Background and Introduction To 1xEV-DO Technology

Course 340
Background Background and and Introduction Introduction To To 1xEV-DO 1xEV-DO Technology Technology
This course can be downloaded free from our website:
www.howcdmaworks.com/340.pdf
7-2008 Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter 340 - 1
340 Contents
Wireless Usage Today: Competing Wireless Data Technologies Speed: 1xEV-DOs purpose and differences from 1xRTT Key Features and Structure of 1xEV-DO EV-DO Technical Details: Channels and Dataflow MAC Indices what they do, and how many are available Forward Link Data delivery during an established connection C/I instead of Ec/Io Managing the APs attention to mobiles: Proportional Fairness Signal Composition and HARQ: Hybrid Repeat-Request Protocol Reverse Rate Control EV-DO Rev. A Forward and Reverse rate indices Route Update and the signal path in both directions Network Architecture of main manufacturers, Mobile and Simple IP Interoperability Basics
7-2008
Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter
340 - 2
Global and US Wireless Subscribers 1Q 2008
Total GSM CDMA IDEN
Global 3,051,659,279 2,571,563,279 451,400,000 28,696,000
USA 252,018,131 84.3% 102,200,000 14.8% 132,243,131 0.9% 17,575,000
40.6% 52.5% 7.0%
Total Worldwide Wireless customers surpassed total worldwide landline customers at year-end 2002, with 1,00,080,000 of each. 4/5 of worldwide wireless customers use the GSM technology CDMA is second-most-prevalent with 14.8% In the US, CDMA is the most prevalent technology at 52.5% penetration Both CDMA and GSM are growing in the US IS-136 TDMA systems were converted to GSM + GPRS + EDGE
World Wireless Subs by Technology 2006

World Wireless Subscribers Top 21 Operators Only 980.77 Operator Country Subscribers China 246.65 China Mobile China 127.79 China Unicom Russia 58.19 MTS US 54.1 Cingular US 51.3 Verizon Japan 50.36 NTT DoCoMo US 45.6 Sprint Nextel Mexico 33.6 Telcel Germany 29.5 T-Mobile Germany 29.16 D2 Vodafone Brazil 28.8 Vivo Turkey 27.9 Turkcell Italy 27.25 Telecom Italia USA 21.7 T-Mobile France 21.67 Orange Japan 21.57 KDDI 19.6 Telefonica Moviles Spain South Korea 19.53 SK Telecom Italy 18.2 Vodafone Italy UK 17.2 T-Mobile UK 16.325 Vodafone UK Japan 14.77 Vodafone KK 14.8% 145.49 CDMA 27.79 83.1% 814.98 GSM 246.65 100.00 58.19 54.10 50.36 25.30 33.60 29.50 29.16 28.80 27.90 27.25 21.70 21.67 21.57 19.60 19.53 18.20 17.20 16.33 14.77 20.30 2.1% 20.30 IDEN
51.30
7-2008
340 - 4
US Wireless Subs by Technology 2006

US Wireless Subscribers Carrier Cingular Wireless Verizon Wireless Sprint Nextel T-Mobile Alltel US Cellular Leap Wireless Dobson Communications SunCom Rural Cellular Corp. Centennial Communications Cincinnati Bell Ntelos SouthernLinc Alaska Communications Cellular South Commnet Wireless West Coast/SureWest Wireless Meriwether Comms. Airadigm Lewis and Clark Clear Talk Entertainment Unlimited Corr Wireless Poplar PCS Edge Wireless Salmon PCS 100% 198,444,627 Subscribers 54,100,000 51,300,000 44,304,901 21,700,000 11,040,000 5,500,000 1,670,000 1,543,000 964,824 705,602 586,000 496,000 336,300 300,000 117,000 670,000 420,000 350,000 300,000 380,000 370,000 520,000 220,000 127,000 190,000 120,000 114,000 48.4% 95,963,297 CDMA 51,300,000 24,459,997 21,700,000 11,040,000 5,500,000 1,670,000 1,543,000 964,824 705,602 586,000 496,000 336,300 300,000 117,000 670,000 420,000 350,000 300,000 380,000 370,000 520,000 220,000 127,000 190,000 120,000 114,000 41.5% 82,336,426 GSM>WCDMA 54,100,000 10.2% 20,144,904 iDEN
19,844,904
7-2008
340 - 5
A Quick Survey of Wireless Data Technologies

FOURTH GENERATION US CDMA
WiMAX
12000 6000 kb/s
ETSI/GSM
LTE
12000 6000 kb/s
MISC/NEW
Flarion OFDM
1500 900 kb/s
WCDMA HSDPA
THIRD GENERATION
1xEV-DV
5000 - 1200 DL 307 - 153 UL
12000 6000 kb/s
WCDMA 1
2000 - 800 kb/s
1xEV-DO A
3100 800 DL 1800 600 UL
WCDMA 0
384 250 kb/s
1xRTT RC4
EDGE
200 - 90 kb/s DL 45 kb/s UL
TD-SCDMA
In Development
2.5G
307.2 144 kb/s
1xRTT RC3
153.6 90 kb/s
GPRS
40 30 kb/s DL 15 kb/s UL
CELLULAR
IS-136 TDMA
19.2 9.6 kb/s
19.2 19.2 kb/s
IDEN
SECOND GENERATION
IS-95B
64 -32 kb/s
GSM HSCSD
32 19.2 kb/s
IS-95
14.4 9.6 kb/s
GSM CSD
9.6 4.8 kb/s
CDPD
19.2 4.8 kb/s discontinued
Mobitex
9.6 4.8 kb/s obsolete
This summary is a work-in-progress, tracking latest experiences and reports from all the high-tier (provider-network-oriented) 2G, 3G and 4G wireless data technologies Have actual experiences to share, latest announced details, or corrections to the above? Email to Scott@ScottBaxter.com. Thanks for your comments!
The CDMA Migration Path to 3G

CDMAone Generation Technology Spectrum Signal Bandwidth, #Users 1G AMPS
RL FL
CDMA2000 / IS-2000 2.5G? 3G 3G 3G IS-2000: IS-2000: 1xEV-DO 1xEV-DO 1xEV-DV Rev. 0 Rev. A 1xRTT 3xRTT 1xTreme IS-856 IS-856
RL FL RL FL RL FL RL FL RL FL
2G
2G
IS-95A/ IS-95B J-Std008

RL FL RL FL
1250 kHz. F: 3x 1250k 30 kHz. 1250 kHz. 1250 kHz. R: 3687k 50-80 voice 120-210 per 1 20-35 25-40 3 carriers and data 14.4K 64K 153K 307K 230K
Enhanced Access Channel Structure
1250 kHz. 59 active users
1250 kHz. 1250 kHz. 59 active Many packet users users 3.1 Mb/s DL 1.8 Mb/s UL Higher data rates on dataonly CDMA carrier 5 Mb/s
None, Data Capabilities 2.4K by modem Features: Incremental Progress

First System, Capacity & Handoffs
2.4 Mb/s DL 1.0 Mb/s 153 Kb/s

UL
First CDMA, Capacity, Quality
Improve d Access Smarter Handoffs
Faster data rates on shared 3-carrier bundle
High data rates on data-only CDMA carrier
High data rates on Data-Voice shared CDMA carrier
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340 - 7
Modulation Techniques of 1xEV Technologies

1xEV, 1x Evolution, is a family of alternative fast-data schemes that can be implemented on a 1x CDMA carrier. 1xEV DO means 1x Evolution, Data Only, originally proposed by Qualcomm as High Data Rates (HDR). Up to 2.4576 Mbps forward, 153.6 kbps reverse A 1xEV DO carrier holds only packet data, and does not support circuit-switched voice Commercially available in 2003 1xEV DV means 1x Evolution, Data and Voice. Max throughput of 5 Mbps forward, 307.2k reverse Backward compatible with IS-95/1xRTT voice calls on the same carrier as the data Not yet commercially available; work continues All versions of 1xEV use advanced modulation techniques to achieve high throughputs.
QPSK
CDMA IS-95, IS-2000 1xRTT, and lower rates of 1xEV-DO, DV
16QAM
1xEV-DO at highest rates
64QAM
1xEV-DV at highest rates
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GSM Technology Migration Path to 3G

Generation Technology Signal Bandwidth, #Users Data Capabilities 1G various analog 2G GSM 2.5G or 3? 3G 3G
various
200 kHz. 7.5 avg.
UMTS UTRA GPRS EDGE WCDMA 3.84 MHz. 200 kHz. 200 kHz. up to 200+ Many fast data voice users Pkt. users many users and data 9-160 Kb/s 384 Kb/s (conditions mobile user determine) 2Mb/s static user
various
none
Features: Incremental Progress
various
Europes first Digital wireless
Integrated Packet IP 8PSK for voice/data access 3x Faster (Future rates Multiple data rates to 12 MBPS attached than GPRS using adv. users modulation?)
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TDMA IS-136 Technology Migration Path to 3G
the familiar GSM path!

Generation Technology Signal Bandwidth, #Users Data Capabilities 1G AMPS 2G CDPD 2G TDMA IS-54 IS-136 2G GSM 2.5G or 3? 3G 3G UMTS UTRA GPRS EDGE WCDMA 3.84 MHz. 200 kHz. 200 kHz. up to 200+ Many fast data voice users Pkt. users many users and data 9-160 Kb/s 384 Kb/s (conditions mobile user determine) 2Mb/s static user
30 kHz. 1 None, 2.4K by modem
30 kHz. 30 kHz. Many 3 users Pkt Usrs 19.2 kbps none
200 kHz. 7.5 avg.
none
First System, Features: Incremental Capacity & Progress Handoffs
US Packet Data Svc.
USAs first Digital wireless
Integrated Packet IP Europes 8PSK for voice/data access first 3x Faster (Future rates Multiple Digital data rates to 12 MBPS attached wireless than GPRS using adv. users modulation?)
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SPEED: SPEED: 1xEV-DOs 1xEV-DOs Purpose Purpose

Differences Differences from from CDMA2000 CDMA2000 1xRTT 1xRTT
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Why 1xEV-DO?
To satisfy the ITU 3G vision of four radio environments: 9600 bps megacells met by satellite-based systems 144 kbps macrocells met by CDMA2000 1xRTT RC3 384 kbps microcells met by CDMA2000 1xRTT RC4 (307k) 2 mbps picocells met by 1xEV-DO and 1xEV-DV To provide new applications for CDMA2000 users high speed data access and web applications in the mobile environment speeds up to 2.4 mbps
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Why Cant 1xRTT do high speeds?

RF channel conditions change much faster than 1xRTT can track this causes 1xRTT to mis-estimate the feasible data speed which can be used for a burst of data sometimes conditions are worse than expected at the time of a burst, and the burst is received with severe errors other times the conditions are better than expected at the time of a burst, and the burst transmitted more slowly than actually could have been received Bursts in 1xRTT are so long that substantial latency is introduced into error correction and packet repetition schemes For all these reasons, something more nimble is needed
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340 - 13
Mobile RF Channel Conditions Change Rapidly

Path Loss, relative dB +6 +4 +2 +0 -2 0 0.1
Path Loss, db 0.2 0.3 Time, Seconds
0.4
0.5
Slow Fading due to obstructions and user motion
Fast Fading due to user motion through multipath fading standing-wave pattern
Radio Transmission Technologies must be nimble enough to quickly adapt for best results during changing channel conditions in choosing what data rate to transmit in power control of the forward and reverse links
1xRTT Data Burst Control Lags RF Conditions

Eb/Nt, dB Path Loss, relative dB
+4 +2 +0 -2 0 0.1
DATA RATE DECISION
+6
GOOD CONDITIONS
DATA BURST ACTUALLY OCCURS NOW
BAD CONDITIONS
Path Loss, db 0.2 0.3 Time, Seconds 0.4 0.5
BTS F-SCH
Setup Time
F-FCH
Fixed Rate!
F-SCH Burst
SCH-Assignment Msg.
R-FCH MOBILE R-SCH T seconds 0 7-2008 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 340 - 15 0.5
1xEV-DO vs. 1xRTT at the Same Time-Scale

AP
1xEV-DO
Traffic DRC
Thoughput: 2.4 Mb/s max, 0.6 Mb/s typ.
AT
Setup time can be less than 10 ms., depending on traffic loading.
T 0 0.1 0.2 Time, Seconds 0.3 0.4 0.5
1xRTT
BTS F-SCH
Setup Time
F-FCH
Fixed Rate!
F-SCH Burst
SCH-Assignment Msg.
R-FCH MOBILE
SCH-Request Msg.
R-SCH
Thoughput: 0.15 or 0.31 Mb/s max, 0.06 Mb/s typ.

