CCDI - G8 - T2 - AY23-24 (Student Book)

Computing, Creative Design
2023-2024
Grade
2
08
1
3
and Innovation
Student book
Computing, Creative Design and Innovation - G8 - Student book 1444- 1445 A.H. /2023- 2024 A.D.
2
Computing, Creative Design
and Innovation
Student book
Grade 8
Volume 2
1444- 1445 A.H./2023- 2024 A.D

Table of Contents
CONTENTS
content is defined on smart learning app
UNIT 1: COMPUTER SYSTEMS 6
E-safety.................................................................................................................................................7
Digital citizenship...............................................................................................................................................7
Overview...............................................................................................................................................8
Keywords..............................................................................................................................................9
Learning outcomes.............................................................................................................................10
Interacting with computing devices................................................................................................11
Laptop computer................................................................................................................................................12
Tablet computer..................................................................................................................................................13
Smart phone........................................................................................................................................................14
Improving the design of computing devices..................................................................................16
Unit 1 summary...................................................................................................................................16
UNIT 2: ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS AND IMPACTS 18
E-safety.................................................................................................................................................19
E-safety guidelines.............................................................................................................................................19
Overview ..............................................................................................................................................20
Keywords..............................................................................................................................................21
Bias and accessibility issues in existing technologies ................................................................23
Bias.......................................................................................................................................................................23
Accessibility ........................................................................................................................................................24
Design processes....................................................................................................................................................................... 26
Engineering design process..............................................................................................................................26
Design thinking process....................................................................................................................................27
Waterfall methodology......................................................................................................................................27
Enhance designs by finding ways in which they can be improved .............................................28
Computing technologies that affect everyday activities and career options..........................29
Trade-offs associated with computing technologies ...................................................................................30
Artificial intelligence ..........................................................................................................................31
Trade-offs in the design of AI systems............................................................................................................31
Entrepreneurship................................................................................................................................33
Collaboration strategies....................................................................................................................34
Communication...................................................................................................................................................34
Sharing information...........................................................................................................................................35
Tasking.................................................................................................................................................................35
Tracking................................................................................................................................................................35
Unit 2 summary...................................................................................................................................36
UNIT 3: SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY AND TECHNICAL GRAPHICS 38
E-safety ................................................................................................................................................39
Technology and society .....................................................................................................................................39
Overview...............................................................................................................................................40
Keywords..............................................................................................................................................41
Sustainable society.............................................................................................................................43
Population growth and demand ......................................................................................................................43
Impact on society...............................................................................................................................................44
Planning for future generations .......................................................................................................................47
Technical design .................................................................................................................................49
Shading................................................................................................................................................................49
Pictorial drawing ................................................................................................................................................51
Unit 3 summary...................................................................................................................................60
UNIT 4:CAD, DESIGN REALISATION AND PROJECT 62
E-safety.................................................................................................................................................63
Public and private information .........................................................................................................................63
Overview...............................................................................................................................................64
Keywords..............................................................................................................................................64
Computer aided design .....................................................................................................................68
2D and 3D............................................................................................................................................................69
Basic shapes ........................................................................................................................................71
Polygons...............................................................................................................................................................71
Visual representations ......................................................................................................................73
Appearances .......................................................................................................................................................74
Primitive 3D shapes in CAD...............................................................................................................79
Drawing planes in CAD.......................................................................................................................................80
Creating basic primitive shapes on CAD.........................................................................................................81
Creating 3D bodies from 2D sketches: The extrude feature........................................................................91
Modifying a 3D model........................................................................................................................................93
Systems development lifecycle........................................................................................................................99
Home office setup...............................................................................................................................................100
1. Project brief .....................................................................................................................................100
Project requirements.........................................................................................................................................102
Project planning..................................................................................................................................................104
2. Planning............................................................................................................................................104
Product planning.................................................................................................................................................105
3. Creating............................................................................................................................................106
4. Testing...............................................................................................................................................107
5. Self-reflection..................................................................................................................................108
Entrepreneurship................................................................................................................................109
Entrepreneurial plan...........................................................................................................................................109
SWOT analysis.....................................................................................................................................................110
Unit 4 summary...................................................................................................................................112
Copyright © Ministry of Education – United Arab Emirates
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volume of Course book Activity Lab Manual (Science)
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level Teacher Guide

S T R E A M
Science Technology Reading Engineering A Art Maths
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Theory activity
artificial
Entrepreneurship T
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intelligence
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Theory activity Interactive online activity

Activity key
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Theory activity Interactive online activity Lab activity

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Lab
Unit 1
Computer systems

G8-Student book
E-safety
Digital citizenship
The UAE strives to promote digital wellbeing and create a
safe and positive digital world. You can become a good digital
citizen by upholding the values of the UAE positive digital
citizenship charter.
The values of the UAE positive digital citizenship charter are:

~ Emirati Legacy: to remain loyal to the United Arab Emirates and serve as
a role model of the Emirati values and traditions in the digital world.
~ Digital Reputation: to best represent my country and promote its reputation
in the digital world.
~ Respect Others: to respect others, their privacy and intellectual rights and
refrain from bullying or harming their digital identity.
~ Positive Investment: to use the digital world to enhance my skills and keep
abreast of change in line with the UAE’s vision.
~ Kindness: to promote the values of solidarity, compassion and positivity,
and to use social media wisely.
~ Digital Privacy: to protect others’ personal information and privacy.
~ Credibility: to make sure the content I’m sharing or receiving is credible
and to always use reliable sources.
~ Responsibility and Regulations: to be responsible in the digital world and
to abide by its rules and regulations.

~ Digital Ethics: to contribute to eliminating any content that is inconsistent
with ethics and human values.
~ Balanced Usage: to maintain my physical and mental health through
finding a good balance between real and digital worlds.
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Unit 1: Computer systems
Overview
In this unit, you will analyse how users interact with a range of computing
devices. You will use what you have learned about user interaction in order to
recommend improvements to existing technologies and devices.
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G8-Student book
Keywords
Term Definition Image

any system with hardware,
software and peripherals
computing
that can do computer
device
processing (input,
processing and output)
changes you could make to

improvements something to make it better
or resolve issues
when two or more people or

interaction things communicate with or
react to each other
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Learning outcomes
1.1. Analyse how users interact with a range of computing devices.

1.2. Recommend improvements to the design of computing devices based
on an analysis.
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G8-Student book
Interacting with computing devices
Interaction is when two or more people or things communicate with or react to

each other. In modern life, people interact with computing devices every day.
Designers and manufacturers often analyse how people interact with computing
devices to identify issues and then infer possible improvements.
Discussion point
Which computing devices do you interact with every day?
11
You can analyse how users interact with a range of computing devices:
Laptop computer
A laptop computer (also known as a laptop) is a battery powered, portable

computer with a screen, keyboard and trackpad. The devices screen folds down
over the keyboard for transportation.
Interaction
Laptop users often sit with the device on their lap or on a table. Users transport
the device using a case or bag. Here are some interaction examples:
Analysis of user interaction

The way people interact with laptops identifies a range of potential issues:
~ Cooling vents on the device could be blocked when it is on the user’s lap.
~ Resting the device on the user’s lap could be uncomfortable.

~ Position of the screen is always lower than the user’s eye line.
~ Lack of support for the user’s wrists when using the keyboard or trackpad.
~ Difficult to transport without using a case or bag.
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Tablet computer
A tablet computer (also known as a tablet) is a battery powered, portable computer

with a touchscreen. These devices accept input directly on their screens rather
than from a keyboard, trackpad or mouse.
Interaction
Tablet users often hold the device with one hand, rest it on their lap, or prop it
up on a table. Users often transport the device without using a case or bag. Here
are some interaction examples:

The way people interact with tablets identifies a range of potential issues:
~ Device can be heavy or uncomfortable to hold using one hand.

