s

Physics, 6th Edition

0nergy /e = ()- v2 " v( = &( " &2 = (50 cm+s, = (-100 cm+s,. v2 " v( = 150 cm+s >& stit&te v2 = v( + 150 cm+s into the earlier e=&ation and solve for v(2 v( + ) (v( 7 150 cm+s, 1 - 50 cm+s. v2 = (-*0 cm+s, 1 150 cm+s. v( 1 -*0 cm+s, to left

v2 1 /0 cm+s, to right

:9-26. A 5-l& and a 1)-l& o&%ect approach each other "ith eCual 0elocities o# )5 #t+s. $hat "ill &e their 0elocities a#ter impact i# the collision is (a, completely inelastic or (&, per#ectly elastic' >ince !eight is proportional to mass, !e !ill &se the !eights instead. 4oment&m6 W(&( + W2&2 = W(v( + W2v2 ; v( = v2 = vc for inelastic collision vc = $10.2 #t+s

(5 l&,()5 #t+s, 7 (1) l&,(-)5 #t+s, 1 (5 l& 7 1) l&,vc;

0lastic case- (5 l&,()5 #t+s, 7 (1) l&,(-)5 #t+s, 1 (5 l&,v( + (1) l&,v2 ; Bividing each term y ) l&6 v( + ).- v2 = $25 #t+s 0nergy /e = ()- v2 " v( = &( " &2 = ()5 #t+s, = (=)5 #t+s,. v2 " v( = 50 #t+s >& stit&te v( = v2 $ 50 #t+s into the earlier e=&ation and solve for v((v2 " )# #t+s, 7 ).- v2 1 - 25 #t+s. v( = v2 = 50 #t+s 1 -.-1 #t+s = 50 #t+s. v2 1 -.-1 #t+s v( 1 --5.6 #t+s

Challenge Problems
9-2/. An a0era!e #orce o# -000 5 acts on a -00-! piece o# metal causin! it to mo0e #rom rest to a 0elocity o# 20 m+s. $hat "as the time o# contact #or this #orce' F t = mvf " mvo = (0.- !,(20 m+s, = 0.

111

Chapter 9 Impulse and Momentum (-000 5,t 1 1) ! m+s.

Physics, 6th Edition

t 1 2.00 ms

:9-2*. An 600-! o&%ect "hose 0elocity is initially 1) m+s, collides "ith a "all and re&ounds "ith hal# o# its ori!inal inetic ener!y. $hat impulse "as applied &y the "all' >mv#2 = 2/mvf2) ; vf =
) v0 (1) m+s, ) = . ) )

v f = *.-9 m+s F t = -1).2 5 m

F t = mvf " mvo = (0.6 !,( =).-5 m+s, = (0.6 !,(1) m+s,.

:9-29. A 10- ! &loc at rest on a hori8ontal sur#ace is struc &y a )0-! &ullet mo0in! at )00 m+s. ;he &ullet passes entirely throu!h the &loc and e9its "ith a 0elocity o# 10 m+s. $hat is the 0elocity o# the &loc ' m(&( + # = m(v( + m2v2; m( = 0.0) ! (0.0) !,()00 m+s, 1 (0.0) !,(10 m+s, 7 (10 !,v2 ; 9--0. In Pro&lem 9-29, ho" much inetic ener!y "as lost' +onservation of 0nergy- m(&(2 + # = m(v(2 + m2v22 + :oss >(0.) !,()00 m+s,) 1 (0.) !,(10 m+s,) + >(10 !,(0.2*0 m+s,) 7 @oss >olving for @lossA, !e o tain:oss =2990 A v2 = 0.2*0 m+s v2 = C v( = 10 m+s

:9--1. A 60-! &ody ha0in! an initial 0elocity o# 100 cm+s to the ri!ht collides "ith a 150-! &ody mo0in! to the le#t at 20 cm+s. ;he coe##icient o# restitution is 0.*. $hat are the 0elocities a#ter impact. $hat percent o# the ener!y is lost in collision' m(&( + m2&2 = m(v( + m2v2; m( = *# !, m2 = 150 !, &( = 100 cm+s, &2 1 - 20 cm+s

(60 !,(100 cm+s, 7 (150 !,(-20 cm+s, 1 (60 !,v( + (150 !,v2 Bivide each term y 60 ! and simplify6 v( + 2.) v2 = )5 cm+s

11)

Chapter 9 Impulse and Momentum

Physics, 6th Edition

v2 " v( = e/&( " &2); v2 " v( = 0.*E100 cm+s = (-20 cm+s,F. v2 " v( = 10- cm+s >olve for v(:9--1. (Cont., v( = v2 = 10- cm+s. ?o! s& stit&te to find v2. v2 = 26.9 cm+s, to right v( = -6/.1 cm+s, to left

(v2 = 10- cm+s, 7 ).5 v2 = )5 cm+s.

v( = v2 = 10- cm+s 1 (26.9 cm+s, = 10- cm+s.