1xEV-DO Handles Data at the level of Packets and Subpackets

AP
1xEV-DO
Traffic DRC
Thoughput: 2.4 Mb/s max, 0.6 Mb/s typ.
AT
Setup time can be less than 10 ms., depending on traffic loading.
Each forward traffic channel subpacket is only 1.67 ms long The flow of subpackets is stopped immediately when successful decoding is achieved. The reaction to channel conditions is effectively instantaneous, with no wasted excess energy! Short preambles and embedded MAC bits identify the destination mobile No time is wasted sending layer-3 messages to control packet flow Each mobile DRC request is based on latest channel condition ACK/NAK commands can stop unneeded subpacket repetitions in less than 5 ms.!
The The Key Key Features Features and and Structure Structure of of 1xEV-DO 1xEV-DO
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Channel Structure of 1xEV-DO vs. 1xRTT

CHANNEL STRUCTURE IS-95 and 1xRTT many simultaneous users, each with steady forward and reverse traffic channels transmissions arranged, requested, confirmed by layer-3 messages with some delay 1xEV-DO -- Very Different: Forward Link goes to one user at a time like TDMA! users are rapidly time-multiplexed, each receives fair share of available sector time instant preference given to user with ideal receiving conditions, to maximize average throughput transmissions arranged and requested via steady MAC-layer walsh streams very immediate!
7-2008
IS-95 AND 1xRTT

Many users simultaneous forward and reverse traffic channels
PILOT SYNC PAGING F-FCH1 F-FCH2 F-FCH3 F-SCH W0 W32 W1 W17 W25 W41 W3
BTS
F-FCH4 W53
ATs
1xEV-DO
AP
(Access Terminals)
(Access Point)
1xEV-DO Forward Link
AP
340 - 19
Power Management of 1xEV-DO vs. 1xRTT

IS-95: VARIABLE POWER
POWER MANAGEMENT IS-95 and 1xRTT: sectors adjust each users channel power to maintain a preset target FER 1xEV-DO IS-856: sectors always operate at maximum power sector output is timemultiplexed, with only one user served at any instant The transmission data rate is set to the maximum speed the user can receive at that moment
7-2008
TO MAINTAIN USER FER

Maximum Sector Transmit Power 8 7 6
power
5 4 2
5 3 User 1 PAGING SYNC PILOT
time
1xEV-DO: MAX POWER ALWAYS,

DATA RATE OPTIMIZED
power
time
340 - 20
Some EV-DO Terminology

IS-95, IS-2000, 1xRTT
Phone, Mobile, Handset, or Subscriber Terminal
EV-DO
AT
Access Terminal
Base Station, BTS, Cell Site
AP
Access Point
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1xEV-DO 1xEV-DO Technical Technical Details Details

Data Data Flow Flow and and Channels Channels
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1xEV-DO Transmission Timing

Forward Link
All members of the CDMA family - IS-95, IS-95B, 1xRTT, 1xEV-DO and 1xEV-DV transmit Frames One Cycle of PN Short Code IS-95, IS-95B, 1xRTT frames are usually 20 ms. long 1xEV-DO frames are 26-2/3 ms. long same length as the short PN code One 1xEV-DO Frame each 1xEV-DO frame is divided into 1/16ths, called slots The Slot is the basic timing unit of 1xEV-DO forward link transmission Each slot is directed toward somebody and holds a subpacket of information for them Some slots are used to carry the control channel for everyone to hear; most slots are intended for individual users or private groups Users dont own long continuing series of slots One Slot like in TDMA or GSM; instead, each slot or small string of slots is dynamically addressed to whoever needs it at the moment
Whats In a Slot?
Slot 1024 chips Slot 1024 chips
PILOT
PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
SLOT
DATA
400 chips
DATA
400 chips
DATA
400 chips
MAC
DATA
400 chips
64
96
64
64
96
64
The main cargo in a slot is the DATA being sent to a user But all users need to get continuous timing and administrative information, even when all the slots are going to somebody else Twice in every slot there is regularly-scheduled burst of timing and administrative information for everyone to use MAC (Media Access Control) information such as power control bits a burst of pure Pilot allows new mobiles to acquire the cell and decide to use it keeps existing user mobiles exactly on sector time mobiles use it to decide which sector should send them their next forward link packet
What if theres No Data to Send?

PILOT
PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
SLOT
empty
400 chips
empty
400 chips
empty
400 chips
MAC
empty
400 chips
64
96
64
64
96
64
Sometimes there may be no data waiting to be sent on a sectors forward link When theres no data to transmit on a slot, transmitting can be suspended during the data portions of that slot But---the MAC and PILOT must be transmitted!! New and existing mobiles on this sector and surrounding sectors need to monitor the relative strength of all the sectors and decide which one to use next, so they need the pilot Mobiles TRANSMITTING data to the sector on the reverse link need power control bits So MAC and PILOT are always transmitted, even in an empty slot
Slots and Frames

PILOT
PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
SLOT
DATA
400 chips
DATA
400 chips
DATA
400 chips
MAC
DATA
400 chips
64
96
64
64
96
64
Slot
FRAME
1 Frame = 16 slots 32k chips 26-2/3 ms
Two Half-Slots make a Slot 16 Slots make a frame
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Frames and Control Channel Cycles

A Control Channel Cycle is 16 frames (thats 426-2/3 ms, about 1/2 second) The first half of the first frame has all of its slots reserved for possible use carrying Control Channel packets The last half of the first frame, and all of the remaining 15 frames, have their slots available for ordinary use transmitting subpackets to users
Slot
FRAME
CONTROL CHANNEL
USER(S) DATA CHANNEL
16-FRAME
CONTROL CHANNEL CYCLE
16 Frames 524k chips 426-2/3 ms
Thats a lot of slots! 16 x 16 = 256
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340 - 27
Forward Link Frame and Slot Structure: Big Picture Summary

PILOT
PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
SLOT
DATA
400 chips
DATA
400 chips
DATA
400 chips
MAC
DATA
400 chips
64
96
64
64
96
64
FRAME
CONTROL CHANNEL
USER(S) DATA CHANNEL
16-FRAME
CONTROL CHANNEL CYCLE
16 Frames 524k chips 426-2/3 ms
Slots make Frames and Frames make Control Channel Cycles!

Reverse Link Frame and Slot Structure: Big Picture Summary

SLOT
DATA
FRAME
1 Subframe holds 1 Subpacket Subframe Subframe Subframe
Reverse Link frames are the same length as forward link frames The mobile does not include separate MAC and Pilot bursts Its MAC and pilot functions are carried inside its signal by simultaneous walsh codes There is no need for slots for dedicated control purposes since the mobile can transmit on the access channel whenever it needs
Rev. A Reverse Channel Sub-Frame Structure

RRI DATA CHANNEL DRC CHANNEL ACK DSC ACK DSC ACK DSC ACK DSC
AUXILIARY PILOT CHANNEL PILOT CHANNEL
1 Slot
1 Slot 1 Sub-Frame
1 Slot
1 Slot
The mobile transmits sub-packets occupying four reverse link slots, called a reverse link sub-frame. If multiple subpackets are required to deliver a packet, the additional subpackets are spaced in every third subframe until done
EV-DO Rev. A Channels

IN THE WORLD OF CODES
FORWARD CHANNELS
Sector has a Short PN Offset
W064 Pilot W264 Rev Activity
just like IS-95
REVERSE CHANNELS
Long PN offset
ACCESS
MAC
Pilot W016 Data

W24
Access Channel for session setup from Idle Mode
Access
64
DRCLock RPC ARQ
MAC
Primary Pilot W016 Auxiliary Pilot W2832

Long PN offset
Public or Private
Wx16 Control Wx16 Traffic Walsh code
Access Point (AP)
MAC
RRI W416 DRC W816 DSC W1232 ACK W1232 Data

W12
Access Terminal (User Terminal)

Traffic Channel as used during a data session
A TR IC FF
FORWARD
Walsh code
The channels are not continuous like ordinary 1xRTT CDMA Notice the differences between the MAC channels and the Rev. 0 MAC channels these are the heart of the Rev. 0/A differences
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AP
Functions of Rev. A Forward Channels

FORWARD CHANNELS
just like IS-95
Access terminals watch the Pilot to select the strongest sector and choose burst speeds The Reverse Activity Channel tells ATs If the reverse link loading is too high, requiring rate reduction
64
DRCLock RPC ARQ
MAC
MAC
Wx16 Control Wx16 Traffic Walsh code
Access Point (AP)
Each connected AT has MAC channel: DRCLock indication if sector busy RPC (Reverse Power Control) ARQ to halt reverse link subpackets as soon as complete packet is recovered The Control channel carries overhead messages for idle ATs but can also carry user traffic
PILOT
Traffic channels carry user data to one user at a time

PILOT
Forward Link Slot Structure (16 slots in a 26-2/3 ms. frame)

MAC MAC MAC DATA
400 chips
DATA
400 chips
DATA
400 chips
MAC
DATA
400 chips
64 96 64 Slot 1024 chips
64 96 64 Slot 1024 chips
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340 - 32
Functions of Rev. A Reverse Channels

The Pilot is used as a preamble during access probes Data channel during access carries mobile requests Primary Pilot on traffic channel allows synchronous detection and also carries the RRI channel Auxiliary Pilot on traffic channel allows synchronous detection during high data rates RRI reverse rate indicator tells AP what rate is being sent by AT DRC Data Rate Control channel tells desired downlink speed DSC Data Source Control channel tells which sector will send burst ACK channel allows AT to signal successful reception of a packet DATA channel during traffic carries the ATs traffic bits
REVERSE CHANNELS
Long PN offset
ACCESS
Pilot W016 Data

W24
Access Public or Private
Primary Pilot W016 Auxiliary Pilot W2832

Long PN offset
MAC
RRI W416 DRC W816 DSC W1232 ACK W1232 Data

W12

A TR IC FF
Walsh code
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Rev. A MAC Index Values and Their Uses

MAC INDEX MAC CHANNEL USE 0, 1 Not Used 2 Not Used 3 Not Used 4 RA Channel 5 RPC, DRC LOCK, ARQ 64 and 65 Not Used 66 Not Used 67 Not Used 68 Not Used 69 Not Used 70 Not Used 71 Not Used 6-63 and 72-127 RPC, DRC LOCK, ARQ PREAMBLE USE Not Used Control 76.8 kbps Control 38.4 kbps Not Used Fwd TC if no Bcst Not Used Multi-User 128, 256, 512, 1024 Multi-User 2048 Multi-user 3072 Multi-User 4096 Multi-User 5120 Control 19.2, 38.4, 76.8 Fwd TC, Single User PREAMBLE LENGTH N/A 512 1024 N/A Variable N/A 256 128 64 64 64 1024 Variable

114 MAC indices are available for regular single-user packets 3 MAC indices are earmarked for control channel packets 5 MAC indices are reserved for mult-user packets 1 MAC index is reserved for broadcast packets, or single-users 4 MAC indices are not used due to conflicts with multiplexing patterns
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Rev. A MAC Index and I/Q Channel Contents
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The 1xEV-DO Rev. 0 Channels

IN THE WORLD OF CODES
FORWARD CHANNELS
just like IS-95
REVERSE CHANNELS
Long PN offset
ACCESS
MAC
Pilot W016 Data

W24
Access
64
DRCLock RPC
MAC
Wx16 Control Wx16 Traffic
Pilot W016 RRI

Long PN offset
Public or Private
Access Point (AP)
MAC DRC
FORWARD
Walsh code
W0 W4 W1 W5 W816 W2 W6 W3 W7

These channels are NOT CONTINUOUS like IS-95 or 1xRTT! They are made up of SLOTS carrying data subpackets to individual users or control channel subpackets for everyone to monitor Regardless of who owns a SLOT, the slot also carries two small generic bursts containing PILOT and MAC information everyone can monitor
A TR IC FF
ACK Data
W48 W24
Walsh code
AP
Functions of Rev. 0 Forward Channels