~ Device does not stand without support from a user or case.

~ Position of the screen is often lower than the user’s eye line.
~ Device can easily be damaged if dropped during transport.
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Smart phone
A smart phone (also known as a phone) is a small, battery powered, portable

device with a touchscreen. These devices accept input directly on their screens
rather than from a keyboard, trackpad or mouse.
Interaction
Phone users often hold the device with one hand. Due to their small size, phones
can be used in many situations, for example, while the user is sitting, standing
or walking. Users often transport the device in their hand or pocket. Here are
some interaction examples:

The way people interact with phones identifies a range of potential issues:
~ Device can be difficult to hold using one hand.

~ Device is not designed to stand on a work surface.
~ Device can distract the user or prevent them from doing other tasks.
~ Device can easily be damaged during transport.
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G8-Student book
Network hardware
Discussion point
What issues have you had whilst interacting with computing devices?
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Improving the design of computing devices
Technology and computing devices are constantly being improved. One thing that
can be considered when improving computing devices is data gathered from an
analysis of user interaction.
An analysis of user interaction can help to identify issues and infer possible
improvements.
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Activity 6
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Unit 1 summary Activity 8
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Unit 1 summary
In this unit, you:

~ Analysed how users interact with a range of computing devices.
~ Recommended improvements to the design of computing devices based on an
analysis.
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Unit 2
Engineering design process and impacts

G8-Student book
E-safety
E-safety guidelines
When you use computers or other smart devices, it is important to keep yourself, your
data and your work safe. Following e-safety guidelines can help you use technology
safely and responsibly.
Here are some e-safety guidelines to follow when using a computer:
~ Always log out of your computer when you have

finished using it.
~ Always use a strong password to protect your
accounts.
~ Never share your password with others.
~ If anyone tries to access your work, tell a parent or
teacher about it.
Here are some e-safety guidelines to follow when using a mobile phone:
~ Never talk to anyone that you do not know.

~ Never share your location with anyone you do not
know.
~ Never answer a call from a number you do not

know.
~ Never share your personal details such as home
address or school address with anyone you do not
know.
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Unit 2: Engineering design process and impacts
Overview
In this unit, you will evaluate issues of bias and accessibility in the design of
existing technologies. You will enhance designs by finding ways in which they can
be improved. You will explain trade-offs associated with computing technologies
that affect everyday activities and career options. You will assess trade-offs in
the design of AI systems, how these impact system decisions, and the potential
consequences. You will also select appropriate collaboration strategies when
creating a range of computational artefacts.
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G8-Student book
Keywords
the quality or characteristic of

accessibility something that makes it possible
to understand, obtain or use
the theory and development

artificial of computer systems that can
intelligence (AI) perform tasks that normally
require human intelligence
in technology, bias is when a

person or group of people cannot
bias
use technology because of its
design
the action of working with others

collaboration
to produce something
design processes are methods

design that can help to break down
processes problems or projects into smaller,
easier-to handle stages and tasks
a balance achieved between

desirable but incompatible
trade-offs
things; for example, time and
quality.
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Learning outcomes
2.1. Evaluate issues of bias and accessibility in the design of existing

technologies.
2.2. Enhance designs created by finding ways in which they can be
improved.
2.3. Explain trade-offs associated with computing technologies that affect
everyday activities and career options.
2.4. Assess trade-offs in the design of AI systems and how these impact
system decisions and the potential consequences.
2.5. Select appropriate collaboration strategies when creating a range of
computational artefacts.
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G8-Student book
Bias and accessibility issues in existing technologies
Bias
Remember, biased information is not factually correct and verifiable. In technology,
bias is when a person or group of people cannot use technology because of its
design. Here are some examples of bias in technology:
Language
Some devices have controls labelled in one language. Devices designed this way
are biased against anyone who cannot read the language. Below is an example
of a radio with controls labelled in one language.
Physical
Some devices are designed for users with certain physical characteristics, for
example, right-handed people. Devices designed this way are biased against
anyone with different physical characteristics, for example, left-handed people.
Below is an example of a watch designed for right-handed users.
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Accessibility
Accessibility is the quality or characteristic of something that makes it possible to
understand, obtain or use it. Accessibility issues in technology are when a person
or group of people cannot use something. Accessibility issues in technology can
be caused by many things such as cost, knowledge and differing user’s abilities.
Here are some examples of accessibility issues in technology:
Cost
Some people cannot obtain technology, such as computing devices, because they
cannot afford to buy or access services. This is a major issue in less developed
parts of the world.
Education
Some people cannot use technology as they have no experience or knowledge
of it. This is a major issue in less developed parts of the world. This issue can be
worsened when technology has not been designed intuitively.
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G8-Student book
User abilities
Some people cannot use technology because they have different abilities, such
as mobility, and visual or hearing impairments. Here are some examples of
accessibility issues for differing abilities:
Users with mobility impairments

may not be able to hold a device
or use a keyboard, touch screen,
or mouse.
Users with a visual impairment

may not be able to see
information or controls on small
devices with touchscreens.
Users with a hearing impairment

may not be able to interact with
devices that use voice control,
such as smart speakers.
~
Discussion point
Have you ever been affected by bias or accessibility issues in technology? Copyright © Ministry of Education – United Arab Emirates
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Design processes
Design processes are methods that can help break down problems or projects
into smaller, easier-to-handle stages and tasks. Design processes are often used
in programming, design, engineering, architecture and manufacturing.
Some commonly used design processes are:
~ Engineering design process
~ Design thinking process
~ Waterfall methodology
Engineering design process

The engineering design process is typically used in engineering projects. The
stages in this process may include:
~ Define the process
~ Conduct research
~ Conceptualise
~ Build and market
~ Product analysis
~ Improve
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G8-Student book
Design thinking process

The design thinking process is typically used in creative projects. The stages in
this process usually include:
~ Empathise
~ Define
~ Ideate
~ Prototype
~ Test
Waterfall methodology
The waterfall is often used in programming projects. The stages in this process
may include:
~ Requirements
~ Design
~ Implementation
~ Testing
~ Maintenance
Did you know?

You can use a design process to help you complete projects or enhance
existing designs.
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Enhance designs by finding ways in which they can be improved
Devices, products and designs can be improved or enhanced. Some things that
can be considered when making improvements or enhancements are:
~ Analysis of user interaction to identify issues and infer design improvements.
~ Changes to reduce bias and accessibility issues.
~ Changes to add functionality or improve durability.
~ Changes to reduce production costs or use raw materials more sustainably.
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Computing technologies that affect everyday activities

and career options
Computing technologies have become a big part of modern life. These technologies
can affect your everyday activities and career options in many ways. For example,
your technology skills and access to technology may affect what you do and how
you do it.
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Trade-offs associated with computing technologies

Trade-offs are a balance achieved between desirable but incompatible things.
There are many potential trade-offs associated with computing technologies in
relation to everyday activities and career options. Here are some examples of
associated trade-offs:
Trade-offs related to everyday activities

Trade-off between the development of digital skills and traditional skills
such as writing, drawing and mental arithmetic.
Trade-off between the use of digital communications and the

development of soft skills such as verbal communication.
Trade-off between limiting screen time and completing common daily

tasks such as paying bills.
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Trade-offs related to career options
Trade-off between the development of specialist skills and digital skills
required for employability.
Trade-off between the use of digital communications and establishing a

work/life balance.
Trade-off between increased use of technology in many sectors and

employment opportunities for those without high-level qualifications.