+onservation of 0nergy- m(&(2 + m2&22 = m(v(2 + m2v22 + :oss For energy !e m&st &se >% &nits !ith mass in @ !G and velocity in Am+s.A 0ok = >(0.06 !,(1 m+s,) 7 >(0.15 !,(-0.2 m+s,). 0ok 1 0.026/5 A

0fk = (0.06 !,(-0.6/1 m+s,) + >(0.15 !,(0.269 m+s,). 0fk 1 0.0)2/ A 0 0 fk B :oss = 100 ok 0ok 0.026/5 A - 0.0)2/ A = 100 0.026/5 A <:oss = 25.5B

:9--). ;he &loc in 3i!. 9-6 "ei!hs 6 l&. <o" hi!h "ill it rise i# a 0.--l& pro%ectile "ith an initial 0elocity o# 90 #t+s em&eds itsel# into the &loc ' 4oment&m is conserved- m(&( + # = m(v( + m2v2; (0.- l&,(90 #t+s), = (0.- ! 7 6 l&,vc mW h

vc = 5.6)5 #t+s

?o!, !e can find h &sing conservation of energy and the common initial velocity vc/m( + m2) v22 = /m( + m2) gh ; The mass divides o&t.
) v0 (5.6)5 #t+s, ) h= = ; )g )(2) #t+s ) ,

h 1 0.-9- #t.

h 1 5.92 in.

:9--2. A sin!le railroad car mo0in! north at 10 m+s stri es t"o identical, coupled cars initially mo0in! south at ) m+s. I# all three couple to!ether a#ter collidin!, "hat is their common 0elocity' m1 1 m) 1 m2 1 m. &( = 10 m+s. &) 1 &5 = $) m+s. v( = v) 1 v5 =vc

4oment&m is conserved- m&( + m/&2 + &5) = /5m)vc /4ass divides o&t.)

112

Chapter 9 Impulse and Momentum 10 m+s = ) m+s = ) m+s 1 2 vc; vc = ).00 m+s, north

Physics, 6th Edition

:9---. An atomic particle o# mass ).00 9 10-)/ ! mo0es "ith a 0elocity o# -.00 9 106 and collides head on "ith a particle o# mass 1.)0 9 10-)/ ! initially at rest. Assumin! a per#ectly elastic collision, "hat is the 0elocity o# the incident particle a#ter the collision' m(&( + # = m(v( + m2v2; m( = 2 ' (#$2D !, m2 = 1.) 9 10-)/ !, &( = - 9 106 m+s

(2 ' (#$2D !,( - 9 106 m+s, 1 () 9 10-)/ !,v( + (1.) 9 10-)/ ! ,v2 Bividing each term y ) 9 10-)/ !6 v( + 0.6 v2 = - 9 106 m+s

0nergy /e = ()- v2 " v( = &( " &2 = - 9 106 m+s = 0 . v2 " v( = - 9 106 m+s >& stit&te v2 = / v( + - 9 106 m+s, into the earlier e=&ation and solve for v(v( + 0.6 (v( 7 - 9 106 m+s, 1 - 9 106 m+s. v( 1 1.00 9 106 m+s

:9--5. A &at stri es a -00-! so#t&all mo0in! hori8ontally to the le#t at )0 m+s. It lea0es the &at "ith a 0elocity o# 60 m+s at an an!le o# 200 "ith the hori8ontal. $hat are the hori8ontal and 0ertical components o# the impulse imparted to the &all' First find components of velocity- v(' = $ )0 m+s. v(y = # v2' = (60 cos 200, 1 5).0 m+s. v2y = (60 sin 200, 1 20 m+s F' t = ; = mv2' " mv(' ; Fy t = ; = mv2y " mv(y ; ;' = (0.- !,(5).0 m+s, = (0.- !,(-)0 m+s,. ;y = (0.- !,(20 m+s, = 0 . ;y = 1).0 5 s v2y 60 m+s
200

v('

v2' -)0 m+s

;' = )*.* 5 s

:9--6. I# the &at in Pro&lem 9--5 "as in contact "ith the &all #or 5 ms, "hat "as the ma!nitude o# the a0era!e #orce on the so#t&all' F9 = )*.* 5 s = 5/60 5 . 0.005 s Fy = 1).0 5 s = )-00 5 0.005 s F = 6)-0 5

F = F') + Fy) = (5/60 5, ) + ()-00 5, ) .