FORWARD CHANNELS
W064 Pilot W264 Rev Activity W
64
Access terminals watch the Pilot to select the strongest sector and choose burst speeds The Reverse Activity Channel tells ATs If the reverse link loading is too high, requiring rate reduction Each AT with open connection has a MAC channel including DRCLock and RPC (Reverse Power Control) muxed using the same MAC index 5-63. The Control channel carries overhead messages for idle ATs but can also carry user traffic
DRCLock RPC
Wx16 Control Wx16 Traffic
Access Point (AP)
MAC
MAC
Traffic channels carry user data to one user at a time
IN THE WORLD OF TIME

Forward Link Slot Structure (16 slots in a 26-2/3 ms. frame)
PILOT PILOT MAC MAC MAC DATA
400 chips
DATA
400 chips
DATA
400 chips
MAC
DATA
400 chips
64 96 64 Slot 1024 chips
64 96 64 Slot 1024 chips
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Functions of Rev. 0 Reverse Channels

The Pilot is used as a preamble during access probes Data channel during access carries mobile requests Pilot during traffic channel allows synchronous detection and also carries the RRI channel RRI reverse rate indicator tells the AP the ATs desired rate for reverse link data channel DRC Data Rate Control channel asks a specific sector to transmit to the AT at a specific rate ACK channel allows AT to signal successful reception of a packet DATA channel during traffic carries the ATs traffic bits
REVERSE CHANNELS
Long PN offset
Access
ACCESS
Pilot W016 Data

W24
TRAFFIC
MAC DRC
Pilot W016 RRI

Long PN offset W0 W4 W1 W5 W816 W2 W6 W3 W7
Public or Private
ACK Data
W48 W24
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AP
The Rev. 0 MAC Index

MACIndex MAC Channel Use 0 and 1 Not Used 2 Not Used 3 Not Used 4 RA Channel Available for RPC and DRCLock 5-63 Channel Transmissions Preamble Use Not Used 76.8 kbps CCH 38.4 kbps CCH Not Used Available for Forward Traffic Channel Transmissions
MACIndex Walsh Code Phase
MACIndex Walsh Code Phase
MACIndex Walsh Code Phase 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Each active user on a sector is assigned a unique 7-bit MAC index (64 MACs possible) Each data packet begins with a preamble, using the MAC index of the intended recipient Five values of MAC indices are reserved for multi-user packets packets intended for reception by a group for example, control channels mobiles may have individual MAC indices AND be simultaneously in various groups this trick keeps payload size low even for transmissions to groups
7-2008
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63
340 - 39
MACIndex Walsh Code Phase 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Forward Forward Link Link Data Data Transmission Transmission During During an an Established Established Connection Connection
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Information Flow Over 1xEV-DO

Data from PDSN for the Mobile Data Ready DRC: 5 MP3, web page, or other content
AP
The system notifies a mobile when data for it is waiting to be sent The mobile chooses which sector it hears best at that instant, and requests the sector to send it a packet there are 16 possible transmission formats the mobile may request, called DRC Indices. Each DRC Index value is really a combined specification including specific values for: what data speed will be transmitted how big a chunk of waiting data will be sent (that amount of data will be cut of the front of the waiting data stream and will be the Packet transmitted) what kind of encoding will be done to protect the data (3x Turbo, 5x Turbo, etc.) and the symbol repetition, if any after the symbols are formed, how many SUBpackets they will be divided into Then, the sector starts transmitting the SUBpackets in SLOTS on the forward link The first slot will begin with a header that the mobile will recognize so it can begin the receiving process
Transmission of a Packet over EV-DO

Data from PDSN for the Mobile Data Ready MP3, web page, or other content A user has initiated a1xEV-DO data session on their AT, accessing a favorite website. The requested page has just been received by the PDSN. The PDSN and Radio Network Controller send a Data Ready message to let the AT know it has data waiting.
AP
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Data from PDSN for the Mobile Data Ready DRC: 5 MP3, web page, or other content A user has initiated a1xEV-DO data session on their AT, accessing a favorite website. The requested page has just been received by the PDSN. The PDSN and Radio Network Controller send a Data Ready message to let the AT know it has data waiting. The AT quickly determines which of its active sectors is the strongest. On the ATs DRC channel it asks that sector to send it a packet at speed DRC Index 5. The mobiles choice, DRC Index 5, determines everything: The raw bit speed is 307.2 kb/s. The packet will have 2048 bits. There will be 4 subpackets (in slots 4 apart). The first subpacket will begin with a 128 chip preamble.
AP
DRC Modu- Preamble Payload Raw C/I Index Slots lation Chips Bits kb/s db 0x0 n/a QPSK n/a 0 null rate n/a 0x1 16 QPSK 1024 1024 38.4 -11.5 0x2 8 QPSK 512 1024 76.8 -9.2 0x3 4 QPSK 256 1024 153.6 -6.5 0x4 2 QPSK 128 1024 307.2 -3.5 0x5 4 QPSK 128 2048 307.2 -3.5 0x6 1 QPSK 64 1024 614.4 -0.6 0x7 2 QPSK 64 2048 614.4 -0.5 0x8 2 QPSK 64 3072 921.6 +2.2 0x9 1 QPSK 64 2048 1,228.8 +3.9 0xa 2 16QAM 64 4096 1,228.8 +4.0 0xb 1 8PSK 64 3072 1,843.2 +8.0 0xc 1 16QAM 64 4096 2,457.6 +10.3 0xd 2 16QAM 64 5120 1,536.0 in Rev. A 0xe 1 16QAM 64 5120 3,072.0 in Rev. A
7-2008
340 - 43

Data from PDSN for the Mobile PACKET Data Ready DRC: 5 MP3, web page, or other content 2048 bits
AP
Turbo Coder Using the specifications for + + the mobiles requested DRC + + + D D D + index, the correct-size packet + + + of bits is fed into the turbo + + + D D D + coder and the right number of + symbols are created. Symbols
Interleaver
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340 - 44

AP
Turbo Coder Using the specifications for + + the mobiles requested DRC + + + D D D + index, the correct-size packet + + + of bits is fed into the turbo + + + D D D + coder and the right number of + symbols are created. Symbols
Interleaver
To guard against bursty errors in transmission, the symbols are completely stirred up in a block interleaver.
Block Interleaver
7-2008
340 - 45

AP
Turbo Coder Using the specifications for the mobiles requested DRC + + + + + D D D + index, the correct-size packet + + + of bits is fed into the turbo + + + D D D + coder and the right number of + symbols are created. Symbols
Interleaver
To guard against bursty errors in transmission, the symbols are completely stirred up in a block interleaver. The re-ordered stream of symbols is now ready to transmit.
Block Interleaver
Interleaved Symbols
7-2008
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AP
Turbo Coder Using the specifications for the mobiles requested DRC + + + + + D D D + index, the correct-size packet + + + of bits is fed into the turbo + + + D D D + coder and the right number of + symbols are created. Symbols To guard against bursty errors in transmission, the symbols are completely stirred up in Block Interleaver a block interleaver. The re-ordered stream of symbols is now ready to transmit. The symbols are divided into the correct number of subpackets, which Interleaved Symbols will occupy the same number of transmission slots, spaced four apart. Its up to the AP to decide when it will start transmitting the stream, taking into account any other pending subpackets for other users, and proportional fairness.
Interleaver
Subpacket 2
Subpacket 3
7-2008
Subpacket 1
Subpacket 4
340 - 47

AP
Turbo Coder When the AP is ready, the first subpacket is actually + + + + + D D D + transmitted in a slot. + + + The first subpacket begins with + + + D D D + a preamble carrying the + users MAC index, so the Symbols user knows this is the start of its sequence of subpackets, and how Block Interleaver many subpackets are in the sequence.. The user keeps collecting subpackets until either: 1) it has been able to reverse-turbo decode the Interleaved Symbols packet contents early, or 2) the whole schedule of subpackets has been transmitted.
Interleaver
Subpackets
1
SLOTS
4
340 - 48
7-2008
Ec/Io and C/I

There are two main ways of expressing signal quality in 1xEV-DO C/I is the ratio of serving sector power to everything else C/I determines the forward data rate mobiles measure C/I during the pilot burst period, then from it decide what data rate to request on the DRC Ec/Io is the ratio of one sectors pilot power to the total received power the mobile uses Ec/Io to choose which sectors to request for its active set Ec/Io and C/I are related, and one can be calculated from the other EVDO Ec/Io is close to 0 db near a sector, and ranges down to -10 at a cells edge EVDO C/I can be above +10 db near a sector, and -20 or lower at the edge
340 - 49
AP
Relationship of C/I and Ec/Io For EV-DO Signals

mobile receive power
C I
0 0
Power from Serving Sector
Ec Io
Interference Power from other cells
Ec/Io, db
-10 -20 -30 -30
-20
-10
+10
+20
C/I, db 7-2008 Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter
Relationship of Ec/Io and C/I in 1xEV-DO Systems

-30
Ec/Io, db C/I, db
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
10
15
20 0
-0.04 -0.14 -0.17 -0.21 -0.27 -0.33 -0.41 -0.51 -0.64 -0.79 -0.97 -1.19 -1.46 -1.76 -2.12 -2.54 -3.01 -3.54 -4.12 -4.76 -5.46 -6.97 -8.64 -10.41 -12.27
20 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12
-5
-10
Ec/Io, db
-15
-20
-25
-30
C/I, db
7-2008
340 - 50
1xEV-DO Active Set and Forward Bursting Animation - Proportional Fairness

NEIGHBOR Access Point (AP) Access Point (AP) Access Point (AP) Access Point (AP)
Access Point (AP)
Access Point (AP)
DO-RNC
Access Node (User Terminal)
7-2008
340 - 51

NEIGHBOR Access Point (AP) ACTIVE Access Point (AP) Route Update NEIGHBOR Access Point (AP)
NEIGHBOR Access Point (AP)
DO-RNC
7-2008
340 - 52

NEIGHBOR Access Point (AP) ACTIVE Access Point (AP) ACTIVE Access Point (AP)
These sectors are your ACTIVE SET. You may send DRC requests to any of them anytime. Maybe youll get some data in response!
ACTIVE Access Point (AP)
DO-RNC
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NEIGHBOR Access Point (AP) Good Signal! NEIGHBOR Access Point (AP) ACTIVE Access Point (AP) ACTIVE Access Point (AP)
PACKET PLEASE!
@ x speed DRC
DO-RNC
7-2008
340 - 54

FOR YOU!
NEIGHBOR Access Point (AP) DRC
DO-RNC
7-2008
340 - 55

PACKET PLEASE!
@ y speed DRC
DO-RNC
7-2008
340 - 56

FOR YOU!
DO-RNC
7-2008
340 - 57

PACKET PLEASE!
@ z speed DRC
DO-RNC
7-2008
340 - 58

NEIGHBOR Access Point (AP) ACTIVE Access Point (AP) ACTIVE This isnt one of his better receiving moments. I think Ill serve somebody better this time. Access Point (AP)
DO-RNC
7-2008
340 - 59

Nothing did it forget me?
DO-RNC
7-2008
340 - 60

NEIGHBOR Access Point (AP) NEIGHBOR Access Point (AP) DRC Good Signal! ACTIVE Access Point (AP) ACTIVE Access Point (AP)
PACKET PLEASE!
ACTIVE Access Point (AP) @ x speed ACTIVE Access Point (AP)
DO-RNC
7-2008
340 - 61

NEIGHBOR Access Point (AP) NEIGHBOR Access Point (AP) DRC ACTIVE Access Point (AP) ACTIVE Access Point (AP)
FOR YOU!
DO-RNC
7-2008
340 - 62

PACKET PLEASE!
@ x speed DRC
DO-RNC
7-2008
340 - 63

NEIGHBOR Access Point (AP) ACTIVE Access Point (AP) ACTIVE
THIS IS FOR YOU!
Access Point (AP)
Good Signal!
PACKET PLEASE!
@ x speed DRC
DO-RNC
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340 - 64
1xEV-DO 1xEV-DO Forward Forward Link Link Details Details
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340 - 65
1xEV-DO Protective Coding