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Artificial intelligence
Remember, artificial intelligence (AI) is the theory and development of computer

systems that can perform tasks that normally require human intelligence. AI can
help make computers, devices and systems smarter. Artificial intelligence (AI)
can be explained using five big ideas:
1. Computers understand the world using sensors.
Agents store representations of the world and use them for

2.
decisions.
3. Computers can learn from data.
4. Making agents interact comfortably with humans is a challenge.
5. AI applications can affect society in good and bad ways.

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Trade-offs in the design of AI systems
Developing an AI system that can make reliable decisions and recommendations
can be time-consuming and expensive. Developers of systems will often have
to make trade-offs in design when it comes to system components, data and
expertise. Remember, trade-offs are a balance achieved between desirable but
incompatible things.
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Here are some examples of trade-offs in AI systems:

Trade-offs influenced by cost
Trade-off between high specification system components and expertise.
Trade-off between high specification system components and quality of
data.
Trade-off between expertise and quality of data.
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Trade-offs influenced by time
Trade-offs in design between system time and availability of system
components.
Trade-off between development time and quality or quantity of data.
Trade-off between development time and availability of expertise.
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Trade-offs in design between system components, data, expertise and time will
influence the system’s design, impacting its decisions. For some systems making
bad decisions could have extreme consequences. Here are some examples of
the influences trade-offs can have on AI systems:
If a trade-off is made with system components, the

hardware may not have the specifications required
System components
for a complex system, and the software may have
limited abilities.
If a trade-off is made with data, the system may

Data
use data with limited quantity or quality.
If a trade-off is made with expertise, the developer

Expertise
may not program and train the system effectively.
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G8-Student book
Entrepreneurship
The decisions an AI system makes may not be reliable if the system does not
use adequate system components and a comprehensive and upto date data set.
However, compromising on the quality and quantity of data can be overcome as
most systems continue to learn from new data over time.
In most cases, an expert developer or team of developers will be required along
with an adequate amount for development, testing and system refinement
to create an AI system that makes reliable decisions. Reliable decisions are
especially for systems that need to make critical decisions.
Ideally, all AI systems should be developed without making trade-offs in design

and development influenced by factors such as time and cost.
Did you know?

The UAE has a plan to be the best country in artificial intelligence by the
year 2031. They want to develop a range of AI systems. These systems will
be used in important areas such as; education, government services and the
health and happiness of people.
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Collaboration strategies
Collaboration is the action of working with others to produce something. For

example, producing a computational artefact, project or achieving a goal.
Some collaboration strategies include:
~ Communicating
~ Sharing
~ Tasking
~ Tracking
TRACKING
TASKING
SHARING
COMMUNICATING
Communication
Communication is the most basic form of collaboration, but it›s critical to facilitate
any successful collaboration. Teams collaborating can use collaboration tools to
communicate for example, email, phone, video conferencing technologies, and
data-sharing platforms and services.
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G8-Student book
Sharing information
When teams collaborating on a project openly communicate to share new and
relevant information, they can improve the chances of a successful collaboration.
This is similar to communicating, but there is an emphasis on the quality of the
information.
Tasking
Tasking is about strategically sharing and assigning roles and tasks amongst
a team. This means assigning tasks and roles based on team members’ skills
and abilities.
Tracking
Tracking is about reporting and reporting on each project task and other types
of things such as goals, deliverables, issues, risks, tests and changes through
to project
completion or end state. This may include checking tasks are aligned to the
project goal.
Lab
Activity 13
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Unit 2 summary
In this unit, you:

~ Evaluated issues of bias and accessibility in the design of existing
technologies.
~ Enhanced designs created by finding ways in which they can be improved.
~ Explained trade-offs associated with computing technologies that affect
everyday activities and career options.
~ Assessed trade-offs in the design of AI systems and how these impact
system decisions and the potential consequences.
~ Selected appropriate collaboration strategies when creating a range of
computational artefacts.
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Activity 15
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Notes
Unit 3
Sustainable society and technical graphics

G8-Student book
E-safety
Technology and society

Technology has influenced the course of history and will
continue to do so. It is responsible for changes in:
~ agriculture (farming)
~ manufacturing (making things)
~ sanitation (keeping things clean)
~ medicine (the work of doctors)
~ warfare (when countries fight)
~ transportation (cars, trains, etc.)
~ information processing (computers)
~ communications (how we talk to one another)
Developments in technology have changed how people live their lives in a big way
and society as a whole. However, most modern technology relies on electricity
which is mainly created using fossil fuels or nuclear fission.
Fossil fuels are known to cause air pollution and nuclear fission produces
radioactive waste which is difficult to get rid of safely. Also, millions of modern
devices and products are created using plastics which are a by-product of fossil
fuels.
Radioactive waste, fossil fuels and plastics and are all
known to be harmful to the environment.

Fossil fuels are also a natural resource which means the
world has a limited amount which cannot be replaced
once it has been used.
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Unit 3: Sustainable society and technical graphics
Overview
In this unit, you will learn about the societal impact of unsustainable practices
and how they will impact future generations. You will learn how to draw objects
in 3D using pictorial drawing skills and enhance them using shadow and shade
techniques.
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G8-Student book
Keywords

ECOSYSTEM INFOGRAPHIC
Oxygen
(O2) Sun
Energy
Producer
how living things interact

Carbon
dioxide (CO2)
ecosystem
with their surroundings
Secondary
consumer
Primary
consumer
Precipitation
Water
Soil
decomposer
a type of 3D drawing where

all vertical lines remain
isometric
vertical. All horizontal lines
project back at 30°
a type of 3D drawing where
the front face of an object
oblique
is drawn, and the depth is
provided by lines at 45°
an artistic technique used to

shading show areas of light and dark
on a sketch
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Learning outcomes
3.1. Explain how our present-day unsustainable practices will impact future
generations.
3.2. Create basic pictorial drawings.
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G8-Student book
Sustainable society
Population growth and demand

The link between the everyday activities of humans and our environment are
strongly linked. Human activity is having an increased impact on the environment
because the population of the world is increasing at an alarming rate:
Remember:
Sustainable living requires humans to meet the needs of today without
compromising the needs of tomorrow and of future generations.
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As the population increases, the demand for

services and resources also increases.
Some of these can include:
~ food
~ homes
~ transport
~ education
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Impact on society
The increased demand for services from the
growing population can put pressure on our
ecosystem. In turn, this can have a negative
impact on society.
It is important to raise awareness about how
we can exist more sustainably and reduce the
impact on society.
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Some examples of human needs, the results and the impacts on society are
given in the table below:
Human needs Result Impact on society
Reduced number of trees.

Deforestation to
Increased Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in
build farms.
More food needs the atmosphere.
to be produced. Change of land Less habitats for wild animals to
use from wild to live in.
managed. Can make species extinct.
Causes an imbalance in the marine
ecosystem.
Overfishing in the
Can make species extinct.
sea.
Destroy coral reefs.
Increased CO2 levels.
More homes for Change of land from Less habitats for wild animals to
people. live in.
rural to urban.
Can make species extinct.
Forests cut down for timber.
More materials Factories producing more man-made
needed. products which release CO2 into the
atmosphere.
More traffic and cars Increased release of CO2 into the

More people on the road. atmosphere.
travelling
Roads and Builds through wild habitats and

infrastructure need areas of natural beauty.
to be built. Animal habitats destroyed.
45
Did you know?