11-

Chapter 9 Impulse and Momentum

Physics, 6th Edition

:9--/. A cart A has a mass o# 200 ! and mo0es on a #rictionless air trac at 1.- m+s "hen it hits a second cart H at rest. ;he collision is per#ectly elastic and the 200-! cartIs 0elocity is reduced to 0.6)0 m+s a#ter the collision. $hat "as the mass o# the other cart and "hat "as its 0elocity a#ter the collision' m( = 200 !. &( = 1.- m+s. v( = 0.6)0 m+s

m(&( + # = m(v( + m2v2; (200 !,(1.- m+s, 1 (200 !,(0.6)0 m+s, 7 m2v2 m2v2 = )2- ! m+s. 0lastic collision- v2 " v( = &( " &2 = (1.- m+s, = 0 v2 = ).0) m+s m2 = 116 !

v2 = v( + 1.- m+s 1 0.6)0 m+s 7 1.- m+s. m) v) = )2- ! m+s. m) = )2- ! m+s ).0) m+s

:9--*. I# the collision in 3i!. 9-10, assume that the collision o# the t"o masses is completely inelastic. $hat is the common 0elocity a#ter the collision and "hat is the ratio o# the #inal inetic ener!y to the initial inetic ener!y' m(&( + # = /m( + m2)vc ; &( = 15 m+s (1 !,(15 m+s, + 0 = (1 ! 7 ) !,vc vc = 5.00 m+s Eatio = 0.222 1 !
15 m+s

) !

0k ) >(m1 + m) ,vc) (2 !,(5 m+s, ) = = . 0k 1 > m1&1) (1 !,(15 m+s, )

:9--9. Assume the collision in Pro&lem 9--* is per#ectly elastic. $hat is the 0elocity o# each mass a#ter the collision' 0lastic- m(&( + # = m(v( + m2v2 and v2 " v ( = &( " &2 (1 !,(15 m+s, 1 (1 !,v( + () !,v2 ; v( + 2v2 = 15 m+s . v( = 15 m+s = ) v2

v2 " v ( = &( " &2 = (15 m+s, = 0. v2 = 15 m+s 7 v( v2 = 15 m+s 7 (15 m+s = )v2). v2 = 10 m+s . v( = 15 m+s = )(10 m+s , 1 -5 m+s

115

Chapter 9 Impulse and Momentum v( = $5 m+s and v2 = 10 m+s

Physics, 6th Edition

:9-50. A )- ! mass mo0es to ri!ht at ) m+s and collides "ith a 6- ! mass mo0in! to the le#t at m+s. (a, I# the collision is completely inelastic, "hat is their common 0elocity a#ter collidin!, and ho" much ener!y is lost in the collision' 4oment&m6 m(&( + m2&2 = m(v( + m2v2 ; v( = v2 = vc for inelastic collision

() !,() m+s, 7 (6 !,(-- m+s, 1 () ! 7 6 !,vc - ! m+s = )- ! m+s 1 (* !,vc; vc = -).50 m+s

+onservation of 0nergy- m(&(2 + m2&22 = /m( + m2)vc2 + :oss >() !,() m+s,) 7 (6 !,(-- m+s,) 1 >() ! 7 6 !,(-).50 m+s,) 7 @oss >olving for @lossA, !e o tain:oss = )/.0 A

::9-51. In Pro&lem 9-50, assume the collision is per#ectly elastic. $hat are the 0elocities a#ter the collision' m(&( + m2&2 = m(v( + m2v2; m( = 2 !, m2 = 6 !, &( = ) m+s, &2 1 - - m+s

() !,() m+s, 7 (6 !,(-- m+s, 1 () !,v( + 6 !,v2 Bividing each term y 2 !6 v( + 2 v2 = $10 m+s

0nergy /e = ()- v2 " v( = &( " &2 = () m+s, = (-- m+s,. v2 " v( = 6 m+s >& stit&te v2 = v( + 6 m+s into the earlier e=&ation and solve for v(v( + 2(v( 7 6 m+s, 1 - 10 m+s. v2 = (-/.00 m+s, 1 6 m+s. v( 1 -/.00 m+s v2 1 -1.00 m+s