Forward Traffic Channel Packets or Control Channel Packets
bits symbols Encoding and Scrambling Interleaving
Discard 6-bit Encoder Tail Field Turbo Encoder with an Internallygenerated tail
Data Packet
Code Symbols
Turbo coding is the default encoding method for 1xEV-DO on both forward and reverse link The code rate is determined by: input bit rate effective turbo coder rate, including number of coder outputs and symbol puncturing The data rate and number of slots used per packet determine the other forward link variables as shown in the table at right
7-2008
Data Total Rate Slots Code (kbps) Used Rate 38.4 16 1/5 76.8 8 1/5 153.6 4 1/5 307.2 2 1/5 614.4 1 1/3 307.2 4 1/3 614.4 2 1/3 1,228.8 8 1/3 921.6 2 1/3 1,843.2 2 1/3 1,228.8 8 1/3 2,457.6 8 1/3
Bits per Packet 1,024 1,024 1,024 1,024 1,024 2,048 2,048 2,048 3,072 3,072 4,096 4,096
Bits/Pkt - Tail Field 1,018 1,018 1,018 1,018 1,018 2,042 2,042 2,042 3,066 3,066 4,090 4,090
Symbols per Packet 5,120 5,120 5,120 5,120 3,072 6,144 6,144 6,144 9,216 9,216 12,288 12,288
340 - 66
Data Scrambling in 1xEV-DO

Data Bits Turbo Encoding & Puncturing Data Scrambling Block Interleaving Symbols ready to Transmit
IS-95 and 1xRTT use data scrambling on the forward link the scrambling sequence is a decimated version of the long PN code from the previous frame the purpose is to randomize the waveforms of multiple users so that the composite transmitted waveform has a low peak-toaverage ratio and effectively uses power amplifier capability a secondary purpose is to provide enhanced privacy 1xEV-DO uses data scrambling on both links to randomize the data and avoid unbalanced waveforms the scrambling sequence is generic, not unique per user security is already provided in a standard-defined layer the generic scrambling register coefficients are specified in the standard
One Slot on the Forward Traffic Channel

Example Subpacket: 1536 Data Modulation Symbols (1 slot, 614.4 Kb/s)
PRBL
PILOT PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA
336 chips
DATA
DATA
400 chips
MAC
DATA
64
64 96 64 400 chips Slot 1024 chips

Channel Interleaver QPSK/8PSK 16QAM Modulator Sequence Repetition, Signal Puncturing

16-ary Walsh Covers Walsh Channel Gain I Walsh Chip Level Q Summer
Data
(modulation symbols)
1/3 or 1/5 encoder scrambler
Symbol DEMUX 1 to 16 Signal Point Mapping
To Quadrature Spreading and Modulation
I Walsh Channels
TDM Time Division Multiplexer
I Sequence Repetition 0 Q
Preamble
32-symbol bi-Orthogonal MAC cover Signal Point Mapping Signal Point Mapping RPC Channel Gain DRC Lock Channel Gain Signal Point Mapping RA channel gain MAC Index Walsh Cover
MAC RPC bits A MAC channel DRC Lock symbols

Bit Repetition (xDRCLlen)
Q Walsh Channels
MAC channel RA bits
I I Walsh Sequence Chip Level Repetition Summer Q (factor=4) Q Walsh Cover 0 Signal Point Mapping 0 I Q
Bit Repetition (xRAB len)
Walsh Cover W264
Pilot Channel (all 0s)

7-2008 Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter
340 - 68
1. Data SubPacket is Ready to Send

PRBL
PILOT PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA
336 chips
DATA
DATA
400 chips
MAC
DATA
64


Data
I Walsh Channels
Preamble

Q Walsh Channels
MAC channel RA bits
Walsh Cover W264

340 - 69
2. Send Preamble to Notify Destination Mobile

PRBL
PILOT PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA
336 chips
DATA
DATA
400 chips
MAC
DATA
64


Data
I Walsh Channels
Preamble

Q Walsh Channels
MAC channel RA bits
Walsh Cover W264

340 - 70
3. Send First 336 Data Symbols

PRBL
PILOT PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA
336 chips
DATA
DATA
400 chips
MAC
DATA
64


Data
I Walsh Channels
Preamble

Q Walsh Channels
MAC channel RA bits
Walsh Cover W264

340 - 71
4. Send MAC Channel Part 1

PRBL
PILOT PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA
336 chips
DATA
DATA
400 chips
MAC
DATA
64


Data
I Walsh Channels
Preamble

Q Walsh Channels
MAC channel RA bits
Walsh Cover W264

340 - 72
5. Send Pilot First Half Slot

PRBL
PILOT PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA
336 chips
DATA
DATA
400 chips
MAC
DATA
64


Data
I Walsh Channels
Preamble

Q Walsh Channels
MAC channel RA bits
Walsh Cover W264

340 - 73
6. Send MAC Channel - Second Part

PRBL
PILOT PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA
336 chips
DATA
DATA
400 chips
MAC
DATA
64


Data
I Walsh Channels
Preamble

Q Walsh Channels
MAC channel RA bits
Walsh Cover W264

340 - 74
7. Send Next 800 Data Symbols

PRBL
PILOT PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA
336 chips
DATA
DATA
400 chips
MAC
DATA
64


Data
I Walsh Channels
Preamble

Q Walsh Channels
MAC channel RA bits
Walsh Cover W264

340 - 75
8. Send MAC Channel Third Part

PRBL
PILOT PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA
336 chips
DATA
DATA
400 chips
MAC
DATA
64


Data
I Walsh Channels
Preamble

Q Walsh Channels
MAC channel RA bits
Walsh Cover W264

340 - 76
9. Send Pilot Second Half-Slot

PRBL
PILOT PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA
336 chips
DATA
DATA
400 chips
MAC
DATA
64


Data
I Walsh Channels
Preamble

Q Walsh Channels
MAC channel RA bits
Walsh Cover W264

340 - 77
10. Send MAC Channel Fourth Part

PRBL
PILOT PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA
336 chips
DATA
DATA
400 chips
MAC
DATA
64


Data
I Walsh Channels
Preamble

Q Walsh Channels
MAC channel RA bits
Walsh Cover W264

340 - 78
11. Send Last 400 Data Symbols

PRBL
PILOT PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA
336 chips
DATA
DATA
400 chips
MAC
DATA
64


Data
I Walsh Channels
Preamble

Q Walsh Channels
MAC channel RA bits
Walsh Cover W264

340 - 79
One Slot on the Forward Traffic Channel

PRBL
PILOT PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA
336 chips
DATA
DATA
400 chips
MAC
DATA
64


Data
I Walsh Channels
Preamble

Q Walsh Channels
MAC channel RA bits
Walsh Cover W264

340 - 80
AP
Forward MAC Contents
RA: Reverse Activity The AP must manage its reverse traffic loading to keep the noise level manageable Reverse noise is directly proportional to the speed at which mobiles transmit on the reverse link When noise is too high, the AP can throttle back all the ATs DRC Lock This forward channel contains a stream of bits indicating whether the network currently will allow the mobile to transmit requests on the reverse DRC channel; timing and signal quality conditional parameters are also involved The DRC Lock bits and DRC Lock state is independent per sector. A mobile should not transmit DRC requests to a sector sending DRC Lock indication, but may transmit DRC requests to other sectors in its active set RPC: Reverse Power Control bits instruct the mobile to increase or decrease its transmit power by a programmable increment, in much the same way as in IS-2000. The rate is 600 bps.
Reverse MAC Channel Contents

The Reverse MAC channel contains two streams of information DRC Data Rate Control channel is used by the AT to request the data rate and desired sector Data rate is requested using 8-ary bi-orthogonal coding Desired sector is requested using 8-ary Walsh cover Each DRC channel slot contains 1024 chips to facilitate reliable detection DRC messages start at the center of a slot to minimize the delay between C/I estimation and the start of AP transmission RRI Reverse Rate Indicator channel identifies up to 8 different desired reverse data transmission rates 8-ary orthogonal code is used to indicate rates The RRI symbol is transmitted 32 times in each frame RRI symbols are inverted in the last half of the frame to make synchronization easier
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How the DRC Channel Operates

The AT estimates the forward channel C/I and identifies the feasible data rate and the requested sector to be used The AT sends this information to the AP on the DRC channel Only the requested sector will transmit packets to this AT The requested sector sends a data packet including preamble to the AT at the rate requested by the DRC in the immediately preceding slot After the packet transmission is initiated, it must be continued until the payload has been fully transmitted
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Hybrid Hybrid ARQ: ARQ: Hybrid Hybrid Repeat-Request Repeat-Request Protocol Protocol
7-2008
340 - 84
The Hybrid ARQ Process

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
AP Access Point AT Access Terminal
Application layer Stream layer Session layer Connection layer Security layer MAC layer Physical layer HARQ protocol
CDMA2000 1xRTT
SYSTEM
Application layer LAC layer MAC layer Physical layer RLP Radio Link Protocol MAC layer Physical layer Application layer LAC layer RLP Radio Link Protocol
Application layer Stream layer Session layer Connection layer Security layer MAC layer Physical layer HARQ protocol
F-FCH R-FCH
F-TFC repeats R-ACK
In 1xRTT, retransmission protocols In 1xEV-DO, RLP functions are typically work at the link layer replicated at the physical layer Radio Link Protocol (RLP) HARQ Hybrid Repeat Request Protocol communicates using fast physical layer ACK bits signaling packets Chase Combining of multiple lost data packets arent repeats recognized and are unneeded repeats pre-empted discarded at the decoder by positive ACK This method is slow and wasteful! This method is fast and efficient!
The Hybrid ARQ Process

Each physical layer data packet is encoded into subpackets as long as the receiver does not send back an acknowledgment, the transmitter keeps sending more subpackets, up to the maximum of the current configuration The identity of the subpackets is known by the receiver, so it can combine the subpackets for better decoding each additional subpacket in essence contributes additional signal power to aid in the detection of its parent packet its hard to predict the exact power necessary for successful decoding in systems without HARQ the channel changes rapidly during transmission various estimation errors (noise, bias, etc.) exact needed SNR is stochastic, even on a static channel! In effect, HARQ sends progressively more energy until there is just enough and the packet is successfully decoded
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Construction of a Forward Link Packet

bits symbols Encoding Interleaving
Subpacket Subpacket Subpacket Subpacket Subpacket
Data Packet
Physical Layer Packets encoded, interleaved, broken into subpackets each subpacket is a unique coded representation of the packet Each subpacket is sent independently during one slot Subpackets are sent in sequential order with a three-slot gap between successive subpackets
Forward Channel
Packet Subpacket 0 other other other 0 other other other 0 other other other 0 other other other 1 0 pkts pkts pkts. 1 pkts. pkts. pkts. 2 pkts. pkts pkts 3 pkts pkts pkts 0
Traffic
One Slot
The receiver combines successive subpackets until it finally decodes the complete packet contents then sends an ACK to cancel any remaining unneeded subpackets this Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) process gives incremental redundancy
Multislot Packet Timing, Normal Termination

AP
User A Packet 0 Subpacket 0 diff. diff. diff. user user user A 0 1 diff. diff. diff. user user user A 0 2 diff. diff. diff. user user user A 0 3 diff. diff. diff. user user user A 1 0
F-Traffic
AT
R-DRC
1/2 Slot offset
pr e NA par K e pr e NA par K e
de co de co de co de co
R-ACK
One Slot
c de
id
c de
id
pr e NA par K e
c de
id
c de
id
NAK
NAK
NAK

AT selects sector, sends request for data AP starts sending next packet, one subpacket at a time After each subpacket, AT either NAKs or AKs on ACK channel In this example, AP transmits all 4 scheduled subpackets of packet #0 before the AT is finally able to decode correctly and send AK then the AP can begin packet #1, first subpacket
Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter 340 - 88
7-2008
pr e NA par K e
de
de
de
de
AK!
Multislot Packet Timing, Early Termination

AP
User A Packet 0 Subpacket 0 diff. diff. diff. user user user A 0 1 diff. diff. diff. user user user A 1 0 diff. diff. diff. user user user A 1 1 diff. diff. diff. user user user A 2 0
F-Traffic
AT
R-DRC
1/2 Slot offset
pr e NA par K e pr e NA par K e
de co de co de co de co
R-ACK
One Slot
c de
id
c de
id
pr e NA par K e
c de
id
c de
id
NAK
AK!
NAK