Deforestation means cutting down of trees which decreases the forest areas
in the world. It destroys the homes of animals and increases levels of CO2
in the atmosphere.
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Climate change is one of the most worrying challenges that society is facing.
As natural resources get destroyed and production rates grow, the global
temperatures on land and in the sea are increasing.
International news shows some of the impacts that this can have:
~ drought
~ flooding
~ sea levels rising
~ glaciers shrinking
~ hurricanes
~ wildfires
We can already see the impact that we are having on the environment and
climate, we need to put sustainable actions in place so future generations will
not be affected.
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G8-Student book
Planning for future generations

The potential damage to society and the environment can be reduced by using
sustainable approaches. Using a sustainable approach is very important so that
future generations are not left without access to essential supplies and resources.
The UAE leaders have always had great respect for sustainable development:
“We cherish our environment because it is an integral part of our country, our history and our heritage. On
land and in the sea, our forefathers lived and survived in this environment. They were able to do so only
because they recognised the need to conserve it, to take from it only what they needed to live and to preserve
it for succeeding generations”
LATE SHEIKH ZAYED BIN SULTAN AL NAHYAN
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In 2020, the Ministry of Education began a sustainable plan of making textbooks

more environmentally friendly by using recycled paper. The aim was in line with
national efforts to conserve the environment and to reduce the carbon footprint
of the UAE.
Environmental benefits when making sustainable textbooks:
~ Saving 25 litres of water per textbook
~ Saving 2.5 kilograms of wood per textbook
~ Reduction in energy consumption of 5 kilowatts per textbook
~ Reduction of carbon dioxide emissions by 0.1 kilograms per textbook.
More recently, the Ministry of Education is continuing to make sustainable

improvements with the use of technology and smart education structure. The
use of online books are helping to minimise materials and energy consumption
even further. This helps to reduce the carbon footprint of the UAE.
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Technical design
The world around us is full of objects that are similar and yet very different. Some
of their similarities and differences can include their shapes, colours, textures
and patterns. When drawing and designing objects, we try to represent these
unique features so that people can identify what features are present. The use
of shadow and shade are great examples of how to apply different textures and
materials to objects.
Shading
Shading is used to improve the impact of a sketch by
showing how natural light falls on it. By adding light
and shadow to your drawings, you can make them almost
stand out from the page. When shading, two of the
following factors are most important:
~ Pressure control
~ Understanding how to use light (3-2-1 method)
Pressure control
Pressure control relates to how hard or light you lean on
the pencil when shading. The more pressure you place
on the pencil, the darker the shade, the less pressure you
place, the lighter your shade will be. You can also use
different types of pencils to help you achieve the shading
you wish.
An example of pressure control to give a variety of tones of shading is shown.
Remember
A 2B pencil can shade darker than a 2H pencil. The pencil type can help you
to achieve different lighting which can show textures and materials.
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Using light (the 3-2-1 method)

The 3-2-1 method is used to visually
represent how light falls on an object. It
allows you to plan where you will shade on
the object. Adding shadow and light to a
drawing gives it the appearance of depth.
Pressure control can help you to apply the
appropriate shading.
3 = darkest area
2 = medium
1 = the lightest area
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Pictorial drawing
Remember:
A pictorial drawing is a three-dimensional drawing that gives the viewer an
overall impression of how an object should look.
Oblique drawings and Isometric drawings are two of the most commonly used
forms of pictorial drawing. Both methods are 3-Dimensional and show an
objects length, depth and height.
Difference between oblique drawings and isometric drawings
Oblique drawings Isometric drawings
It has more focus on the front of the Focuses more on the side elevation of
object. the object.
Isometric axes
Oblique axes
It is drawn on an axis of 45 degrees. It is drawn on an axis of 30 degrees.
Oblique drawings are not very realistic Isometric drawings are a good method
as it is impossible to see the front of an of showing the front and side of an

object straight on and the side at the object as you look from the corner of it.
same time.
However, it can be useful to show the It is useful for showing details of a 3D
front of an object in detail and also object or how components fit together.
show some of the side.
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Pictorial drawings can be used to communicate ideas in

industry and engineering. For example, architects use
drawings to communicate their ideas for engineering projects.
These are often concept ideas that are improved and edited
before they are planned in more detail and created using
computer aided design (CAD). These drawings are very useful
when creating unique ideas such as the Burj Khalifa.
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Oblique drawings
Oblique drawings are one of the simplest forms Receding lines of 45 ̊
of pictorial drawings. The front face of the object give the oblique drawing
is drawn full size, and the object is given depth its depth.
by drawing receding lines at 45°.
There is no option to view 3D objects as oblique in CAD modelling.
Remember:
Front Elevation = What you see looking at the front of an object
Plan = What you see looking down on top of an object.
Drawing an oblique view

Front Elevation
3D Pictorial
A 3D pictorial of an L shaped block is shown.

The measurements of the block can be found in
the front elevation and plan view. Plan
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The numbers on the instructions match the numbers on the diagrams. Follow
the steps in the example below to see how to draw an oblique view of the L
shaped block.
1. Draw the front elevation of the letter L block to size using the measurements
from the orthographic projection.
2. Draw light construction lines at 45 ̊ to the right or left from the corners
of the front view as shown. (These lines can be drawn to the right or left
depending on which direction displays more. Once you have decided on
the direction of all these lines, you must stick to the chosen direction).
3. Mark the depth of the object you are drawing along each of the construction
lines you drew in Step 2. Once the depths are marked, complete the drawing
with a series of light vertical and horizontal lines as shown.
4. If the drawing is correct, make all visible lines dark as shown.
5. If hidden detail is required, it can be drawn using dashed lines.
Use the QR code below for guidance on how oblique drawings are created.
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Isometric drawings
Isometric drawings are a very commonly used form of pictorial drawing that
gives an excellent representation of what an object will look like. In CAD, the
standard 3D view on the screen is usually isometric. In isometric drawings, all
vertical lines remain vertical while horizontal lines project at 30° to the left or
30° to the right. This can be seen in the isometric drawing below. The red arrows
show that all the vertical lines stay vertical, and horizontal lines project at 30°.
a. To set a CAD model to isometric, click a corner of the view cube as shown.
b. Ensure the camera is set to orthographic.
Isometric in Fusion 360
Isometric in 123D Design
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Completing an isometric drawing
Front Elevation
3D Pictorial
A 3D pictorial of an L shaped block is shown.

The measurements of the block can be found in
the front elevation and plan view. Plan
Open your 3D model of the L block from the QR code below.

Position this model in the isometric position that shows the most detail. Use
CAD to help you visualise what the isometric will look like.
The numbers on the instructions match the numbers on the diagrams. Follow
the steps in the example below to see how to draw an isometric view of the L
shaped block. In the step-by-step instruction diagrams, the blue lines represent
construction lines while the black lines represent finished lines.
1. Draw the isometric axis at 30 ̊ to the left, 30 ̊ to the right and vertically
as shown. Mark the overall length, width, and height on these axes.
2. Complete the box in which the overall object will fit into by drawing lines
at 30° and vertically as shown using light construction lines.
3. Complete the profile of the front of the shape as shown.
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4. Project light construction lines at 30 ̊ to the left from the corners of the
shape as shown.
5. Draw lines at 30 ̊ in either direction and vertically to complete the outline
of the shape.
6. Complete your isometric drawing by darkening the finished lines of the
shape.
Use the QR code below for guidance on how isometric drawings are created.
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Design task
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Unit 3 summary
In this unit, you:

~ Explained how our present-day unsustainable practices will impact future
generations.
~ Created basic pictorial drawings.
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Notes
Unit 4
CAD, design realisation and project

G8-Student book
E-safety
Public and private information

Information can be public or private. You can share
public information, but you should be careful about
sharing any private information.
Some examples of public information are:
~ first name
~ email address
~ gender
Some examples of private information are:
~ computer passwords
~ bank account details
~ street address
In modern life sharing digital information with ethical people,
businesses and services can be beneficial. However, you
must keep your private information safe from unethical
people (people you cannot trust). They could use your private
information for malicious reasons.
The Privacy Paradox is the dilemma of having one’s data public vs. private, with
a balance of the benefits gained by sharing one’s data (e.g. relevance of content
or shopping recommendations), vs. maintaining anonymity and keeping personal

data private, for example to avoid tracking and tracing.
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Unit 4: CAD, design realisation and project
Overview
In this unit you will explore a range of visual communication techniques.