116

Chapter 9 Impulse and Momentum

Physics, 6th Edition

Critical Thinking

uestions

:9-5). An astronaut in or&it outside a capsule uses a re0ol0er to control motion. ;he astronaut "ith !ear "ei!hs )00 l& on the earth. I# the re0ol0er #ires 0.05-l& &ullets at )/00 #t+s, and 10 shots are #ired, "hat is the #inal 0elocity o# the astronaut' Compare the #inal inetic ener!y o# the ten &ullets "ith that o# the astronaut. $hy is the di##erence so !reat' 0 7 0 1 Wava + W v ; va = W v (0.05 l&,()/00 #t+s, = ; va = $0.6/5 #t+s Wa )00 l&

0ach shot changes va y "#.*D) m+s6 vf = 10(0.6/5 m+s,. vf = $ 6./5 #t+s We need masses- m = 0.05 l& )00 l& = 0.00156 slu!s ; m = = 6.)5 slu!s ) 2) #t+s 2) #t+s )

0k = 10 (>mv 2) = (5,(0.00156 slu!s,()/00 #t+s,). 0k 1 56,950 #t l& 0ka = mava2 = >(6.)5 slu!s,(6./5 #t+s,) . 0ka = 1-) #t l&

The kinetic energy of the &llets is m&ch larger eca&se !hen finding the kinetic energy, one m&st deal !ith the s=&are of velocity. The speeds dominate. :9-52. In applyin! conser0ation o# momentum #or collidin! o&%ects to #ind #inal 0elocities, could "e use the "ei!ht o# the o&%ects instead o# the mass' $hy, or "hy not' Jeri#y your ans"er &y applyin! it to one o# the e9amples in the te9t. >ince !eight is proportional to mass- W = mg, and since mass appears in every term involving conservation of moment&m, the !eight can e &sed instead of the mass to calc&late either velocities or !eights of colliding o .ects. For e'ample, see Fro . 8$5*. m(&( + m2&2 = m(v( + m2v2 W1 W W W &1 + ) &) = 1 v1 + ) v) g g g g 11/

Chapter 9 Impulse and Momentum W(&( + W2&2 = W(v( + W2v2

Physics, 6th Edition

:9-5-. A )0-! &ullet, mo0in! at )00 m+s, stri es a 10- ! "ooden &loc and passes entirely throu!h it, emer!in! "ith a 0elocity o# 10 m+s. $hat is the 0elocity o# the &loc a#ter impact' <o" much ener!y "as lost' m(&( + # = m(v( + m2v2 (0.0)0 !,()00 m+s, 1 (0.0)0 !,(10 m+s, 7 (10 !,v2 ; v2 = 0.2*0 m+s

+onservation of 0nergy- m(&(2 + # = /m( + m2)vc2 + :oss >(0.0) !,()00 m+s,) 1 >(10.0) !,(0.2* m+s,) 7 @oss :oss = 299 A

:9-55. A 0.20- ! &ase&all mo0in! hori8ontally at -0 m+s is struc &y a &at. ;he &all is in contact "ith the &at #or a time o# 5 ms, and it lea0es "ith a 0elocity o# 60 m+s at an an!le o# 200, "hat are the hori8ontal and 0ertical components o# the a0era!e #orce actin! on the &at' First find components of velocity- v(' = $ )0 m+s. v(y = # v2' = (60 cos 200, 1 5).0 m+s. v2y = (60 sin 200, 1 20 m+s F' t = mv2' " mv(' = (0.2 !,(5).0 m+s, = (0.2 !,(--0 m+s,. F'/#.##) s, 1 )/.6 5 s . F' = 55)0 5 v2y 60 m+s
200

v('

v2' --0 m+s

Fy t = mv2y " mv(y = (0.2 !,(20 m+s, = 0 . 3y(0.005 s, 1 9.00 5 s . 3y 1 1*00 5 :9-56. $hen t"o masses collide they produce eCual &ut opposite impulses. ;he masses do not chan!e in the collision, so the chan!e in momentum o# one should &e the ne!ati0e o# the chan!e #or the other. Is this true "hether the collision is elastic or inelastic. Jeri#y your ans"er &y usin! the data in Pro&lems 9-50 and 9-51. 4oment&m is conserved !hether energy is lost in collision or not. Therefore, e=&al &t opposite imp&lses sho&ld al!ays prod&ce e=&al and opposite changes in moment&m.

