FirstOrder Systems First OrderSystems

Asystemwhereenergyisstored(ordissipated)
AchangeattheinputisNOTseenimmediatelyat
theoutput theoutput.
Many instruments exhibit a 1
st
order response.
Thermal Systems Thermal Systems
digital filter
analog filter
C it
2
Capacitance
FirstOrderSystems:
Providesaparameter,calledthetimeconstant, for
choosinganinstrument choosinganinstrument.
Thisparameterletusknowiftheinstrumentwill Thisparameterletusknowiftheinstrumentwill
respondquickenoughtocapturechangesinthe
system. y
bx y a
d
dy
a = +
0 1
y
dt
0 1
3
FirstOrderSystems:StepInput
ConservationofEnergy
Rate of energy added Rate of energy removed = Rate of energy change within
system (CV)
syst em out
E E

=

T = T(t)
dT dE
E

= T T h A E s
out
A
s
dt
dT
v c
dt
dE
E
Syst em
= =
T

T T A h
dT
V
cvT E =
T T
dT cV

= T T A h
dt
dT
cV
s

T(0) = T
o
>T

= + T T
dt
dT
hA
cV
s

dT
v c
4
1
st
order ODE

= + T T
dt
dT
t
s hA
v c
t =
t
T T

R = Thermal resistance
s hA
R
1
=
t
e
T T
T T
o
=

C = Thermal capacity
s hA
v c C =
RC
hA
v c
s
= =

t
hAs
Response for Varying Values of Tau
0.9
1
0.6
0.7
0.8
Tau =1
T T
0.3
0.4
0.5
Tau =0.5
Tau =0.2

T T
T T
o
0.1
0.2
0.3
K.Altaii
5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Time
o
=
=
M
T
1 0 , Rati o Magnit ude
0 1 , i n Err or Dynami c
T T
t
|
.
|

\
|

T T
T T
M
o
o
, g

t e
T T
T T
o
o
t
=
|
.

\
=

o = 1 M
0.632
or
63.2%
0.368
6
5 =
t
t
90%ofthefinalvalue RiseTime
Time Constant TimeConstant
Isthetimeittakesafirstordersystemtoreach y
63.2%(0.632)ofitsfinalvalueinresponsetoastep
changeinthesystem
1.0
0 632 0.632
Ti
K.Altaii 7
t Time
Example p
Aballoonisequippedwithtemperatureandaltitude
measuringinstruments Theballoonisinitially measuringinstruments.Theballoonisinitially
anchoredtothegroundwiththeinstrumentoutput
readingsinsteadystate Thealtitudemeasuring readingsinsteadystate.Thealtitude measuring
instrumentisapproximatelyzeroorderandthe
temperaturetransducerfirstorderwithatime p
constantof15 seconds.
Thetemperatureontheground,T
0
,is10Candthe Thetemperatureontheground,T
0
,is10 Candthe
temperatureT
x
atanaltitudeofxmetersisgivenby
therelation:T
x
=T
0
0.01x
x 0
Example p
a) Iftheballoonisreleasedattimezero,andthereafter
risesupwardsatavelocityof5m/sec drawatable risesupwardsatavelocityof5m/sec,drawatable
showingthetemperatureandaltitudemeasurements
atintervalsof10secondsoverthefirst50secondsof atintervalsof10secondsoverthefirst50secondsof
travel.Showalsointhetabletheerrorineach
temperaturereading. p g
b) Whattemperaturedoestheballoonreportatan b) Whattemperaturedoestheballoonreportatan
altitudeof5000meters?
Solutionofparta) p )
0
0.01 10 0.01
x
T T x x
T

= = =
1 1 1 15
r
T
D D D t t + + +
/15
10 0 05( 15)
t
T Ce t

= + 10 0.05( 15)
r
T Ce t = +
@ 0., 10 0.75
r
t T C = = =
SolutionofPartb))
( )
1000/15
@5000 , 1000sec
10 0 75 0 05 1000 15
m t
T e

=
=
( )
( )
10 0.75 0.05 1000 15
10 0.05 985 39.25
r
o
r
T e
T C
=
~ =
Forlargevaluesoft,thetransducerreadinglagsthetruetemperaturevalue
byaperiodoftimeequaltothetimeconstantof15seconds.