AT selects sector, sends request for data AP starts sending next packet, one subpacket at a time After each subpacket, AT either NAKs or AKs on ACK channel In this example, AT is able to successfully decode packet #0 after receiving only the first two subpackets AT sends ACK. AP now continues with first subpacket of packet #1
Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter 340 - 89
7-2008
pr e NA par K e
de
de
de
de
AK!
Multiple ARQ Instances

bits
symbols
Data Packets
Encoding Interand leaving Scrambling
Packet 0
Subpackets
Forward Channel
Packet Subpacket
0 0
1. 0
2. 0
3. 0
0 1
1. 1
2. 1
3. 1
0 2
1. 2
2. 2
3. 2
0 3
1. 3
2. 3
3. 3
Traffic
One Slot
Definition: Number of ARQ Instances the maximum number of packets that may be in transit simultaneously sometimes also called the number of ARQ channels This figure and the preceding page appear to show 4 ARQ instances Packets in the different ARQ instances may be for the same user (the most common situation) may be for different users (determined by QOS and scheduling) Destination mobile knows its packets by their preamble

bits
symbols
Data Packets
Packet 0
Subpackets
Packet 1
Subpackets
Forward Channel
Packet Subpacket
0 0
1. 0
2. 0
3. 0
0 1
1. 1
2. 1
3. 1
0 2
1. 2
2. 2
3. 2
0 3
1. 3
2. 3
3. 3
Traffic
One Slot

bits
symbols
Data Packets
Packet 0
Subpackets
Packet 1
Subpackets
Packet 2
Subpackets
Forward Channel
Packet Subpacket
0 0
1. 0
2. 0
3. 0
0 1
1. 1
2. 1
3. 1
0 2
1. 2
2. 2
3. 2
0 3
1. 3
2. 3
3. 3
Traffic
One Slot

bits
symbols
Data Packets
Packet 0
Subpackets
Packet 1
Subpackets
Packet 2
Subpackets
Packet 3
Subpackets
Forward Channel
Packet Subpacket
0 0
1. 0
2. 0
3. 0
0 1
1. 1
2. 1
3. 1
0 2
1. 2
2. 2
3. 2
0 3
1. 3
2. 3
3. 3
Traffic
One Slot
Reverse Power Control

600 bits per second
AP
Stronger than target SNR? SNR target
Reverse RF
RX RF Digital Open Loop Closed Loop
TX RF Digital
Access Terminal 1xEV-DO reverse link power control is similar to IS-95/IS-2000 1xEV-DO power control holds the mobile pilot to a constant S/N ratio at the Access Point The DRC, RRI, and ACK channels are also controlled The ideal ratio of reverse pilot to other channels also depends on the reverse data rate Power control bits are sent on the forward MAC channel one bit per slot (thats 600 per second), sent as four symbols -one in each of the MAC periods of that slot
Reverse Reverse Rate Rate Control Control
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Rev. A Reverse Rate Control

The EV-DO Rev. A reverse rate is controlled by the mobile The mobile watches the filtered (averaged) pilot strength of its active sector(s) and computes the feasible transmission rate from this C/I ratio The mobile then transmits one subpacket at this derived level and waits to see if the base station acknowledges complete decoding of the packet If no acknowledgement is received, the mobile continues with the next subpacket, and so on until acknowledgement is received or all four subpackets have been sent
7-2008
340 - 96
Rev. 0 Reverse Rate Control

This process uses variables: MaxRate, CurrentRate, CombinedBusyBit, and CurrentRateLimit. CurrentRateLimit is set initially to 9.6kbps. After the AT receives a BroadcastReverseRateLimit message or a UnicastReverseRateLimit message it updates the CurrentRateLimit value as follows: If the RateLimit value in the message is less than or equal to the CurrentRateLimit value, the AT immediately sets CurrentRateLimit to the RateLimit value in the message. If the RateLimit value in the message is greater than CurrentRateLimit value, the AT waits one frame (16 slots) before setting CurrentRateLimit to the RateLimit value in the message. If the last received reverse activity bit is set to 1 from any sector in the ATs active set, the AT sets CombinedBusyBit to 1. Otherwise, the AT sets CombinedBusyBit to 0. CurrentRate is set to the rate at which the AT was transmitting data immediately before the new transmission time. If the AT was not transmitting data immediately before the new transmission time, the AT sets CurrentRate to 0. The AT sets the variable MaxRate based on its current transmission rate, the value of the CombinedBusyBit, and a random number. The access terminal shall generate a uniformly distributed random number x, 0 < x < 1, using the procedure specified in 15.5. The AT evaluates the expression shown in the table, using the values of CurrentRate, CombinedBusyBit, and Condition. If the Condition is true, the AT sets MaxRate to the MaxRateTrue value for the corresponding row in the Table. Otherwise, the AT sets MaxRate to the MaxRateFalse value for the corresponding row in the Table
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Rev. 0 Reverse Rate Control Table
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Rev. 0 Reverse Rate Constraints

The access terminal shall select a transmission rate that satisfies the following constraints: The access terminal shall transmit at a rate that is no greater than the value of MaxRate. The access terminal shall transmit at a rate that is no greater than the value of CurrentRateLimit. The access terminal shall transmit at a data rate no higher than the highest data rate that can be accommodated by the available transmit power. The access terminal shall not select a data rate for which the minimum payload length, as specified in Table 11.8.6-1, is greater than the size of data it has to send.
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1xEV-DO 1xEV-DO Rev. Rev. A A
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Forward Link Enhancements in 1xEV-DO Rev. A

Forward Link Enhancements Peak rates increased from 2.4 Mbps to 3.1 Mbps Multi-user packet support Small payload sizes (128, 256, 512 bits) improve frame fill efficiency The DRC channel functions are broken out into two channels DRC retains rate control indication new Data Source Control (DSC) Channel shows desired serving cell Minimizes interruptions due to server switching on FL
7-2008
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Reverse Link Enhancements in 1xEV-DO Rev. A

Reverse Link Enhancements Higher data rates and finer quantization Data rates from 4.8 kbps to 1.8 Mbps with 48 payload sizes 4 slots/sub-packets regardless of payload size (6.66 ms) Modulation: Low rates: 1 walsh channel, BPSK modulation Medium rates: 1 walsh channel, QPSK modulation High Rates: 2 walsh channels, QPSK modulation Highest Rate: 2 walsh channels, 8PSK modulation Hybrid ARQ using fast re-transmission (re-tx) and early termination Flexible rate allocation: each AT has autonomous and scheduled mode Efficient VOIP support 3-channel synchronous stop-and-wait protocol The mobile can use higher power and finish earlier when transmitting packets of applications requiring minimum latency
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Available Link Rates in 1xEV-DO Rev. A

FORWARD LINK
DRC Index Slots 0x0 n/a 0x1 16 0x2 8 0x3 4 0x4 2 0x5 4 0x6 1 0x7 2 0x8 2 0x9 1 0xa 2 0xb 1 0xc 1 0xd 2 0xe 1 Modu- Preamble Payload Raw C/I lation Chips Bits kb/s db QPSK n/a 0 null rate n/a QPSK 1024 1024 38.4 -11.5 QPSK 512 1024 76.8 -9.2 QPSK 256 1024 153.6 -6.5 QPSK 128 1024 307.2 -3.5 QPSK 128 2048 307.2 -3.5 QPSK 64 1024 614.4 -0.6 QPSK 64 2048 614.4 -0.5 QPSK 64 3072 921.6 +2.2 QPSK 64 2048 1,228.8 +3.9 16QAM 64 4096 1,228.8 +4.0 8PSK 64 3072 1,843.2 +8.0 16QAM 64 4096 2,457.6 +10.3 16QAM 64 5120 1,536.0 +8.3 16QAM 64 5120 3,072.0 +11.3
REVERSE LINK
Payload Modu-Effective Rate kbps after: Code Rate (repetition) after Bits lation 4 slots 8 slots 12 slots16 slots 4 slots 8 slots 12 slots16 slots 128 B4 19.2 9.6 6.4 4.8 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 256 B4 38 19.2 12.8 9.6 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 512 B4 76 38.4 25.6 19.2 1/4 1/5 1/5 1/5 768 B4 115 57.6 38.4 28.8 3/8 1/5 1/5 1/5 1024 B4 153 76.8 51.2 38.4 1/2 1/4 1/5 1/5 1536 Q4 230 115 76.8 57.6 3/8 1/5 1/5 1/5 2048 Q4 307 153 102.4 76.8 1/2 1/4 1/5 1/5 3072 Q2 461 230 153.6 115.2 3/8 1/5 1/5 1/5 4096 Q2 614 307 204.8 153.6 1/2 1/4 1/5 1/5 6144 Q4Q2 921 461 307 230.4 1/2 1/4 1/5 1/5 8192 Q4Q2 1228 614 409 307.2 2/3 1/3 2/9 1/5 12288 E4E2 1843 921 614 460.8 2/3 1/3 1/3 1/3
The 1xEV-DO Rev. A reverse link has seven available modes offering higher speeds than available in Rev. 0 Modulation formats are hybrids defined in the standard The 1xEV-DO Rev. A forward has two available modes offering higher speeds than available in Rev. 0.
Basic Basic Access Access Terminal Terminal Architecture Architecture and and Operation Operation
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How Does an Access Terminal Work?

summing time-aligned
Chips
control
Traffic Correlator PN xxx Walsh xx Receiver RF Section IF, Detector AGC RF Duplexer RF Open Loop Traffic Correlator PN xxx Walsh xx Traffic Correlator PN xxx Walsh xx Pilot Searcher PN xxx Walsh 0
bits
Digital Rake Receiver Symbols Traffic Correlator PN xxx Walsh xx
Symbols
power
Viterbi Decoder, Convl. Decoder, Demultiplexer
Packets
UART Conv or Turbo Coder
Messages
CPU
Transmit Gain Adjust Messages Transmitter Digital Section Long Code Gen.
Transmitter RF Section
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1xEV-DO Forward Link: AT Rake Receivers

ONE sector at a time!!
Access Terminal
Rake Receiver PN Walsh PN RF PN PN Walsh Walsh Walsh Pilot Ec/Io
user data
AP AP
Searcher PN W=0
Burst by burst, the Access Terminal asks for transmission from whichever Active sector it hears best, at the max speed it can successfully use Using latest multipath data from its pilot searcher, the Access Terminal uses the combined outputs of the four traffic correlators (rake fingers) Each rake finger can be set to match any multipath component of the signal The terminal may be a dual-mode device also capable of 1xRTT voice/data fingers could even be targeted on different AP, but in 1xEV-DO mode only a single AP transmits to us, never more than one at a time, so this capability isnt needed or helpful in 1xEV-DO mode
1xEV-DO Reverse Link: Soft Handoff

All Active Set sectors can listen to the AT
Access Terminal
Rake Receiver PN Walsh PN RF PN PN Walsh Walsh Walsh Pilot Ec/Io
user data
AP
DO-RNC chooses cleanest packet
AP
Searcher PN W=0
The AT uses the Route Update protocol to frequently update its preferences of which sectors it wants in its active set Frame-by-frame, all the sectors in the Active Set listen for the ATs signal Each sector collects what it heard from the AT, and sends it back to the DO-RNC. The DO-RNC uses the cleanest (lowest number of errors) packet
1xEV-DO Route Update Mechanics

Access Terminal
DO-RNC
Sel.
AP AP
Rake Receiver PN Walsh
? ?
PN RF PN PN
Walsh Walsh Walsh
user data
Searcher PN W=0
Pilot Ec/Io
1xEV-DO Route Update is driven by the Access Terminal Access Terminal continuously checks available pilots Access Terminal tells system pilots it currently sees System puts those sectors in the active set, tells Access Terminal Access terminal requests data bursts from the sector it likes best tells which sector and what burst speed using the DRC channel so there is no Soft Handoff on the forward link, just fast choices All sectors in Active Set try to hear AT, forward packets to the DO-RNC so the reverse link does benefit from CDMA soft handoff
Route Update Pilot Management Rules

PILOT SETS The Access Terminal considers pilots in sets Active: sectors who listen and can transmit Active 6 Candidates: sectors AT requested, but not Candidate 6 yet approved by system to be active Neighbors: pilots told to AT by system, as Neighbor 20 nearby sectors to check Remaining Remaining: any pilots used by system but not already in the other sets (div. by PILOT_INC) Access Terminal sends a Route Update HANDOFF Message to the system whenever: PARAMETERS It transmits on the Access Channel PilotAdd PilotDrop Pilot In idle state, it notices the serving sector is PilotDrop Compare Timer far from the sector where last updated Dynamic Thresholds? In connected state, whenever it notices the Softslope Handoff Parameters suggest a change
AddIntercept DropIntercept NeighborMaxAge
AT must support
Format of Traffic Channel Assignment Message