11*

Chapter 9 Impulse and Momentum Fro . 8$)#- The test is !hether- m(v( " m(&( = $/ m2&2 " m2v2); :9-56. (Cont.,

Physics, 6th Edition v( = v2 1 -).5 m+s

() !,(-).50 m+s, - () !,() m+s, 1 -E(6 ! ,(-).50 m+s, - (6 !,(-- m+s,F - 9 ! m+s 1 - 9 ! m+s. %t !orks for inelastic collisions.

Fro . 8$)(- >ame test- m(v( " m(&( = $/ m2v2 " m2&2);

v( = -/ m+s; v2 1 -1 m+s

() !,(-/ m+s, - () !,() m+s, 1 -E(6 ! ,(-1 m+s, - (6 !,(-- m+s,F - 1* ! m+s 1 - 1* ! m+s. %t also !orks for elastic collisions. :9-5/. ;"o toy cars o# masses m and 2m approach each other, each tra0elin! at 5 m+s. I# they couple to!ether, "hat is their common speed a#ter"ard' $hat are the 0elocities o# each car i# the collision is per#ectly elastic' ( m( = m, m2 = 5m, &( = ) m+s, &2 = $ ) m+s , m(&( + m2&2 = /m( + m2 ) vc ; -10 m+s 1 - vc; m(5 m+s, 7 2m(-5 m+s, 1 (m 7 2m, vc For inelastic case

vc = $).50 m+s

m(&( + m2&2 = m(v( + m2v2 ; v( + 2v2 1 $10 m+s;

m(5 m+s, 7 2m(-5 m+s, 1 mv( + 5mv2 ?o! for elastic- v2 " v( = &( " &2 v( = v2 " 10 m+s v2 = 0

v2 " v( = 5 m+s = (=5 m+s, 1 10 m+s. (v2 " 10 m+s, 7 2 v2 = -10 m+s. v( = /#) " 10 m+s 1 - 10 m+s.

v1 1 -10 m+s

:9-5*. An *-! &ullet is #ired hori8ontally at t"o &loc s restin! on a #rictionless sur#ace. ;he #irst &loc has a mass o# 1- ! and the second has a mass o# )- !. ;he &ullet passes completely throu!h the #irst &loc and lod!es into the second. A#ter the collisions, the 1! &loc mo0es "ith a 0elocity o# 1 m+s and the )- ! &loc mo0es "ith ) m+s. $hat is the 0elocity o# the &ullet &e#ore and a#ter emer!in! #rom the #irst &loc ' $$G serve the fig&re on the ne't page $$

119

Chapter 9 Impulse and Momentum

Physics, 6th Edition

*! :9-5*. (Cont.,

1 !

) !

1 m+s

) m+s

Total moment&m at start = total moment&m at finish (0.00* !, v( = (1 !,(1 m+s, 7 ().00* !,() m+s,. v( = 6)/ m+s

To find velocity emerging from 1- ! mass, !e apply conservation to first lock only(0.00* !,(6)/ m+s, 1 (0.00* !,ve 7 (1 !,(1 m+s, . ve = 50) m+s

:9-59. A 1- ! mass A is attached to a support &y a cord o# len!th *0 cm, and it is held hori8ontally as in 3i!. 9-11. A#ter release it s"in!s do"n"ard stri in! the )- ! mass H "hich is at rest on a #rictionless ta&letop. Assumin! that the collision is per#ectly elastic "hat are the 0elocities o# each mass immediately a#ter impact' First find &9 from energy of fall- mv2 = mgh v = ) gh = )(9.* m+s ) ,(0.* m, . m9&9 + # = m9v9 + m1v1; v = 2.96 m+s @ 1 *0 cm

m9 = 1 !. &9 = 2.96 m+s

(1 !,(2.96 m+s, 1 (1 !,v9 + () !, v1 v9 7 ) v1 1 2.96 m+s . v1 " v9 = 2.96 m+s .

m1 = ) !

0lastic- v1 " v9 = &9 " &1 = 2.96 m+s = 0 m9 = ) ! v9 = v1 " 2.96 m+s . >& stit&te for v9 in the other e=&ation. v1 = ).6- m+s

(v1 " 2.96 m+s, 7 ) v1 = 2.96 m+s. From !hichv9 = v1 " 2.96 m+s 1 ).6- m+s = 2.96 m+s.

v9 = -1.2) m+s

1)0