You will create simple CAD models using a range of CAD modelling tools.
You will progress by creating and modifying complex CAD models. You will
evaluate issues of bias and accessibility in the design of existing technologies.
You will use what you have learned in order to create a CAD model showing
recommended improvements to designs of a computing technology. You
will also complete the end of term project using the systems development
lifecycle. The project will let you apply the knowledge and demonstrate skills
you learned this term.
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Keywords
how an object looks

appearances which can include
colours and materials
the use of computer

software to aid in the
computer aided
creation, modification,
design (CAD)
analysis or optimisation
of a design.
a piece of office
desk furniture that has a flat
or sloped surface
extending a 2D object to
extrude
be 3D
a 2D shape with 3 or
polygon
more sides
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simple 3D shapes
primitive shapes
available on CAD
assessed work with

many tasks to create
project
a product, program or
system
things you need to do
or have to do well in
requirements an activity or project,
for example, what a
program must do
systems
a method with stages to
development
complete projects
lifecycle
a process to look
at something for
SWOT analysis strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities and
threats
one part of the

task assessed work in a
project
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Learning outcomes
4.1. Create innovative visual representations of design ideas and concepts.

4.2. Create a simple CAD model using a range of basic tools within a professional
CAD software.
4.3. Identify the requirements for the project.
4.4. Demonstrate knowledge and skills to complete the project.
4.5. Evaluate the project and reflect on individual performance.
4.6. Formulate a SWOT analysis (Strength’s, Weaknesses, Opportunities and
Threats) for an entrepreneurial plan.
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Computer aided design
Computer Aided Design (CAD) is an exciting, creative,

and practical part of becoming a designer. It allows for
your unique ideas to come to life.
Using creativity and imagination, you will
design and make products that solve real
life problems. These problems are often Project brief
contained in the project brief.
Possible solutions are part of the Planning
planning stages. These solutions are
often sketches and pictorial drawings.
Creating
CAD is often used as part of the systems
development lifecycle and can be used
to graphically communicate your final Testing
solutions. It is a very useful tool to visually
represent your ideas. It can also be easily Self-reflection
edited and adjusted for improvements
afterwards.
CAD also has a huge advantage, that you can
even make your design come to life by using
Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) such as 3D
printing. This can be linked to stage 3 (creating)
of the Systems Development Lifecycle.
The skills you learn in CAD are useful for solving

real life problems in a practical manner. The skills used in CAD will also link with
other subjects such as mathematics, science, engineering, computing and art.
Let us start to explore how to create CAD models. Quite often the designs are
started as a 2D shape and developed to make a 3D shape. We will explore 2D,
3D and then, some simple polygons and shapes.
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2D and 3D
Look at the graphics of the football games.
In the first picture the players are flat. It has
two dimensions (2D). 2D images have:
~ Height
~ Width
In the second picture the players look solid
and realistic. It has three dimensions (3D).
3D images have:
~ Height
~ Width
~ Depth
The use of shading also creates more depth and texture to the image. Texture
is how a material feels. Even though we cannot touch a material on a software
program, it can appear to have a texture.
Compare the two images of the football games. The grass in the 3D image has
more texture because it has shadows and depth on it.
Remember
Shading is used to improve the impact of an image by showing how natural
light falls on it.
When you watch a movie, it is 2D, this means it has

2 dimensions. The picture seems to be flat. The two
dimensions are height and width. But, when you
watch a 3D movie with the 3D glasses, the animals
and people look like they will come out of the screen.
They look like they are solid, this is because they
are 3D. 3D means three-dimensional. 3D is when
something has width, height and depth (length).
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Video games and Virtual Reality (VR) headsets can also be used to make 3D
objects appear more realistic.
The images below show the difference between 2D and 3D. The 2D axes shows
height and width but the 3D axes shows height, width and depth. Depth is often
the third dimension that is added when we compare 2D to 3D.
The world we live in is 3D. It has objects that we can touch and feel. Look at the
desert landscapes provided. In the 3D image, the sand looks like it has texture
that we can touch. It also appears to have depth which is missing from the 2D
image.
2D World 3D World
2D graphics are still useful and can be used to communicate

information easily. We see them in the world around us. They
can deliver a simple and uncomplicated message. One of the
advantages of these 2D graphics is that we can understand them
quickly. This is why they are useful on road signs and when people
are driving at high speeds. ac
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Basic shapes
Polygons
Polygons are made up of edges or sides, and the points where two edges meet
are the polygon’s vertices (singular: vertex) or corner.
Edge: An edge
Vertex: A vertex
joins one vertex
(plural: vertices) is a
to another.
point where two or
more straight lines Face: The face
[edges] meet. It is the surface of
creates the angle. the polygon
Remember
A polygon is a two-dimensional shape containing three or more sides.
Some of the most common regular polygons are shown below. While these
shapes are simple, they feature in more complex designs in the everyday world
all around us.
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The importance of polygons

Polygons are some of the basic shapes used to create more complicated designs;
this can be seen in the everyday world around us.
Did you know

2D drawings are also used by architects to design
buildings. They use 2D drawings called plans. These 2D
drawings contain a lot of technical information such as
measurements. Polygons and simple shapes can often
be seen in the shapes of buildings.
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Polygons in CAD
Polygons can be used in the workspace on a CAD modelling program. We can
then use a variety of tools to then bring the shape to life. By doing this, we
can transform a 2D polygon into a 3D object.
2D polygon 3D object
The new 3D shape is not the final design. It can be moulded, pushed, pulled,
trimmed, cut, merged and attached to others to create new shapes. It can be
adapted but you now have the basic structure and shape for your design.
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CAD modelling programs often suggest basic 2D shapes that can be developed
into 3D shapes. As we saw earlier, these shapes feature in the world all around
us, this is why they are a popular starting point for CAD modelling. An example
of some shapes are shown below:
Similarly, CAD software programs also suggest basic 3D shapes. These are often
called primitive shapes. An example of some primitive shapes are shown below:
Primitive shapes
Primitive means very basic and so a primitive shape is a very basic shape. In
CAD, primitive shapes are 3D. However, they are often based upon 2D shapes
and polygons.
As a CAD designer it is important to understand the 2D shape that gives the
basis for the 3D shape to be made. The 2D shape is often used as a starting
point of your design idea.
We can model more complicated 3D objects in CAD by combining simple 3D
shapes and primitives. These are the building blocks for many solid objects.
You should become familiar with these common shapes and their geometry.
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Visual representations
Appearances
As seen in the previous activity, the appearance of an object can indicate if it is
2D or 3D.
A simple blue circle is shown in the
image. It is flat and has no depth, so it is
2D. It looks like a 2D circle.
A very similar 3D object is represented

using the same shape (circle) and colour
(blue). It has depth and is 3D. It looks like
a 3D sphere (ball).
The similarities are that they are both a circle shape and both blue.
The differences are the appearances that are used.
~ The 2D circle is a matte finish which appears flat and without shine.
~ The 3D sphere is shiny which shows light and shade on it.
This shows the importance of using an appropriate appearance for any designs
you create.
Some examples of the details that appearances can show:
~ colours
~ 2D or 3D
~ matte or shiny
~ flat or curved
~ textures (smooth or rough)
~ materials
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Designing with colours