The Traffic Channel Assignment Message assigns all or some of the sectors the access terminal requested in its most recent Route Update request The message lists every Active pilot; if it doesnt list it, its not approved as active Notice the MAC index and DRC Cover so the access terminal knows how to request forward link bursts on the data rate control channel
Neighbor Structure Maintained by the AT
Pilot PN Channel SrchWinSize SrchWinOffset
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1xEV-DO 1xEV-DO Network Network Architecture Architecture Simple Simple IP IP and and Mobile Mobile IP IP
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CDMA Network for Circuit-Switched Voice Calls
(C)BSC/Access Manager Switch
PSTN
t1
t1
SEL
t1
CE
BTS
The first commercial IS-95 CDMA systems provided only circuitswitched voice calls
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CDMA 1xRTT Voice and Data Network

PDSN Foreign Agent Backbone Network
Authentication Authorization Accounting
Internet VPNs
PDSN Home Agent
AAA
Switch
(C)BSC/Access Manager
PSTN
t1
t1
SEL
t1
CE
BTS
CDMA2000 1xRTT networks added two new capabilities: channel elements able to generate and carry independent streams of symbols on the I and Q channels of the QPSK RF signal this roughly doubles capacity compared to IS-95 a separate IP network implementing packet connections from the mobile through to the outside internet including Packet Data Serving Nodes (PDSNs) and a dedicated direct data connection (the Packet-Radio Interface) to the heart of the BSC The overall connection speed was still limited by the 1xRTT air interface
1xEV-DO Overlaid On Existing 1xRTT Network

Internet VPNs
PDSN Home Agent
DO Radio Network Controller

DO-OMC
AAA
Switch
CE
PSTN
t1
t1
SEL
t1
CE
BTS
1xEV-DO requires faster resource management than 1x BSCs can give this is provided by the new Data Only Radio Network Controller (DO-RNC) A new controller and packet controller software are needed in the BTS to manage the radio resources for EV sessions in some cases dedicated channel elements and even dedicated backhaul is used for the EV-DO traffic The new DO-OMC administers the DO-RNC and BTS PCF addition Existing PDSNs and backbone network are used with minor upgrading The following sections show Lucent, Motorola, and Nortels specific solutions
Simple IP Network Architecture

Simple IP
IP Based
transport to data networks Dynamic/static connection from local PDSN No mobility beyond serving PDSN
FAST IP PACKET TRAFFIC Internet VPNs T

AAA
PDSN
R-P Interface
BTS
rf
Fast! CE
Wireless Mobile Device
PSTN
t1
t1
SEL
t1
CIRCUIT-SWITCHED VOICE TRAFFIC
POINT-TO-POINT PACKETS
In a Simple IP network, the mobile is able to connect to the external packet networks directly through the PDSN attached to the local BSC The IP address for the internet connection is assigned by the local PDSN from the pool of addresses available to it If the mobile moves into a different network, the data session ends The mobile can establish an entirely new connection through the new network, if desired
Mobile IP in a Multi-Market Network

Internet
Regional Data Center
Private IP Networks
Home Agent
Home Agent
AAA Server
Operator's Private Network

Nortel System
IP Data
Lucent System
IP Data
Motorola System
IP Data
PCF
PDSN FA Switch
RP Interface BSC
PDSN FA
RP
Access Mgr. Switch
PDSN/FA Switch
RP
CBSC
Voice
Voice
Voice
PSTN
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PSTN
PSTN
340 - 116
Mobile IP
Subscribers IP routing service is provided by a public IP network Mobile station is assigned a static IP address belonging to its Home Agent Mobile can maintain the static IP address even for handoff between radio networks connected to separate PDSNs! Mobile IP capabilities will be especially important for mobiles on system boundaries Without Mobile IP roaming capability, data service for borderarea mobiles will be erratic
MOBILE IP
IMPLICATIONS Handoffs possible between PDSNs Mobile can roam in the public IP network Mobile termination is possible while Mobile is in dormant or active mode
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How the PDSN HA and FA Forward Your Packets

Mobile IP is a packetforwarding arrangement that allows the mobile user to send and receive packets just as if they were physically present Foreign Home at their home agent Agent Agent location.
Encapsulation
Just like Home!
158766 158767 158768 158769 158770 158771 158772
158774 158775 158776
158782 158783 158784 158785
158790 158791 158792 158793 158794 158795 158796 158797
158778 158779 158780 158781
158786 158787 158788 158789
FedEx
Secure Tunneling
Forward and Reverse
FedEx
158773
Mobile User
This box is the mobile user's Postal address
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1xEV-DO 1xEV-DO Network Network Architecture Architecture
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CDMA Network for Circuit-Switched Voice Calls
PSTN
t1
t1
SEL
t1
CE
BTS
The first commercial IS-95 CDMA systems provided only circuitswitched voice calls
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340 - 120
CDMA 1xRTT Voice and Data Network

Internet VPNs
PDSN Home Agent
AAA
Switch
PSTN
t1
t1
SEL
t1
CE
BTS
CDMA2000 1xRTT networks added two new capabilities: channel elements able to generate and carry independent streams of symbols on the I and Q channels of the QPSK RF signal this roughly doubles capacity compared to IS-95 a separate IP network implementing packet connections from the mobile through to the outside internet including Packet Data Serving Nodes (PDSNs) and a dedicated direct data connection (the Packet-Radio Interface) to the heart of the BSC The overall connection speed was still limited by the 1xRTT air interface
1xEV-DO Overlaid On Existing 1xRTT Network

Internet VPNs
PDSN Home Agent
DO Radio Network Controller

DO-OMC
AAA
Switch
CE
PSTN
t1
t1
SEL
t1
CE
BTS
1xEV-DO requires faster resource management than 1x BSCs can give this is provided by the new Data Only Radio Network Controller (DO-RNC) A new controller and packet controller software are needed in the BTS to manage the radio resources for EV sessions in some cases dedicated channel elements and even dedicated backhaul is used for the EV-DO traffic The new DO-OMC administers the DO-RNC and BTS PCF addition Existing PDSNs and backbone network are used with minor upgrading The following sections show Lucent, Motorola, and Nortels specific solutions
Lucent Lucent 1xEV-DO 1xEV-DO Architecture Architecture
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Lucent 1xEV-DO Radio Access Network (RAN)

OMP FX Element Management System AP
T-1/E-1 Ethernet RF
AAA Server Downlink Input Router
Router
AP
Uplink Input Router
Flexent Mobility Server
AP
RF User ATs (Access Terminals)

AP
Uplink Input Router
Downlink Input Router
Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN)
Internet
A Lucent 1xEV-DO Radio Access Network (RAN) includes 1xEV-DO base stations and the 1xEV-DO Flexent Mobility Server (FMS). The 1xEV-DO equipment may be collocated with IS-95 and/or 1xRTT equipment, creating 1xEV-DO/IS-95 and 1xEVDO/3G-1X combination base stations.
Details of Lucent RAN Elements

OMP FX Element Management System AP
T-1/E-1 Ethernet RF
AAA Server Downlink Input Router
Router
AP
Uplink Input Router
AP
RF User ATs (Access Terminals)

AP
Uplink Input Router
Downlink Input Router
Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN)
Internet
The PDSN maintains the link layer to the AT it terminates the PPP link protocol with mobile it serves as the Foreign Agent for Mobile IP functionality The AAA server does authentication, authorization, and accounting it authenticates terminal equipment users when they establish connections it stores and forwards billing information of customers data usage
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1xEV-DO in Lucent Flexent Mod Cell Cabinets

Lucent Mod Cell cabinets can support up to three IS-95 or 1xRTT carriers on three sectors 1xEV-DO CDMA Digital Modules (CDM) can be mixed with conventional CDMs in the same cabinet the same RF hardware (filters, amplifiers, other RF components) can be used for IS-95, 1xRTT, and 1xEV-DO
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Lucent CDMA Digital Module (CDM) Configurations

At upper left is a CDM for conventional IS-95 / 1xRTT service. It includes CRC CDMA Radio controller up to 6 CCU CDMA Channel Units PCU power converter module CBR CDMA Baseband Radio At lower left is a CDM for 1xEV-DO it must be occupy the leftmost slot all CCU packs are removed and replaced by a single 1xEV-DO modem (EVM) occupying 2 slots the CRC must be 44WW13D or later
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1xEV-DO in Lucent Mod Cell 4.0 Cabinets

The Mod Cell 4 cabinet comes in many variations Instead of per-carrier dedicated CDMs, resources are pooled URCs (Universal Radio Controllers) are used to steer data for each carrier to EVMs for EVDO or CMUs for IS-95/1xRTT. in a mixed-mode system, a URC is required for EVDO and a URC for IS-95/1xRTT The modulated signal from a 4.0 EVM or CMU is upconverted to the RF carrier frequency by the UCR each UCR (Universal CDMA Radio) can handle up to three carriers
340 - 128
FMS
Universal Radio Controller (URC)
Digital Shelf Evolution Carr1 Flow Modem

(4.0 EVM) Carr 2, 3 CDMA Modem Unit (CMU) Universal Antenna CDMA Radio (UCR)
ECP
Universal Radio Controller (URC)
7-2008
Lucent 1xEV-DO Flexent Mobility Server (FMS)

The Flexent Mobility Server is the heart of the Radio Access Network It provides four processors running the 1xEV-DO Application Processor (DO-AP), which provides the Packet Controller Function (PCF) The PCF provides air link and radio resource management to implement 1xEV-DO user sessions, including the dormant state and other DOspecific features
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Motorola Motorola 1xEV-DO 1xEV-DO Architecture Architecture
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Motorola 1xEV-DO System Architecture

MSC MM/SDU
VPU
OMC-IP
OMC-DO BSC-DO AN-DO
AAA AN-AAA PDSNs
OMC-R
Elements Existing IS-95 New 1xEV-DO Shared IS-95/DO
1x-AN 1x-BTS MCC-DO
Packet Core Network
HAs
Connections IS-95/1x 1xEV-DO Shared 1x/DO
New 1xEV-DO carrier appears as a standard carrier addition to existing network elements new MCC-DO cards and OMC-R database revisions needed AAA and PDSN need software upgrades
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New Motorola 1xEV-DO Network Elements

MSC MM/SDU
VPU
OMC-IP
OMC-DO BSC-DO AN-DO
AAA AN-AAA PDSNs
OMC-R
Elements Existing IS-95 New 1xEV-DO Shared IS-95/DO
1x-AN 1x-BTS MCC-DO
Packet Core Network
HAs
Connections IS-95/1x 1xEV-DO Shared 1x/DO
MCC-DO (Multi-Channel Controller - Data Only) AN-DO (Access Node - Data only) CR (Consolidation Router) Similar in function to the 1x-AN MGX LSW (Layer 3 Switch) Similar in function to the 1x-AN CATs BSC-DO (Base Station Controller-Data Only) Mobility functions like 1x MM - Packet Control & Selection like SDU OMC-DO (Operations & Maintenance Center - Data Only) LMT (Local Maintenance Terminal)
Motorola 1xEV-DO Block Diagram and Network Upgrade Summary

BTS
1x BBX RF Front End 1x Modems DO BBX
BSC-DO
MCC-DO AN-DO
IS-2000 1xEV-DO Tool LMF LMT BTS frame & CCP shelf LPA BBX-1X BTS MCC-1X MCC-DO GLI (Traffic) GLI (Control) AN (MGX8800) CR AN AN (Catalyst 6509) LSW BSC CBSC BSC-DO OMC-R O&M OMC-DO UNO PDSN (Note 1) IP Network Telephone Network MSC/HLR Not Required Data Network Not Required AAA
BTS
CR
LSW
PDSN
T1 or E1
MCCDO
OMC-DO
AN-AAA
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BTS
Motorola MCC-DO Functions

BSC-DO
MCC-DO
AN-DO
BTS
CR
LSW
PDSN
T1 or E1
MCC-DO
OMC-DO
AN-AAA
1xEV-DO Modem 1 carrier, 3 sectors per MCC-DO card Supports 59 channels per sector Span Interface Up to 3 Active Span lines per MCC-DO Most operators will generally deploy with 2 spans per BTS BTS provides control: SCAP messaging Redundant BBX Selection Enhanced BBX interface
MCC- DO
Motorola 1xEV-DO AN-DO Elements

BTS
MCC-DO
BSCDO
AN-DO
BTS
CR
LSW
PDSN
T1 or E1
MCC-DO
OMC-DO
AN-AAA
CR
LSW
Consolidation Router (CR) Performs span aggregation for DO access points Similar to 1x MGX 1 2 CR frames per BSC-DO Layer 3 Switch (LSW) Performs IP transport across DO Core Network Similar to 1x CAT Two CAT4006 Cages per frame 1 LSW frame will serve all 1xEV-DO frames in a typical MTSO
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BTS
Motorola BSC-DO Functions

BSC-DO
MCC-DO
AN-DO
BTS
CR
LSW
PDSN
T1 or E1
MCC-DO
OMC-DO
AN-AAA
BSC Functionality: RF-scheduling, channel, connection, mobility management, security Access Network Control Radio Resource Management Connection Control Access control / Collision control Handoff control Packet Control and Session Control Transmission of packet data between MCC-DO and PDSN Packet Data Control PDSN selection Provides Authentication information to AAA Management of Data Session Support up to 80 MCC-DO cards per a BSC-DO 1 OMC-DO per each BSC-DO
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Motorola 1xEV-DO Network Elements: OMC-DO

BTS
MCC-DO
AN-DO
CR
BTS
T1 or E1
MCC-DO
OMC-DO provides GUI based O&M functions Status Management PDSN LSW Fault Management Configuration Management Software Management AN-AAA OMC-DO System Parameter Management DO network element manager Performance Monitoring Manages BSC-DO and MCC CDL collection DO Ethernet interface to BSC Diagnostic & System Test DO Logging Supports network management applications Health Check (fault, alarm, performance,
configuration) Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter 340 - 137
BSC-DO
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Nortel Nortel 1xEV-DO 1xEV-DO Architecture Architecture
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A Typical Nortel CDMA2000 System

Providing 1xRTT Voice, Data, and 1xEV-DO
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Providing Only 1xRTT Voice, Data
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Providing 1xEV-DO Only
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Nortel Multiple Backhaul and Configuration Possibilities
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Nortel Univity Indoor Metrocell

Univity Metro Cell can support: up to six CDMA 1.25 MHz carrier frequencies up to three sectors. High Power Amplifiers and Low Noise Amplifiers are housed in an external unit the Multi-Carrier Flexible Radio Module (MFRM) MFRM may be mast mounted to improve AP RF link budget
Univity CDMA Metro Cell Indoor Base Transceiver System (AP)
Nortel Metrocell LD (for rural sites)
XCEM/ DOM GPSTM CM CORE Fan tray
MiniBIP Radio Module 36 (0.91m) AC Rectifier
Key Feature small size, fits in any corner Configurations 1-3 Carrier OMNI Expandable to 3 sectors Single carrier high power Power source + 24VDC available Standard Metro Cell modules
24 (0.61m)
Metro Cell LD Rack Mounted Supporting 3 sectors
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Nortel DOM: Data-Only Module

The Data Only Module (DOM) adds 1xEV-DO capability to a MetroCell AP CEM shelf transmits/receives baseband data to/from the digital control group (DCG) in the CORE module CORE switches baseband to proper carrier on the MFRM for transmission the DOM performs all encoding/decoding of IP packets for transport on data-only network to the Data-Only Radio Network Controller (DO-RNC) One DOM supports up to a three-sector, one-carrier MetroCell AP Additional DOMs support additional carriers
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Nortels DO-RNC The Data-Only Radio Network Controller

DO-RNC is the heart of a 1xEV-DO network, located at the central office (CO) with the BSC and/or BSS Manager (BSSM) DO-RNC is a stand-alone node supporting 1xEV-DO. It manages: DOMs at multiple APs (even on different band classes) over IP-based backhaul network access terminal state, both idle and connected handoffs of ATs between cells and carrier frequencies (reverse); sector selection (fwd). Nortel DO-RNC connections from airlink to PDSN over Data-Only standard A10-A11 interfaces Radio Network Controller connects to MetroCell AP via dedicated IP backhaul network DO-RNC is the peer of the access terminal for most over-the-air signaling protocols, including session and connection layers
Nortel DO-RNC Functionality

DO-RNC functions similar to CDMA-2000 BSC and packet control unit: handoff processing (reverse only), sector selection (forward only) selection of reverse link traffic frames data session connected/dormant transition management termination of the A10/A11 RP interface to the PDSN application, stream, session and connection layer management radio link protocol (RLP) connection control of access terminals resource management, mobility management packet control function (PCF) data flow control DO-RNC switch-like functions service negotiation paging and access channel message termination forwards MAC-layer packets to the best-serving DOM data-environment-specific performance logging
Nortel T1/E1 Aggregator Functions

The T1/E1 aggregation router is based on the Shasta BSN5000 this requires a T1 or E1 MUX co-located with the Shasta to terminate the T1/E1s and convert them into channelized DS-3 or channelized STM-1 (single mode), for connection to the Shasta BSN The T1/E1 aggregation router is co-located with the RNCs aggregates all T1/E1s from the backhaul network to the RNC each DOM can have up to four T1/E1 links the DO-RNC does not accept T1/E1 signals T1/E1 aggregation router converts T1/E1 signals into ethernet links
TN-1X
STM-1
340 - 148
The Nortel DO-EMS (Data-Only Element Management System)

The DO-EMS consists of Hardware (the server) and Software (the client) The DO-EMS Provides Operation, Administration, Maintenance, and Provisioning (OAM&P) for the 1xEV-DO radio access network (RAN) The existing BSS Manager (BSSM) continues management of the 1xEV-DO DOM module in a MetroCell AP The DO-EMS is a stand-alone platform providing OAM&P functionality within the CDMA2000 1xEV-DO network only. Its functions include: collecting, reporting, and managing DO-RNC and DOM alarms collecting and storing OMs from DO-RNC and DOM administering 1xEV-DO carrier/sector neighbor lists, including limited diagnostic capabilities (reciprocal neighbor analysis, etc) The DO-EMS, DO-RNC and DOM provide overload controls for management of OAM&P messaging traffic during system events
The Nortel DO-EMS Server and Client

The DO-EMS server is a Sun Netra20 normally located in the central office with the BSC/DO-RNC Software modules on the server perform: auto-discovery configuration management security management fault management performance management DO-EMS Client / Management Terminal since the Netra20 is a headless server, a terminal is required for monitor, keyboard and mouse functionality The terminal connects to the DO-EMS to perform all required OAM&P functions for the 1xEV-DO network The management terminal is a Sun Blade150 alternatively, customers may use a PC running an X-Windows application
The Nortel DO-EMS Client

The DO-EMS client is webbased runs in standard web browsers offers network administrators a familiar, easy-to-use interface provides robust configuration, fault and performance management tools
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Nortels Univity CDMA PDSN

PDSN The Univity CDMA PDSN provides CDMA radio network packet data access to the Public Data Network (PDN) and is integrated on the Shasta BSN 5000 chassis. With the addition of the AT IP access model, a Foreign Agent (FA) and Home Agent (HA) are required. The FA is always integrated onto the Shasta BSN with the Univity PDSN resulting in the PDSN/FA. Component Breakdown The Shasta BSN is comprised of several components including the Subscriber Service Gateway (SSG), the IP Services Operating System (iSOS) and the Service Creation System (SCS) as defined below: SSG - is the hardware platform (Shasta 5000 chassis) iSOS - offers high-touch services scalability and extensibility SCS - is a graphical management and provisioning tool allowing the service provider to quickly and efficiently provision thousands of subscriber profiles through its GUI. It provides scalable centralized management for PDSNs covering a large range of geographical locations.
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Nortel Shasta BSN Hardware Description

Hardware Description The Shasta BSN chassis consists of a card cage with 14 slots for cards, a fan tray for cooling; power entry and distribution and the backplane. The chassis mounts in a standard 19 rack and requires a -48VDC power source. The fan tray and all cards are all hot-swappable. All Shasta BSN components are new in the CDMA network and are required specifically for the CDMA 3G architecture. The required components are as follows: Line Card (LC) Subscriber Service Module (SSM II) Subscriber Service Card (SSC) Control and Management Card (CMC) Switch Fabric Card (SFC) Shasta Chassis (BSN) Service Creation System (SCS) Server and Client Shasta BSN Software Cabinet
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Nortels Passport 8600 Routing Switch

Passport 8600 Routing Switch delivers high-density Layer 2 and Layer 3 wirespeed switching and routing over copper and fiber media. switching architecture capable of delivering 128 Gbps of capacity, scaling to 256 Gbps in the future. Supported interfaces include 10/100/1000BaseT autosensing and ATM Supports up to 384 10/100 TX Ports Supports up to 192 100 FX Ports Supports up to 64 1000 SX Ports STM1/OC3 (up to 32 Ports) Redundant power supplies and hot-swappable modules are also part of the product platform. Both 6 and 10 Slot Chassis are available. The price in Appendix A, B is applicable to 6 slot Chassis. Core switching and processing Routing switch fabric/CPU moduleHighperformance Layer 2 and Layer 3 traffic switching. One per chassis; two if redundancy is desired
Nortel Passport 8600 Connectivity

Ethernet/Gigabit Ethernet 48-port auto-sensing 10Base-T/100Base-TX Ethernet Routing Switch module (RJ-45) Passport Routing Switch Module 8632TX 32-port mixed-media module for 10Base-T/100Base-TX switching and routing two slots for Gigabit Interface Converters (GBICs), high port density 24-port 100Base-FX Fast Ethernet Routing Switch module (MT-RJ) long runs 2km multimode 16-port 1000Base-SX Gigabit Ethernet Routing Switch module (MT-RJ) Up to 128 Gigabit Ethernet ports per 10-slot chassis 8-port 1000Base-T Gigabit Ethernet Routing Switch module (RJ-45) over cat. 5 copper to 100m 8-port 1000Base-SX Gigabit Ethernet Routing Switch module (SC) -for multimode fiber 8-port Gigabit Ethernet Routing Switch module plug-in GBICs with SC connectors can mix and match interface types on a single module using multi-mode or single-mode fiber. GBICs available in short distance (SX), long distance (LX) and extended distance (XD and ZX) One- and two-port auto sensing 10-Gigabit Ethernet Routing Switch modules, fullfeatured LAN/WAN connectivity with full functionality and intelligence of the Passport 8600 ATM/SONET/SDH 2-slot MDA BaseboardSupports up to eight OC-3/STM1 for ATM interface applications such as permanent virtual circuit VLAN bridging and routing, maintaining QoS prioritization.
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Nortel CDMA Univity Base Station Controller EBSC

PP15K Breaker Interface Panel PP15K Fiber Tray
GPSTM
Cable Trough
GPSTM
Cable Consolidation and Multiplexing Chassis
Cable Trough
The Univity CDMA Base Station Controller CBRS is a scalable and cost reduced IP enabled Base Station Controller Eliminates the need for separate BIU and CIS cabinets in the BSC for 1xEV-DO nonMTX systems Key Features: Scalable from very low to very high capacity through module additions Multiple frames deployed for configuration flexibility
7
24pBCNW Functional Processor (NTPB11AA) 11pMSW Functional Processor (NTPB10AA)
Cable Trough
CP3 - Control Processor (NTHR06CA) Optional - 2nd Enhanced BSC Frame Connectivity
8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5
Cable Trough
Cable Consolidation and Multiplexing Chassis (NTPB13AA) GPSTM - Global Positioning Satellite Timing Module (NTPB15AA)
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Nortel CDMA Univity Base Station Controller EBSC

The Univity CDMA BSC CBRS is built on the Passport 15K and includes two new Functional Processors (FPs), the 11pMSW FP and the 24pBCNW FP , along with a Cable Consolidation and Multiplexing Chassis The 11pMSW FP contains 3 OC-3/STM-1 ports. One (1) OC-3/STM-1 port is channelized and contains T1/E1/T3/E3 channels to carry AP or ISSHO traffic. The unchannelized ports can be configured as OC-3c to support interfaces to the DISCO or BSS Manager. In these instances they can be configured as OC-3c in North America or STM1 for international installations. The 11pMSW FP provides 8 T1s for connectivity to the LPP. The 24pBCNW FP contains 24 LVDS ports for connectivity to the SBS shelves. The Cable Consolidation and Multiplexing Chassis manages connectivity between the new 24pBCNW FP to current SBS shelves GPSTM to the 24WpBCNW FP T1s/E1s on the 11pMSW FP to the LPP The Univity CDMA BSC CBRS can be added to current BSCs allowing for expanding port and Erlang capacity
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Pre-EBSC Hardware Required for Nortel 1xEV-DO Non-MTX Systems
BI
U, UNI CI VIT S, BS Y E M BS IN C A CO SI NG MB LE INE CA S BI NE T
No no t R e no voic qui vo e u red co se ! de rs, rs
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Nortels BSS Manager (BSSM) within the Univity EBSC