When designing something, it is very important to think about the colours
that you will use. You will need to think of which colours match. One way to do
this is to use a colour wheel and to use opposite colours. These also called
complementary colours.
The colour wheel shows you 12 different colours. Red,
yellow, and blue are called primary colours because
they are used to make all other colours. Primary
colours cannot be made from other colours. The wheel
shows that blue can go with orange, because they
are opposite colours on the wheel. These can also be
called complementary colours.
If you want your designs to look good, then it is
important to choose the right colours. Using the colour
wheel and using complementary colours is one way
to do this.
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Appearances on CAD
The appearance of 3D models can be easily changed, and many different colours
and materials can be applied.
Adding different appearances can enhance and improve how the object looks.
It also makes your design look more realistic.
CAD programs offer a variety of different
materials that can be applied. Some are shiny
and some are matte, this can also make the
image appear like it has different textures.
The example in the image shows a variety of
different materials that can be used. Some
of these can include:
~ Wood
~ Metals
123D Design
~ Plastic
~ Glass
After selecting the appropriate material, you can also choose the colour of the
material from the colour wheel. This gives you a wide range of combinations to
choose and compare.
Applying appearances can be a fun and simple way to be creative with your
designs and make them look unique. An example of how to apply appearances
to a CAD model is shown below:
Fusion 360
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To edit the appearance of an object in a CAD modelling software, you will need
to select the body or face you wish to apply the appearance to. Then open the
appearance menu and browse the options provided. Choose the most suitable
one.
Sometimes you will need a specific material or colour to show people what the
object is made from. You can practice applying different appearances to your
models as you progress. This is a good area to be creative and make your design
look different from others. Try as many different appearances as possible.
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Activity 8
Presenting your ideas

When you are finished creating, modifying and choosing appearances for your
CAD model, you should present it in a way that makes it appealing to your target
audience. Your target audience are the ones you are aiming your idea towards.
For example, if you designed a toy for kids, your target audience might be:
~ Kids who will use it.
~ Parents who will buy it.
Your presentation and marketing must be
suitable for this target audience. There are

many different types of presentation tools that
can be used.
The Microsoft suite of programs has many
suitable software options that can be used to
share your idea. Microsoft PowerPoint is a useful tool for presenting your idea.
It can include visuals of your idea along with information.
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Posters
Posters have been used as a form of paper-based advertising.
They can be printed and put in locations where interested
people may see them. More recently, posters have started
featuring in virtual locations such as on social media.
Posters can be created using software programs such as
Canva. It can provide a visual representation of the product
with some striking themes such as images, logos, text and
colour.
Social Media
Social media has become a popular place for advertising and presenting ideas.
Some of the key advantages of social media are that it is free to set up and it can
gain a lot more passing ‘traffic’ than a printed poster on a wall.
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Primitive 3D shapes in CAD
In CAD, these primitive shapes are the simplest 3D geometric objects that the
software can handle. In some CAD programs, we can create 3D shapes in one
command such as a box cylinder, sphere, coil, torus, and pipe.
Remember:
Geometric shapes are objects which have a closed perimeter or boundary.
They can be 2D or 3D.
All these shapes are created using a 2D sketch and projecting it a specified
distance into 3D. To understand this, think of how you created oblique drawings.
You drew the 2D front elevation of the object and then projected back to make
it 3D.
When creating drawings in CAD you have drawing planes. These planes refer to
the surface on which you would draw the 2D view. Selecting the correct plane
is essential to orientate objects correctly and display the most amount of detail.
The main views you can choose from are:
~ Front Elevation
~ Side Elevation
~ Plan (Top)
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Drawing planes in CAD

In CAD, a plane can be thought of as a sheet of paper that you could draw on.
When you open a new CAD design, there are normally three planes, as shown
below.
XZ Plane: Looking down from the top (Plan view)
YZ Plane: Looking from the right-hand side (Front/side Elevation)
XY Plane: Looking from the left-hand side (Front/side Elevation)
It is important to select the correct plane depending on what you are sketching.
To explain this, we will look at the cylinder in three different orientations.
To create an upright cylinder, as shown in the image with the

number 1, we would sketch on the XZ (top) plane.
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Creating basic primitive shapes on CAD

3D solid objects often start as one of several basic shapes, or primitives, that you
can then modify and recombine. By combining primitive shapes, you can create
more complex solids. For example, you can join two solids, subtract one from
the other, or create a shape based on the intersection of their volumes.
You will start by creating some of the simple primitive shapes.
Box
This creates a 3D box by defining a square to be a specific height.
3D box 2D square
This shape can be useful for anything that resembles a 3D cube or cuboid.
Using the box as a primitive shape, you could develop the details and features
to design laptops, phones, notepads, and various other everyday items.
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Coasters are shallow cuboids that are laid flat on

tables to protect furniture from spilled drinks.
The challenge is to make a wooden coaster for
coffee mugs. You will start to make a simple 3D
cuboid.
You can start by selecting the basic shape that will be required. You will be using
the box as the primitive shape.
You must now choose the plane that is best suited to what you
need. As coasters are laid flat on tables, the top plane (XZ) offers
the best view of this object. In the example, it has been highlighted
in blue.
Once the box has been drawn on the top plane, you must
decide on the height of the object. This can often be done
by entering the required heght or dragging the objet to your
desired height. Coasters are quite shallow so the height will Fusion 360
be much less than the length and width.

Appearances can then be applied to give it a wooden finish.
Real Example CAD Model (Fusion 360)

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Cylinder
This creates a 3D cylinder by defining a circle to be a specific height.
3D cylinder 2D circle
This shape can be useful for anything that resembles a cylinder.

Using the cylinder as a primitive shape, you could develop the details and features
to design mugs, table legs, pens, and various other everyday items.
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Soda cans are cylinders that stand on their end, which are circular. They can
hold drinks and are often made from aluminium. They can come in a variety of
colours to show the brand that they represent.
The challenge is to make an aluminium soda can. You will start to make a simple
3D cylinder.
the cylinder as the primitive shape.
Makers Empire
You must now choose the plane that is best suited to what you need. As soda
cans stand upon the circular shape, the top plane (XZ) offers the
best view of this object. In the example, it has been highlighted
in blue.
Once the cylinder has been drawn on the top
plane, you must decide on the height of the object. This can
often be done by entering the required heght or dragging the
objet to your desired height.
123D Design
Soda cans are quite tall so the height will be much more than
the diameter.
Appearances and materials can then be applied to give it a metallic or aluminium
finish. You can combine the material with any colour of your choice.

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Sphere
This creates a 3D sphere by specifying a diameter.
3D sphere 2D circle
This shape can be useful for anything that resembles a sphere.

Using the sphere as a primitive shape, you could develop the details and features
to design fruits, atoms, planets, ball joints, and various other everyday items.
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Footballs are spheres. Their shape is based upon the 2D circle. They are used in
sports and are often made from leather or plastic. They can come in a variety
of colours.
The challenge is to make a plastic football. You will start to make a simple
sphere.
the sphere as the primitive shape.
Makers Empire
need. As gravity makes footballs sit on the ground, the top plane
(XZ) offers the best view of this object. In the example, it has been
highlighted in blue.
Once the sphere has been drawn on the top plane, you must decide
on the diameter of the object. This can be done by entering the
required diameter. 123D Design
Footballs can be many different sizes for different age groups so be creative.
Remember:
A diameter is the size of the ball from one side to the other, when measured
through the centre point.
Appearances and materials can then be applied to give it a plastic finish. You
can combine the material with any colour of your choice.

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Activity 15
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Torus
This creates a 3D torus by specifying an inner and outer diameter.
3D torus 2D circles
This shape can be useful for anything that resembles a doughnut.

Using the torus as a primitive shape, you could develop the details and features
to design metal fixings, steering wheels, car tyres, and various other everyday
items.
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The shape of a ring is a torus. The shape is based upon two concentric circles.
This simply means, two circles that share the same centre point.
Rings are used as jewellery and are often made from silver or gold.
The challenge is to make a ring made from a metal of your choice. You will start
to make a simple torus.
the torus as the primitive shape.
You must now choose the plane that is best suited to what you need. A ring can
be seen from the front and so we can draw it on the front plane (XY
or YZ). In the example, it has been highlighted in blue.
Once the torus has been drawn on the front plane, you must decide
on the diameter of the object. This can be done by
entering the required diameter.
Rings can be various different thicknesses so be creative.
Fusion 360
Appearances and materials can then be applied to give it a metallic
finish.
Makers Empire

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Coil
This creates a 3D coil based on a circle, a specified height, number of rotations
and section size.
3D coil 2D circle
This shape can be useful for anything that resembles a spring.

Using the coil as a primitive shape, you could develop the details and features
to design metal fixings, coils, springs, suspensions, and various other everyday
items.
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The shape of a spring is a circular.

Springs can be used as shock absorbers and are often made from high strength
steel.
The challenge is to make a spring made from a steel.
the coil as the primitive shape.
need. As the springs for a shock absorber are vertical, the top plane
(XZ) offers the best view of this object. In the example, it has been
highlighted in blue.
To draw the coil on the top plane, you must decide on the diameter
of the object by drawing a 2D circle on the top plane. The height
can be done by entering the required measurement or pulling
the object.
Springs can be various different

diameters and heights so be creative.
Appearances and materials can then be applied to give it a steel finish.
Real Example
Lab
CAD Model (Fusion 360)
Activity 19
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Creating 3D bodies from 2D sketches: The extrude feature

Primitive shapes were useful for simple designs. However, for more complicated
shapes we can use a 2D sketch and the extrude feature to make a 3D model.
You can create a 2D sketch using the various sketch tools. To transform our
2D sketch into a 3D model, we will use the extrude feature. You can select the
extrude icon or pull the shape to make it bigger or smaller.
Extrude feature in Fusion 360 Extrude feature in 123D Design
Extrude
In engineering, the word extrude means to create a profile of a
fixed cross-sectional plane. The definition of extruding within CAD
is closely related to this.
Quite simply, the extrude tool in CAD allows us to push or drag
a 2D shape a desired distance and direction to create the same
Fusion 360
profile in 3D.
The image shows a simple 2D square being extruded into a 3D cuboid. It is a
similar concept to how the box was created in primitive shapes.

This example can be applied to a variety of 2D shapes that can be sketched and
extruded to be 3 dimensional.
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Creating a hexagonal prism

Now you will create a 2D hexagon and extrude it to form a 3D hexagonal prism.
A hexagon is a type of Polygon. It is a 2D shape with six sides. A hexagonal
prism is a 3D shape that has six sides.
2D Hexagon 3D Hexagonal Prism
You will start by creating the 2D hexagon.

You will choose to create sketch and use the top plane. This
means that the face of the 2D hexagon will sit on the ‘ground’. In
the example, the correct plane has been highlighted in blue.
Select to draw a polygon and choose
to have 6 sides so that you are drawing
a 2D hexagon.
123D Design
Once you have created the 2D hexagon to your desired size, select
the extrude tool and set the height to form the 3D hexagonal prism.
Fusion 360
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The figure below shows some of the options available when creating extrudes:
Fusion 360
Lab
Activity 20
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Modifying a 3D model
Once a basic shape has been created it can be modified using various tools under
the modify tab. Modification means to change. So, a modification is a change
or improvement to the design.
These modifications can change the shape and function of
your design. Modifications can be simply added to any design
to improve them. For example, have you ever noticed how
children’s toys do not have sharp corners? This is for safety
reasons. They have been designed this way so children do
not fall on them or hurt themselves.
Let us look at the wooden coaster you made in activity 11. It is a simple design
but could be improved. The corners are at 90° meaning they could be dangerous
for young children. We can simply round the corners to make them safer.
Rounding corners is called a fillet. This is one modification that can be applied.
fillet
We can also look at the soda can that we designed in activity 13. It has a very
basic shape and would not be very comfortable for a user to drink from. We
could modify this and add a slope to the rim of it to make it easier for someone
to drink from. This slope is called a chamfer.
chamfer
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If you wish to modify the drinks can further, it needs a hole in the top for someone
to drink from and the appearances to be developed further.
Extruded Cut Improved Appearances
You also know that the soda can is a solid shape and so it cannot store any
liquids. The shell tool can be used to remove some of the material from the
inside and make it hollow. The shell tool is used to remove material from inside
and just leave a wall of material (shell) along the external parameters of a
shape.
shell in nature shell in CAD
Now you can see the importance of the modification tools. Three of the most
common modification tools are:
~ Shell
~ Fillet / Chamfer
~ Creating Cuts
The shell tool

The shell tool is used to create a hollow cavity in parts. It removes material
leaving a wall of a specified thickness.
To use the shell tool, select shell from the modifications tab. You must then
indicate which face you want to apply the shell to and set your desired thickness.
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Before Shell After Shell
Adding fillets/chamfers
Chamfers and fillets can be used to improve the appearance or function of a body.
~ Chamfer: The chamfer tool adds a bevel or angle to edges.
~ Fillet: The fillet tool adds a round or radius to edges.
Adding external chamfers or fillets removes material. This can reduce weight,
improve the aerodynamics of a project or can simply improve the aesthetics
of a project. Adding an internal fillet or chamfer adds material. This can improve
strength and appearance.
To apply a fillet, select the fillet tool. Select all the edges you wish to apply the
fillet to. Set the radius of the fillet.
Before Fillet After Fillet
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Creating cuts
Creating cuts using the hole tool
The hole tool allows you to create a user-specified
hole on any face using edges or sketch points to
position. You can then select various hole types
such as simple, countersunk, counterbore, and
tapped (threaded) as shown across. The diameter
of the hole must be selected as well as the extent.
The extent can be set as a specified distance, up
to a surface or through all material.
To create a hole, select the face you require to modify. Select a point on this
face which will be the centre of the hole. Choose the hole and set the distance
that the hole should be.
Creating a cut using the extrude tool

The extrude tool can also be used to create a cut of the sketched profile. To do
this, sketch the required shape on the face you wish to cut. Select extrude and
set the operation as cut. Decide on the depth of the cut. Copyright © Ministry of Education – United Arab Emirates
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The hole tool vs extruded cuts

Both can provide the same result. However, using the hole feature is much
quicker and requires fewer steps. Also, let’s take an example where the hole
size changes, and we need to edit the model. Which will be easier to edit?
Using the hole tool means we only have one feature to edit. In this feature, we
can adjust the size, the depth, and the style of hole.
Did you know?

Based on the ease of use and the ability to easily edit, it is best practice to
use the hole tool where possible to create cylindrical cuts.
Lab
Activity 21
Lab
Activity 22
Lab
Activity 23
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Project
Systems development lifecycle

You have learned about the systems development lifecycle before. Remember,
most projects are completed using the systems development lifecycle. This is
also called the waterfall method. All development lifecycles have a number of
stages. This allows you to divide the problem into smaller tasks.
The developmental stages you will use for your programming project are:
Project brief
Planning
Creating
Testing
Self-reflection Copyright © Ministry of Education – United Arab Emirates
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1. Project brief
A project brief explains what a project is about. A project brief usually includes
detailed requirements. These requirements are used to explain what you need
in the finished product, program or system. Understanding a project brief is
important. If you do not understand the requirements, your product, program
or system may not be successful.
Home office setup

Ahmed aspires to be an entrepreneur and he is starting a new business.
Ahmed plans to run the new business from a home office. He has asked you to
demonstrate your knowledge and skills by creating a CAD model of a desk to
be used in his home office.
What is a home office?
A home office is a space in a person’s home for official business purposes.
Home offices are set up by people who work from home, whether they are self-
employed or able to do their job without commuting to a place of work. Working
from home offices often relies on applications, resources and services that are
available using computer networks. During the coronavirus pandemic home
offices have become a part of everyday life for millions of people. Here is an
example of a home office:
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What is CAD?
Remember computer aided design (CAD) is the use of computer software to
aid in the creation, modification, analysis or optimisation of a design. Here is an
example of a computer aided design:
101
What is a desk?
A desk is a piece of office furniture that has a flat or sloped surface. Desks have
space to allow a user to sit at them comfortably. They can be used by people
for reading, writing, computer work and other activities. Some desks may also
include other features such as storage space. Here is an example of a desk:
Project requirements
Here are the detailed requirements for the home office desk model.
Basic requirements Advanced challenges
1. use primitive shapes or sketch/ 4. include a hole for cable
extrude to create a desk to work management.
on. 5. include storage space to store
2. use shell or extruded cut to remove items when not in use.
material that allows the user to sit 6. apply appearances to make it

comfortably at the desk. visually appealing.
3. use modification tools to make the
desk safer.
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To complete the project, you must complete the stages in the development cycle
below.
Development cycle stages
1. Project brief
2. Planning
3. Creating
4. Testing
5. Self-reflection
You will get marks for each stage you complete during the project. You should
try to do all the tasks in each stage of the project.
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Activity 24
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Activity 25
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2. Planning
Project planning
Planning has two parts. The first part of planning is project planning. You need
to understand the project requirements. You also need to decide what you have
to do and when.
Using a development lifecycle can help you make a plan for the project tasks.
You can also plan how much time you will need to finish each task.
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Activity 26
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Product planning
The second part of planning is product planning. You need to show design ideas
for the desk before using computer aided design software.
You can create a simple sketch to show the devices and connections in a computer
network. You can visualise design ideas for the desk using pictorial drawing.
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Activity 27 Copyright © Ministry of Education – United Arab Emirates
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3. Creating
Creating is when you produce the program, product or system. You will create
a model of a desk using computer aided design software.
Remember, the desk model must meet the requirements.
Lab
Activity 28
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4. Testing
Testing is when you check a product, program or system meets its requirements.
It is normal not to meet some requirements during testing. If this happens during
your project, you can make changes to improve the test results.
Testing is important. Your desk model must meet the basic requirements for the
project to be successful.
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5. Self-reflection
Self-reflection is when you review how well you did during a project. It helps you
to identify the things you did well and things you could do better. Self-reflection
can help you get better in the future.
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Activity 31
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Entrepreneurship
Remember, an entrepreneur is a person that starts a business. Entrepreneurs

use ideas, time and money for innovation. Remember, innovation is using new
ideas or ways of doing something.
Entrepreneurship is the process of running a business that creates, promotes
and markets innovative products or services. Good entrepreneurs can make
profits from a business, help the economy and society. The UAE government
encourages entrepreneurs.
Entrepreneurial plan
Remember, Ahmed wants to become an entrepreneur. Here is Ahmed’s
entrepreneurial plan:
Ahmed likes your CAD design for the desk.

Idea He wants to sell them to more people who
work from home.
Ahmed has feedback for small improvements

Development
before finalising the design.
Ahmed plans to sell the desks to people

working from home, but he has not calculated
Pricing/Cost
his development costs or how he could price
and sell the desks.
Ahmed wants to advertise the desks using

Promotion
his own social media profiles.
Ahmed knows he wants to sell the desks to

Marketing people working from home, but he does not
know how or where to market the desks.
109
SWOT analysis
SWOT analysis (sometimes called a SWOT matrix) is a technique used to evaluate
people, businesses and entrepreneurial plans.
The letters SWOT stand for:
~ Strength’s
~ Weaknesses
~ Opportunities
~ Threats
Strengths and weaknesses are internal things to evaluate:

~ Strengths are thing you do well or the advantages of your plan.
~ Weaknesses are things that need to be improved such as your skills,
knowledge or the ideas in your plan.
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G8-Student book
Opportunities and threats are external things to evaluate:

~ Opportunities are external things that could be positive for your plan or
help you develop strengths. For example, market demand for your product.
~ Threats are potential problems with your plan caused by others. For
example, businesses with similar products.
Strength’s Weaknesses Opportunities Threats

How the idea Where can Is there a market Is the idea
matches the the idea be for my idea? to difficult to
criteria? improved? create?
What are the
What is good What is missing current trends? Are there already
about the idea? from the idea? existing ideas
Would others
like this on the
What makes the What stops the use my idea?
market?
idea unique? idea from being
successful?
What do
classmates like
about the idea?
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Activity 33
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Unit 4 summary
In this unit, you:

~ Created innovative visual representations of design ideas and concepts.
~ Created simple CAD models and primitive shapes using a range of basic
tools within a professional CAD software.
~ Identified the requirements for the project.
~ Demonstrated knowledge and skills to complete the project.
~ Evaluated the project and reflected on individual performance.
~ Formulated a SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and
threats) for an entrepreneurial plan.
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Activity 35
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Notes
Notes
114

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Computing, Creative Design

1444- 1445 A.H./2023- 2024 A.D

UNIT 1: COMPUTER SYSTEMS 6

UNIT 2: ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS AND IMPACTS 18

UNIT 4:CAD, DESIGN REALISATION AND PROJECT 62

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Activity book (workbook)

Icon indicates the book type

Interactive Student Guide (Math)

Number 5 Shows grade

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Theory activity Interactive online activity

Theory activity Interactive online activity Lab activity

Interactive online activity Lab activity

Copyright © Ministry of Education – United Arab Emirates

The values of the UAE positive digital citizenship charter are:

to abide by its rules and regulations.

Term Definition Image

changes you could make to

when two or more people or

Copyright © Ministry of Education – United Arab Emirates

1.1. Analyse how users interact with a range of computing devices.

Interacting with computing devices

Interaction is when two or more people or things communicate with or react to

Copyright © Ministry of Education – United Arab Emirates

A laptop computer (also known as a laptop) is a battery powered, portable

Analysis of user interaction

~ Resting the device on the user’s lap could be uncomfortable.

A tablet computer (also known as a tablet) is a battery powered, portable computer

Analysis of user interaction

~ Device can be heavy or uncomfortable to hold using one hand.

~ Device does not stand without support from a user or case.

A smart phone (also known as a phone) is a small, battery powered, portable

Analysis of user interaction

~ Device can be difficult to hold using one hand.

Copyright © Ministry of Education – United Arab Emirates

Improving the design of computing devices

In this unit, you:

Copyright © Ministry of Education – United Arab Emirates

Copyright © Ministry of Education – United Arab Emirates

~ Always log out of your computer when you have

~ Never talk to anyone that you do not know.

~ Never answer a call from a number you do not

Term Definition Image

the quality or characteristic of

the theory and development

in technology, bias is when a

the action of working with others

design processes are methods

easier-to handle stages and tasks

a balance achieved between

2.1. Evaluate issues of bias and accessibility in the design of existing

Bias and accessibility issues in existing technologies

Below is an example of a watch designed for right-handed users.

Users with mobility impairments

Users with a visual impairment

Users with a hearing impairment

Engineering design process

Design thinking process

Did you know?

Enhance designs by finding ways in which they can be improved

Computing technologies that affect everyday activities

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