The BSS Manager consists of quad Ultra Enterprise 450 Servers UltraSPARC IV processor cards High Speed Serial Interface card interconnects to the BSC 31 Gigabytes of mirrored disk space Ethernet and LAN access. The BSS Manager is a highly reliable platform, provisioned with an Active and a Standby unit. Constant heartbeat and monitoring are performed between the Active and Standby systems. System initiated (automatic) SWACT (Switch of activity) occurs from Active to Standby when the active unit experiences critical hardware/software fault. User or operator SWACT is also supported. Redundant Ethernet links are provisioned between the two BSS Manager servers redundant links are also provisioned from BSS Manager to CIS (a communication component within the Univity BSC)
Nortel BSSM: CDMA Base Station Subsystem Manager

The CDMA BSS Manager provides the Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OA&M) interface for the Univity BSC and Univity AP. Within the context of TMNs (Telecommunication Management Network) functional layer approach, the BSS Manager is the Element Manager and is the operators primary interface into Nortel Networks' CDMA RF network. The BSS Manager platform comprises the operating environment, hardware, and application interfaces, supporting four areas of the FCAPS model (Fault, Configuration, Accounting, Performance, and Security). Fault management primarily deals with the alarms of the CDMA network. Alarms are generated by the subsystem when there is a failure of the hardware/service or when there is a degradation of the hardware/service due to certain external environmental factors. The BSS Managers primary responsibility is to log, report, and manage the alarm events from its managed subsystems. Configuration management controls the way in which the system provides service. It allows specification of configuration information, collects data from and provides data to the various network elements and the connections between those elements. Configuration management is primarily responsible for supporting network planning, installing, interconnecting, and establishing NE equipment, connections, and services. Performance management ensures that performance data is sent at regular intervals to the BSS Manager. Within the BSS Manager, two types of data are logged: Performance data, also referred to as Operational Measurements (OM) statistical information about subsystem components Diagnostic Data - debugging information on messages among subsystems for troubleshooting Security management deals with security breaches (improper use) of network resources. Security management consists of software applications used to configure, control, create or delete the resources providing the services. Security Management also includes administration of security procedures and functions.
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EV-DO-Specific Nortel Documentation

1xEV-DO Release 2.0
Relevance
1
Document Number
411-2133-012
Revision
1.11
1 1
411-2133-109 411-2133-126
1.09 1.1
1 1 1 1
411-2133-529 411-2133-532 411-2133-822 411-2133-917
1.14 1.08 1.02 1.1
1 1 1
411-2133-924 411-2133-925 411-2133-926
1.1 1.13 1.08
1 1 1
411-2133-927 411-2133-929 411-2133-932
1.12 1.08 1.1
Document Title CDMA2000 1xEV-DO System Overview Guide CDMA2000 1xEV-DO NBSS Delta MOs, Logs, OMs and Alarms Reference Manual CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Element Management Subsystem (EMS) Recovery and Upgrade Guide CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Element Management Subsystem (DO-EMS) Administrator's Guide 1xEV-DO D O-RNC Administration Guide CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Configuration Parameters Reference Guide 1xEV-DO Data Only Module (DOM) User Guide CDMA2000 1xEV-DO OMs and Performance Measurement Reference Guide CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Command Line Interface (CLI) Reference Guide CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Logging Message Reference Guide CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Element Management Subsystem (DO-EMS) User Guide 1xEV-DO Script Tool User Guide 1xEV-DO Deployment Guide CDMA Metro Cell Deployment Guidelines Reference Manual
1.00
411-2133-111
04.06
Shasta PDSN/FA and HA Customer Information Guide

1.00 411-2133-802 05.06
BSC Theory of Operations Handbook

1.00 411-2133-101 12.06
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1xEV-DO 1xEV-DO // 1xRTT 1xRTT Interoperability Interoperability
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1xEV-DO/1xRTT Interoperability
The CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Standard IS-856 makes no provision for any kind of handoff to or from any other technology Driven by Operator interest, a Hybrid mode has been developed to provide some types of handoff functions to the best extent possible Hybrid Mode is a mobile only function neither the EV nor 1xRTT network knows anything about it is a proprietary feature with vendor-specific implementation has no standard-defined RF triggers; no hooks In the 1xEV rev. A standard, some new features will be provided the 1xEV control channel will be able to carry 1xRTT pages too this and other changes may make the hybrid mode unnecessary and obsolete
What Handoffs are Possible in Hybrid Mode?

All switching between systems occurs in Idle Mode there are no handoffs in active traffic state in either mode Sessions can be transferred from one system to the other, but NOT in active traffic state If there is a connection, it can be closed and then re-originated on the other system In some cases this can be accomplished automatically without the end-users awareness in other cases, this is not possible
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Hybrid Mode Transition Scenarios

1:2 Deployment 1:1 Deployment EV-DO, F2 1xRTT, F1 1:1 Deployment
DO systems will be Implemented in Several Configurations 1:1 overlays in busy core areas 1:1 or 1:N overlays in less dense areas Many EV>1x and 1x>EV transition events may occur as a user transitions from area to area Initial system acquisition is also involved as a user activates their AT in different locations These transitions are dependent on the Hybrid mode implementation in the AT The following pages show some possible transitions assuming Mobile IP and AT Hybrid Mode are implemented
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1xRTT / 1xEV-DO Hybrid Idle Mode

1xRTT/1xEV-DO Hybrid Mode depends on being able to hear pages on both systems 1xRTT and 1xEV-DO is possible because of slotted mode paging 1xRTT and 1xEV-DO paging slots do not occur simultaneously mobile can monitor both During 1xEV-DO traffic operation, the hybrid-aware mobile can still keep monitoring 1xRTT paging channel During 1xRTT traffic operation, the hybrid-aware mobile is unable to break away; 1xRTT traffic operation is continuous no opportunity to see 1xEV-DO signal This hybrid Idle mode capability is the foundation for all 1xRTT/1xEV mode transfers the network does not trigger any transfers
1xEV-DO Idle
1xEV-DO Active
Idle Mode
Hybrid Mode 1xRTT Idle

Idle Mode
1xRTT Active
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Hybrid Dual-Mode Idle Operation 1xRTT / 1xEV-DO Paging Interoperability

16-frame Control Channel Cycle 16 slots of 26-2/3 ms = 426-2/3 ms
LONGEST POSSIBLE PACKET DRC 16 Subpackets
1xRTT Minimum Slot Cycle Index: 16 slots of 80 ms each = 48 26-2./3 ms frames
A dual-mode 1xRTT/1xEV-DO mobile using slotted-mode paging can effectively watch the paging channels of both 1xRTT and 1xEV-DO at the same time How is it possible for the mobile to monitor both at the same time? The paging timeslots of the two technologies are staggered Three of the 16 timeslots in 1xRTT conflict with the control channel slots of 1xEV-DO However, conflicts can be avoided by page repetition, a standard feature in systems of both technologies
Initial System Acquisition by Hybrid Mobile when 1xEV-DO is NOT Available

1xEV-DO Active 1xEV-DO Idle
Acquire 1xEV-DO System driven by PRL
no, cant see EV
Acquire 1xRTT System driven by PRL
Register with 1xRTT Network
1xRTT Idle
Idle Mode Classical 1xRTT Idle Mode
After entering this state, the mobile will not search for 1xEV service again Voice Page! Idle Mode Release
1xRTT Active
1xRTT Voice Call
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Initial System Acquisition by Hybrid Mobile when 1xEV-DO is Available

1xEV-DO Active
Set Up or Re-establish 1xEVDO Data Session 1xEV Traffic interrupted during 1xRTT voice call 1xEV Traffic Data Connection Closed
Triggers:
1xEV-DO Idle
Acquire 1xEV-DO System driven by PRL
yes, found EV Idle Mode
AT Data Ready! AN Data Page!
Idle Mode
Hybrid Mode
Acquire 1xRTT System driven by PRL Register with 1xRTT Network
Hybrid Mode
Voice Page! Idle Mode
Hybrid Mode
Idle Mode
1xRTT Idle
Idle Mode
Idle Mode
Release
1xRTT Active
1xRTT Voice Call
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In-Traffic: EV-DO Fade with 1xRTT Available
Fade
1xEV-DO Active
AT data ready
Traffic Mode, Data Transfer
Close Connection
PPP Resync MIP Registr.

AN data ready
Fade
1xEV-DO Idle
Get New UATI Dormant /Idle DO System Acquired

no
Same DO Subnet?
1xRTT Idle
Idle Mode
Dormant /Idle
1xRTT Active
Reestablish Call
Resume Data Transfer
Transfer Finished
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Transition In-Traffic: Lost EV-DO and 1xRTT
Fade
1xEV-DO Active
Close Connection
Set Up or Re-establish 1xEVDO Data Session Get New UATI

No
1xEV Traffic
Fade
1xEV-DO Idle
DO PRL, Idle Search for Mode DO
Found New DO Signal!!
Triggers: AT Data Ready! AN Data Page!
Same DO Subnet? Yes
Idle Mode
Idle Mode
Hybrid Mode
Fade
Idle Mode Use 1x PRL, Search for 1xRTT Use 1x PRL, Search for 1xRTT
No Signal Found!!
1xRTT Idle
Idle Mode
Lost Signal!!
No Signal Found!!
No 1x Signal, Continue EV Operation
1xRTT Active
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Dormant Session, EV-DO Lost > 1xRTT > 1xEV-DO
1xEV-DO Active
Coverage Edge
Fade

Data Finished, Call Dormant Fade Found New DO Signal!!
1xEV-DO Idle
Get New UATI

No
Idle Mode
DO PRL, Search for DO
No Signal Found!!
DO PRL, DO Available?
No Signal Found!!
No Signal Found!!
Same DO Subnet? Yes
Idle Mode
Hybrid Mode
Idle Mode
1xRTT Idle
Idle Mode
Idle Mode
1xRTT Active
7-2008
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Background and Introduction To 1xEV-DO Technology

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Course 340

Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter

Global and US Wireless Subscribers 1Q 2008

Total GSM CDMA IDEN

Global 3,051,659,279 2,571,563,279 451,400,000 28,696,000

USA 252,018,131 84.3% 102,200,000 14.8% 132,243,131 0.9% 17,575,000

40.6% 52.5% 7.0%

World Wireless Subs by Technology 2006

Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter

US Wireless Subs by Technology 2006

Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter

A Quick Survey of Wireless Data Technologies

12000 6000 kb/s

307.2 144 kb/s

19.2 19.2 kb/s

The CDMA Migration Path to 3G

IS-95A/ IS-95B J-Std008

1250 kHz. 59 active users

None, Data Capabilities 2.4K by modem Features: Incremental Progress

2.4 Mb/s DL 1.0 Mb/s 153 Kb/s

First CDMA, Capacity, Quality

Improve d Access Smarter Handoffs

Faster data rates on shared 3-carrier bundle

High data rates on data-only CDMA carrier

High data rates on Data-Voice shared CDMA carrier

Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter

Modulation Techniques of 1xEV Technologies

Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter

GSM Technology Migration Path to 3G

200 kHz. 7.5 avg.

Features: Incremental Progress

Europes first Digital wireless

Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter

TDMA IS-136 Technology Migration Path to 3G

the familiar GSM path!

30 kHz. 1 None, 2.4K by modem

30 kHz. 30 kHz. Many 3 users Pkt Usrs 19.2 kbps none

200 kHz. 7.5 avg.

First System, Features: Incremental Capacity & Progress Handoffs

US Packet Data Svc.

USAs first Digital wireless

Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter

SPEED: SPEED: 1xEV-DOs 1xEV-DOs Purpose Purpose

Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter

Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter

Why Cant 1xRTT do high speeds?

Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter

Mobile RF Channel Conditions Change Rapidly

Path Loss, db 0.2 0.3 Time, Seconds

Slow Fading due to obstructions and user motion

1xRTT Data Burst Control Lags RF Conditions

DATA RATE DECISION

DATA BURST ACTUALLY OCCURS NOW

Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter

1xEV-DO vs. 1xRTT at the Same Time-Scale

Thoughput: 2.4 Mb/s max, 0.6 Mb/s typ.

Setup time can be less than 10 ms., depending on traffic loading.

T 0 0.1 0.2 Time, Seconds 0.3 0.4 0.5

Thoughput: 0.15 or 0.31 Mb/s max, 0.06 Mb/s typ.

1xEV-DO Handles Data at the level of Packets and Subpackets

Thoughput: 2.4 Mb/s max, 0.6 Mb/s typ.

Setup time can be less than 10 ms., depending on traffic loading.

Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter