Tng hop:khampha8888@yahoo.

com
Mc lc
1. B Kt
2. Ci B Trng
3. Ci X Lch
4. Cy cacao
5. Cy Xuong Rng
6. C C
7. C Mc
8. C Ci Trng
9. qu Rng
10. qu Ty
11. u
12. Gai Chng
13. Hnh Huong
14. Hnh Tm
15. H
16. Hoa Dnh Dnh
17. Hoa o
18. Hoa Hin(Kim Chm)
19. Hoa Ho
20. Hoa Lan - Hu
21. Hoa Magnolia
22. Hoa Mai
23. Hoa Mu on
24. Hoa Mimosa
25. Hoa Sen
26. Hoa S
27. Hoa Violet
28. Mng Cu Xim
29. Mng Ct
30. Mo Lng
31. Ngi Hoa Vng
32. Ng Gai
33. i
34. Ring
35. Roi (Mqn)
36. Su Ring
37. Sim
38. Su Ho
39. Su Su
40. To
41. To Tu
42. Ti Ty
43. Wasabi
B Kt
.. cy thuc nga duc SARS ?
::: DS Trn Vit Hung :::
Trong khi Trung Hoa, i loan v Canada dang phi vt v di ph vi bnh
SARS, Vit Nam l nuc du tin duoc WHO cng nhn l d ngn chn duoc
su lan truyn ca SARS.. v c nhng tin dn.. l do xng hoi B kt tai
nhng bnh vin.. v nhng noi cng cng dng ngui lui ti (?). B kt d
duoc dng trong dn gian d gi du gip muot tc, hoi b kt dng d xng
trong nhng dm tang, gip tr kh nhng mi vuong dong..
B kt, Gleditschia officinalis, thuc gia dnh thuc vt Cesalpi naceae ( hay
Leguminosae), duoc dng trong ng duoc dui tn Tao gic ( Tsao-
chia=Zao-Jia). Anh ng goi l Chinese honey locust fruit, soap bean..
c tnh thuc vt :
B kt thuc loai cy thn mc,cao 5-10m, thn c gai to v cng chia
nhnh. L moc so le, kp lng chim, hnh trng
thun di , c 25mm x 15mm, mp l c rng cua
nh. Hoa moc thnh chm nch l hay ngon,
mu trng. Qu cng, khi chn mu den di 10-
12cm , rng 1-2 cm hoi cong, hay thng : trong
qu c 10-12 hat mu nu c 7mm; quanh hat l
mt cht bt mu vng nhat. B kt ra hoa vo
thng 5-7, v ra qu vo thng 10-12. B kt c
ngun gc t khu vuc gia Nam Trung Hoa v
Bc Vit Nam, duoc trng hu nhu khp Vit Nam
( Ring do Ct B c dn 40 ngn cy,cung cp
40 tn b kt mi nm) B kt cng duoc trng
tai Thi Lan, n . Qu duoc thu hi vo nhng
thng 10-11 lc dang mu xanh hay vng nhat,
phoi kh d lu , di sang mu den bng. Ring
gai b kt (cng l mt vi thuc) c th thu hi quanh nm , nhung tt nht
l t thng 9 qua dn thng 3 nm sau( ma dng-xun), cng duoc phoi
kh..
Thnh phn ha hoc :
Qu cha :
10% hn hop Saponin loai triterpenic trong d gm Gleditsia saponin B->G ,
Australosid, Gledinin. , Gledigenin.
Cc hop cht Flavonoids nhu Luteolin, Saponaretin,Vitextin Homo-orientin,
Orientin.
Men Peroxidase
ung hu co nhu Galactose, Glucose, Arabinose..
Cc acid bo : Palmitic acid, Stearic acid, Oleic acid Linolic acid, Linoleic acid.
Cc sterols nhu Stigmasterol, Sitosterol
Cerylacohol ; tannins
Gai b kt cha : Gleditchia saponin B->G, Palmitic acid, acid bo ,
hydrocarbon nhu nonacosane, heptacosane..
Nghin cu ca Duke trn hat Gleditsia japonica, trng tai Hoa Ky ghi nhn
hm luong cht bo cao hon 4. 3 % so vi 2. 8% noi loi trng tai Nht.
c tnh duoc hoc :
a s nhng nghin cu v B kt duoc thuc hin tai Trung Hoa, Nht ( tai
Vit Nam cng c mt s cng trnh nghin cu v hoat cht ca b kt).
Kh nng huyt gii : B kt c kh nng huyt gii rt manh.
Kh nng khng vi trng : Dung dich ly trch bng nuc c tc dung c ch
Escherichia coli, Eberthella typhosa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus
vulgaris v cc vi trng gram m (in vitro). Hn hop Saporanetin v
Flavonoid trong B kt c tc dung chng mt s siu vi trng trong d c c
loai Coronavirus.
Kh nng chng nm : th nghim in vitro cho thy kh nng c ch mt s
dermatophytes.
Tc dung long dm : Saponins ca b kt c tc dung kch thch mng nhy
bao t tao phn xa gia tng cht bi tit noi ng h hp, gip tng xut cht
dm.. Tc dung long dm ny tuy dng ch nhung khng manh bng Radix
Platycodi Grandiflori.
B kt trong ng Duoc :
Duoc hoc c truyn Trung Hoa dng Qu B Kt v Gai B Kt lm 2 vi thuc
c tc dung tri liu khc nhau. Theo cc Danh Y c tai Trung Hoa nhu Li
Hiu, Vuong Hiu C (di Nguyn), L thi Trn,.. Tao gic di vo Kinh Quyt
m, loi duoc 'cu khiu', st duoc tinh vt, cha duoc nhng chng bung
trung.. a s c phuong thc diu tri ghi trong 'Gin Yu t chng
phuong','Ngoai di b yu phuong','Thin kim phuong'.. du dng B kt
(thiu tn tnh) tn thnh bt, thi vo mi hay ho nuc d ung..
Danh y C Hi Ung (di Minh) lun v Tao gic trong 'Bn tho Kinh so' nhu
sau : ' Tao gic di vo Tc quyt m kinh v Th Thi m, Duong Minh
kinh.. V Quyt m l tang Phong Mc.. nn chnh ch l Phong T (T co t
bai, du phong lm chy nuc mt.. ) du do Kinh Quyt m phong mc gy
ra bnh. Tao gic bm thu tnh tn tn, loi cc quan khiu bnh duoc mc
kh nn ph duoc phong t..
Qu B Kt :
Qu B Kt hay Tao Gic (Zao jiao) ( Nht duoc goi l skaku ; ai hn l
Chogak), ghi chp trong Thn Nng Bn tho, duoc xem l c vi chua, tnh
m v c dc tnh nhe, tc dung vo cc kinh mach thuc Ph (Phi) v ai
trng.
Tao Gic c nhng tc dung v duoc dng nhu sau :
Tn dm : dng trong cc trung hop m dong, ho v th kh kh do dm
nghn khng th tng xut noi hong. Tao gic duoc ph hop vi Ma hong
(Ephedra) v Mt heo d tri Sung phi kinh nin c nhng triu chng ho,
th kh kh, nng nguc v dm dnh noi hong.
Thng khiu v Ti sinh Thn : dng trong cc trung hop bi bt tnh, t noi
mt hay phong giut, cng hm do dm du ; thung phi hop vi T tn
(Radice Asari= xi xin), bng cch thi bt vo mi.
Pht tn khi u v lm gim sung ph : d tri cc mun nhot mi bt du
sung y hay nhot sung m m khng thot ra duoc Tao gic duoc dng phi
hop vi Kim Ngn hoa Flos Locinerae Japonica (jin yin hua), khi nhot bt du
sung ty; v vi R Bach ch Radix Angelicae dahuricae (bai zhi) khi nhot c
m m khng thot ra duoc.
Khi dng dui dang 'thuc nht hu mn, B kt c tc dung x, tng xut
giun da..
Gai B Kt :
ng duoc dng Gai B kt (Spina Gleditsiae) (Tao Gic Thch = Zao jiao ci)
lm mt vi thuc ring. Tao Gic Thch duoc xem l c vi cay, tnh m, tc
dung vo cc kinh mach thuc Can v Vi.
Tao Gic Thch c kh nng lm gim sung ph, thot m, ti tao huyt v
gim khi u. Gai B kt thung duoc dng vo giai doan khi pht ca nhot
gip tao m v lm v ming ca nhot ung. Gai B kt cng tng xut
phong, dit k sinh trng, nn duoc dng tri 'hc lo' v phong ci. Khng
duoc dng noi ph n c thai hay khi nhot d v ming.
B kt trong Nam duoc :
B kt duoc s dung kh ph bin trong Duoc hoc c truyn Vit Nam v
trong sinh hoat dn gian :
Qu B kt dem ngm hay nu ly nuc d gi du, lm sach gu, muot tc.
Nuc nu B kt dng d git qun o len, da.. khng lm phai mu hay
hoen .
Qu B kt (c hat) dt chy, tn thnh bt , thi vo mi d tri trng
gi,hn m, bt tnh; c th phi hop vi Bac h gip mau ht hoi, hi tnh.
Xng khi B kt c th gip tri nghet mi, kh th.
B kt dt (tn tnh), tn thnh bt, trn vi du m lm thuc nht hu
mn, gip thng hoi t rut (trung tin sau khi m; thng dai tin, tri giun
kim.
Qu B kt tn thnh bt min, dp vo chn rng d tri su rng, lm nhc
rng.
Nuc ngm b kt dng gi cho tr d tri chc du, c th dp thm bt B
kt d dt thnh than d gip mau lnh..
Ti liu s dung :
Chinese Herbal Medicine Materia Medica (Dan Bensky)
Oriental Materia Medica (Hong-Yen hsu)
T in Cy thuc Vit Nam (V vn Chi)
Jade Remedies (Peter Holmes)
Medicinal Plants of China (J Duke & E Ayensu)
Ci b trng, Ci trng
hay
Bok Choy
.. cy rau rt thng dng..
::: DS Trn Vit Hung :::
Trong s nhung cy thuc dai gia dnh Cruciferes (nhu cai bap, cai cu, cai xanh..) bok choy
c th duoc xem l cy rau c vi ngon, v d su dung nhat khi nau an. Bok choy truc dy chi c
mat tai cc Cho thuc-pham dng nhung nay d hau nhu l mt mn hng thuong nhat ngay
tai cc cho My. Tn goi Chinese cabbage d gy nhiu nham lan cho nguoi su dung v goi chung
khng nhung cho hai loai thng dung Brassica rapa var chinensis v B. rapa var. pekinensis.m
cn cho ngung loai khc t gap hon nhu B.rapa var parachinensis, B. rapa ssp chinensis var
rosularis.
d phn bit, nn ghi nhan ting Trung hoa d goi chung cc loai rau l cai (thi) (nu
ni theo ting Quang dng se l choy hay choi), khng c ting don dc d goi bap cai, v cc
loai cai duoc goi bang tn kp d m ta hnh dng, mu sac.. Do d Bach thi = Bai cai (Ting
Quang dng l Pak choi) nghia l Rau trang hay cai trang v ai bach thi hay Da bai cai..l Rau
trang ln..
Cc cy rau cai duoc pht trin tai Trung Hoa song song vi cc loai rau cai bn u chu v
cung duoc lai tao d bin di thnh rat nhiu dang Cai trang sau d tu Trung Hoa d dn bn
dao Triu Tin v Nhat vo cui th k 19 : tai Nhat, Cai trang hay Hakusai d duoc bin di d
thch ung vi kh hau (L to hon v mu xanh hon, nhan v phan li c mu vng nhat)
Tn khoa hoc v nhng tn thng dung :
Brassica rapa ssp chinensis , thuc ho thuc vat Brassicaceae.
Nhung tn thuong goi : Pak choi, Baak choi, Chinese White
Cabbage, Chinese Mustard cabbage, White Celery Mustard..
Tai Php : Chou de Chine
c tnh thuc vt :
Cai be trang thuc loai thao hang nin hay luong nin, cao 25-70 cm, c khi dn 1m. R
khng phnh thnh cu. L gc to mu xanh nhat, c gn giua trang, l trung thnh c th di
dn 40-50 cm; phin l hnh bau duc, nhan moc theo ti gc nhung khng tao ra cnh..cc l
trn hnh mui gio. Hoa moc thnh chm ngon, mu vng tuoi, di 1-2 cm. Qua 4-11 cm. Hat
trn nh mu nu tm..1 gram hat chua dn 300 hat, c kha nang nay mam ko di dn 5 nam.
C nhiu ging duoc trng v lai tao :
Ging c l moc st nhau tao thnh bap di : var. cylindrica..
Ging c l tao thnh bap trn : var. cephalata..
C loai khng tao bap chi c t l : var. laxa..
Tai Vit Nam, cai be trang rat thng dung. Rat nhiu ging d duoc du nhap tu Trung Hoa
v dia phuong ha nhu ci Trung kin, cai Nhat Tn, cai H Nam..Mt s ging duoc phn bit
do mu sac hay hnh dang cua l nhu Cai trang l vng, cai trang l xam..cai trang tai ngua.
Ngoi ra cn c cai di Nam Kinh, Hng chu, Giang t...
Tai Nhat, tu cai trang Hakusai, d c thm nhung ging dia phuong Santo-sai, Hiroshima-na
(khng thay bn tai cc nuc Phuong Ty).
Cai trang ngon nhat l thu hi khi cn non, chiu di chung 15 cm : lc ny cai duoc goi l
baby bok choy
Ngoi ra nn ghi nhan cy Brassica rapa chinensis var parachinensis, l loai d duoc chuyn
di thnh Bap cai tr hoa = Flowering white cabbage, hay 'Thi tm'= Cai xin (ting Quang dng
l Choi sam=Choy sum), duoc trng d lay cong hoa, rat duoc ua chung tai HongKong v vng
Nam Trung Hoa, bn l ct thnh tung b, c hoa nh mu vng, cong mu xanh..Choi sum rat
ging vi phan trong rut cua Bok choy. Phan tm cua Choi sum cn c thm vi dang nhe, an
ngon hon phan l bn ngoi.
Loai B. rapa spp chinensis var rosularis hay Chinese flat-headed cabbage = Wu ta cai
(Quang dng l taai gwoo choi), thuong goi l Cai Thuong hai, moc pht trin nhu mt dia ln,
lan rng trong vng 30 cm bn knh v chi moc cao 5 cm.. l trn, cong l xanh luc.. .
Thnh phn dinh dung :
100 gramphan an duoc chua :
Rau Tuoi Rau Nu Chn
Calories 13 12
Cht dam 1.50 g 1.56 g
Cht bo 0.20 g 0.60 g
Cht xo 0.60 g 0.60 g
Calcium 105 mg 93 mg
St 0.80 mg 1.04 mg
Magnesium 19 mg 11 mg
Phosphorus 37 mg 29 mg
Potassium 252 mg 371 mg
Sodium 65 mg 34 mg
Beta Carotene 3000 IU 2568 IU
Thiamine (B1) 0.040 mg 0.032 mg
Riboflavine (B2) 0.070 mg 0.063 mg
Niacin (B3) 0.500 mg 0.428 mg
Ascorbic acid 45 mg 26 mg
v phuong din dinh duong, Cai trang c th duoc xem l ngun cung cap Calcium, Sat v
Potassium cho co th. Luong Vitamin A trong rau cung dng ch , v gip thm lm sng mat.
Rau hau nhu khng cung cap calories v rat t chat bo nn l cy rau thch hop cho nhung
nguoi mun giam cn..
Duoc tnh v cng dung :
Cung nhu cc cy rau trong dai gia dnh Brassica (Cruciferes), Ci trang l mt ngun cung
cap cc glucosinolates : nhung chat ny duoc thuy giai bi myrosinase, c san trong cy v duoc
phng thch trong giai-doan bin ch v tn tru. Cc chat duoc thuy giai l nhung isothiocyanate
nhu sulforaphane c kh nang uc ch mt s ha chat gy ung thu, v c thm tc dung chng
oxy-ha gip co th chng lai cc tin trnh lo ha.
Cai trang duoc xem l mt cy rau thuc pham c tnh duong sinh, gip truong-vi, thanh
nhit, loi tiu, chng sung. Hat cai trang c tnh kch thch gip d tiu, nhuan truong.
Tai Vit Nam : Cai trang duoc dng lm thuc thanh nhit tri cc chung ni nhit
cua ngui ln v tre em : mi kh, luoi d sinh cam, sung chn rang, kh c hong.. C
th xay cai trang lay nuc ung hay nau nuc cai trang pha sua cho tre.
Tai Triu tin : Cai trang l thnh phan chnh cua mn 'Kim chi' (cai trang mui ,
d ln men).
Tai Nhat, Hakusai cn duoc mui d giu lu, dng an hng ngy v nau trong
nhiu mn thng dung.
Theo Khoa dinh-duong mi cua Trung Hoa : Cai trang duoc xp vo loai thuc
pham c tnh bnh hay tnh mt, thch hop cho nhung truong hop 'nhit'. Nuc p tu cai
trang c th dng d tri cc bnh ung lot bao tu (Xay hay vat 2-3 l cai trang tuoi, lay
nuc ct, hm cho am, v ung mi ngy 2 lan trong 10 ngy d tri dau bao tu).
Ti liu s dung :
Pharmacodynamic basis of Herbal Medicine (M. Ebaldi)
Prevention Magazine's Nutrition Advisor.
Chinese Natural Cures (Henri Lu)
Gi Tr[ Dinh Dung
v
Duc Tnh
ca
Rau X-Lch
::: DS Trn Vit Hung :::
Rat nhiu cy rau thng thuong, thuoc nhiu loi thuc vat khc nhau , duoc goi
chung duoi tn S lch. Ngay tn goi cua S lch (Lettuce) trong sch vo Anh
Mv cng bao gom nhiu cy rau hnh dng khc nhau..
Tn Lettuce hin dng d chi nhm rau thuoc gia dnh Lactuca, ho Thuc vat
Asteraceae. Nhng cy rau s lch khc duoc goi chung l Salad Greens bao
gom cc cy rau nhu Arugula, Belgian endive, Chicory, Chard , Escarole..
Tn khoa hoc v nhng tn thng dung :
Tn thuc vt Lactuca pht xut tu ting la-tinh 'lac' , nghia l 'sua' do tu cht nhua
duc nhu sua tit ra tu thn cy rau. Sativa l o su kin cy rau d duoc trng tu rt lu
doi. Tn Anh' lettuce' do tu ting la-tinh m ra.
Tn goi tai cc noi : Laitue cultive (Php), Lattich (Duc), Latouw (Ho Lan), Salat
(Dan mach), Lattuga (), Lechuga (Ty ban Nha)
V cht 'sua' trong lettuce duoc cho l c tnh kch duc (aphrodisiac) nn nguoi Ai-
cp d dng rau lettuce d dng cho Thn Min (coi sc vic ph nhiu, sanh de nhiu).
Trong Th ky thu 7 truoc Ty lich, ngy Hi mung Ph nhiu tai Hy lap hay Ngy hi
Adonis, lettuce duoc trng trong chu v dem ra din hnh d mung cho su ph nhiu..
nhung chu cy lettuce ny, goi l Vuon hoa Adonis, c l l ngun gc cho vc trng
cy trong chu, by quanh nh tai u chu..
Cy lettuce hoang dai (Lactuca serriola) c l pht xut tu quanh vng Dia trung
Hai, v d l mt cy rau n tu thoi C dai. Lettuce thuc chung gia dnh thuc vt voi cc
cy Cc v Gai sua, nhung dang cy khoi du..c cong di v l to. Cy xut hin trong
nhung khu vuon tai La M v Hy lap tu khoang 500 nm truoc thoi Ki-T gio, nhung
lc d duoc xem l mn sang trong dnh cho ngy L hi, hay cho gioi qu tc. Antonius
Musa, Y si ring cua Hong D Augustus, d bin toa dng lettuce lm thuc b dung..
Hong d Domitian d sng ch ra nuoc st trn lettuce (salad dressing), v lettuce d tro
thnh mn n 'hors d'oeuvre' thng dung. Horace, sau d, ghi chp rng ' mun thnh mt
bn tic cho dng nghia, bt buc phi c mn salad (lettuce) hay cu cai (radish)..d khai
vi..'
Tai Trung Dng, cc nh Vua Ba tu d bit dng lettuce tu 550 BC
Columbus d dua hat ging lettuce dn Chu M vo nm 1493 v cy rau d
pht trin nhanh chng ngay tu nm 1494 tai Bahamas, dn 1565 cy tro thnh loai rau
thng dung nht tai Haiti v cy dn Ba Ty tu 1610. Tai Hoa Ky, lettuce cung theo chn
cc tay thuc dn..v dn 1806 d c dn 16 loi lettuce duoc trng tai cc nh vuon M,
d sau d tro thnh loai cy hoa mu dng gi nht v 85 % san luong tai M l do Vng
pha Ty cung cp : California, Arizona, Colorado, Washington, Oregon v Idaho..
Nhiu chung loai sau d d duoc lai tao, cho nhung cy rau hnh dng thay di, tu l
p lai nhu bp cai dn l xon, l moc di..
Lettuce duoc xp thnh 5 nhm thng dung gm : Crisphead (Iceberg); Butterhead
(Boston, Bibb), Cos (Romaine), L (Bunching) v Cong..
Ring chu c loai Asparagus lettuce hay Stem lettuce, cn c thm tn ting l
Celtuce.
Crisphead lettuce hay Iceberg lettuce (L. sativa var. capitata)
(Tai u chu, nhm s lch ny cn duoc goi l Cabbage lettuce : Tn Php l
Laitues pommes; Duc l Kopfsalat; : Lattuga a cappucino; Ty ban Nha : Lechuga
acogollada..). Tai Vit Nam, dy l cy rau chnh thuc mang tn X lch ( loi c l xp
vo nhau thnh mt du trn trng nhu cai bp duoc goi l X lch D lat)
Dy l loai s lch lettuce thng thuong nht, nhung lai t c gi tri dinh dung nhat
trong cc loai s lch. Tn 'Iceberg' l do o phuong thuc chuyn cho rau trong thuong
mi : thuong dng cc toa xe lua chua nuoc d d cho rau giu duoc d dn. Da s s lch
loi Iceberg duoc trng tai California v cho di phn phi tai cc noi khc.
Lettuce Iceberg c l lon, dn, xanh nhat. Bp s lch tuong di chc, vi nhat. Dy l
mt trong nhung loi rau bi dng nhiu ha cht nht trong khi nui trng.
Cy thuc loai thn thao, hng nin, c r tru v c xo. Thn hnh tru , thng c th
cao dn 60 cm, phn nhnh o phn trn. L o gc xp hnh hoa thi. Noi cy trng, l tao
thnh bp dy dc hnh cu; l mu xanh luc sng, gn nhu trn hay hoi thun, di 6020
cm, rng 3-7 cm, mp c rng khng du. Hoa moc thnh cum, hnh chy o ngon, mu
vng. Qua thuc loai b qua, nho v dep, mu xm c
kha..
Butterhead lettuce : Bibb v Boston
lettuce
Hai loai thng dung nht trong nhm
'butterhead' l Bibb v Boston. S lch Bibb thuc
loai s lch du trn, nho, l ging nhu cnh hoa hng, v
duoc tn d ghi nho John Bibb (tu Kentucky), nguoi d
lai tao ra ging rau ny. L mm, mu xanh luc xm, di
khi c mu nu do noi mp l, cng vo trong li l cng xanh nhat ln. Kh dn, huong
vi thom ngon ngot. uoc xem l loai ngon nhat v dt nhat trong cc loai s lch
lettuce. Lettuce loai Boston, lon bng tri banh softball, du bp tuong di t chc, l c
cam gic hoi nhot. L bn ngoi xanh dm, bn trong chuyn v mu trng, nht l noi
li. S lch Boston khng dn lm, nhung l mm v ngot, l cng bn trong gn li cng
ngot diu.
Romaine hay Cos lettuce (Lactuca sativa var.
longifolia)
(Tn goi tai cc noi : Php l Laitues romaines; Duc :
Romischer oder Bind-Salat; : Lattuga romana; Ty ban
Nha : Lechuga romana..)
Tai Vit nam, cy duoc goi l Rau dip.
S lch Romaine c du tuong di long, di v dang
hnh tru, l rau rng cung c mu tu xanh vng nhat o gc
chuyn sang xanh dm v pha ngon. L rau roi hnh thun di, c dang chic mung, tuy
rau c ve th, nhung tuong di ngot, l pha trong mm v nhiu huong vi hon. Tn
Romaine, c l do o vit sai chu Roman, ngay tn Cos, do tu tn hn dao Kos (Hy lap),
noi sanh ra cua Y si Hippocrates, cung l noi nguoi La m d tm ra..cy rau s lch loai
ny. y l loai c gi tri dinh dung cao nhat.
Cy thuc loai thn thao, lung nin, c thn thng, hnh tru. L moc tu gc thn,
cng ln cao cng nho dn. L o gc c cung, l o thn khng cung. Khc voi x lch o
dim l khng cun bp, v mm mu xanh xm. Hoa hop thnh chy di, mu vng.
Qua loai b qua , dep, mu nu.
Rau dip duoc du nhp tu u chu d trng tai Vit Nam v c nhiu chung nhu
Dip vng, dip xanh, dip lui h..
Leaf lettuce hay S lch b, l ri
Dy l loai s lch thuong trng trong cc
vuon nho, tu gia. S lch loai ny c l thng, son hay
cun..du mu tu xanh sng, do xm dn mu
dng.. Vi kh ngon, nhung kh tn tru v chuyn cho..
S lch chu : Asparagus lettuce hay Stem
lettuce= Celtuce
Dy l loi s lch cua Trung Hoa . Nm 1938, mt
nh Truyn gio tai vng Ty Trung Hoa, gn bin gioi
Ty tang, d gui mt t hat ging v cho mt nh vuon Hoa
Ky. Cy duoc dt tn l Celtuce v hnh dang c ve ging
nhu mt cy lai tao giua Cn ty (Celery) v Lettuce.. Cy
rau hin duoc trng tai Hoa Ky. S lch Celtuce cho l
xanh nhat dang hoa : vi c ve ging cc loai Romaine v
Cos. L gi c nhua, khin c vi dng. Cy pht trin c
cong di c th dn 1.5 m. Cong, ging nhu cong cn ty
giu duoc vi ngot cho dn khi cy tr hoa. Mun n cho
ngon, nn hi cong khi phn chn cong lon ti da 2.5 cm
duong knh, cn tuoc bo vo c chua nhua dng..
Tai Trung Hoa, celtuce duoc goi l Wo ju v mt s chung loai duoc trng, c
nhung tn cc nhau nhu :
Wo jun sun (Lettuce bamboo shoot) , thn bp dy c th n nhu mng.
Qiu ye wo ju (Cu dip) : hnh dang ging bp cai.
Zhou ye wo ju (Chu dip), hay thng thuong hon l Sheng cai
Chang ye wo ju (Truong dip), hay Chun cai.
Thnh phn dinh dung: 100g phn n duoc chua:
Iceberg Bibb/Boston Leaf Romaine Celtuce
Calories 13 13 18 16 22
Cht dam 1.01 g 1.29 g 1.30 g 1.62 g 0.85 g
Cht bo :0.19 g 0.22 g 0.30 g 0.20 g 0.30 g
Cht so 0.53 g n/a 0.70 g 0.70 g 0.40 g
Calcium 19 mg n/a 68 mg 36 mg 39 mg
St 0.50 mg 0.30 mg 1.40 mg 1.10 mg 0.55 mg
Magnesium 9 mg n/a 11 mg 6 mg 28 mg
Phosphorus 20 mg n/a 25 mg 45 mg 39 mg
Potassium 158 mg 257 mg 264 mg 290 mg 330 mg
Sodium 9 mg 5 mg 9 mg 8 mg 11 mg
Km 0.22 mg 0.17 mg n/a n/a n/a
ng 0.028 mg 0.023 mg n/a n/a n/a
Manganese 0.151 mg 0.133 mg
Beta-carotene (A) 330 IU 970 IU 1900 IU 2600IU 3500 IU
Thiamine (B1) 0.046 mg 0.060 mg 0.05 mg 0.1 mg 0.055 mg
Riboflavine (B2 0.030 mg 0.060 mg 0.08 mg 0.1 mg 0.075 mg
Niacin (B3) 0.187 mg 0.3 mg 0.4 mg 0.5 mg 0.4 mg
Pantothenic acid 0.046 mg n/a 0.2 mg n/a n/a
Pyridoxine 0.04 mg n/a n/a n/a n/a
Folic acid 56 mcg 73.3 mcg 135.7 mcg n/a
Ascorbic acic (C) 3.9 mg 8 mg 18 mg 24 mg 19.5 mg
Thnh phn ho hoc:
Trong l lettuce (Lactuca sativa) c nhung enzyme nhu :
Lettucine , thuc loai protease c nhung hoat tnh loai trypsine, ly giai
casein..
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH).
Ngoi ra cn c :
Lactucarium ( nhua cua cy, khi d ngoi khng kh, chuyn sang mu
nu). Dy l mt hn hop chua mt lactone loai ssesquiterpen: lactucin (0.2%),
mt tinh du bay hoi, caoutchouc, mannitol v lactucerol (taraxa sterol). Trong
nhua cn c lactucerin l cht chuyn ha acetyl cua taraxasterol.. Cc bo co
cho rng Lactucarium c chua Hyoscyamine d bi bc bo.
Chlorophyll, Asparagin..
Mt s dc tnh duoc hoc:
Chat nhua trng lay tu cc cy Lactuca virosa (X lch hoang) v lactuca sativa
var capitata , cn duoc goi l Lettuce opium.
Gn dy trn thi truong 'Health Food' , lettuce opium duoc quang co l c tc dung'
kch thch', thay th duoc ma ty c th dng 'ht' ring hay phi hop voi cn sa d tng
thm d 'ph'!.. Mt s thnh phm nhu Lettucine, Black Gold, Lettucene, Lettuce Hash,
Lopium..c chua cc cht chuyn ha tu s lch, phn chnh l Lactucarium, phuong
thuc su dung l ht bng ng v hay bng diu bt (kiu ht thuc lo), thuong cn phai
'nut hoi' : c th c mt s ao gic nhe loai hallucinogic. Tuy nhin cc nghin cuu duoc
hoc chua chung minh duoc hoat tnh ny : Tuy lactucin v lactucopicrin c nhung tc
dung gy trm cam v trn an thn kinh trung uong, nhung cc cht ny du t n dinh v
c rt t hay hu nhu khng c trong cc ch phm k trn.
Tc dng trn Nm candida :
Cht nhua S lch c kh nng ngn chn su tng truong cua Candida albicans bng
cch tao ra su huy bin noi thnh phn t bo cht cua nm, tc dng ny duoc cho l do
o cc enzymes loai glucanase c trong nhua s lch (Nghin cuu tai Laboratoire de
Botanique et Cryptogamie, Facult de Pharmacie, Marseille, Php.- Trn Mycoses So
Jul-Aug 1990).
Mt s phuong thc s dung trong Y-duoc dn gian :
X lch duoc xem l c vi ngot/dng c nhung tc dung giai nhit, loc mu, khai vi
(khi n vo du bua n, c tc dung kch thch cc tuyn tiu ha), cung cp khong cht,
giam dau, gy ngu.. nn duoc dng trong cc truong hop thn kinh cng thng, tm thn
suy nhuoc, dau bao tu..
Rau dip duoc xem l c vi dng, tnh lanh, c tc dung bi b gn ct, loi cho tang
phu, thng kinh mach lm sng mt, gip d ngu .
Duoc hoc c truyn Trung hoa dng nhua s lch thoa ngoi da tri cc vt thuong
c mu; hat dng gip sinh sua noi san phu; hoa v hat gip ha nng st.
Ti liu s dung :
The Review of Natural Products (Facts and Comparison)
The Whole Foods Companion (Dianne Onstad)
Vegetables as Medicine (Chang Chao-liang)
The Vegetable Garden (MM Vilmorin-Andrieux).
The Oxford Companion to Food (Alan Davidson)
Web site cua Thu vin Quc Gia HK : PubMed
Ngy Valentine,
Chocolat...
v
Cy CACAO
::: DS Trn Vit Hung :::
Hng nam cu vo khoang giua thng Hai Duong lich, tai Hoa Ky c ngy l Valentine,
duoc mnh danh l ngy cua Tnh Yu; tuy khng phai l ngy l nghi nhung..nguoi My van
giu phong tuc gui tang nhau hoa , thip v thuong km theo..keo chocolat dui dang qua tim
d tham ! Chocolat , mn qu..him tai Vit Nam, nhung rat..re tai Hoa Ky, duoc ch bin tu
cy Cacao.. v cy ny cn cung cap thm nhiu duoc liu khc nua !
Ngun gc cua ngy Valentine d duoc k lai nhu sau : ` Thoi xa xua, tai u chu..c
phong tuc cu vo giua thng Hai, dip ngy l Lupercalia , nhung thanh nin mnh tran, bi
mu trn nguoi chay dui bat cc c thiu nu, da gin trong nhung cnh dng , dng
nhung soi dy lm bang da truu d tri cc c gi..m mnh ua thch.. xa b ngy
l..ngoai dao ny, uc Gio Hong Gelasius, vo cui th k thu 5, d lap ra ngy l Thnh
Valentine ( mt Vi Gim muc tu dao vo Th k thu 3), v phong Thnh Valentine lm Thnh
Bn Mang cho nhung..'cap tnh nhn,
Theo truyn thuyt th Gim muc Valentine d lm php hn phi mt cch b mat cho
nhung cap tnh nhn , chng lai lnh cam dui thoi Hong d Claudius II ( ng ny..cam lm
dm cui..trong thoi chin tranh !). Bi t v trong thoi gian cho bi hnh quyt, Valentine d
dn nhan tnh yu cua c con gi nguoi coi t, c ny bi m.. v d duoc Valentine chua cho
sng mat.. Vo bui chiu ti truc ngy hnh quyt ng d vit buc thu cui cng cho c gi
v k tn : `' ..tu Valentine..cua em..' (from your Valentine)..v tu d Tnh Yu c thm mt
tnh su ( Gio Hi Cng Gio, d b ngy l Thnh Valentine, v loai tn Valentine ra khi
danh sch nhung vi Thnh theo truyn thuyt, m khng th xc dinh duoc su chnh xc..)
Trong thoi gian ny, Chu u chua bit dn ..Chocolat ! nhung tai pha bn kia cua
Tri dat, nhung di tnh nhn Mayan (tai Mexico) v t tin cua ho..d bit..ung nuc
chocolat ch tu hat cacao trong nhung dip l thnh hn..
Hon 1000 nam sau ngy Valentine cht, nh thm him Ty ban Nha Cortes d d b
ln bi bin Mexico, nm thu Chocolat..v bit thm duoc l Hong d dn Aztec, Montezuma
d..ung nuc chocolat that dac.. truc khi dn tham cc b vo v cc cung phi, my nu !
Chocolat tr thnh mn hng thoi thuong, qu gi tai u chu tu th k 17..dy l mn
hng xa xi dnh ring cho gii thuong luu v duoc xem l phuong thuc b c, kch thch tnh
duc !
Thip chcValentine duoc san xuat hng loat tai Anh, v Hng Cadbury l hng dau tin
d tung ra thi truong Hp keo Chocolat, trang hong hnh anh..V Nu hong Victoria d m
rng thm nghia cua ngy Valentine.. khng chi dnh ring cho nhung di tnh nhn m
cn ca cho Cha me v Con ci..
Ngy Valentine nay d tr thnh Ngy cua Tnh Yu.. v l ngy tiu thu Chocolat nhiu
nhat trong nam Nam nay (2002), trong dip Valentine, nguoI My se chi..khoang 800 triu d la
v Chocolat.. tu nhung vin keo don gian, re tin dn nhung hp keo, lm bang thu cng cau
ky dat gi.
Cy Cacao v Chocolat:
Cy Cacao, tn khoa hoc : Theobroma cacao L. thuc ho Thuc vat Sterculiacaea hay
Byttneriaceae.
Cy thuc loai tiu mc c th cao tu 6 dn 12m ty diu kin th nhuong..Cy non can
bng mt (tai Nam My Cacao non duoc trng dui bng cy Chui v cy Cao-su) L c
phin trn, di 20-30 cm, cung l ph hai dau. Hoa nh, moc thn v cc nhnh ln :
cnh hoa mu trang c soc d, c 10 nhuy mu d dam : 5 lp, 5 c th sinh san. Hoa duoc
thu tinh tu nhin nho mt loai su dac bit, sng noi cy. Chi mt s t hoa pht trin thnh
qua.; mi cy cacao cung cap khoang 30 qua/ nam Qua (hay pod) thun nhu hnh dua
chut, di 15-25 cm, u nan, mu vng ri chuyn sang d, c th thu hi quanh nam : Qua
c v dy, thit mu trang duc chua 40-50 hat nam st nhau thnh mt khi.
Nh thuc vat Linnaeus, vn l nguoi ua thch chocolat, d dat tn cho cy l
Theobroma = Thuc an cua cc Vi Than. Theobroma c dn 22 loi, tat ca du c ngun gc
tuTrung v Nam My, c 2 loi d duoc trng : Theobroma bicolor, trng tai Mexico, Ba Ty
cung cap Pataxte, c th ung ring hay pha vi chocolat, v T. cacao..cung cap chocolat.
Danh tu Cacao duoc dng d goi chung Cy v Hat ( di khi cn goi.sai trong Anh ngu
l cocoa). Hat sau khi di qua mt tin trnh ch bin phuc tap gm rang, ln men, nghin..se
tr thnh chocolat. Hat sau khi duoc ly trch chat bo d lay bo cacao , phan cn lai duoc bn
dui tn bt cocoa hay pha thnh nuc ung : nuc chocolat!
Thnh phan ha hoc :
Qua Cacao , chua khoang 55% bo-cacao (cocoa butter), duoc nghin thnh mt khi
nho goi l nuc ct chocolat=liquor chocolate, v duoc p bang my thuy luc d trch bo
cacao. Bo ny cn goi l Theobroma butter van cn mi chocolat, c th duoc khu mi nu
can. Bnh cn lai sau khi p duoc phoi kh, nghin thnh bt cacao ( cocoa powder) chua
22 % chat bo. Loai bt cacao ch bin hay alkalinized cocoa duoc cho l c mi, mu v vi
thom , d tan hon.
Cacao chua :
- Hon 300 hop chat d bay hoi : nhung hop chat tao mi quan trong nhat l nhung
esters aliphatic, Polyphenols, Carbonyls thom ..Cc polyphenols tan trong nuc (5-10%) nhu
epicatechol, leucoanthocyanins v anthocyanins , bi phn huy trong cc giai-doan ch bin,
tao thnh mu d dac bit l `cocoa red'.
- Cc amine c hoat tnh sinh hoc : Phenyl-ethyl amine, Tyramine, Tryptamine,
Serotonine..
- Cc alkaloids : Theobromine (0.5-2.7%) ; Caffeine (0.025%), Trigonelline..Mt alkaloid
mi nhat vua duoc ly trch tu Cacao l Anandamine c tc dung tao su khoan khoi d chiu.
- Cc tannins catechin
vi dang cua Cacao l do phan ung giua cc Diketopiperazines vi Theobromine trong
qu trnh rang.
Theobromine hay 3,7-dimethylxanthine, duoc ch tao trong ky ngh tu v qua cacao
Bo cacao chua cc glycerides , phan chnh gm cc acids oleic, stearic v palmitic..
Khoang 3/4 cc chat bo trong bo cacao dang monounsaturates.
ac tnh duoc hoc :
- Theobromine, alkaloid chnh trong Cacao, c nhung hoat tnh tuong tu nhu Caffeine.
Theobromine l mt chat kch thch than kinh trung uong nhe, nhung c tnh loi tiu manh
hon, kch thch tim v lm gin n dng mach vnh manh hon caffein.
- Dng liu cao Theobromine, dui dang Chocolat xam, trong sut 1 tuan, khng gy
phan ung sinh hoc dng k noi nguoi khoe manh bnh thuong (Clin Pharmacol Ther No 37-
1985).
- Cc ch pham tu Cacao duoc dng rat nhiu trong ky ngh thuc pham , my pham v
duoc pham : Bt cacao v sirop dng lm chat tao mi vi, Bo cacao dng lm t duoc trong
thuc nht hau mn (suppository) v nht phu khoa, dng trong thuc mo (ointment)..
- Bo cacao, duoc xem l mt chat chng oxy-ha, c tc dung trung ho cholesterol
trong mu nho hm luong cao stearic acid, khng lm tang LDL nhung lm tang HDL.
- Nghin cuu cua J M Geleijnse v LJ Launer tai Rotterdam, 1999 ( Archives of Internal
Medicine No 159-1999) ghi nhan Catechins trong Cacao ( dui dang Chocolat) c nhung kha
nang bao v chng bnh tim mach, ung thu.. manh hon trong tr xanh gap 4 lan (?) Cc tc
gia d phn tch cc catechins trong chocolat, tr v tm thay : chocolat xam (53.5 mg/100g);
chocolat sua (15.9 mg/100g), tr den (13.9/100g). Ngoi ra Catechins trong Chocolat thuc
loai (+) Catechin v (-) Epicatechin; trong khi d Tr den chua nhiu (-) epicatechin gallate..
c tnh cua Cacao:
- Cacao duoc xem l hon ton khng c dc tnh trong nhung liu luong bnh thuong.
- Mt bo co ghi trong Medical Sciences Bulletin No 7-1985 cho bit : Truong hop mt
con ch an 2 pounds Chocolat vun (chip) d bi kch ung qa muc, co giat v sau d cht v
truy h hap c le do ng dc theobromine/caffein.
- Bo cacao c th gy phan ung kiu di ung .
- Cacao c chua mt luong rat nh Safrole mt chat gy ung thu trong danh sch cam
dng cua FDA
- Nhung bnh nhn bi Hi chung Rut d man cam (Irritable bowel syndrome) khng
nn dng Chocolat v cc san pham chua cacao .
Cacao trong Ky ngh Chocolat :
Tuy Cacao d duoc cc th dn Trung v Nam My nhu Mayan, Izapan, Aztec..su dung tu
hng chuc th k nhung mi dn khi cc tay thuc dn Ty ban Nha xm chim Mexico th hat
Cacao mi tr thnh mn ung chinh phuc u chu.. Tn goi cua loai nuc ung lm tu hat
Cacao c le l do su ` pha trn' ngn ngu giua ting Maya chocol (=nng) v ting Nahualt
alt (=nuc) d tao ra danh tu Ty ban nha chocolalt. V danh tu ny sau d duoc dng d
goi tat ca nhung thuc ung ch bin tu hat cacao.
Chocolat that su dn vi u chu vo 1544, trong mt bui tic khi Kekchi Maya tu
Guatamala dn gap Vua Ty ban Nha Philip II, mang theo cc pham vat gm Chocolat, Bap..
Tu 1585, hat Cacao d tr thnh san pham trao di thuong mi., v dn 1644, chocolat duoc
xem l mt..vi thuc tai Rome.. Y si Paolo Zacchia d m ta Chocolat nhu vi thuc nhap tu B
do Nha, qua ng West Indies, vi tn goi Chacolata.
Tai Php, nguoi dau tin ..ung chocolat, duoc ghi lai, l Alphonse de Richelieu ( th k
17), anh cua Vi Hng Y ni danh cng tn. Nguoi Php chi bit dn chocolat tu nhung nguoi
Do thi bi truc xuat khi Ty ban Nha, di cu sang vng Bayonne.. Cho dn th k 18, nguoi
Php van ung chocolat...c thm t (!) theo kiu Mexico, nhung cung thm duong, qu v
vanilla..
Nh my ch tao Chocolat dau tin tai Hoa Ky duoc thit lap vo 1765 tai Dorchester,
Massachusetts
Nhu cau Chocolat ln cao khin cho ngun cung cap tu Mexico tr nn..thiu v cc nh
thuc dn d khai ph d trng Cacao tai cc dao vng Caribbean nhu J amaica, Trinidad v tai
Venezuela.. Sau d nguoi B do Nha pht trin trng Cacao tai Ba Ty, v dem sang Ty Phi
Chu.. n dau th ky 20, cacao duoc trng tai Sri Lanka, M lai, Indonesia, Tn
Guinea..Hin nay Ty Phi ( Ivory Coast, Ghana, Cameroon v Nigeria) l ngun cung cap
cacao chnh, ging cacao dang Forastero chim khoang 80 % thi truong.
Cho dn cui th k 18, chocolat duoc ung v an dui cc dang vin ngam, thm vo
c-rem, an trng ming.. V chocolat duoc dng nguyn ven, chua nhiu chat bo (hat cacao
th chua dn 50% chat bo tnh theo trong luong). n 1828 nh san xuat Ha lan, Van
Houten d ch duoc h thng p loai duoc dn 2/3 chat bo khi hat cacao.. Phan lay duoc
d tan v d tiu ha hon.. sau d cung Van Houten d pht minh duoc thm phuong php
kim ha (alkalizing hay Dutching), dng Potassium carbonate trong quy trnh ch bin..d
c duoc loai chocolat vi diu hon v mu xam hon..
Bo cacao lay ra, sau khi trn vi bt hat tao ra mt khi mm c th d khun, v tr
thnh cung khi lm lanh..nhung lai d tan khi b vo ming ! Nam 1842 , Anh em Cadbury d
..bn chocolat dng thnh bnh v 1847 Nh san xuat Fry d dua ra thi truong `Chocolat
Dlicieux manger'. Gi cua chocolat van cn kh dat.. cho dn 1876, khi nh san xuat Thuy
si Henri Nestl tm duoc phuong php pha ch chocolat vi sua bt.. Thuy si d chim ngu
thi truong `Milk Chocolat, cho dn dau th k 20.
Phuong php ch tao Chocolat gm nhung cng doan phuc tap v can dn nhung thit
bi dat tin :
Nguyn liu l hat cacao, nhap tu nhung noi san xuat dui dang hat d ln men, phoi
kh : c khoang 30 loai hat cacao khc nhau, v nh san xuat se tu dat ra phuong thuc pha
trn (blending) giua cc loai hat d c mi vi vua .
Sau khi rua sach, giai doan dau tin l Rang hat (roasting) : dy l cng doan quan
trong d tao ra mi, lm giam bt d am trong hat dn mt d d duoc dinh d su dung
trong cng doan k tip. Rang cung gip d tch b v.. d lay duoc phan li cua hat (hay
nib). y l phan duoc dng d ch tao Chocolat.. c th se duoc kim ha, thm mi vi..v
mu sac.
Nib sau d duoc nghin (grinding) thnh khi nho. Truc dy dng ci d theo kiu
cua nguoi Aztec, nhung ngy nay cc my nghin bang kim loai vi cc h thng kim sot
nhit d ti tn d duoc su dung. Nhit d rat quan trong v khi nghin , nhit tao ra se gy
phng thch chat bo hay bo cacao.. Khi nho sau khi qua my nghin se dang nuc
lng..goi l chocolate liquor : dy l thnh phan chnh d ch tao cc loai chocolat.
Khi lm lanh v dng lai , dich lng ny se thnh chocolat khng c vi ngot
(unsweetened chocolate). Mt s dich lng duoc dng d ch Cacao. ch tao plain
chocolate, dich lng duoc trn vi duong ct d tn min, bo cacao duoc thm vo d tao
dang..
Giai doan sau cng duoc goi l conching hay dng hon l say (conching v h thng
dng d cong nhu v s , conch= loai s, d dua day ti-lui khi chocolat dui nhit d 55-
85 d C ).dng thoi xoay lin tuc . y l giai-doan tao mi vi, giam ha d am, loai bt thm
chat bo.. c th ko di tu vi ting dn ca tuan, ty huong vi duoc gia thm.. thuong l
vanilla..
Milk Chocolate = Chocolat trn sua duoc ch bin theo phuong thuc : Sua tuoi c dac
lai thnh khi cung chua 30-40% sua; thm duong; hn hop ny duoc c dac trong chn
khng (vacuum) thnh mt hop chat 90%. Hop chat ny duoc trn vi chocolate liquor v
sau d duoc ch bin theo quy trnh : thm bo cacao, trn, tinh ch v..say (conching) :
nhit d conching thap hon (45-60 d C) v ko di hon d trnh cho lactose dng cuc..
White chocolate la loai chocolat khng chua chocolate liquor, ch tao tu bo cacao duoc
lm bc hoi, pha trn vi sua, duong v trch tinh vanilla. Loai white chocolate c vi ngot v
dang kem st..
Cc nh san xuat Chocolat ni ting trn th gii:
- Ho lan : Droste, van Houten..
- Thuy si : Lindt, Suchard..
- Php : Menier..
- Anh : Fry, Cadbury, Rowntree..
- Hoa Ky : Walter Baker ( thnh lap tu 1779) v Hershey..
Gi tri dinh duong cua Bt Cacao
(100 gram chua )
- Calories 229
- Chat dam 19.6 g
- Chat bo 13.7 g
- Cc khong chat ;
- Calcium 128 mg - Sat 13.86 mg
- Magnesium 499 mg - Phosphorus 734 mg
- Potassium 1.524 mg - Sodium 21 mg
- Kem 6.81 mg - ng 3. 788 mg
- manganese 3.83 mg
- Cc Vitamins
- Beta carotene 20 IU
- Thiamine (B1) 0.078 mg
- Riboflavin (B2) 0.241 mg
- Niacin (B3) 2.185 mg
- Pantothenic acid 0.254 mg
- Pyridoxine 0.018 mg
- Folic acid 32 mcg
Ti liu su dung :
Whole Foods Companion (Dianne Onstad)
The Oxford Companion to Food ( Alan Davidson)
PDR for Herbal Medicines (Medical Economics Company)
The Review of Natural Products (Facts and Comparison)
Pharmacognosy (Evans)
The Oregonian Feb 5, 2002
XUONG RNG B
Cy RAU v QU ..n duc ?
cn l V[ THUC..dng ch !
::: DS Trn Vit Hung :::
Khi ni dn Xuong Rng, chng ta thung ngh ngay dn mt loai cy
c thn dy gai, cha nhua..dng ght ch moc noi sa mac hoang d v
ngay dn d , l loi n tap d tnh..cng ch.. Nhung tht ra trong gia
dnh Xuong Rng cn c nhng cy cho hoa rt qu nhu Quynh v nhng
cy..c th n duoc, dng lm rau v cn c th ..lm thuc nhu Xuong
Rng B..
Tai cc Cho Thuc Pham Hoa Ky, chng ta thay c by bn nhung l Xuong Rng det
vi tn M l Nopales hay Nopalitos, l Xuong Rng ny..l mn an kh ky la di vi nhung
dn tc..khng phai l..M, nhung that ra bn canh d cn c qua cua cy ny hay Opuntia
(Cactus Pear) lai l mt tri cy duoc ua chung tai nhung vng Nam u chu, Bac Phi chu,
Ty (An d), c, Nam v Trung My..v di nhin l Mexico..
Tn Khoa hoc : Opuntia ficus-indica thuc ho thuc vat Cacta ceae. Mt loi khc cung
dng duoc lm thuc pham l O.megacantha (loi ny chi gap tai Hoa Ky v Mexico). Cc loi
duoc dung lm thuc l O.dillenii, O.streptacantha..
Tn thng thung :
Qu duoc goi l Prickly Pear, hay Barbary Pear, Cactus Pear, Indian Pear, Indian Fig,
Tuna Fig (loi Opuntia tuna mill) ..
Trong khi d , phan ''l'' (dng hon l..thn) duoc goi l Nopal cactus..
Opuntia l tn c La Tinh do Pliny dng d dat cho cy, c le pht xuat tu Opus, mt
thnh ph Hy-lap. Ficus-indica c nghia l 'cy va An d'. Tn Anh 'nopal' do tu th ngu
Nahuatl : Nopalli, v 'prickly pear' chi l tn m ta hnh dang cua qua.
Khng dng nhu tn goi ting Anh : 'Qua l c gai' , qua ny ..khng ging nhu qua l,
hay qua va, v duoc cung cap bi nhm Xuong Rng thuc loi Opuntia, vn pht xuat tu
nhung vng kh can Trung My v Sa mac tai Hoa Ky.. Ngay sau khi duoc khm ph bi cu
dn Bac My, cy d duoc du nhap vo Ty ban Nha, tm duoc nhung diu kin th nhuong
thch hop noi dao Sicily v nhung noi kh can quanh vng ia trung hai. Hnh dang cua qua
c ve thun noi dau ri phnh ra pha dui nn duoc so snh vi qua l; qua bn trn thi
truong ln co qua trung ngng (tuy c nhung loi chi cho qua co 12 cm). Tuy boc bn ngoi
mt lp da mng mu xanh, c cham gai, nhung thit lai kh ngot, mi ging nhu ..dua hau.
Tai Hoa Ky, cn c nhung ging cho qua mu xanh dam dn tm magenta, v thit bn trong
c th mu tm d hay d xam. Nhung loai duoc xem l ngon nhat tai My l Cardona (d,
tm) v Amarilla (vng, t gai) .Nhung ging him hon .. c th mu vng-dat ca bn ngoi
lan thit bn trong. Loi cho qua ngon nhat trn th gii, rat ngot khng ht, duoc cho l san
xuat tu Sicilia nhu Surfarina, Bastarduni (Tai Do thi, tn goi ca qua l Sabra , cn dng d
chi tnh nt..nguoi Do thi- kh chiu ngoi mat, nhung lai diu dng trong tm- (theo kiu-
xanh v, d lng).
Tat ca cc loi cua Opuntia (khoang 300 loi)
du pht xuat tu Chu My, v da s tu Mexico v
Ty-Nam Hoa Ky, l 2 quc gia chnh cung cap loai
qua ny. Ring Mexico, tng san luong cao gap di
san luong mo, du du..avocado cua th-gii..
Xuong Rng b (O. dillenii) thuc loai cy nh,
cao 0.5-2 m. Thn do cc lng dep hnh ci vot bng
bn (pingpong) di 15-cm, rng 4-10 cm. mu xanh
nhat, mang nm vi 8-10 gai, gai to vi soc ngang
di 1-3 cm (phan ny thuong duoc xem l by bn
tai cc cho). Hoa vng ri d. Qua mong to co 5-10
cm.
Thnh phn dinh dung :
Qu : 100 gram phan an duoc chua :
- Calories 41
- Chat dam 0.73 gram
- Chat bo 0.51 g
- Chat so 1.81 g
- Calcium 56 mg
- Sat 0.30 mg
- Magnesium 85 mg
- Phosphorus 24 mg
- Potassium 220 mg
- Sodium 5 mg
- Beta Carotene (A) 51 IU
- Thiamine (B1) 0.014 mg
- Riboflavine (B2) 0.060 mg
- Niacin (B3) 0.460 mg
- Ascorbic acid (C) 14 mg
Thnh phn ha hoc :
Theo phn chat cua Institut National de la Sant et de la Recherche Medicale, Nancy
(Php) th : Opuntia ficus-indica
Phan thit chua Glucose (35%), Fructose (29%), trong khi d v ngoi chua glucose
(21%).
Ty l protein : Thit (5.1%), V da (8.3%), Hat (11.8%).
Chat bt c trong ca 3 phan : v, thit v hat.
Chat so trong phan thit chua nhiu pectin (14.4%) trong khi d V v Hat chua nhiu
cellulose (V 29.1%; Hat 45.1%).
V chu nhiu Calcium (2.09%) v Potassium (3.4%).
Phan v boc bn ngoi hat c chua nhiu D-xylans .
Qu cn chua :
Nhiu sac t loai betalains nhu Betanin, Indica xanthin ( su phi hop giua cc sac t ny
tao ra nhung mu sac khc nhau cho qua, thay di tu vng, d dn trang..).
Nhiu flavonoids nhu Quercetin, Dihydroquercetin, Querce tin 3-methyl ether.
Kaempferol, Rutin..
Cc polyphenols
Gai c chua nhung hop chat Arabinan-cellulose..
c tnh duoc hoc :
Tc dng trn H Tiu ha v Chng sung- vim :
Pectin v Chat nhy cua Opuntia c loi cho H tiu ha. HOa duoc dng d tri tiu chay,
dau bung v cc triu chung kh chiu duong rut. Kha nang chng ung lot bao tu d duoc
nghin cuu tai Messina - (J ournal of Ethnopharmacology S 76 (J an 2001) Opuntia d duoc
nghin cuu d lm ngun cung cap chat so trong dinh duong. Dich chit bang ethanol cho
thay c hoat tnh bao v nim mac ng tiu ha, lm giam dau, uc ch su di chuyn cua
leukocyte noi chut bi gy ph bang carrageenan, dng thoi cung uc ch su phng thch
beta-glucuronidase (mt loai enzym lysosomal c trong neutrophil cua chut) (Archive of
Pharmacology Research S 21-1998). Dich chit tu Qua Opuntia dillenii (liu 100-400mg/kg,
tim qua mng phc toan) c hoat tnh chng phan ung sung gy ra noi chn chut bi chch
carrageenan, tc dung cung ty thuc liu su dung : cc phan ung khi cham vo vat nng bi
uc ch khi dng liu 100 mg/kg. (J ournal of Ethnopharmacology S 67-1999).
Tc dng trn Lipids :
Opuntia ficus-indica, khi dng tuoi c nhung tc dung tt khi thu trn chut : nhung
thng s v tnh trang cholesterol cao trong mu du giam bt r rt. Pectin ly trch tu
Opuntia lm giam duoc muc LDL noi chut bo thu nghim (J ournal of Nutrition S 120-1990).
Tc dng lm gim hp dung trong mu :
C nhiu nghin cuu ghi nhan tc dung lm ha duong trong mu cua Opuntia
streptacantha noi nguoi v th vat thu nghim. Nghin cuu quan trong nhat duoc cng b
trn Diabetes Care S-1990. Ngoi ra cc loi Opuntia khc nhu O. fuliginosa v O.
megacantha du c tc dung ha duong, tuy nhin O. megacantha bi ghi nhan l c tc dung
dc cho than. Tc dung ha duong manh hon khi dng l nau si, sau khi dng, tc dung ha
duong tang dan, ln dn dim cao nhat sau 3-4 ting v c th ko di dn 6 ting (Liu
dng duoc d nghi l 500 g l dun si, chia lm 2-3 lan trong ngy)
Hopt tnh ngoi da :
Hoa cua Opuntia d duoc dng lm chat gy co mach, chat cht noi vt thuong, v gip
vt thuong mau lnh. L Nopales d duoc dng ph bin tai Mexico d tri phng, phng
nang, ngua ..
Hopt tnh bo v H thn kinh :
Nghin cuu tai Khoa Duoc luc hoc, H Y Khoa Dongguk, Kyongju (Nam Hn) ghi nhan
nhung flavonoids trong Opuntia ficus-indica (trch bang ethyl acetate) c hoat tnh bao v
than kinh chng lai cc hu hai do oxyd ha gy ra bi xanthine/xanthi ne oxydase (liu IC50
=4-5 microg/ ml), uc ch duoc tc dung dc hai cua cc gc tu do loai picrylhydrazyl v lipid
peroxidase (Brain Research S 7 thng 3, 2003).
Vi phuong thc s dung trong dn gian :
Dng lm thc phm :
Khi dng lm thuc pham, nn chon qua mm nhung dung nhun, qua nguyn ven, mau
xam, khng c nhung dm mc. Nu qua cn cung nn d vi ngy nhit d bnh thuong,
chi d vo tu lanh khi qua d mm. C th an lanh , hay dng tha xc lay phan thit, thm
nuc ct chanh, duong, xay nhuyn, luoc qua ry d b hat.. L hay Nopales c th nau si
trong vi pht ri xat nh an nhu salad hay chin chung vI trung, c chua..
Tpi Vit Nam :
Cnh (L) c nhua duoc dng lm thuc chua mun nhot. (Lay mt khc l, cao sach gai,
gi nt vi l t, l mng toi, ri dap vo mun, hay nhot dau dinh).
Tpi Trung Hoa :
L Xuong Rng b (Tin nhn chung= Xian ren zhang) duoc xem l c vi dang, tnh
mt, c tc dung 'hnh kh, hoat huyt', 'thanh nhit, giai dc', 'tn u, tiu thung', kin vi v
chi khi. R v Thn dng tri 'vi kh thng', bng, ly, ho, dau c hong..
Tpi n d :
Opuntia dillenii , duoc goi l nagphana . L tuoi nghin nt dap vo mun nhot, chng
sung. Qua dng lm thuc tri ho g.
Ti liu s dung :
The Review of Natural Products (Facts and Comparison)
Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database (Pharmacist's Letter).
The Whole Foods Companion (Dianne Onstad)
Uncommon Fruits & Vegetables (E. Schneider)
Medicinal Plants of India (SK J ain)
Medicinal Plants of China (J . Duke)
C C
- cy thuc da dng rt d tm -
::: DS Trn Vit Hng :::
C rat nhiu loai c duoc xem l loi hoang dai can nh b noi nhung vuon
hoa, cng vin..nhung lai l nhung ngun duoc liu qu gi can duoc nui trng
nhu c tranh, c c, c muc..
C c , cn goi l Cu gau hay van hoa hon l Huong Phu, Tam Lang.. l mt
trong nhung cy c..qu rat dng ch .
C C, tn khoa hoc, Cyperus rotondus, thuc ho thuc vat Cyperaceae, l mt loi c dai
moc rat ph bin tai cc quc gia nhit di tu An d, Trung Hoa qua Vit Nam dn ca nhung
quc gia hai dao nhu Nhat, Indonesia. Tai Vit Nam, cy moc dai trong vuon, trn muong, bi
c, bi ct, c th sng ca trn dat nuc lo v nuc man. Tai Hoa Ky cy duoc goi l Nut-grass ,
Sedge weed hay Cyperus
C c thuc loai cy da nin, thn r nh v di nam dui dat, hnh chi, thn c tung doan
phnh thnh cu cung tu d moc ln thn chi khi mat dat. Thn c th cao 10-60 cm, hnh tam
gic (do d c tn l Tam lang). L di bang thn c th dn 20 cm, moc gc, mu xanh xam.
Hoa moc thnh cum don hay kp tao thnh tn ngon thn. Qua thuc loai b qua c 3 canh,
mau vng khi chn di sang den nhat. Cy tr hoa, ra qua tu ma h sang ma dng.
Thnh phn ha hoc :
C c chua :
- Tinh dau d bay hoi : Chung cat bang hoi nuc thn v cu r lay duoc 0.5-0.9 %
tinh dau gm phan chnh l cc hydrocarbon loai sesquiterpene (25%), epoxides (12%),
ketones (20%) v cc alcohol loai monoterpene v aliphatic (25%) bao gm isocyperol,
cyperone rotundines A-C, cyperene, cyperol, cyperlolone-cyperrotundone, rotundene,
beta-selinene, patchoulenone, isopatchoula-3,5-diene, cary ophyllene-6,7 oxide,
caryophyllene-alpha-oxide.. v nhiu monoter penes thng thuong khc nhu cineole,
limonene v camphene.
- Cc triterpenes : Beta-sitosterol, oleanic acid v cc chat khc.
- Cc acid huu co : p-hydroxybenzoic, lauric, linoleic, myristic, oleic, palmitic, stearic
acid.
- Cc chat nhu : Flavonoids,
- Cc duong huu co : Fructose, Glucose, Sucrose, Galactose..
- Cc khong chat : Sat, Phosphorus, Manganese, Magnesium..
c tnh Duoc hoc :
1- Tc dng chng nn :
Dung dich trich tu R bang ethanol c tc dung chng nn mua noi ch do hoat
tnh di khng phan ung tao nn mua gy ra bi apomorphine (Indian J ournal of Medical
Research S 58-1970).
2- Hopt tnh khng vim v hp nhit :
Dich chit tu R C c bang nhung dung mi huu co c tc dung chng sung rat r
di vi phan ung ph tao ra do carageenan noi chut bach tang dich chit bang
petroleum ether uc ch duoc 75%, chloroform 60.6 %, methanol 57.7 % liu 10 mg/kg,
so snh vi hydrocortisone uc ch duoc 57.7 %. Dich chit bang alcohol tu thn c tc
dung ha nhit, c th so snh vi sodium salicylate ( trong thu nghim gy tang thn
nhit bang men) (Planta medica S 39-1980). Cc hoat tnh ny duoc cho l do beta
sitosterol trong cy.
3- Tc dng chng k sinh trng st rt :
Peroxycalamenene, mt sesquiterpene loai endoperoxyde, ly trch tu thn c c c
tc dung chng k sinh trng st rt nng d EC50 2.33X10-6M (Phytochemistry S 40-
1995)
Cc dich chit tu thn C c bang dichloromethane, petroleum ether v methanol cho thay
tc dung chng Plasmodium falciparum chung K1. Liu IC50 l 5-9 g/ml cho dich chit bang
dichloromethane, v 10-49 g/ ml cho petroleum ether hay methanol
4- Tc dng chng bo ph :
Trong mt thu nghim trn 30 nguoi map ph cho dng bt tn tu thn C c trong
90 ngy : Kt qua ghi nhan c su giam cn cng vi giam cholesterol v triglycerides
trong mu (Indian Medicine S 4-1992).
5- Kh nng bo v t bo :
Nuc sac tu R C c d duoc dnh gi v kha nang chng lai cc tc hai gy ra noi
bao tu do ethanol: Dich chit, cho ung bang nhung liu 1.25, 2.5 v 4 gram bt r th/
kg cho thay c tc dung chng u lot, tc dung ny ty theo liu thuc su dung. Hoat tnh
bao v c lin h dn vic uc ch bi tit dich vi v cc chat prostaglandins ni sinh
(Phytotherapy Research S 11-1997).
6- Tc dng trn cc sc t :
Dich chit bang methanol, sau khi duoc thang hoa, c tc dung kch thch su sinh san
cc t bo mang sac t (melanocytes), gip giai thch vic su dung C c trong cc san
pham lm den tc, thoa da.
7- Hopt tnh khng sinh v chng nm :
Dau C c uc ch su tang trung cua Staphylococcus aureus, nhung khng tc dung
trn E.coli, E.typhosum, Vibrio cholerae v vi chung Shigella. Trong s cc phan chit :
cyperone hau nhu khng tc dung, trong khi d cc phan hydrocarbon cyperene I v II
tc dng manh hon l dau v cyperol. (Current Science S 4-1956)
Dich chit C c c kha nang uc ch 100% cc loai nam Sclerotinia scle rotiorum,
Phytophthora capsici v Colletotrichum chardoniacum, uc ch 44% trn Aspergillus niger.
Dich chit bang alcohol chng duoc cc nam Trichophyton rubrum, Epidermophyton
floccosum v Microsporum gypseum.
8- Tc dng trn Huyt p- Tim mpch :
Dich chit bang nuc v alcohol gy ha huyt p r rt noi ch v mo. Khi chch
dui da dich chit bang nuc vo ch thu nghim dua dn tim ngung dap ky tm thu ;
chch tinh mach cho ch, mo v th gy ra su gin n dng mach vnh.
9- Tc dng trn co tron :
Dich chit bang nuc c tc dung uc ch su co that, lm thu gin bap thit tu cung
noi phu nu bnh thuong v phu nu c thai, dng thi lm giam dau.
C C trong Duoc hoc dn gian :
C C l mt vi thuc kh ph bin trong duoc hoc dn gian tai rat nhiu noi trn th gii :
1- Tpi Vit Nam :
C C duoc xem l mt vi thuc `L kh, giai uat, dng `diu kinh, giam dau' vi nhung chu
tri :
- au bao tu do than kinh, snh bung, day tuc hng, nguc, nn mua, o chua.
- Kinh nguyt khng du, thng kinh.
- Chan thuong do t ng; l dc, sung nhot.
Cch dng thng thuong : Dng sac ung c kh mi ngy 6-12 gram hay m nhuyn c
tuoi dap ngoi noi ch sung..Dng tuoi d giai cam. Sao den d cam mu, tri rong kinh
2- Tpi Thi Lan :
C C duoc goi l Yaa haew muu ; R duoc dng loi tiu, ha nhit v kin vi. Chm
r (Can hnh) lm thuc gip d m hi, giai nhit, tro tiu ha, chng sung. Nuc sac tu
chm r duoc ung thay tr d tri dau bao tu, c khi ung chung vi mat ong..
3- Tpi n d :
Cy duoc goi l Motha (Phan ngu l Mustak) : Thn v R dng chua cc bnh v
bung nhat l lot bao tu, tiu chay, an khng tiu ; cung dng d loi tiu, tri dau v ca
bat kinh lan kinh nguyt khng du. Dng tri bnh ngoi da, b cap can, sung v ph
trung..
C c trong ng Y :
ng Y c truyn dng R chm (rhizome) ca C c d lm thuc : Vi thuc duoc goi l
Huong phu (Xiang fu), Duoc liu trng tai cc tinh Son dng, H Nam, Trit giang.. duoc thu
hoach vo ma thu v phoi kh. Nhat duoc goi l Kobushi v Triu tin goi l Hyangbu.
Huong phu duoc xem l c vi cay, hoi dang, hoi ngot; tnh bnh v tc dng vo cc kinh
mach thuc Can v Tam tiu : `hnh khiu, khai uat, thng kinh, tiu sung, giam dau'
Huong phu c nhung dac tnh :
iu ha v Phn tn du `Can Kh' : gip tri cc chung `Can Kh' bi u tac gy dau noi
thuong vi v cang cung vng ha vi. Tnh `bnh' cua vi thuc cng vi kha nang phn tn
v diu ha khin thuc duoc su dung kh ph bin :
tri dau, tuc nguc v vng hng , Huong phu duoc dng phi hop vi Si h
(Chai-hu=Radix Bupleuri) v Bach thuoc (Bai shao = Radix Paeoniae Lactiflorae)
tri dau vng thuong vi v bung dui, an khng tiu, i mua , tiu chay do Kh tac
tai Can v Ty, Huong phu duoc dng chung vi Mc huong (Mu xiang=Radix Aucklandiae
Lappae) v Phat thu (Fo-shou= Fructus Citri Sarcodactylis).
tri dau, cang tuc, tr tr noi bung dui do Hn v Kh tac tai Can ,Than : Dng
Huong phu vi duoc (Wu yao=Radix Linderae Strychnifoliae) v Tiu hi huong (Xiao
hui xiang=Fructus Foeniculi Vulgaris).
Huong phu dng chung vi Khuong truat (Cang zhu= Rhizoma Atractylodis) d tri an
khng tiu, dau, tuc bn hng v bung dui, i mua, o chua..
iu ha Kinh nguyt, Chi thng : dng d diu hnh su di chuyn cua Can Kh
trong cc bnh Phu khoa nhu Bat kinh, Kinh khng du thuong phi hop vi uong quy
(Dang gui=Radix Angelicae Sinensis) v Xuyn khung (Chuan xiong=Radix Lingustici
Chuan xiong).
Liu dng : 4.5-12 gram. Khi sao vi giam, thuc se tang thm kha nang di vao kinh
mach thuc Can v tc dung giam dau gia tang. Khi tam v sao vi ruou trang, thuc tang
kha nang vo cc kinh mach..
Cch thuc sao tam Huong phu duoc cho l se thay di tch chat tri liu : Vi thuc
sng dng khi chu bnh noi hng, nguc v d giai cam; Sao den c tc dung cam mu,
dng trong truong hop rong kinh. Tam nuc mui, ri sao cho bt ro, dng chua bnh
v huyt. Tam nuc tiu tre em ri sao d ging Ha Kh c chung bc nng. Tam giam
sao d tiu tch tu, chua huyt u, u bng.Tam ruou sao d tiu dom, chua kh tr. Huong
phu Tu ch (tam ca 4 thu ri sao) dng chua cc bnh Phu khoa ca hai dang Hn v
Nhit.
Ti liu s dung :
Tu din Cy thuc Vit Nam (V van Chi).
Chinese Herbal Medicine Materia Medica (Dan Bensky)
Thai Medicinal Plants (N.Farnsworth &N. Bunyapraphatsara)
Major Herbs of Ayurveda (E.Williamson).
Trang Website cua PubMed.
Trang Website cua Rain-tree
C MC
Cy thuc b gan, trj..rn cn ?
::: Ds. Trn Vit Hng :::
C muc, mt cy thuc Nam rat thng thuong moc hoang hau nhu khap noi, hin l mt
duoc liu dang duoc nghin cuu v kha nang bao v gan v tru duoc noc dc cua mt s loi
ran nguy him.
Tai An d, C muc l mt trong muoi cy hoa b ch (Dasapushpam), d duoc dng trong cc
my pham thoa tc, bi da tu thoi xa xua.. dng thoi lm nguyn liu d lay chat pham den
nhum tc.
Tai J ava, l cy duoc dng lm thuc pham..
Cy c muc duoc ghi trong cc sch thuc vat v duoc liu u-My dui tn Eclipta alba , ho
thuc vat Compositae (Asteriacea). Tn dng nghia l Eclipta prostrata. Sch cua J . Duke
(Handbook of Medicinal Herbs), V van Chi (Tu din Cy thuc Vit Nam) du ghi l 2 tn chi
chung mt cy, ring sch cua tat Loi lai cho l 2 cy khc nhau (?) : Eclipta alba duoc cho l
C nho ni (C muc) cn Eclipta prostrata..lai cho l Cy cc o(?)
c tnh thuc vt :
C muc, cn goi l C nho ni, thuc loai thn
thao hang nin, cao trung bnh 0.2-0.4 m, c
khi dn 0.8 m, moc b , hoac c khi gan nhu
thang dung, c lng trang cung, thua. Thn
mu luc hay nu nhat hay hoi d ta. L moc
di, phin l di v hep c 2.5 cm x 1.2 cm.
Mp l nguyn hay c rang cua can, hai mat
l du c lng. Hoa mau trang hop thnh dau,
moc ke l hay dau cnh, c hoa ci bn
ngoi v hoa luong tnh giua. Qua thuc loai
b qua cut dau, c 3 canh mu den di chung
3mm
C muc
trong Duoc hoc dn gian :
C muc d duoc dng rat ph bin trong dn gian tai An d,
Pakistan, Vit Nam, Trung Hoa v cc Quc gia vng Nam .
1- Tai An d :
C muc duoc dng tri si dau, nam lc dng tin, thuc nhum
tc v tri gan, l lch ph trung; sung gan-vng da v lm thuc
b tng qut. Cy cung duoc dng tri ho, chay mu ming, an kh
tiu, chong vng, chua dau rang, gip lnh vt thuong..R dng
gy nn mua, x. L gi nt dap tri vt can do b cap.
2- Tai Pakistan :
Eclipta alba, duoc goi tai Pakistan l Bhangra, bhringaraja, duoc
dng trong dn gian dui nhiu dang. Cy tuoi duoc dng lm thuc b chung, gip giam sung
gan v l lch, tri bnh ngoi da, tri suyn, khi dng tri bnh gan liu nuc sac su dung l 1 tha
c ph hai lan mi ngy; cy gi nt, trn vi dau m duoc dng d dap vo noi hach sung, tri
bnh ngoi da..L dng tri ho, nhuc dau, hi tc, gan v l lch sung ph, vng da.
3- Tai Trung Hoa :
Eclipta prostrata , hay M hn lian : L duoc cho l gip moc tc. Ton cy lm chat cht cam
mu, tri dau mat, ho ra mu, tiu ra mu; dau lung, sung rut, sung gan, vng da.. L tuoi duoc
cho l c th bao v chn v tay nng gia chng lai sung v nhim dc khi lm vic dng-ng,
tc dung ny theo Vin Y hoc Chiang-su l do thiophene trong cy.
4- Tai Vit Nam :
C muc duoc dng tri xuat huyt ni tang nhu ho ra mu, xuat huyt rut, chay mu rang,
nuu, loi ; tri sung gan, sung bng quang, sung duong tiu tri mun nhot dau dinh, b ngoi gip
lin xuong. Cch dng thng thuong l dng kh, sac ung; khi dng bn ngoi l tuoi dm nt
dap noi vt thuong. Tho n dng c muc v nt d tri phng do vi.
Thnh phn ha hoc :
C muc chua :
- Cc glycosides triterpene v Saponins : 6 glycosides loai oleanane : Eclalbasaponins I-VI (
2 chat mi ly trch duoc nam 2001 duoc tam ghi l XI v XII) , Alpha v Beta-amyrin ,
Ecliptasaponin D Eclalbatin.
- Cc Flavonoids v Isoflavonoids : L v dot l chua Apigenin, Luteolin v cc glucosides
lin h. Ton cy chua cc isoflavonoids nhu Wedelolactone, Desmethylwedelolactone,
Isodemethylwedelolac tone, Strychnolactone
- Aldehyd loai terthienyl : Ecliptal ; L-terthienyl methanol; Wedelic acid.
- Sesquitepne lactone : Columbin.
- Cc sterols nhu Sitosterol, Stigmasterol..
- Cc acid huu co nhu Ursolic acid, Oleanolic acid, Stearic acid, Lacceroic acid ; 3,4-
dihydroxy benzoic acid; Protocateuic acid..
c tnh duoc hoc :
1. Tc dung chng sung-vim : Trch tinh Eclipta alba, khi thu nghim trn cc th vat bi
gy sung ph cap tnh v kinh nin, cho thay kha nang uc ch su sung dn 58.67 % (J ournal of
Research and Education in Indian Medicine S 9-1990). Noi chut, dung dich trch bang nuc-
alcohol uc ch lm giam duoc phan ung gy ra bi acid acetic dn 35-55 % khi dng liu ung
200 mg/kg. Bt l Eclipta alba dng liu ung (1500 mg/kg) c tc dung chng sung huu hiu
(uc ch dn 47.7%) so snh vi indomethacin (uc ch duoc 51%) : Duoc thao c hiu nang
manh hon vo giai doan thu 2 cua tin trnh sung vim, nn c le hoat dng bang uc ch su tao
prostaglandins v kinins (Fitoterapia S 58-1987)
2. Tc dung bao v gan : Trch tnh C muc bang ethanol: nuc (1:1) d duoc nghin cuu
trong thu nghim tc hai noi gan gy ra bi tetrachloride Carbon ( thu noi chut) ghi nhan trch
tinh to duoc su bao v gan bang cch gip diu ha nng d cua cc men c lin h dn vic
bin duong thuc noi ty th gan. (J ournal of Ethnopharmaco logy S 70-2000) Eclipta alba cn
c hoat tnh manh hon khi dng phi hop vi Cy Ch de (Phyllanthus niruri) v Curcumin (tu
Ngh) theo ty l 25:15:10 (P.niruni : E. alba : Curcumin). Nng d lipid cao trong gan v bilirubin
trong huyt thanh sut giam v tr v muc bnh thuong. Hn hop ny lm tang muc d
triglyceride trong mu, tang tin chat-beta-lipoproteins v cholesterol. Trch tinh bang ethanol tu
cy E. alba tuoi cho thay mt tc dung bao v gan dng k (ty thuc vo liu su dung) trong
cc truong hop hu gan do CCl4 gy ra noi chut thu nghim, khng thay dau hiu ng dc d
cho dng dn 2 gram/ kg ca dang ung lan chch qua mng phc toan (Phytothera py
Research S 7-1993). Thu nghim noi chut bach tang ghi nhan tc dung bao v gan xay ra tu
liu 100mg/ kg.
Cc hiu ung bao v gan cua dich chit bang nuc dng kh cung duoc nghin cuu trong cc
truong hop sung gan cap tnh gy ra noi chut nhat bang 1 liu CCl4 hay acetaminophen v noi
chut nh bang beta-D-galactosamin : Kt qua cho thay c tc dung uc ch dng k trong phan
ung tao su tang transaminase trong mu gy ra bi CCl4 noi chut nhat v galactosamine noi
chut nh, nhung khng c hiu ung trong truong hop hu hai gan do acetaminophen.
3. Tc dung lm Ha huyt p : Hn hop polypeptides cua E. alba c tc dung ha huyt p
noi ch. Columbin, trch tu dich chit ton cy bang ethanol cho thay kha nang ha huyt p r
rt noi chut d bi gy m.
4. Kha nang trung ha tc dung cua noc ran :
Nghin cuu tai H Universidade Federal do Rio de J aneiro (Ba ty) (1989) ghi nhan dich
chit bang ethanol ca E.alba c kha nang trung ha cc hoat tnh nguy hai (dn gy cht nguoi)
cua noc dc loi ran chung Nam My (Crotalus durissus terrificus). Cc mau dich chit tuong
duong vi 1.8 mg trch tinh kh dng cho mi chut thu c th trung ho duoc dn 4 liu noc
dc gy tu vong (LD 50 = 0.08 micro gram noc/ g th vat : Dich chit Eclipta uc ch duoc su
phng thch creatinine kinase tu bap thit cua chut khi tip xc vi noc ran th. (PubMed - PMID
: 2799833).
Mt nghin cuu khc, cung tai Ba ty (1994) , khao st cc tc dung chng dc tnh cua
noc ran trn bap thit v chng chay mu, cua 3 chat trong thnh phan C muc : wedelolactone,
WE; stigmasterol, ST v sitosterol, SI. Thu nghim dung noc dc cua cc loi ran luc Bothrops
jararacussu, Lachesis muta.., dc t tinh khit ha bothrops toxin, bothropasin v crotoxin..Su
huu hiu duoc do luong bang tc d phng thch creatine kinase tu co bap chut.. Kt qua cho
thay (in vitro) dc tnh trn bap thit cua noc ran crotalid v cc dc t tinh khit du bi trung ha
bi WE v dich trch C muc (EP), ca WE lan EP du uc ch tc dung gy chay mu cua noc
Bothrops, uc ch tc dung cua men phospholipase A2 trong crotoxin, v tc dung ly giai protein
cua noc B.jararaca.(PubMed - PMID 8079371)
C muc trong ng Y c truyn :
ng Y c truyn goi C muc l Han lin thao (Hn lian cao), hay Mac han lin. (Nhat duoc
goi l Kanrens) Duoc liu l ton cy thu hi vo dau ma thu. Cy moc hoang tai cc vng
Giang ty, Trit giang, Quang dng.. duoc cho l c vi ngot/ chua, tnh mt ; tc dung vo cc
kinh mach thuc Can, Than.
Han lian cao c nhung tc dung :
- Duong v B m-Can v m-Than: dng tri cc chung suy m Can v m Than vi cc
triu chung chong vng, mat mo, chng mat, tc bac sm ; thuong dng phi hop vi Nu trinh
tu (Nu zhen zi= Fructus Ligustri lucidi) .
- Luong Huyt v Cam mu (Chi huyt) : tri cc chung m suy vi cc triu chung chay
mu do 'Nhit' tai Huyt nhu i ra mu, ho ra mu, chay mu cam, phn c mu, chay mu tu
cung v tiu ra mu. tri tiu ra mu c muc duoc dng chung vi Ma d (Xa tin thao=Che
qian cao (Plantaginis) v R c tranh (Bach mao can= Bai mao gen (Rhizoma Imperatae); d tri
phn c mu, dng chung vi ia du= di yu (Radix Sanguisorbae); d tri i ra mu, dng chung
vi Trac bch dip xay kh = Ce bai ye (Cacumen Biotae)..
Ti liu s dung :
Major Herbs of Ayurveda (E. Williamson)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Materia Medica (D. Bensky)
Medicinal Plants of China (J Duke & Ed Ayensu)
Medicinal Plants of India and Pakistan ( J .F Dastur)
Oriental Materia Medica (Hong-Yen Hsu)
Tu din Cy thuc Vit Nam (V van Chi)
C ci trng
::: Ds. Trn Vit Hung :::
Cu cai trang l mt gia dnh thuc vat bao gm nhiu loai rau c cu khc nhau, c th tam
chia thnh 2 nhm : Nhm cu cai trang u-My vi cu thuong nh v trn tria mu tu trang dn
hng nhat, c khi tm, duoc goi chung l Radish v nhm chu, thuong goi l Oriental (Chinese
hay J apanese) Radish hoac khc hon l Daikon : cu thuong ln , thun di mu trang. Trong
pham vi bi ny xin bn dn Daikon l loai Cu cai trang m nguoi Vit thuong dng kho chung
vi thit hay c hoac d mui chua.
Tn Khoa hoc:
Raphanus sativus thuc ho thuc vat Cruciferae. Nguoi My thuong goi nhat dui tn Daikon.
ng Y goi l Lai Bac. Hat dng lm thuc, nn vi thuc duoc goi l Lai Bac Tu (Lai-fu-zhi).
Y-Duoc Nhat goi l Raifukushi.
Tn thuc vat : Raphanus pht xuat tu ting Hy lap 'Raphanos' nghia l 'd trng', v sativus
l do dac tnh d duoc trng tu lu doi..
Lich s v c tnh thuc vt :
Cy cu cai trang duoc xem l c ngun gc tu Trung Hoa v sau d duoc du nhap sang
vng Trung tu thoi Tin su.
Cu cai trang c mat tai Ai cap truc ca thoi Kim tu thp v duoc ghi chp trong sch v
nhu nhung cy rau thng dung. Cc Vua Pharaon Ai cap d xp Cu cai trang chung vi
dua leo, ti, hnh .. vo thuc don hng ngy; nhung nguoi n l xy dung kim tu thp
cung duoc nui bang cu cai trang m ho goi l gurmaia. Nhung cy cu cai trang dau tin
trng tai Ai cap c le l d p hat lay dau
Nguoi Hy lap d dc hnh cu cai trang bang vng d dng cng Than Apollo. Mt Y si
thoi c Hy lap d vit ca mt quyn sch d m ta nhung dac tnh duoc dung cua cu cai
trang. Sch v tai Anh quc d ghi nhan vo nam 1548, dn Anh d bit an cu cai trang
sng vi bnh m hoac nghin nt cu cai d lm nuc st dng chung vi thit, v c le
Columbus chnh l nguoi d dua cu cai trang dn My chu. Nhung ghi nhan du tin cho
thay cu cai trang xuat hin tai Mexico vo nam 1500 v tai Haiti vo 1565..
Tai Oaxaca (Mexico) hng nam dn ngy 23 thng 12 c m Cu cai (Night of the
Radishes) : trong ngy ny c phong tuc khac hnh trn cu cai, hnh cng ln cng tt..
Cu cai trang thuc loai cy rau thu hoach vo ma lanh, v cy cung can nhit d cao d c
th nay mam.
Nhm cu cai trang bao gm nhiu loai khc nhau :
Tai dng, cu cai thuong duoc dng sau khi nau chn ;
tai Ai cap v vng Can ng, c nhung loi chi trng d lay l.
Loai trng tai Hoa Ky c th dng ca cu lan l d an nhu salad trn hoac nau chn.
Tai Nhat l noi an nhiu cu cai trang nhat th gii (loai Daikon): san luong daikon chim
trn 25% thu hoach cua tng s cc loai rau.
Cu cai trang tuong di d trng, can dat thng thot nuc v sp d r d pht trin thnh
cu : cy cung can duoc tui nhiu nuc v tt nhat l duoc bn bang phn tro.
Cu cai trang thuc loai cy hang nin, nhung cung c ging di ngy, lai duoc xem l luong
nin.
Cy c l di, hoa c cung mu trang hoac tm lot nhung khng bao gio c mu vng. Hat
nh mu d sam : 1 gram chua khoang 120 hat. C th giu kha nang nay mam dn 5 nam.
Nhng loai C ci trng dng ch :
1. Nhm c ci thng thuong : Php goi chung dui tn Radish de tous les mois; Nhm
ny cho cu trn nh, ngan ngy, thi gian thu hoach k tu khi gieo hat l khoang 5-6
tuan. Cc tn thuong gap nhu White turnip radish, Scarlet French turnip radish..
2. Nhm c ci di : Nhm ny cho cu di khoang 10-15 cm, hnh nhu cu c rt vi cc
tn nhu Long Scarlet, Long white radish..
3. Nhm c ci chu hay Daikon : cn goi l 'Chinese Radish' hay Lobok. Nhm ny
cho cu rat ln, di dn 30 cm, hnh tru vi trong luong trung bnh tu 250 gram dn 1 kg,
nhung c bit c cu nang dn 25 kg, gap tai Nhat. Nhm ny duoc trng rat ph bin tai
cc nuc chu (Nhat, Trung hoa, Triu tin, Vit Nam).. Ring tai Nhat ngoi cu cai
cn c mt loai gi lm tu hat cu cai trang goi l Radish sprouts hay Kaiware,
Tsumamina. Nam Hn cung lai tao ring mt ging cu cai trang dac bit d lm Kim chi.
4. C ci den Nga S : Tai Nga s c trng mt loai cu cai den dac bit, goi l Zakuski,
loai cu cai ny c vi kh cay v rat duoc ua chung tai cc quc gia ng u, v cung
duoc xem l mn rau cua luu dn Do thi (vi mn mut dc do tn l Einge-machts lm
bang cu cai den thi nh, chung duong hay mat, ri trn vi gung tn min v hanh
nhn.
Thnh phn ha hoc :
Thnh phn dinh dung: 100 gram phan an duoc chua :
Daikon tuoi Daikon kh Gi Daikon
Calories 18 271 41
Cht dam 0.60 g 7.90 g 3.81 g
Cht bo 0.10 g 0.72 g 2.53 g
Cht so 0.64 g 8.37 g n/a
Calcium 27 mg 629 mg 51 mg
St 0.40 mg 6.73 mg 0.86 mg
Magnesium 16 mg 170 mg 44 mg
Phosphorus 23 mg 204 mg 113 mg
Potassium 227 mg 3494 mg 86 mg
Sodium 21 mg 278 mg 6 mg
Km n/a n/a 0.56 mg
ng n/a n/a 0.12 mg
Manganese n/a n/a 0.26 mg
Beta-Carotene 0 0 391 IU
Thiamine (B1) 0.020 mg 0.27 mg 0.102 mg
Riboflavine (B2) 0.020 mg 0.68 mg 0.103 mg
Niacin (B3) 0.2 mg 3.4 mg 2.853 mg
Pantothenic acid n/a n/a 0.733 mg
Pyridoxine n/a n/a 0.285 mg
Folic acid n/a n/a 94.7 mcg
Ascorbic acid 22 mg 0 28.9 mg
Trong Cu cai trang cn c cc enzyme nhu Diastase, Beta fructosidase Phospholipase D v cc
chat uc ch Protease ; cc hop chat chua Sulfur nhu Methanethiol..; cc flavonoids nhu
Kaempferol..
Thnh phn ha hc ca Ht :
Hat cu cai trang chua :
- Dau bo (35%) trong c cc Acid erucic, linoleic v oleic, Glycerol sinapate,
Raphanin , Sinapin.
- Tinh dau c Methylmercaptan, Hexanal phenol.
- Alkaloids phuc tap v Flavonoids.
- Proteins c tc dung khng nam : Rs-AFP1 v Rs-AFP2 ( l nhung protein loai
oligomeric gm cc polypeptides phn tu luong thap khoang 5-kDa ) (J . Biol
Chem S 267-1992)
(Ring trong R c Ferulic acid v nhiu (6) Isoperoxidases thuc nhm glycoproteins vi
mt dy polypeptide don dc : 2 isoperoxidades thuc loai cationic (C1 v C2) , 4 thuc loai
anionic (A1 dn A4)
Duoc tnh v Cch dng :
C ci trng trong Y-Duc ng Phuong :
ng Y, nhat l Trung Hoa, chi dng hat lm thuc : Duoc liu duoc thu hoach khi chn vo
dau ma h, phoi kh dui nang. Vi thuc duoc goi l La Bac Tu (Nhat duoc l Raifukushi, v
Hn quc l Naebokcha).
La Bac Tu duoc xem l c vi ngot, tnh bnh v tc dung vo cc kinh mach thuc Ph, Ty
v Vi.
La Bac Tu c kha nang lm thng thot su u tac cua thuc pham v bin cai su tn dong cua
thuc pham, do d duoc dng d giai thot su tr tr cua d an noi 'Trung tiu' gy ra nhung cam
gic tuc ch, kh chiu, o chua vi hoi th hi, dau bung cng tiu chay. Trong cc truong hop
ny La bac tu duoc dng chung vi Son tra (Fructus Crataegi=Shan-zha) v V qut chn d phoi
kh (Tran b) , v Than khc.
La Bac Tu cung c tc dung lm 'ging' Kh , tru om gip tri cc truong hop Ho v th kh
kh..Dng chung vi Hat to, hat Ta t.
Theo Trung-duoc hin dai :
Ht , do tc dung cua Raphanin, c kha nang dit duoc cc vi khuan Sta phylococcus
aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, E. coli v cung uc ch duoc su pht trin cua mt s nam
gy bnh . Do d Hat tuoi duoc dng d tri nhim Trichomonas noi Phu nu, tri ho ra mu. Nuc
sac tu hat tuoi dng d bom rua (enema) tri sung rut do nhim trng loai ulcerative colitis.
L , phoi kh hay La bac dip (Luo-bo Ye) dng d tri tiu chay v kit ly.
R tuoi hay La ban (Luo-po) dng tri an khng tiu, tuc ch kh chiu; kht nuc,
chay mu cam.
Duc tnh theo Y hc Ty Phuong :
Kha nang gip tiu thuc : Cu cai trang c th dng d gip tiu ha cc chat bt
trong bua an, tc dung ny l do Diastase trong cu cai, nhat l Daikon. Ngui
Nhat thuong dung daikon trong nhung bua an c nhiu chat bt.
Kha nang loai cc chat bo thua trong co th : Cc Bc si Nhat tai BV Kyoto d
dng cu cai trang d gip lm tan cc lp mo tn dong trong co th bang cch
cho dng 1 dung dich lm bang Cu cai trang v c rt theo phuong thuc sau :
Nau 15gram c rt d sat nh vi 15 gram Daikon d sat nh trong 250 ml
nuc, thm vo 1 tha c ph nuc ct chanh, 5 gram hai tao. un si trong 5
pht. Loc v ung mi ngy 2 lan (sng v chiu) trong 3-4 thng.
Kha nang ngua San than v san mat : Thu nghim tai Universidad Autonoma
Metropolitana Xochimilco, Mexico ghi nhan tc dung lm tan san than cua nuc
trch tu v ngoi Cu cai trang noi chut (chut duoc cay dia bang kem vo bng
quang) : trong luong cua khi san giam r rt so vi nhm di chung, tc dung
ny km theo vi tc dung loi tiu (J . Ethnopharmacology S 68-1999).
Nt phuong thuc kh ph bin d ngua san than tai Anh l ung mi ngy 20-30 gram
nuc ct cu cai trang (xay bang blender) vi 100 ml ruou nho.
Cu cai trang v Ung thu : Cu cai trang c th ngua v tri vi dang ung thu :
Trong Agricultural & Biological Chemistry S thng 9-1978, cc nh
nghin cuu tai National Cancer Institute d ghi nhan cc hop chat c
chua Sulfur trong cu cai trang nhu Methanethiol c tc dung dit trng
rat manh dng thoi ngan can duoc su pht trin cua cc t bo ung thu.
Hop chat nay chnh l chat d tao mi hi cua bap cai khi bi thi.
Trong J ournal of Food Science, GS Barbara Klein thuc H Illinois tai
Urbana d cho rang cc hop chat loai Isothiocyanates trong cu cai gip
ngua ung thu bang hai cch : ngan can su xm nhap cua cc tc nhn
gy ung thu (carcinogen) vo cc t bo cn nguyn ven v gip tiu
dit cc t bo d bi ung thu. Hon nua cc protease inhibitor trong cu
cai c thm tc dung ngan chan su pht trin cua cc buu dc v cc
flavonoids nhu kaempferol cung gip thm vo su bao v cc t bo
chng lai cc ha chat dc hai.
Nghin cuu tai H Kyoto, Nhat (PubMed PMID 11743759 / J Agric Food
Chem Dec 2001) chung minh tc dung chng dt bin ca 4-
(Methylthio)-3-bu tenyl isothiocyanate trong Cu cai trang , trn E. coli
B/r WP2, v ghi nhan cc loai daikon moc hoang chua nhiu hoat chat
hon l nhung loi nui trng, an sng giu duoc hoat chat cao gap 7 lan
khi nau chn..
Ghi ch : C le dua trn nhung nghin cuu v sulforaphane tai H J ohn Hopkins,
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (Hoa Ky) d cho rang Hat Cu cai
trang c chua cc dau bo lin kt vi glycosides trong d chua allyl-, isopropyl-,
v methyl-isothiocyanates v sulphoraphene v 4-methylsulfinyl-3-butenyl-
cyanide..
Vi phuong thc s dng trong dn gian :
Trong Heineman's Encyclopedia c ghi mt phuong thuc dn gian d khu mi hi cua co
th nhu hi nch, hi chn nhu sau :
Dng nuc ct p tu 4-5 cu cai trang co trung bnh, thm vo 1/4 tha glycerine chua trong
chai kn hay giu trong t lanh: thoa noi nch hay ke chn mi bui sng sau khi tam.
Tri Nac cuc (Hiccup) :
Lay 1 cu cai trang tuoi v 2 lt gung tuoi, nghin nt chung, lay nuc ct thm mat ong, d
vo 1 ly nuc nng am v ung.
U RNG
lopi dpu dpc bit ca vng ng Nam
::: Ds. Trn Vit Hung :::
Trong gia dnh au, dau rng l loi dac bit hau nhu chi trng tai nhung vng ng Nam
, Tn Guine, Philippines v Ghana..Th gii bn ngoi hau nhu khng bit dn loi ny..cho
dn nam 1975 v hin nay d duoc du nhap d trng tai cc vng nhit di trn khap th gii d
gip giai quyt nan thiu luong thuc trn th gii..
Tn khoa hoc :
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus thuc ho thuc vat Fabiaceae.
Cc tn thng thuong : Winged bean, Manila bean, Asparagus Pea, Goa bean. Tai Vit
Nam dau rng cn duoc goi l dau kh, dau vung
'Psophocarpus' tu ting Hy lap, c nghia l tri cy gy n o, do qua dau sau khi thu
hoach, dem phoi nang, dau phng ln, n tch ra gy ting dng. 'tetragonobolus' l do
qua dau c 4 canh.
Tn Anh ngu 'Winged bean' do dau c cnh xo ra.
au rng c le ngun gc tu ng Nam , Indonesia v Papua Tn Gui n l nhung
Trung tm pht xuat ra nhung bin chung v gen.
c tnh thuc vt :
au rng thuc loai thn thao leo, da
nin, pht trin thnh nhiu cu, nu duoc
dung gin, dau rng c th moc lan trn 3 m.
L c 3 l cht hnh tam gic nhon. Hoa moc
thnh chm nch l, mI chm c 3-6 hoa
mu trang hay tm. Qua dau mu vng-xanh
luc, hnh 4 canh c 4 cnh, mp c kha rang
cua, trong c th chua dn 20 hat. Hat gan
nhu hnh cau c mu sac thay di c th
vng, trang hay nu, den ty theo chung, c
th nang dn 3 gram.
Tai Vit Nam, dau duoc trng ph bin
tai cc tinh min Nam.
Thnh phn dinh dung :
100 gram phan an duoc chua :
u tuoi
sng
u tuoi
nu chn
u kh
sng
u kh
nu chn
Calories 49 38 409 147
Chat dam 6.95 g 5.31 g 29.65 g 10.62 g
Chat bo 0.87 g 0.66 g 16.32 g 5.84 g
Chat so 2.57 g 1.38 g 6.85 g 2.45 g
Calcium 84 mg 61mg 440 mg 142 mg
Sat 1.50 mg 1.09 mg 13.44 mg 4.33 mg
Magnesium 34 mg 30 mg 179 mg 54 mg
Phosphorus 37 mg 25 mg 451 mg 153 mg
Potassium 223 mg 274 mg 977 mg 280 mg
Sodium 4 mg 4 mg 38 mg 13 mg
Beta-Carotene (A) 128 IU 88 IU n/a n/a
Thiamine 0.140 mg 0.086 mg 1.030 mg 0.295 mg
Riboflavin 0.100 mg 0.072 mg 0.450 mg 0.129 mg
Niacin 0.900 mg .0652 mg 3.090 mg 0.830 mg
Pyridoxine 0.113 mg 0.082 mg 0.175 mg 0.047 mg
Folic acid n/a n/a 44.6 mcg 10.4 mcg
Vitamin C n/a 9.8 mg 0 mg 0 mg
Thnh phan dinh duong cua L non :
100 gram l non chua : Calories (74), Chat dam (5.85 g), Chat bo (1.10 g
Chat so (2.5 g), Calcium (224 mg), Sat (4 mg), Magnesium (8 mg), Phos phorus (63
mg), Potassium (176 mg).
Trong l dau rng c 2 loai isolectins c mt s hoat tnh min nhim v kt tu huyt
cau (Plant Cell Physiology S 35-1994)
V phuong din dinh dung:
au rng c gi tri b duong kh cao, gan nhu dau nnh dac bit l c nhiu Vitamin E
v A. Thnh phan acid amin trong dau c nhiu lysin (19.8 %), methionin, cystin. au chua
nhiu calcium hon ca dau nnh lan dau phong. T l protein tuong di cao (41.9 %) khin
dau duoc Co quan Luong-Nng Th-gii (FAO) xp vo loai cy luong thuc re tin nhung b
duong. Tuy nhin cung nhu tat ca cc cy trong ho dau khc, au rng c chua purines nn
khng thch hop vi nhung nguoi bi gout, mat khc cung d gy day bung.. nn can phai nau
chn hat dau truc khi an, nhung phu nu bi nhuc dau loai migraine, cung nn trnh an v dau
rng c th gy kch khi con nhuc dau.
Vi phuong thc s dung :
Ton cy dau rng du c th dng lm thuc pham : tu hat, r cu, l dn hoa. L v dot
non c vi ngot nhu s lch; hoa do c mat ngot nn khi dao nng trn chao cho vi gan nhu
nam. Hat dau non khi cn trong qua chua chn c vi ngot ging nhu pha trn giua dau ha
lan v mang ty, khi chn can phai nau dau truc khi an v c th nung hay rang nhu dau
phng .
Tai cc quc gia km m mang , nhat l tai Phi chu, FAO d khuyn khch vic dng
bt dau rng d thay th sua noi tre em tu 5 thng tr ln.
Hat dau rng kh c th xay thnh bt, dng lm bnh m. Hat c th p d lay dau an
duoc, hay c th d nay mam lm gi dau. Ngay nhu cu, khi cn non, xp cung c th an
thay khoai.
Ti liu s dung :
- Whole Foods Companion (Dianne Onstad)
- The Oxford Companion to Food (Alain Davidson)
- Prevention Magazine's Nutrition Advisor.
- Ti liu cua FAO, USDA
UTY
mt dpi gia dnh thc phm..
::: Ds. Trn Vit Hng :::
Danh tu au tai Vit Nam thuong duoc goi d chi nhung loai hat c chat bt, thu hoach
tu nhung cy leo, dng lm thuc pham.. C rat nhiu loai au v d phn bit thuong c
thm mt tn di km sau d nhu au ngu, dau vn, dau Ha lan.. hoac c th thm mt chu
d chi mu sac cua hat dau nhu dau xanh, dau d..dau trang, v lai cn c.. dau phong, dau
rng dau mng ngua.v.v..
Anh v Php ngu cung c nhung tn nhu bean, pea, lentil..d phn bit cc loai dau, tuy
nhin nhm bean lai l nhm da dang v c dn..hng tram loai khc nhau.. Cy dau Kidney
bean hay au ty l cy can ban trong dai gia dnh Bean..Bean trong ngn ngu cung c
nghia kh tt : Thnh ngu `full of beans'..c nghia l dang `tnh trang tinh than sang khoi,
vui ve= cheerful mood'..ting B do nha cung c thnh ngu tuong tu cheio de feijo.
Tn Khoa hoc v nhng tn thung goi :
- Phaseolus vulgaris thuc ho thuc vat Fabiaceae.
Tn Phaseolusdua theo tn goi cua Calumella (nam 39 truc Ty lich) khi so snh hnh
dang cua hat dau ging nhu `mt chic tu nh'; vulgaris c nghia l `thng thuong'. Tn Anh
ngu `kidney bean' do hnh dang hat ging nhu qua than.
Nhm Kidney bean cn c nhung tn Haricot bean, Cannellini, French bean, navy bean,
black bean (dung nham vi dau den), pinto bean, snap bean, frijol, chumbinho, opoca..
Lich s:
au ty d duoc trng tu khoang hon 7000 nam tai vng Ty-Nam Mexico, duoc thuan
ha cch nay chung 5000 nam v khi nguoi u dn Nam My th cy d duoc bin di thnh
hng tram loai cho hat nhiu mu, v to-nh khc nhau. Cc tay thuc dn Ty ban Nha d
dua cy v u chu vo th k 16..v cng vi khoai ty, hai cy luong thuc ny d lm thay
di han cch an ung tai u chu v sau d l chu..au ty duoc dua vo Vit Nam
khoang dau th-k 20 v duoc trng rng ri khap noi, tai cc vng dat thap cho dn cao d
1500 m.
Nguoi Ai cap d dnh ring dau ty trong vic t l tn gio, cam an nhu thuc pham do
hnh dang cua hat ging..nhu dich hon(!). Tai thoi xua, dau duoc pht chan cho nguoi
ngho mi khi c ngy l gi.
Tai Php, tn ting Aztec cua dau : ayecotl d duoc bin di thnh haricot, mt tn vn
d c nghia l ` thit nau ragout'.
Tai An d, dau ty duoc goi l bakla, v cung l mt trong nhung ngun thuc pham
quan trong.
c tnh thuc vt:
au ty, Phaseolus vulgaris thuc ho thuc vat Fabiaceae
Cy thuc loai thn thao thap hay dy leo. L kp c 3 l cht hnh tri xoan, dau l
nhon, mat trn c lng v nhm. Hoa ln 1-2 cm, mu trang, xanh da troi hay hng nhat.
Qua dau di 10-30 cm, dau hat hoi khum nhu m chim. Hat c nhiu mu sac khc nhau.
Theo tnh cch thuc vat, c th chia au Kidney bean thnh 2 nhm :
- Nhm du ln : cy chi cao 40-50 cm bao gm nhiu chung nhu dau c bo, dau ty
trang, dau c ve hat den..
- Nhm du leo: dau chanh, dau b, dau lo..
V c qu nhiu chung loai (trn 500 chung) nn vic phn loai Kidney beans, theo thuc-
vat rat kh duoc thng nhat nn trn thuc t dnh dua vo phuong thuc su dung hat dau :
C 4 cch su dung chnh : au c th duoc thu hoach khi cn non v an ca qua; hay ch qua
dau tu `vo'; hay chi an hat dau khi cn non v b phan v ngoi trong qua v an hat dau d
phoi hay say kh. Do d dau kidney thuong duoc phn loai..theo cch an thch hop nhat.. v
c khi dau tuy duoc xp vo nhm ny lai van c th duoc bn trn thi truong dui dang
khc..(nhu qua tuy an tuoi ngon nhung van c dang hat kh..)
1- Nhm French (hay Snap) bean :
uoc xp vo nhm ny l cc chung cho qua an duoc v duoc trng chu yu l lay qua
non hay gi d an nhu rau. Ty theo chung, dau c th l green bean.. Trong nhm ny cn
c loai ni ting nhu Haricots Beurre cho qua mu vng nhat, hat bn trong nhiu mu..
2- Nhm du t tch (t n) ra =popping beans :
Loai dau ny, duoc goi trong vng Andes (Nam My) l nuns : v hat dau tu n tch
dikhi rang hay ho nng vi mt cht dau : ` hat dau m ra ging nhu bum xe cnh', cho
hat mm v vi ging nhu dau phong..au rat thch hop vi nhung vng cao-d cao.
3- Nhm shell beans:
Nhm ny duoc trng d lay hat d chn hon ton, Php goi chung l Haricots
cosser. Vi loai ni ting nhu :
- Flageolet beans, thuong trang hay xanh luc nhung di khi mu d. Qua duoc thu
hoach truc khi chn han, c th an hat tuoi hay hat phoi kh.. Rat thch hop khi nau vi thit
truu. C mt chung ln rat ngon duoc mnh danh l `Rolls Royce of beans), tuy gc tu Chu
Ny nhung duoc pht trin tai Php v rat duoc ua chung trn thi truong.
- Cranberry beans, hat mu d tuoi, ln bang hat dau pinto, cn duoc goi dui nhung
tn October beans, Romans, Shellouts.
4- Nhm cung cp ht phoi kh :
au nhm ny cho qua thu hoach khi chn han, hat duoc phoi hay say kh khi bn trn
thi truong. Nhung loai dng ch :
- Navy bean(hay pea bean), hat dau nh hon 8mm, khng c hnh dang than. uoc goi
l navy bean v dng lm thuc pham cho Hai qun My trong Th k 19. Trng nhiu tai My v
Canada d dng hp.
- Medium haricot beans : hatdi co 10-12 mm, dy chung 5 mm. Trong nhm ny c
dau Pinto, mu d/trang, gc tu An d, hin l loai dau duoc trng ph bin nhat tai Hoa Ky,
chi sau dau nnh. au pinto rat duoc ua chung tai Mexico duoc dng trong nhiu mn an
nhu Chilis, soup (minestrone), salad v pasta.;dau Borlotti rat duoc ua chung tai .
- Marrow beans : hat co trung bnh 10-15 mm, dy trn 7 mm.
- Mexican black bean , cn goi l Turtle bean. Hat c th an tuoi hay phoi kh, rat thng
dung tai Chu My la-tinh v Ty ban Nha. Vi rat ngon, tuong tu thit hay nam ham. Turtle
beans hay Frijoles Negros l thnh phan chnh trong mn an can ban, Feijoada,cua Ba ty .
Thnh phn dinh dung :
100 gram dau Kidney beans chua :
u Navy beans u Pinto
Kh/ sng Nau chn Kh/ sng Nu chn
Calories 335 142 340 137
Chat dam 2.33 g 8.70 g 20.88 g 8.27 g
Chat bo 1.28 g 0.57 g 1.13 g 0.52 g
Chat so 5.52 g 3.14 g 6.01 g 3.02 g
Calcium 155 mg 70 mg 121 mg 48 mg
Sat 6.44 mg 2.48 mg 5.88 mg 2.61 mg
Magnesium 173 mg 59 mg 1 59 mg 55 mg
Phosphorus 443 mg 157 mg 418 mg 160 mg
Potassium 1140 mg 368 mg 1328 mg 468 mg
Sodium 14 mg 1 mg 10 mg 2 mg
Kem 2540 mg 1060 mg 2540 mg 1080 mg
ng 0.879 mg 0.295 mg 0.774 mg 0.257 mg
Manganese 1309 mg 0.556 mg 1130 mg 0.556 mg
Beta-Carotene
(A)
4 IU 2 IU 5 IU 2 IU
Thiamine 0.645 mg 0.202 mg 0.555 mg 0.186 mg
Riboflavin 0.232 mg 0.061 mg 0.238 mg 0.091 mg
Niacin 2.063 mg 0.531 mg 1.446 mg 0.400 mg
Pantothenic
acid
0.680 mg 0.255 mg 0.763 mg 0.285 mg
Pyridoxine 0.437 mg 0.164 mg 0.443 mg 0.155 mg
Ascorbic acid (C) 3 mg 0.9 mg 7.3 mg 2.1 mg
Tocopherol (E) 0.34 mg n/a n/a n/a
- Qua non chua khoang 0.75 % inositol, 1.16 % saccharose.
Duoc tnh v cng dung :
au ty duoc xem l c tnh loi tiu.
Qua dau c th dng d tri tiu duong, do kha nang lm ha luong duong trong mu : c
th dng lm thnh phan trong thuc don, antu 9-16 pounds dau (nguyn qua) mi tuan (luc
an thay rau). Qua dau non v tuoi c tc dung tri liu manh hon l khi chn hay phoi kh.
au ty chua luong chat so cao v luong chat bo thap, do d c th dng lm thuc
pham l tung cho nhung nguoi cao cholesterol . Ngoi ra dau cn chua lecthin , cung c tc
dung lm ha cholesterol. Mt nghin cuu ghi nhan , nhung nguoi an 1 cup kidney bean mi
ngy c th giam duoc 19 % cholesterol trong mu (theo J . Duke trong The Green Pharma cy
trang 315)
Hat dau kh nau thnh tr c th dng d tri dau lung, thap khp, bnh than v duong
tiu, gip loai acid uric (tri gout) v tri mat albumin trong thoi ky c thai
C th dng dau lu di d tri mun trung c. Hat au gi nt lm thnh khi nho c
th dng dap ngoi da d tri eczema, mun nhot v ngua.
Nn ch lKidney bean chua luong tuong di cao purines nn nhung nguoi bi bnh
gout can trnh an dau ny. Ngoi ra dau c th gy ra tnh trang day hoi, c thlm giam
tnh cch ny bang cch ngm hat dau trong nuc, t nhat 3 ting; b nuc ngm v nau dau
that chn trong nuc lanh. Cung c th thm vo nuc ngm dau mt t Sodium Bicarbonate (
Soda), gip lm tan vch ngoi v hat, loai bt cc chat oligosaccharides c th gy day hoi.
Ngoi ra khng nn thm mui vo khi nau dau, v thm mui se lm hat dau cung hon, chi
thm mui..sau khi d nau chn dau, v nau dau bang ni dat..se lm vi thm dam d.
Ti liu s dung :
The Herb Book (J . Lust)
Whole Foods Companion ( Dianne Onstad)
The Oxford Companion to Food (Alan Davidson)
u
Cy thc phm v thuc cha bnh
::: DS Trn Vit Hung :::
'Tri g khng thiu chng tha'
Y T Nguyt san s thng 5-2005 c dng bi vit v BS ng Huy Luu
ca BS Tam Thanh, trong d c doan ni v l du d duoc dng d tri ung
thu v chnh BS Luu d dng th, tuy chua hn d c cng hiu. Chng ti
xin tng hop mt s ti liu v cc dc tnh dinh dung v tri liu ca loi cy
nhit di qu gi ny.
Cy du d c ngun gc t vng dng bng Nam My v ngay t khi
ngui u chu chua dt chn ln Chu My, cy d duoc trng tai hu nhu
khp vng. Th dn vng Caribbean d bit boc thit trong l du d d lm
cho thit tr nn mm hon, bit kha qu xanh ly nhua tri cc bnh ngoi da,
v phu n d dng qu xanh d gip diu kinh.. Ngui Ty ban Nha v B
do nha d nhanh chng truyn cy dn khp noi ho chim c. Cy duoc
trng tai West Indies vo 1513, v t 1583 d dn vi E. Indies qua ng
Philippines (tai dy r du d duoc sc thnh thuc tri bnh tri), sau d t
Phillipines dn Trung Hoa, dem theo ci tn goi cy ca th dn Carib :
ababai.. d thnh papaya. Cy cng dn Phi chu vo thi gian ny v lan
rng qua cc hi do Thi bnh duong theo chn ngui u chu d dn 1800
tr thnh cy luong thuc trng khp vng nhit di. Hin nay Hawaii v Nam
Phi l hai noi xut cng du d chnh.
Tn khoa hoc v cc tn goi khc :
Carica papaya thuc ho thuc vt Caricaceae
Cc tn goi khc : Mando (Ba Ty), Lichasa (Puerto Rico), Paw
Paw (Vng Caribbean), Melon Zapote (Mexico).
Ring tai Cuba, danh t 'Papaya' duoc dng nhu mt ting lng d
ch b phn sinh duc phu n, nn tai dy u d duoc goi theo
php lich su l Fruta Bomba.
Tn paw paw, gy nhm ln, v cn duoc goi cho mt loai qu
khc, khc hn du d : Asimina triloba, mt cy nh tai Bc My,
tuong cn vi cy Mng cu xim ! Qu di c 10 cm, v cong,
phn thit ging mng cu, mu vng nhat.
Tn loi 'Carica' d ch mt dia phuong c trong vng Tiu :
Karia
Tn Anh ng 'Papaya' l do t tn tai Carib : ababai
c tnh thuc vt :
Cy cao 6 dn 10m, mang 1 b
l ngon. Thn sp moc thng dng
mang nhiu vt theo cung l. L
moc so le, c cung bong di, ln
dn 60 cm, mi phin l chia lm 8-
9 thy su hnh chn vit, mi thy
lai chia thm mt ln na nhu ming
vi bi x rch. Hoa mu vng nhat,
moc thnh chm xim nch l gi.
Hoa thung khc gc nhung cng c
cy va mang hoa duc, hoa ci v
hoa lung tnh. Cum hoa duc phn
nhnh nhiu, c cung di. Cum hoa
ci ch gm 2-3 hoa. Qu mong to
(ph qu) , c 25 x 12 cm, c th
nng dn 2.5 kg, thit dy mu thay
di (khi chn) t vng dn cam nhat
, trong rut c nhiu hat den. Qu du d dc bit, khng tr cht bt
(starch), chn t trong ra ngoi, cng chn cng cha nhiu carotenoids v
cc hop cht tao mi thom. Qu chn tr nn mm khin vi c v ngot hon
(tuy luong cht dung khng thuc su gia tng)
u d thung tr hoa sau 5 thng trng (t khi gieo hat) v cho qu sau
8 thng, c th mang 20-50 qu cng mt lc. Cy cho qu lin tuc trong 2
nm v sau d duoc dn b.
Hai chng chnh duoc trng tai cc quc gia Ty phuong l :
Hortus Gold (Nam Phi) : cy duc v ci ring bit, cy duc duoc
dn b sau khi hoa ci d thu phn.
Solo (Hawaii) c cy ci v cy lung tnh, thung ch gi lai cy
ci.
Tai nhng noi trng du d khng chuyn, cc chng tu lai tao v cho qu
hnh dang khc bit, c khi hnh qu l, c khi trn, to bng t qu to dn
di c 30cm, nng k luc dn 9 kg.
Trn thi trung cn c nhng loi Carica khc nhu :
Carica pubescens, loai du d vng ni cao, kh hu lanh; qu to
nhung khng ngot nhu loi nhit di, cha nhiu papain v
carotenoids hon, nht l lycopene nn thit ca qu c mu d hon.
Carica pentagona, cn goi l babaco, c l l mt ging lai tao,
qu c thit mu kem, vi hoi chua v khng c hat.
Carica candamarcencis, cng l du d vng ni (Mountain
papaya), l nhm, qu nh c kha, thom mi to, rt chua khi cn
non, c th nu chn hay lm mt
Thnh phn dinh dung v ha hoc :
Thnh phn dinh dung ca qu :
100 gram phn n duoc (b ht v v) cha :
Calories 23.1- 25.8
Cht dam 0.081-0.34 g
Cht bo 0.05-0.96 g
Cht so 0.5-1.3 g
Calcium 12.9-40.8 mg
St 0.25-0.78 mg
Magnesium 10 mg
Phosphorus 5.3-22.0 mg
Potassium 257 mg
Sodium 3 mg
Km 0.07 mg
ng 0.016 mg
Manganese 0.011 mg
Beta-Carotene (A) 2014 IU
Thiamine (B1) 0.021-0.036 mg
Riboflavine (B2) 0.024-0.058 mg
Niacin (B3) 0.227-0.555 mg
Pantothenic Acid (B5) 0.218 mg
Pyridoxine 0.019 mg
Ascorbic Acid (C) 35.5-71.3 mg
Thnh phn dinh dung ca L:
100 gram cha
Calories 74
Cht dam 7 g
Cht bo 2 g
Carbohydrate tng cng 11.3 g
Calcium 344 mg
Phosphorus 142 mg
St 0.8 mg
Sodium 16 mg
Potassium 652 mg
Cc vitamins :
Thiamine 0.09 mg
Riboflavine 0.48 mg
Niacin 2.1 mg
Ascorbic acid 140 mg
Vit E 136 mg
Thnh phn ha hc :
u d cha kh nhiu hop cht nhu :
Cc men (enzymes) : Nha cha kh nhiu men (phn ha t)
nhu papain, papaya glutamine cyclotransferase, glutaminyl-
peptide-cyclo transferase, chitinase, papaya peptidase A v B,
alpha-D-mannosidase v N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase.
Qu cha beta-ga lactosidase I, II v III , v 1-amino
cyclopropane-1-carboxylase (ACC) oxidase, phenol-D-
glucosyltransferase.
Carotenoids : Qu cha beta-carotene, cryptoxanthin,
violaxanthin v zeaxanthin.
Alkaloids : L cha Carpinine v Carpaine; Rut thn c
pseudo carpaine
Monoterpenoids : Qu cha 4-terpineol, linalool v linalool
oxide.
Flavonoids : Chi non cha quercetin, myricetin v kaempferol.
Cc khong cht v vitamins : Xem phn trn, ring chi cn c
alpha tocopherol.
Glucosinolates : Trong hqt c benzyl isothiocyanate
100 gram hqt cha 24.3 g cht dam, 25.3 g cht du bo, 32.5 g
carbohydrate tng cng, 17.0 g cht so th, 0.09 % tinh du d bay
hoi.
Du bo ca hat cha 16.97% acid bo bo ha (gm 11.38%
palmitic, 5.25 % stearic, 0.31% arachidic acid) v 78.63% acid bo
chua bo ha (76.5% oleic v 2.13% linoleic).
( Cc s liu trn trch trong Handbook of Energy Crops ca James
Duke)
u d dng trong thuc phm :
Qu du-d ging Hawaii tuong di nh, c hai bn tay p lai nhung vi rt
ngon v ngot. u d ging Mexico c th ln bng qu dua hu c nh
nhung vi lai nhat hon nhiu. Ngoi ra cn c nhiu ging cho qu c khi
luong v mu sc thay di, nhng ging thng dung nht c v ngoi mu
vng hay vng cam, hnh dang nhu mt qu dua hu hay qu l thun di
ra. Phn thit du d thung c mu cam nhat, vi ngot ging pha trn gia
apricot v gng (?). Gia qu l nhng ht nh c th n duoc nhung thung
bi b di..u d xanh cng duoc dng lm salad (bo soi di theo kiu gi du
d ca VN) hay st mng ngm gim. Hat c th n sng hay nghin nt c
vi gn nhu m tat. u d kh, tht ra khng c vi ngot, vi nu c l do thm
dung. u d ngo mt (honey-sweetened papaya) ..tht ra l 'n gian' v
qu du d chi duoc nhng trong dung dich dung c thm cht.mt.
u d trong cng nghip :
Ngoi vai tr thuc phm (qu), cy du d cn duoc dng trong nhiu
cng nghip khc, nht l do papain trch t m (nhua):
V cy c th dng bn giy. L dng thay savon, d ty vt do. Hoa lm
thuc phm Java. Nhua c nhiu cng dung do kh nng lm dng dc sa
v ly gii protein. Papain c hoat tnh trong vng pH kh rng, dng lm
thuc tri kh tiu, pha thnh dung dich tri sung tonsil. Khong 80 % bia sn
xut tai Hoa Ky dng papain d lm trong (papain kt ta cc protein).
Papain duoc dng d loai cht gm khi lua thin nhin. Tuy nhin da s
papain duoc nhp vo Hoa Ky l d lm mm thit v lm keo chewing-gum.
Papain cn duoc dng d trch du t gan c tuna.
Trong ky ngh my phm, papain duoc dng trong kem dnh rng,
shampoo, ch phm lt da mt (face-lifting).
Papin duoc dng d lm sach lua v bng gn truc khi nhum mu.
(Xin doc thm v ung dung ca Papain trong y hoc trong Thuc Nam trn
t My tp 1 ca cng tc gi)
c tnh duoc hoc :
Tc dng hpn ch sinh sn
Kh nng han ch sinh sn ca u d duoc th nghim bng cch cho
chut dang th sinh sn v dang mang thai n cc phn khc nhau ca cy
du d. Chut duoc cho n tu nhin, khng bi thc p v kt qu ghi nhn
qu du d xanh c tc dung lm ngung chu ky rung trng v gy truy thai
Hoat tnh ny gim khi qu chn v progesterone thm vo thuc phm gip
ti tao su cn bng, cc bo thai chua bi truy tip tuc pht trin bnh thung
(Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology S 22-1978). Chut duc, bach tang
duoc cho dng 0.5 mg dich chit t hat/ kg trong luong co th trong 7 ngy
cho thy luong protein tng cng v luong sialic acid trong tinh dich gim ha
dng thi tinh trng bi dng tu thnh mng. So snh vi chut di chng cho
thy hoat tnh phosphatase trong mng tinh trng sut gim . Ngoi ra mc
d phosphorus v co trong tinh dich cng tut gim (Asian Journal of
Andrology S 3-2001).
Cc dich chit t hat du d bng chloroform, benzen, methanol v
ethylacetate duoc th nghim v hoat tnh trn d di dng ca tinh trng ghi
nhn tc dng dit tinh trng, tc dng ny ty thuc vo liu luong : su di
dng ca tinh trng gim nhanh xung cn < 20% v ngung hn sau 20-25
pht moi nng d th nghim. Xt nghim qua knh hin vi ghi nhn c su
thay di r rt noi mng plasma du tinh trng v gia thn tinh trng,
cc tinh trng ny mt hn kh nng truyn ging (Asian Journal of
Andrology S 2-2000).
Phn chit bng benzen khi th trn chut bach tang cho thy : trong
luong chut, trong luong dich hon, tinh nang, nhip h tuyn khng thay
di, nhung d di dng ca tinh trng, s luong tinh trng du gim v s tinh
trng di dang gia tng ko di trong 60-150 ngy.(Phytomedicine S 7-
2000).
Phn chit bng chloroform duoc th trn th, mi con cho dng liu 50
mg/ngy trong 150 ngy ghi nhn : khng c thay di v cc thng s sinh
hoc nhu trong luong co th..nhungphn chit bng benzen gy su bn tinh
sau 15 ngy.
Nhiu th nghim khc dng dich chit th t hat bng nuc du ghi
nhn nhng bin di v hnh dang ca tinh trng, mt kh nng di dng v
tao ra v sinh. Tuy nhin th vt th nghim c th tr v trang thi bnh
thung 45 ngy sau khi ngung dng dich chit (Planta Medica S 60-1994)
Tc dng trn t cung :
Trch tinh nhua du d (Papaya latex extract=PLE) duoc th nghim trn
tt cung chut (in vitro) vo nhung giai doan khc nhau ca chu ky rung
trng v giai doan mang thai : PLE gy gia tng su co tht ca t cung trong
giai doan truc khi rung trng v rung trng.Tc dung gy co tht cao nht
giai doan cui ca ky mang thai, tuong ng vi lc nng d oestrogen ln cao
nht . Nhua du d duoc cho l c cha mt hoat cht gy co tht t cung,
hoat cht ny c th l mt hn hop cc men, alkaloids ..tc dng trn t
cung qua cc thu th alpha-adrenergic. (Journal of Ethnopharmacology S
75-2001).
Tc dng lqi tiu :
Dich chit t R du d, cho chut ung liu 10mg/kg, gy gia tng khi
luong nuc tiu tng xut ra ngoi (p< 0.01), so snh duoc vi
hydrochlorothiazide, v su tng xut cc cht din gii trong nuc tiu cng
c cc thng s tuong tu. Hoat tnh ny duoc gii thch l do luong mui
khong tuong di cao trong dich chit (J of Ethnopharmacology S 75-2001).
Tc dng ha huyt p :
Th nghim trn chut duc, bach tang, loi Wistar : chia chut thnh 3
nhm (mi nhm 15 con) , nhm cao huyt p do thn, cao hut p do
mui-DOCA v nhm bnh thung. Mi nhm lai chia thnh nhm phu :
khng cha tri, tri bng hydralazine v nhm tri bng dich chit t qu du
d. Kt qu ghi nhn dich chit (20 mg/kg, dng IV) c hoat tnh lm ha
huyp p tuong duong vi hydralazine (200 microg/100g, dng IV), v dich
chit cn lm ha huyt p manh hon hydrazine (28%) noi nhm chut c
huyt p cao!
Ngoi ra, th nghim 'in vitro' trn dng mach c lp ca th (vnh ,
thn, xuong sng) ghi nhn dich chit (10 microg/ml) gy su gin n co
mach. Cc kt qu ny cho rng nuc p t qu du d gy ha huyt p do
hot tnh trn cc thu th alpha-adrenoceptive.(Phytotherapy Research S
14-2000).
Tc dng hp lipid ( m) trong mu :
Cht pectin trong du d c hoat tnh lm ha m trong mu khi th trn
chut, do lm gim su hp thu, gia tng su phn hy v loai tr lipid khi
mu. Su tng hoat ca lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) trong
huyt tuong c th lm gim mc d cholesterol v su tng hoat ca
lipoprotein lipase trong cc m m v trong tim c th gy ra su gim
triglycerides trong mu khi cho chut n pectin Journal of Food Science and
Technology S 34-1997).
Kh nng trj ung lot bao t :
Nhua du d bo v kh hu hiu bao t chng lai cc cht gy ung lot
bao t v chng lai su bi tit acid gy ra bi histamin. Nhua trch t qu
xanh duoc chng minh l c hoat tnh cao nht v papain trong nhua l cht
gip du d c duoc kh nng ny (American Journal of Chinese Medicine S
9-1981).
Tc dng trj sn li :
Hoat tnh tri sn li ca nhua du d d duoc th nghim d dit sn li
noi th vt :
Tc dung trn Heligmosomoides polygyrus (mt loi giun) noi
chut d duoc chng minh (Journal of Ethnopharmacology S
48-1995) bng th nghim c dng di chng, v dng nhiu
liu luong khc nhau. a s giun li bi dit sau 3 ngy dng
thuc liu t 4-8 g nhua/ kg.
Tc dung trn Asaris sum (li heo) ghi nhn liu 4 g v 8 g
nhua/ kg c kh nng dit duoc 80 % v 100 % li sau 7 ngy
tri liu (Journal of Helminthology S 58-1994).
Dich chit t hat du d d duoc th nghim d tri sn li loai
Caenorhabdi tis elegans. Kt qu cho thy trong hat c benzyl
isothiocynate (BITC) l hoat cht chnh c tc dung dit giun-
sn (Phytochemistry S 57-2001).
Cc phn khc nhau ca cy cng d duoc th nghim v hoat
tnh dit giun sn loai Ascaridia galli nhim noi gia cm : hoat
tnh ca cc dich chit t du d cn manh hon c piperazine. Co
ch tc dng ca BITC d duoc so snh vi mebendazole (MBZ)
trn Ascaridia galli : c 2 cht BITC (liu 100 v 300 microM) v
MBZ ( liu 3 v 10 microM) du ngn chn tin trnh s dung
glucose trong t bo ca k sinh trng gy ri loan su bin
dung nng luong v dit duoc k sinh trng (Fitoterapia S 62-
1991).
Kh nng lm lnh vt thuong :
Tai Jamaica, qu du d d duoc dng nhu mt loai thuc dp d tri cc
chng ung lot ngoi da, v du d xanh duoc xem l c kh nng gip vt
thuong mau lnh hon v gim mi hi gy ra do l lot. im dc bit ca
phuong thc tri liu ny l tuy vn d v trng v v sinh cn thit d sn
sc vt thuong khng theo cc tiu chun y-hoc nhung khng thy c nhng
trung hop bi nhim trng xy ra (West Indian Medical Journal S 49-2000).
Qu du d cng duoc dng tai Khoa Nhi BV Royal Victoria, Banjul (Gambia)
d dp tri cc vt phng, cho kt qu rt tt, vt thuong mau lnh, khng
tao theo. Co ch hoat tnh duoc gii thch l do cc men chymopapain v
papain c kh nng ly gii protein v do hoat tnh khng sinh ca du-d
(Burns S 25-1999). Mt s nghin cu tai cc quc gia khc du xc nhn
tnh cch tri liu ny : H Y Khoa Quc gia Nga, Moscow gii thch kh nng
lm lnh vt thuong l do tc dung chng oxy-ha ca du d khin gim
duoc tn hai noi cc m do cc phn ng oxyha (Bulletin of Experimental
Biology Medicine S 137-2004). u d c cng hiu khi dng tri cc vt
thuong cho cc nh luc si th thao: gip gim sung v gip mau hi phuc
(Current Therapy research Clinical Experience S 11-1969).
Hopt tnh khng sinh, khng nm :
Nhua du d c ch su tng trung ca nm Candida albicans khi thm
vo mi trung cy nm. Su c ch xy ra giai doan tng trung ly tin
v do tc dng gy phn hy vch t bo nm bng cch gy ri loan
thnh phn polysaccharides ca vch t bo (Mycoses S 39-1996). Hn hop
nhua du-d (0.41 mg protein/ml) v fluconazole (2 microg/ml) c tc dung
cng luc trn nm Candida albicans (Mycoses S 40-1997).
Cc phn khc nhau ca cy du d c hoat tnh khng sinh trn mt s vi
khun nhu Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter cloacea, Escherichia coli, Salmonella
typhi, S.aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa v Klebsiella
pneumoniae. Qu chn v xanh du c hoat tnh dit vi khun trn S. aureus,
B. cereus, E. coli, Pseudomonas v Shigella flexneri. Dich chit hu hiu trn
vi khun gram-duong hon l gram-m (Journal of Natural Products S 45-
1982). Nghin cu tai H West Indies, Kingston (Jamaica) ghi nhn khng su
khc bit v hoat tnh khng sinh gia qu xanh, qu va chn v qu tht
chn..Hat c hoat tnh khng sinh manh nht theo th tu (gim dn) trn cc
vi khun B.cereus> E coli > S. feacalis > S.aureus > P.vulgaris > S flexneri
(West Indian Medical Jour nal S 52-2003)
Dich chit t hat dit duoc k sinh trng Entamoeba (in vitro)(Journal of
Ethnopharmacoly S 61-1998).
Tc dng trj buu ung thu :
Hoa du d c hoat tnh kh manh (in vitro) gy hy dit t bo ung thu
khi th nghim bng phuong php phn tch immunoblotting trn cc t bo
Raji bi gy nhim genome siu vi Epstein-Barr (EBV). Cc phn ng c ch
xy ra noi cc t bo ung thu thanh qun loai carcinoma (Natural Product
Science S 6-2000). Dich chit t hoa bng ethanol d duoc th nghim v
kh nng dit t bo ung thu trn cc t bo Raji gy ra bi phorbol 12-
myristate 13 acetate v sodium butyrate , vi cc kt qu kh quan (Natural
Product Science S 5-1999).
Papain trong du-d d duoc th nghim chung vi cc men phn gii
protein (protease) nhu bromelaine, trysin, chymotrysine d tri mt s loai
ung thu trong phuong php enzyme therapy. Cc kt qu nghin cu ghi
nhn Enzyme therapy tuy khng tri duoc ung thu nhung c tc dung c ch
giai doan metastasis v ko di thm thi gian sinh tn , nht l trung hop
ung thu v (Natural Compounds in Cancer Therapy-John Boik) (Xin xem bi
iu tri Ung thu bng enzymes)
(Tc dung tri ung thu ca l du-d duoc ph bin vo nm 1992 qua mt
bi bo dng trn tp san Gold Coast Bulletin Gold Coast, Queenland
Australia. Theo bi bo th mt bnh nhn tn l Sheldon ,70 tui, bi ung thu
phi (1978), BS cho bit ch sng duoc 6 thng, do su ch dn ca th dn,
ng d dng l du d tuoi, ct thnh cong nh, thm nuoc, sc la nh trong
2 gi, ri gan ly nuc ung lin tuc ngy 3 ln, mi ln 200 ml. Sau 2
thng, cc BS ti khm thy buu ung thu.. hon ton bin mt (?). Tin duoc
loan trn Gold Coast Bulletin (thng 5 nm 1978) v sau d thm 16 bnh
nhn khi bnh nh phuong php ny. Trung hop th nh duoc ghi l Bnh
nhn June Bennett , 63 tui, Posville Beach (Queensland) cng bi ung thu
phi, BS cho bit ch sng duoc 7 thng, B dng l du d, ung lin tuc
trong 3 thng, ngung 3 thng , ri ung lai 3 thng.. bnh ung thu phi..lnh
hn (?). Sau d vi nm b lai duoc chn don l bi ung thu xuong, ch sng
duoc 2 thng.. b lai ung nuc l du d.. v lai tip tuc sng.. !)
Hopt tnh thu nhpt cc gc t do :
Mt dc ch lm t du d len men (PS 501) d duoc th nghim v hoat
tnh trn cc gc tu do v lipid peroxidase, hoat tnh duoc do lung bng
phuong php do quang ph ESR (electron sin resonance spectrometry). PS
501, liu 50mg/ml thu nht duoc 80% cc gc hydroxyl do cc cht phn
ng Fenton tao ra, tri s IC50 duoc dinh l liu 12.5 mg/ml. Khi cho ung
lin tuc trong 4 tun, mc d lipid peroxyde gim ha trong phn ipsilateral
no 30 pht sau khi chch dung dich st vo phn v no bn tri (th trn
chut), dng thi hoat dng ca superoxyde dismutase tai vng v no v
tuyn yn lai gia tng, do d PS 501 rt c th c tc dung chng-oxyha v
gip nga mt s bnh lin h dn h thn kinh ca ngui cao nin (cc tn
hai v thn kinh gy ra bi cc gc tu do). Trong nghin cu v tc dung ca
PS 501 trn cc hu hai v DNA v v cc m t bo c noi chut bi gy dng
kinh bng 8-hydroxy-2'-desoxy guanosine (8-OHdG l cht chnh tao ra khi
DNA bi hu hai do oxyha). Kt qu ghi nhn : mc 8-OHdG trong khu vuc
'ipsilateral' ca no b gia tng 30 pht sau khi chch dung dich ferric
chloride vo vng no b vn dng bn tri, nhung nu cho chut ung PS
501 truc khi chch, no duoc bo v v 8-OHdG khng gia tng (Journal of
Brain Science S 25 1999).
Mt sn phm 'h tro sc khe' tai Nht : 'Bio-Normaliser' sn xut t
du-d ln men, cho thy c mt s hoat tnh sinh hoc tri liu trong mt s
trung hop bnh l k c ung thu v suy yu min nhim. Bio-Normaliser
ngn chn hu hiu su tao thnh cc gc tu do ngoai t bo v lm gim
duoc su sn xut superoxide kch ng bi menadione noi t bo erythrocytes,
c ch hoat dng ca gc oxy phng thch bi thuc bo (neutrophils v
macrophages). (Nutrition S 11-1995)
Liu luong v dc tnh :
Liu thng thung :
L kh : 50-120 mg
Nhua kh : 120-240 mg
Bt tn t hat : 0.5-1 gram.
c tnh :
u d duoc dng lm thuc phm trn khp th gii v khng gy bt
c vn d sc kho no khi dng theo cc liu an ton trn.
Phu n c thai nn thn trong v nhung tc dng trn t cung.
C th c su tuong tc gia warfarin v liu cao cc thnh phn du d.
L duoc American Botanical Council xp vo Hang I nghia l an ton
khi dng theo liu quy dinh.
Liu ung papain cao dn 800 mg/kg khng gy nh hung trn su
pht trin ca bo thai (chut) v khng gy dc hai cho chut ci th
nghim.
Dich chit bng Ethanol/Nuc (1:1) t phn cy trn mt dt , chch
qua mng phc toan chut , c liu LD50 > 1.0g/kg.
Dich chit bng ethanol th t qu xanh c liu LD50 = 325 mg/ kg
(chch qua mng phc toan)
u d trong cc Duoc hoc c truyn :
Duqc hc Ayurveda :
Theo Duoc hoc Ayurveda (n d), u d hay papita (ting Phan l
Chirbhita) c tc dung n dinh kapha v vata. Tai vng Nam n d, qu duoc
cho l c tc dung diu kinh, n d tao kinh nguyt. Nhua duoc dp vo du
t cung d truc thai (thung trn chung vi nhua cy Ferula nartex). Tai Bc
n, hat dng lm thuc tri sn li, dich chit t hat dng lm thuc tri phong
thp v gim dau.
Duqc hc c truyn Vit Nam :
Tai Vit Nam, u d l mt cy rt hu dung, ngoi vai tr thuc phm
cy cn duoc dng d tri mt s bnh nhu :
Tri mng tinh, hoat tinh : dng qu du-d, khot du, cho
dung phn vo, nung dn chn. B v chy n phn thit c ht.
Tri ung thu phi, ung thu v : Nu l tuoi c cung ung ngy 3
ln, mi ln 600 ml, ung lin tuc 15-20 ngy.
Tri ho g : Dng hoa du d duc (30 gram), nu chn ly nuc
ung, c th thm dung
Duqc hc c truyn Trung Hoa :
Tai Trung Hoa, u d duoc goi l fan mu gua (Phuong mc qua), fan gua
hay mu gua (mc qua) duoc xem l vi ngot, khng nng, khng hn.
Tn mu-gua=mc qua c th gy nhm ln v qu quince (Chaenomeles
lagenaria) cng duoc goi trong Danh Y Bit luc ca o hong Cnh l mc
qua. Phuong = t ngoai quc, d ch qu c ngun gc t nuc ngoi
u d duoc dng trong cc trung hop :
n khng tiu, dy hoi lm dau tc nguc : Dng 30 gram du d
ngm gim hay 60 gram du d tuoi va chn ti, n 2 ln mi ngy.
Sn phu thiu sa : Dng 500 gram du d va chn, hm chung
vi 2 chn gi heo, b xuong, n hng ngy trong 3 ngy lin tip.
Ho dai dng, nhuoc sc : Dng 250-500 gram du d tuoi , hp
chn, n mi ngy.
Chm, Gii n , l ngoi da, l lot k chn : Ly 1 qu du d
xanh chng 400 gram, nghin nt trn vi 30 gram gim v 30 gram
mui n, vt ly nuc dp vo noi vt thuong.
Vi thnh phm u d trn thj trung Hoa Ky :
Tai Hoa Ky c mt s ch phm t u d duoc bn trn thi trung 'Sn
phm h tro sc kho' :
Cc sn phm c papain : Papaya enzyme, Papaya enzyme with
chlorophyll..thung dui dang vin nhai (chewable) 25 mg, vin nn
(tablet) 5mg..
Cc sn phm t l : Papaya leaf..
(Papaya enzyme thung l mt hn hop gm Papain, Chymopapain A v
B, Papaya peptidase A)
Papaya leaf cha 2% papain v carpain (alkaloid c th gy tim dp
chm, v c ch thn kinh trung uong gy cc hiu ng loai paralytic)
Ngoi ra cn c loai vin phi hop cha 250 mg bt l du d,150 mg bt
c dc nuc p t da v 10 mg papin.
Ti liu s dung :
Major Herbs of Ayurveda (Elizabeth Williamson)
Tropical Plant Database (Rain-Tree Nutrition)
Fruits as Medicine (Dai Yin-fang & Liu Cheng-jun)
The Healing Herbs (Michael Castleman)
Whole Foods Companion (Dianne Onstad)
The Oxford Companion to Food (Alain Davidson)
Professional's Handbook of Complementary & Alternative Medi cines
(C. Fetrow & J. Avila)
PDR for Herbal Medicines
Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database.
GAI CHNG
(Bqch tqt l)..
Cy thuc.. c th thay th Viagra ?
::: DS Trn Vit Hung :::
Viagra duoc xem l mt vin thuc d dem dn mt cuc 'cch mang'
trong vn d sinh hoat 'tnh duc'. Rt nhiu bi vit trn cc tap ch thng
thung cng nhu tp san chuyn mn d d cp dn Viagra..tuy nhin
hin vn cn cu hi duoc nhiu ngui ch gii dp l ' c duoc tho no
thay th duoc Viagra khng ? Trong tap ch Natural Health s thng 9-10
nm 1998, BS Rob Ivker D.O , khi tr li ban doc trn muc Man to Man c
d cp dn 2 duoc tho Yohimbine, v 'Puncture Vine' hay Tribulus
terrestris. Yohimbine l cy thuc quen thuc vi gii Y-duoc, nhung
Tribulus terrestris mi tht su l cy thuc dng ch ..v rt d tm tai
Vit Nam v qu tht c tc dung..khng km Viagra !
Tribulus terrestris, gia dnh thuc vt Zygophyllaceae duoc goi tai Vit
Nam l Cy Gai chng, cng nhng tn khc nhu Bach tt l, Gai ma
vuong,Thch tt l.... Cy moc rt ph bin tai n d, Trung Hoa, Vit
Nam, vi vng tai u chu v Nam Phi noi nhng vng dt hoang dai..Tn
goi tai n d l Gokhru ( ch Phan = Gokshura) Tn Gokhru do hnh
dang ca qu ging nhu mng b..
Tai Hoa Ky , cy duoc goi dui nhiu tn nhu Puncture vine, Abrojos,
Caltrop, Cat's-Head, Common Dubblejie, Devil's-Thorn, Goathead..
Nature's Viagra (!). Tn Puncture Vine l do hat ca cy nhon dn d c
th lm ..x lp xe dap.
Tai Vit Nam, Gai chng moc hoang dai nhng vng dt kh, dt ct
doc vng ven bin t min Trung (Qung Bnh) xung min Nam.
Cy thuc loai thn tho, moc hng nm hay lung nin, b st mt
dt, phn nhiu nhnh, nhnh c th di 30-60 cm, trn thn c lng
nhung ngn. L kp , lng chim c 5-7 l cht. L thun di 5-10 mm,
mt dui c phin ph lng trng. Hoa moc don dc, mu vng nhat, moc
ring l k l, cung hoa ngn c lng trng. Qu da dang, thung c
hnh 5 canh , mi khoang cha nhiu hat. R hnh tru, di 10-15 cm, mu
nu nhat, c mi thom nhe. Cy tr hoa vo cui ma xun, du ma ha.
Phn dng lm duoc liu l qu v r.
Thnh phn ha hoc :
- Phytosterols v Saponins :
Qu cha Protodioscin, methylprotodioscin, terrestrosins A-E,
desgalactotigonin, F-gitonin, desglucolanatigonin, gitonin v cc glycosides
loai furostanol cng vi Beta-sitosterol, spirosta-3,5-diene v stigmasterol.
Hai saponins c cha nhm sulfate mi duoc c lp nm 2002 l
Prototribestrin v methylprototribestrin
Hoa cng cha cc sapogenins loai sterod thuc nhm diosgenin,
hecogenin v ruscogenin.
- Flavonoids : Trong Hoa c Kaempferol , Kaempferol-3-glucoside,
Kaempferol-3-rutinoside v Quercetin.
- Lignans : nhu Tribulusamides A v B.
- Alkaloids : Harman v Harmine.
- L Tribulus di khi duoc n nhu rau cha 7.22 % protein, 1.55 % Cal
cium ; 0.08 % Phosphorus ; 9.22 mg St/ 100 g l v 41.5 mg Vit C.
- Qu cng cha mt s cht bo (3.5-5%) nhu stearic, palmitic,
myristic, arachidic, behinic..acid
c tnh Duoc hoc :
a s cc nghin cu v duoc tnh ca Tribulus terrestris duoc thuc
hin tai n d, Trung Hoa v Nht bn..
1- Kh nng chng san thn :
Dich trit bng ethanol ca qu Tribulus cho thy c tc dung bo v
kh manh chng lai su tao san gy ra bng cch cy hat thy tinh vo
chut bach tang ; tc dung ny tuy vo liu s dung, v do phn hoat
cht tan trong methanol (Indian Journal of Experimental Biology S
32/1994). Tc dung ly gii san (litholytic) cng duoc nghin cu noi chut
bi tao ra tnh trang du oxalat trong nuc tiu (hyperoxalurea) bng
hydroxy pyroline v sodium glycolate : khi cho chut ung dich trch bng
nuc Tribulus, su bi tit oxalate theo nuc tiu tr v mc bnh thung
sau 21 ngy v gi nguyn duoc mc d ny trong 15 ngy sau khi ngung
thuc (Phytotherapy Research S 7-1993). Co ch hoat dng ca Tribulus
terrestris duoc gii thch nhu sau : do tc dung c ch men glycolic acid
oxydase, (GAO) men ny gip chuyn ho glycolate thnh glyoxylate.
Hoat dng ca GAO dua dn kt qu l c phn ng oxy ha glycolic acid
thnh glyoxylate (mt cht bin dung dc), v sau cng thnh oxalate.
2- Tc dung loi tiu :
Dich trch bng nuc Terrestris cha luong Potassium kh cao, c th
tao tc dung loi tiu. Nghin cu tai Khoa niu hoc, Bnh vin The Royal
London & Homerton , London (Anh) cho thy dich trch Terrestris tribulus
bng nuc, liu ung 5g/kg c tc dung loi tiu hoi manh hon
furosemide, nng d ca cc ions Na(+), K(+),Cl(-) trong nuc tiu cng
gia tng. Tc dung ca Tribulus manh hon l tc dung ca Ru bp . Ngoi
ra Tribulus cn tao ra co bp rut non noi chut bo th nghim (J
Ethnopharmacology S 85(Apr)-2003.
3- Tc dung bo v Thn :
Su hu hai noi thn gy ra bi gentamycin duoc gim bt khi cho dng
chung vi Tribulus terrestris (Update Ayurveda 1994.
4- Hoat tnh khng sinh :
Dich trch t Qu v L Tribulus terrestris c hoat tnh khng
Escherichia v Staphyloccus aureus (J of Research in Indian Medicine S
9-1974).
5- Tc dung kch thch tim:
Dung dich tinh khit ha mt phn ca Tribulus c tc dung kch thch
co tim (c lp) rt manh : c su gia tng luc co bp cng vi tc dung
chronotropic m. Saponins ly trch t Tribulus tao ra su gin n dng
mach vnh, gip cai thin su tun hon dng mach noi nhng bnh nhn
bi bnh tim/ dng mach : Th nghim trn 406 bnh nhn bi angina
pectoris tai Bnh vin Jilin (Trung Hoa) cho dng saponins trch t Tribulus
dua dn kt qu thnh cng dn 82.3 % : EEG duoc ci thin noi 52.7 %
(Pub Med PMID:2364467).
6- Tc dung tng kh nng sinh sn :
Cc biglycosides loai furostanol c lp t dich chit bng alcohol c tc
dung kch thch su sn xut tinh trng v hoat tnh ca t bo Sertoli noi
chut.Terrestrioside-F lm tng libido v dp ng tnh duc noi chut duc
dng thi tao tim nng rung trng, gia tng kh nng thu thai noi chut
ci ( J Science Research and Plant Medicine in India S 1-1980)
7- Tc dung trn Chng ri loan cung duong :
Protodioscin duoc cho l c tc dung ci thin su ham mun tnh duc,
v gia tng d cung duong bng cch chuyn bin protodioscin thnh
DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone). Tuy nhin , luong protodioscin trong cy
rt bin di, kh dinh duoc hm luong chnh xc.(Journal of Andro logy
(S 23-2000).
Mt nghin cu v tc dung ca Tribulus terrestris trn cc t bo xp
(corpus cavernosum) co quan sinh duc d c lp noi th, dng thi xc
dinh co ch hoat tnh ca cy d duoc thuc hin tai ai hoc Y Khoa
Singapore : Th duoc cho ung mi ngy mt ln dich trch t Tribulus,
lin tuc trong 8 tun, theo nhng liu luong khc nhau. Th sau d bi git
v m t bo b phn sinh duc duoc c lp d luong dinh su dp ng vi
thuc v vi su kch ng bng din trung. Cc dp ng thu gin vi
acetylcholine, nitroglycerin v EFS duoc so snh vi cc thng s kim
sot : Su mt hoat tnh trn dp ng co rt vi noradrenaline v histamine
cho thy prodioscin c tc dung tht su trn kh nng cung duong do
su gia tng phng thch nitric oxide t t bo endothelium v t bo thn
kinh nitrergic.(Ann Acad Med Singapore S 29 (Jan)-2000) .
Nghin cu k tip, cng tai H Y Khoa Singapore (Life Science S 71
thng 8-2002) d th nghim Tribulus terrestris trn chut, chia thnh 2
nhm : nhm bnh thung v nhm bi thin, cho dng Tribulus, di chng
vi Testosterone ; cc thng s nghin cu dua trn cc hnh dng tnh
duc v p luc trn cc t bo xp noi b phn sinh duc..nhu s luot mun
giao-hoan, mun nhy duc, thi gian xut tinh ..Kt qu cho thy nhm
dng Tribulus c nhng gia tng hoat dng tnh duc r rt, ring nhm
chut bi thin c su gia tng trong luong ca tuyn nhip h, v p luc
trn cc t bo xp.
Nhng nghin cu khc tai H Iowa State, th nghim cc sn phm
phi hop Tribulus terrestris vi Androstenediol, Saw palmetto, Indol-3-
Carbinol,Chrysin.. bn trn thi trung nhu DION, AND-HB.. cho thy
nhng kt qu nhu ..c su gia tng nng d testosteron tu do noi nhm
ngui trn 50 tui..dng thi androstenedione km theo trong cc sn
phm khng bi ngn nga d chuyn bin thnh estradiol v dihydrotesto
sterone (J. Am Coll Nutr. Thng 10-2001)
8- Tc dung ha dung trong mu :
Th nghim tai H East China Normal University, Thuong Hi dng
chut bi tao bnh tiu dung bng alloxan, cho ung saponins trch t
Tribulus, so snh vi vin phenformin (di chng)..Kt qu ghi nhn
saponins trong Tribulus lm gim mc glucose trong mu r rt vi nhng
t l 26.25 % noi chut bnh thung v 40.67 % noi chut bi tiu dung.
Mc triglycerides cng gim ha duoc 23.35 %. Hoat tnh ca SOD cng gia
tng ( PubMed-PMID :12583337).
9- Hoat tnh trn t bo ung thu :
Cc saponins loai steroid ca Tribulus d duoc th nghim v kh
nng khng sinh v git t bo ung thu ( Pharmazie July 2002). Cc
saponins steroid nhm spirostanol c tc dng rt manh trn cc nm
Candida albicans v Cryptococcus neoformans, v trn cc t bo ung thu
cc loai melanoma SK-MEL, carcinoma ming KB, carcinoma v BT-549 v
carcinoma bung trng SK-OV-3..
Tribulus terrestris trong Duoc hoc dn gian :
Tribulus terrestris duoc s dung tai Vit Nam, n d, Trung Hoa d tri
mt s bnh trong duoc hoc dn gian :
- Tai n d : Qu duoc dng trong nhiu bnh nhu gip khai vi, chng
sung vim, diu kinh, kin vi, b, loi tiu, sinh sa, trng duong.. ngoi ra
cng cn dng trong cc bnh v bng quang gip loi tiu, tri san, sung
gan phong thp; tri bnh ngoi da nhu psoriasis, ci v gh..
- Tai Vit Nam : Tribulus hay Gai chng duoc dng tri dau du, d
mt, chy nhiu nuc mt, phong nga.. kinh nguyt khng du, sa
khng thng. Dng qu chn sc ung d tri kit ly ra mu.
- Tai Trung Hoa : Hoa dng d tri ci, ot l tri gh ; Qu kh hay sc
d tr5i dy hoi, sung gan, dau mt, bnh thn. Hat c tnh truy thai, tri
sn li, ho, xut huyt..
Tribulus terrestris trong ng Y :
ng Y c truyn s dung Tribulus hay Bach tt l (Bai-ji-li) t lu di
Cy d duoc ghi chp trong 'Thn nng Bn tho'. Duoc liu l qu thu hi
khi chn vo ma thu tai cc vng H Nam, H Bc, Son dng, An huy.. (
Nht duoc goi l byakushitsuri, Korea l paekchillyo ).
Vi thuc duoc xem l c vi cay, dng tnh m ; tc dung vo cc kinh
mach thuc Can v Ph.
Bach tt l c nhng tc dung :
- Bnh Can v n dinh Duong : gip tri nhc du chong vng, chng
mt do Duong Can 'thng' : trong trung hop ny duoc dng chung vi
Cu dng (gou-teng=Uncariae) v Nguu tt (Niu-xi=Achyranthis
Bidentatae).
- Phn tn Phong-Nhit v lm sng mt : gip tri mt sung, d, chy
nhiu nuc mt. Dng chung vi Cc hoa (ju-hua=Chrysanthemi Morifolii)
v Hat mung (Quyt minh t=jue ming zi)
- Gip luu chuyn Kh tai Can : tri dau v cng noi sun hay thiu sa
do Can Kh bi tc nghn . Dng chung vi Thanh b (qing pi=Citri
Reticulatae) v Huong phu (C c=xiang fu)..
- Tn Phong v tri nga ngoi da.. Dng vi V ve su (Thuyn xc=
Chan-tui) v R Phng phong (Fang feng) d tri nga..
Ti liu s dung :
Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (Government of India 1989)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Materia Medica (Dan Bensky)
Major Herbs of Ayurveda (E. Williamson)
PubMed : http://www.ncbi.nlm.gov
T din Cy thuc Vit Nam (V vn Chi)
Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database (Pharmacist's
Letter)
Medicinal Plants of China ( J. Duke & E. Ayensu)
HNH HUONG
Mt cy hnh vi nhiu dpc dim khc lp
::: Ds. Trn Vit Hung :::
Tn 'Hnh duoc dng d goi mt s cy rau thng dung, c th n c
nhu Hnh ty, hnh ta..v n l nhu hnh tm..v n c l ln c nhu hnh
huong..
Hnh huong hay Spring onions, Scallions v c khi cn goi l Green
onions l mt trong nhng loai hnh d duoc ghi chp trong Thnh Kinh..
Hnh huong, ngun gc t Siberia, duoc trng tai chu, nht l Trung
Hoa t hon 2000 nm v ch dn vi u chu vo th k 16, truc ht l Nga
s ri sau d mi dn cc nuc Trung u (Tuy duoc goi l Welsh onion,
nhung cy hon ton khng lin h g dn X Wales, c l ch v cy rt
ging vi ti ty v thung duoc trng tai khp cc vun Wales)
V phuong din ky thut, hnh huong hay scallions duoc thu
hoach..truc khi cy tao c (tht ra dy khng phi l c theo thuc vt hoc
m ch phn gc phnh to ln), v khi cy d c c ln t 2.5- 5 cm..th
duoc goi l green onions. C scallion v green onion du c thn ng mu
xanh luc xm, v phn gn gc r mu trng duc.
Hnh huong duoc dng nhiu tai dng hon l u My
Tn Khoa hoc v cc tn thng thung
Allium fistulosum thuc ho thuc vt Liliaceae
Ngoi cc tn Scallions, Spring Onions cn goi l Welsh Onion.
Tn tai Php : Ciboule ; c : Schnittzwiebel ; : Cipolleta ; Ty ban
nha : Cebolleta.
Tai Trung Hoa : Thng, hay ai thng (da cong), H thng (hu cong),
Chang fa. Cong bai.
Tai Nht : Nebuka
c tnh thuc vt :
Cy hnh huong thuc loai thn tho, da nin, moc cao chng 50 cm c
thn hnh nh mu trng hay nu, thn hoi phng, rng. L mu xanh mc
hnh tru rng, pha dui c 3 canh, di chng 30 cm, c l be di bng 1/4
phin l chnh. Cn hoa hay truc mang cum hoa c th cao bng l. Hoa mu
trng hay lilac nhat, moc thnh cum hnh du trn, gm nhiu hoa c cung
ngn. Qu thuc loai nang qu.
Vi chng dng ch :
- Common Welsh Onion hay Ciboule : Phn r phnh di ra, mu dng
d v c nhng mng mng kh boc quanh ging nhu c hnh ty. Hat mu
den, dep v hoi cong. y l loai duoc trng thng dung nht.
- Early White Welsh Onion hay Ciboule Blanche htive : y l mt
chng kh dc bit, phn r phnh ra rt ngn, v boc bn ngoi trng-hng
nhat. L hnh ngn v cng, mu xanh luc. Vi kh ngon tuy khng thom.
(Tai u chu, cn c loai Hnh huong , Allium lusitanicum tuy cng duoc
goi l Welsh Onion hay Ciboule vivace, nhung lai c mt s dc tnh rt khc
bit nhu r phnh di, chia thnh nhiu c mu d-nu xm dnh tu vo mt
mm gc. L mu xanh xm, dy v cng. Hoa moc thnh cum mu tm
nhat, khng mang hat)
Mt loai hnh huong ni ting tai chu : He-shi-ko d duoc du nhp
vo Hoa Ky, tr thnh loai Evergreen White Bunching, moc thnh cum t 4-9
thn hnh di 12-14 inch, l mu trng bac, vi cay rt duoc ua chung. Cy
chiu lanh rt gii.
Thnh phn dinh dung :
100 gram phn n duoc (hnh sng) cha :
- Calories
- Cht dam
- Cht bo
- Cht so
- Calcium
32 - 34
1.83 - 1.90 g
0.19 - 0.40 g
0.95 - 1.00 g
18 - 72 mg
- St
- Magnesium
- Phosphorus
- Potassium
- Sodium
- Km
- ng
- Manganese
- Beta-Carotene (A)
- Thiamine (B1)
- Riboflavine (B2)
- Niacin (B3)
- Pantothenic acid (B5)
- Folic acid
- Vitamin C
1.48 mg
20 mg
37 - 49 mg
276 mg
16 mg
0.390 mg
0.083 mg
0.160 mg
385 IU
0.055 mg
0.080 mg
0.525 mg
0.075 mg
64.0 mcg
18.8 - 27.0 mg
Ngoi thnh phn dinh dung, Hnh huong cn cha mt s hoat cht
- Hat : cha nhng hop cht nhu tianshic acid, 4-(2-formyl-5-hydroxy
methylpyrrol-1-yl)butyric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, v
daucosterol.
- C : cha tinh du c sulfur trong d thnh phn chnh l alliin,
dipropyl disulphide (28%), tridecan-2-one (16%), 2,3-dihydro-2-octyl 5-
methyl furan-3-one.. ngoi ra cn c cc acid hu co nhu malic, malonic..
- V phuong din dinh dung, Hnh huong cha nhiu dung cht hon
ti ty, hnh ty..Luong folate kh cao, rt tt cho phu n c thai. Cng nhu
cc cy trong nhm hnh-ti, Hnh huong c tc dung tt trong vic bo v
co th chng lai mt s bnh ung thu. Hnh huong cng cha nhiu cht so,
gip d tiu ha.
Nhng nghin cu v Hnh huong :
- Hoat tnh khng nm : Nghin cu tai H Rutgers, New Brunswick,
New Jersey (USA) : Glycerol mono-(E)-8,11,12-trihydroxy-9-octadecano ate
l mt acid bo loai monoglyceride chua bo ha v tianshic acid ly trch t
hat Hnh huong c hoat tnh c ch su tng trung ca nm Phytophtohora
capsici (Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry S 23-2002)
- Tc dung trn mach mu : Th nghim tai H Duoc Khoa Chia Nan,
i Trung, Taiwan ghi nhn dich chit t hnh huong (c tuoi) c tc dung
gy gin mach liu thp (tc dung ny duoc trung-chuyn bi nitric oxide
trong ni bo, trong khi d liu cao lai khng ty thuc vo nitric oxide. Mt
khc dich chit hnh huong d nu chn c hoat tnh kch thch su phng
thch yu t gy co tht (xut pht t ni bo), c th l thromboxane A2 .
(Journal of Cardiovascular Pharma cology S 33-1999)
- Hnh huong v ung thu bao t : Nghin cu tai Son ng,Trung Hoa
do National Cancer Institute ti tro : Tai Son dng, t l ngui mc bnh ung
thu bao t rt cao.. nghin cu xem xt cch n ung ca 564 bnh nhn bi
ung thu so vi 1131 ngui manh khe..kt qu ghi nhn nhng ngui n 3
ounces hnh-ti mi ngy ch c 40% nguy co bi ung thu so vi ngui n mi
ngy 1 ounce..Trong s cc loai hnh v ti, hnh huong scallions c tim
nng chng ung thu manh nht, ngoi ra kh nng chng ung thu cng ty
thuc vo liu luong hnh ti, cng n nhiu cng t bi ung thu. Tc dung
chng ung thu duoc cho l do cc hop cht cha sulfur c trong hnh,
ti.(Journal of the National Cancer Institute S 84-1992)
Vi phuong thc s dung :
Tai Trung Hoa : Ton b cy hnh huong (ai thng, hay H
thng) du dng lm thuc. Hnh huong duoc xem l c vi cay, tnh
m tc dung vo kinh mach thuc Ph v Vi, c hoat tnh gy d m
hi (pht hn), b Duong v loi tiu.
- tri cm lanh km nhc du v nng kh : Dng 10 c
hnh huong, 15 gram du h ln men (chao), thm 2 chn nuc.
un nhe dn khi cn 1 chn v ung khi cn m. `n xong, dp mn
d gip thot m hi. Hoc ly 20 c hnh huong, nu vi gao thnh
cho, thm cht gim, v ung khi cn va nng..
- tri sung tc nguc, cng sa : Dng cy hnh huong, ct
b l, gi nt, thm cht mui, do dn kh (sao). p khi cn nng
m v gi noi nguc dau.
- tri mun nhot, mun du dinh : Gi nt chng 10 c hnh
huong, thm gim va d v sao dn kh. p vo nhot v dng
bng vi qun lai.
Tai Vit Nam : Hnh huong l mt phuong thuc kh thng
dung trong Nam duoc :
- Tri cm mao, nhc du, nghet mi : Phuong php dn gian l
dng 30 gram c hnh tuoi, sc chung vi 10 gram Gng v ung..
hay dng bi thuc Cho gii cm gm 3 c hnh tuoi, 3 lt gng
tuoi, 10 gram ta t nu chung trong 1 t cho nng, khi n c th
thm mui v 1 tri trng g..
- Tri sung mi, nghet mi : Dng 3 c hnh tuoi, gi nt , thm
nuc tht si vo, ht hoi vo mi hay ch ngui, dng nuc nh vo
mi.
- L lot noi chn (loai eczema) : Gi nt c hnh tuoi, thm
nuc dun si, dng nuc d ra v chm vo vt lot..
Ti liu s dung :
Vegetables as Medicine (Chang Chao-liang)
Herbs and Spices (J.Kybal)
Whole Food Companion (Dianne Onstad)
Heirloom Vegetables (Benjamin Watson)
Food Your Miracle Medicine (Jean Carper)
HerbalGram No 61-2004
HNH TM
(Chive) :
Mt lopi hnh nn s dng
::: DS Trn Vit Hung :::
Gia dnh thuc vt Hnh c nhiu loai khc nhau v mi loai du c
nhng dc tnh thuc vt cng nhu tri liu tuy tuong cn nhung cng c
nhng khc bit dng ch . Truc dy trong 'Thuc Nam trn t My', d
tm luoc chng ti d trnh by Hnh ty v Hnh ta trong cng mt bi
ngn Tht ra cn nhiu loai Hnh..khc nhu Hnh tm, hnh hoa...Ring
hnh tm, tn goi tai Hoa Ky l Chives, rt d bi nhm vi He (Garlic
chives)..
Hnh tm c ngun gc tai Bc , Bc u chu, v Bc My, d duoc
trng v s dung t hon 5000 nm. Loi duoc trng hin nay rt tuong
cn vi loi moc hoang tai vng ni Alpes, nhng ging hoang khc cng
moc kh nhiu tai vng Bc Bn cu..Tai luc dia Bc My, Hnh tm d
duoc 'thch ng ha' d c trng tai t khu vuc Nam Canada, xung ti
ng Nam California..
Ngui Siberia c l l dn tc m hnh tm nht..Truyn thuyt k
rng khi ho nghe tin Alexander ai d (356-323 truc Ty Lich) sp tin
dnh, v d Alexander cn xa mi hng ngn dm, ho d xin dng cng
phm vt qu nht m ho c, l hnh tm..d lm qu mng dm cui
ca Alexander v Cng nuong Roxana.. Qu cui c v rt hop l v hnh
tm duoc xem l mt cy thuc c tnh kch duc !
Tn khoa hoc v cc tn thng thung :
Allium schoenoprasum thuc ho thuc vt Alliaceae.
Cc tn thung gp : Hnh trng, Nn (Vit Nam) , Chive (Anh-My),
Ciboulette, Civette (Php), Schnittlauch (c), Cebollino (Ty ban Nha)
Allium l tn latinh c goi gia dnh hnh-ti; schoenoprasum pht xut
t 2 ch Hy lap- schoinos c nghia l ging cy ci, v prason nghia l ti.
ac tnh thuc vat :
Cy hnh tm thuc loi tho nh, rt ging Hnh huong
(A.fistulosum), moc cao trung bnh10-30 cm, c th dn 60 cm v thnh
bui c 30 cm. Thn hnh hay c mu trng ln c ngn tay t, dung knh
2 cm, bao boc bi nhng vy dai. L rt nhiu, mu xanh luc dm, mng.
L v cn hoa du hnh tru, rng, nh nhu mt cy tm (do d duoc goi l
hnh tm). Hoa mu d-tm, moc thnh cum hnh du, mang nhiu hoa,
c cung ngn . Hoa thung v sinh nn Hnh duoc pht trin bng cch
tch bui. Nn ct l hnh du dn : l s tip tuc pht trin v cong ca
cy vn mm mai ( mi dot nn ct ngn cn chng 10 cm, mi ma h
c th ct ta 2-3 dot) Nhng cy khng ct l , cong tr thnh cng, v
khi cy bt du tr hoa, l hnh gim bt mi huong.
Hnh tm thch hop vi nhit d t 60 dn 70 d F, dt thng thot
khng nuc, c tnh acid nhe. Thi gian ny mm t 10 dn 14 ngy.
Cy ra hoa vo cc thng 4-5.
Mt s chng dng ch nhu :
- 'Dwarf' Cy tuong di nh hon cc loai thng thung, k c loai nh
nht tai c .
- 'Forescate'(hay Forsgate) v 'Grolau' cho hoa mu hng nhat.
- 'Profusion' : chng dc bit c th trng trong nh, hoa lu tn hon.
Thnh phn dinh dung :
100 gram phn n duoc (hnh tm tuoi) cha :
- Calories
- Cht dam
- Cht bo
- Calcium
- St
- Magnesium
- Phosphorus
- Potassium
- Sodium
- Km
- ng
- Manganese
- Beta-Carotene (A)
- Thiamine (B1)
- Riboflavin (B2)
- Niacin (B3)
- Pantothenic acid (B5)
- Pyridoxine (B6)
- Folic Acid (B9)
- Vit C
30
3.27mg
0.73 g
92 mg
1.60 mg
42 mg
58 mg
296 mg
3 mg
0.560mg
0.157mg
0.373mg
4,353 IU
0.078mg
0.115mg
0.647mg
0.324mg
0.138mg
105 mcg
58.1 mg
Hnh tm cha cc acid amin nhu Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic acid,
Glutamic acid,Leucine, Lysine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tyrosine..
L cha tinh du gm nhiu hop cht loai allyl-disulfid.., acid hu co
nhu citric acid, ferulic acid, fumaric acid, caffeic acid.. , sterols nhu
campesterol, flavonoids nhu quecetin, quercetin-3-beta-D-glucoside..
V phuong din dinh dung v tri liu, Hnh tm duoc xem l mt cy rau c
tnh st trng, gip tao cm gic thm n (kch thch vi gic) v tro tiu ha.
Cng nhu cc cy thuc gia dnh Hnh-Ti, tc dung st trng ca hnh tm
do tinh du c cha cc hop cht sulphur nhung khng manh d c th gy
tr ngai cho h tiu ha nhu ti. Hnh tm c tc dung kch thch vi gic,
ngn chn su ln men trong rut , bi b gan v bao t; tt cho thn v gip
ha huyt p.
Vi phuong thc s dung :
Hnh tm rt thung duoc dng trong vic nu nung.Mi thom ca
hnh tm rt d bi hy do nhit , do d ch nn thm hnh tm (sng) vo
giai doan cht, truc khi n. Hnh tm c th thay th hnh ta (hnh l).
C th tn tr hnh tm d dng trong ma dng lanh bng cch gi
trong bao plastic, d trong freezer hay ngm l v hoa trong gim. Hoa
hnh tm gi trong gim trng, di sang mu hng nhat rt dep, dng
thi c vi hnh ty nhe rt d chiu.
Tuy hoa ca hnh tm c th n duoc, nhung nn thu hi lc hoa mi
va h n, khi hoa n hon ton, s c trang thi so v vi nhat mt ngon.
Phuong php lm ' dm hoa hnh tm ' : 1 pint (500 ml hoa hnh mi
n/ 1 quart (1 lit) dm trng hay dm ruou vang. hoa trong mt keo
ming rng. gim vo v quy du dn khi ht bot. Gi keo noi thong
mt trong 2 tun, sau d luoc ky d b xc hoa k c cc mnh vun. Gi
dm nhit d thung.
Hnh tm trong Nam duoc : Duoc hoc c truyn Vit Nam c nhng
phuong thc dng Hnh tm cha bnh kh dc do nhu :
- Tri cm hn : Dng hnh tm gi nt, ha nuc ung, v l hnh
tm, bm nt vi gng, boc trong ti hay khn, d 'dnh gi' bn ngoi.
- Tri trng phong khu: Gi nt chng 20 c hnh tm, vt ly nuc,
dng lng g chm nuc, thoa vo c..
- Tri rn dc, su bo cn : Ly 7 c hnh tm, nhai nut nuc, ly b
dp vo vt cn trong khi..ch cp cu..
Ti liu s dung :
The Herb Companion Feb/Mar 1997
Whole Foods Companion (Dianne Onstad)
Herbs, An Illustrated Encyclopedia (Kathi Keville)
H
(Garlic chive) :
..thuc gia dnh Hnh,
nhung c nhiu dim khc bit..
::: Ds. Trn Vit Hung :::
Tai Hoa Ky, He thung hay bi nhm vi Hnh tm, tuy l hai cy rt
tuong cn nhung He, rt thng dung tai dng, c nhiu duoc tnh dc
bit hon..
He hay Garlic chives, Oriental chives..c ngun gc tai vng ng
Nam , v duoc trng hu nhu khp chu v duoc dng lm thuc tai
Trung Hoa t hng ngn nm. Tai Hoa Ky, he duoc dng phn ln lm cy
cnh t dim thm mu sc cho cc khu vun..
Tn Chinese Chive cng cn duoc dng d goi loai He cho hoa thom
mi hnh, Chinese leek flower hay Allium odorum.
(im khc bit gia hai loi l A. odorum tr hoa, n v tn trong sut
ma h - thu, khng nhu A. tuberosum ch tr hoa vo cui h; ngoi ra l
A. odoratum khi n c vi dai hon)
Tn khoa hoc v cc tn thng thung :
- Allium tuberosum thuc ho thuc vt Alliaceae
- Cc tn goi : Garlic chive, Chinese chive (Anh My)
- Tai Trung Hoa : Cu thi (Jiu cai), Phin thi (Bian cai= cy rau
phng). Zhuang yang cao, qi yang cao, v chang sheng-jiu..
- Tai Nht : Nira hay Nira chive.
- Tai cc cho thuc-phm Hoa Ky : c dn 4 loai he duoc by bn
* Chinese hay Garlic chives : Gau choy l xanh dm rt thom
mi ti (loai ny l He (VN), Nira (Nht), Ku cai (M lai).
* Yellow chive hay Chive shoot : Gau wong : l vng-xanh, c
thong mi hnh. y l loai he trng trong nh mt, trnh nh
sng mt tri d l khng chuyn sang mu xanh.. cn goi l
blanched Chinese chives.
* Flowering chive : Gau choy fa , l kt thnh vng, c nu hoa
noi ngon Cy he d dn d trung thnh hon ton, gi lun c
nu hoa. Cong hoi cng phn dui. Cn c nhng tn Gau choy
chow sin.
* V cn c loai : Gau choy sum : He trung thnh, ch gi
phn l noi tm ca cy.
c tnh thuc vt :
He thuc loai cy thn tho, luu nin, c th moc cao 20-50 cm, thn
moc dng hnh tru. L gc thn, hnh di, phng-hep, c rnh, di 15-30
cm, rng 1.5-7 mm. Hoa moc thnh tn, mu trng, du mt cn hoa
di 20-30 cm. Mi tn c dn 20-40 hoa c mo bao boc. Bao hoa mu
trng, gm nhiu phin thun. Qu thuc loai nang qu hnh tri xoan
nguoc chia ra lm 3 mnh, trong c cha 6 hat nh mu den. He thch hop
vi dt pha ct, cn nhiu nh nng, c kh nng chiu han nhung cng
pht trin manh noi dt m, canh h ,ao..
Tuc ng Anh My ghi : 'Chives next to roses creates posies', do nhn
xt l nhng cy thuc gia dnh hnh-ti cha nhiu sulfur nn dit duoc
cc loi nm moc ph hai l hoa, nht l hoa hng, gy ra cc dm den..
He cng duoc lai tao d c nhng chng dc bit nhu; Chng 'Mauve' cho
hoa tm nhat.
Thnh phn dinh dung v ha hoc :
- Thnh phn dinh dung : Thnh phn dinh dung ca He tuong di kh
ging vi Hnh tm .100 gram phn l n duoc cung cp:
Calories 32 - 38
Cht dam 20.7 - 33.8 %
Cht bo 3.4 - 7.5 %
Carbohydrate tng
cng
53.8 - 66.7 %
Cht so 8.8 - 12.6 %
Cc khong cht (trong
100 gram l):
- Calcium 793 - 1,038 mg
- Phosphorus 506 - 512 mg
- St 10.9 - 19.5 mg
- Potassium 2,874 mg
Cc vitamins :
- Beta-Carotene 40, 000 micro g
- Thiamine 0.92 - 1.25 mg
- Riboflavin 0.75 - 1.49 mg
- Niacin 5.75 - 6.25 mg
- Vit C 400 - 644 mg
- Mt s nghin cu v thnh phn ha hoc ca He ghi nhn :
Trong Hat c cc saponins loai spirostanol : Tuberoside J, K v L.. cc
hop cht nicotianoside C, beta-D-glucopyranoside, daucosterol, adenosine
v thymidine; mt hop cht chuyn ha loai Sphingosin : tuber-ceramide;
cc oligoglycosides loai pregnane v furostane
Ton cy c cha cc cht d bc hoi, trong d khong 27 hop cht c
cha sulfur cc loai nhu sulfide, disulfides, trisulfides v tetrasul fides vi
cc nhm hoat tnh ethyl, butyl and pentyl..
Trong dot non c nhng lectin loai kt ni vi mannose..
L He cha : tinh du d bc hoi gn tuong tu nhu hnh tm.
Cc nghin cu duoc hoc v He :
- Nghin cu tai H Y Khoa Hong Kong ghi nhn lectin A Tuberosum
(ATL) ly trch t he l mt protein ch c mt dy (monomeric), c trong
luong phn t 13 kDa, su sp xp cc amino acid cui dy N tuong tu
vi lectin ly trch t hnh ty (Allium cepa). Lectin ny kt ni vi
mannose, c tc dung kt tu hng cu di vi huyt cu th v c hoat
tnh dit t bo u-buu ung thu l lch chut v c ch duoc men
transcriptase nghich chuyn noi siu vi trng HIV loai 1. (Journal of
Protein Chemistry S 20-2001).
- Nghin cu tai Khoa Thuc phm-Dinh dung, H Sunchon, Korea ghi
nhn cc hop cht S-Methyl methanethiosulfinate v S-methyl 2 propene-
1-thiosulfinate, trch t he c kh nng dit duoc E. coli O-157: H7 l vi
khun gy hu hai thuc phm (Bioscience Biotechnology Biochemistry S
65-2001)
- Nghin cu tai Vin Duoc liu, Vin Khoa Hoc Trung Hoa, Shanghai
ghi nhn Tuberosides, ly trch t hat He c tc dung c ch dng k su
tng trung ca t bo ung thu loai leukemia dng HL-60 nng d IC50
l 6.8 microg/ml (Journal of Asian Natural Products Research S 4-2002)
Vi phuong thc s dung :
- Tai Trung Hoa : He duoc dng rt ph bin d cha bnh trong dn
gian
* Mt mi, d m hi dm ; lao luc : Dng he chung vi thit
ngao, chem chp. Nu thnh sp, thm du du phong v mui d
tng vi. C th thm t ruou trng truc khi n. Chia ra thnh 2-3 ln
trong ngy.
* Nut phi mnh thy tinh, mnh st-thp vun..: Dng 250
gram he, ct thnh tng khc 30-50 cm. un dn chn..Nhai l he v
nut.
* C cm gic tc, nghn noi honh cch m : Nghin l he ly
nuc, ung tng hp nh tht chm, hay c th pha 1 tha caph
nuc p t l he vo na cup sa, dun dn va si, nhp tng ngum
khi cn m.
* Tr em bi rm sy : Dng 60 gram he v 60 gram ruou trng
(hay vodka). Thi vun he v do trn cho nng dn chn. Thm
ruou trng, trn du. Dng bng gac thm ruou/he v thoa noi rm
sy trong 10-15 pht. Thoa mi ngy mt ln trong 7 ngy lin tuc..
* Cn trng b vo tai : ly l he gi nt, vt ly nuc, nh vo
tai t giot, cn trng s b ra.
* Tri bt luc, au lung mi gi, Bn tinh, Huot tinh :
. Nghin nt 10-15 gram hat he, thm vo ruou trng theo
t l 1 phn hat trong 5 phn ruou. Ngm trong 1 tun l. Ung
mi ngy 3 ln, mi ln 15 ml sau khi n.
. Ly 250 gram l he v 50 gram nhn walnut, thm t du
m, do kh dn khi chn. n mi ngy mt luot, v tip tuc
trong 1 thng..
He trong ng Y :
ng Y hay Y hoc c truyn Trung Hoa d s dung Hat He lm thuc
t hng ngn nm. Vi thuc duoc goi l Cu t (Jiu zi) hay Cu thi t
(Nht duoc =Kampo goi l kyshi v Triu tin l picha).
Nhng Danh Y trong ng y c qua nhiu thi-dai du ghi nhn tc
dung ca Cu t:
* Sch 'Nht-Hoa Chu gia bn tho (i Tng) ghi rng Cu t c tc
dung tri duoc 'Mng tinh'.
* L thi Trn ( i Minh) : Cu t b Can, tro Mach mn tri duoc
chng di tiu nhiu, tiu sn..
* C Hy Ung ( i Minh) : Cu t vo duocKinh Quyt m Can v Kinh
Thiu m Thn nn tri duoc Mng tinh, tiu ra mu..
* Hong cung T (i Thanh) ghi trong Bn tho cu chn mt s tc
dung tri Mng tinh, Di tinh , Bach troc, Bach di ca Cu t..
Cu t duoc cho l c vi cay/ ngot, tnh m tc dung vo cc kinh
mach thuc Thn, Can. Cu t c nhng kh nng 'n trung, tro Vi kh,
diu ha Tang-ph, ha nghich Kh, c Thn Tinh , tn Huyt'
* Cu t c tc dung lm m Thn, b Duong, v kin Tinh nn duoc
dng d tri cc chng bt luc, bn tinh, di tiu nhiu ln; huyt trng ca
phu n, dau lung, lng gi. Cu t thung duoc phi hop vi Long ct (Os
Draconis=Lung gu) v T bo ngua (Tang phiu diu =Sang piao xiao) d
tri cc chng Suy Thn Duong gy ra bn tinh, huyt trng, di dm nhiu
ln..
* Cu t c thm tc dung lm m Vi, cm duoc i ma, dng trong
cc trung hop Hn noi Vi.
(Theo DS Bi Kim Tng : ''Hoa He c tc dung lm m Thn cng lm
m Bo trung. Bo trung l bin ca Kinh-Mach..Luc Ph, Ng Tang du
tho Kh noi dy. Bo trung l noi giao hi ca tin thin Thn Kh v hu
thin Vi Huyt. Cc b phn tin m, hu m v co quan sinh duc du
thuc Tang Thn. Hoa He lm manh cc co quan ny, Kh-Huyt thng
sut nn cc bnh tt du thuyn gim..Cc chng tu huyt, u xo t cung,
u tuyn tin lit c th do huyt , kh tr sinh ra. Hoa He d thng huyt
mach vng ny..khin moi chng du thuyn gim..''(Mn n Bi thuc
Quyn 2)
Cng theo DS Tng th Hoa He c th gip tri duoc hi chng 'Chn bi
nhc, t nhu kin b trong xuong..(Restless Leg Syndromes) do tc
dung d thng Xung mach..
Ti liu s dung :
Vegetables as Medicine (Chang Chao-liang)
Chinese herbal Medicine Materia Medica (Bensky & Gamble)
Medicinal Plants of China (J. Duke & Ed. Ayensu)
The Oxford Companion to Food (Alain Davidson)
Chinese Vegetables ( Kari Harrington)
DNH DNH..
GARDENIA..
Cy hoa dp, vj thuc qu
::: DS Trn Vit Hung :::
Dnh dnh, tn goi khng my my miu cho mt loi hoa huong sc rt
duoc ua chung tai Hoa Ky :
Gardenia. Cc nh bun bn
Hoa tai My d xem Gardenia nhu
mt cy hoa khng th thiu
trong nhng b hoa, trng hoa
trung by, hay gn ring l trn
o..
Trong s khong gn 200
loi trong chng Gardenia, vn c
ngun gc tai nhng vng bn
nhit di chu v Phi chu,
ch c Gardenia jasmi noides hay
Cape jasmine , l duoc trng ph
bin tai My.
Cape jasmine dn vi nuc
Anh vo nm 1750, nhung khng
my thch hop vi phong th; v
mi dn 1757, nh trng hoa
James Gordon mi tm ra phuong
thc trng v gy ging cy ny.
Tn jasmine do t bc tranh v
ca George Ehret, v khng r 'l lich' ca cy hoa, d ghi tn bc tranh l
jasminium, km theo mt du hi..v hoa c v rt ging vi hoa..nhi !
Tn Gardenia d ghi nh vi Bc si kim Thin nhin hoc Alexander
Garden (1730-1791) tai South Carolina (ban thu tn ca Linnaeus)
Dnh dnh, ngoi tn Gardenia jasminoides, cn c nhng tn dng
nghia nhu Gardenia florida; Gardenia augusta.. thuc ho thuc vt
Rubiaceae.
Tai Trung Hoa, Dnh dnh cung cp vi thuc Chi t (Zhi-zi), l qu ca
cy phoi kh. Chi t duoc ghi nhn trong Thn Nng Bn Tho, xp vo hang
thuc trung dng. Danh Y Truong trong Cnh d ghi chp nhiu v cc dc
tnh tri cc bnh lin h dn Ty ca Chi t trong cc sch Thuong Hn lun
(Shang Han Lun) v Kim Quy Yu luoc (Chin Kuei Yao Lueh)..
c tnh thuc vt :
Dnh dnh thuc loai tiu mc, thn nhn cao 0.5-2 m, cnh mm, nh
hnh tru mu xm tro. L dy, moc di, hay tao vng gm 3 l, hnh thun
dang tri xoan, c khi bu duc di, c mi nhon tai dnh, c 5-14 cm x 2-7
cm , mu nu den bng mt trn, nhat hon mt dui. Phin l nguyn
gn l hnh lng chim, ni r. Hoa moc don dc du cnh hay noi nch l,
mu trng rt thom; i hoa c 5 rng di. Qu thun hnh chn, mu vng,
c di hoa cn lai dnh, ln c 2.5-4.5 cm x 1.5-2 cm, c 6-7 canh, 2-5
ngn, khi chn c mu vng d. Hat rt nhiu, dep. Cy ra hoa vo thng 4-
11 v cho qu t thng 5-12.
Dnh dnh moc hoang tai cc vng ni thp, rng thua, ven sui trong
cc vng Trung v Nam Trung Hoa nhu Giang Ty, Phc kin, H Bc, H
Nam, Ty Xuyn v Qu chu. Cy cng moc kh ph bin tai Nam Vit
Nam, Nht, i Loan v thung duoc trng lm cy cnh.
Tai Hoa Ky, Dnh dnh duoc trng trong nh king tai nhng vng kh
hu khc nghit (cy khng chiu ni nhit d lanh dui 20 d F), v trng
lm hoa cnh noi vng kh hu n ho. Mt s loi duoc ua chung nhu :
August Beauty : cao 1-2 m , rt nhiu hoa, n vo nhng thng
5-10 hay 11; hoa kp, rt ln.
First Love (Aime) : Bui to hon August Beauty, hoa cng to hon.
Golden Magic : cao dn 1 m, lan rng 0.6 m sau 2-3 nm. Hoa
khi bt du n mu trng, sau di dn thnh vng dm, n trong
nhng thng 4-9, cao dim vo thng 5.
Kimura Shikazaki (T Qu) : moc thnh bui rm, cao 0.6-1 m,
rt ging loi Veichii, km thom hon. Ma n hoa ko di, t xun
sang dn ht thu.
Mystery : dy l loi ph bin nht, hoa trng kp ln dn10-
12 cm, n t thng 5-7, c khuynh hung moc lan, tai vng Ty Nam
Hoa Ky, kh hu m hoa n dn thng 11. Cy cao dn 2-3 m.
Radicans : Cao 2-4 m, l nh mu xm, hoa n vo ma h ln
c 2.5 cm. Loi Radicans Variegata c l xanh-xm, chm trng.
Veichii : Bui rm, hoa nhiu, n trong thng 5-11, c khi c
trong ma dng nu d m.
Thnh phn ha hoc :
Qu cha :
Nhng glycosides loai iridoid nhu Geniposid, Gardenosid,
Deacety lasperulosidic methyl ester, Scandoside Methyl ester .
Carotenoids nhu Crocin-l, n-crocetin.
Cc cht phc tap khc nhu Shanzhisid, Gardosid, Geniposidic
acid, Gardenin, Ngoi ra cn c nonacosane, beta-sitosterol, D-
mannitol, Cht bo, Tanin, Pectin.
Nhng terpenoids nhu Gardenate , 2-hydroxyethyl gardenamide
A, Jasminoside F
L cha mt hn hop c tc dung tri nm.
Hoa cha nhiu hop cht phc tap trong d c acid gardenic,
acid gardenolic B, tinh du d bc hoi (0.07%).
Dnh dnh trong ng Y c truyn :
ng Y c truyn dng qu dnh dnh lm thuc dui tn Chi t (zhi zi)
; hoc Son chi (Shan zhi) Nht duoc goi l sanshishi (Triu tin l ch'i cha).
Vi thuc duoc thu hoach trong nhng thng 9 dn 11 khi qu chuyn sang
mu vng d, sau d phoi dui nng hay sy nhit d thp. Vi thuc c th
duoc ch bin ty theo nhu cu diu tri : c khi dng qu tuoi; c khi qu
chn duoc trn khong 30 pht, dun si trong mt thi gian ngn truc khi
phoi kh, sau d duoc ct di, b hat. Qu c th duoc rang nh la dn khi
c mu vng kim loai. Vi thuc 'Sao Chi t' (Chao zhi zi) l qu duoc sao
dn khi v ngoi chy thnh than.
Chi t duoc xem l c vi dng, tnh hn; tc dng vo cc kinh mach
thuc Tm, Can, Ph, Vi v Tam Tiu.
Chi t c nhng dc tnh :
Thanh nhit v gii dc : dng trong cc chng bnh do Nhit
nhu st nng, ngui bc rc, khng yn, km theo cm gic tc nguc,
kh ng : dng chung vi Gi du nnh (dan dou chi=Semen Sojae
Preaparatum).
Gii Nhit- Thp: dng cho cc trung hop dau khi di tiu do
Nhit-Thp tai Tam tiu ; Nhit thp tai Gan v Ti mt (trung tiu)
gy hong dn; Nhit thp tai Ti mt v kinh mach Tam tiu noi mt
nh hung dn mi v mt gy dau ming hay vng mt. Dng chung
vi Hoat thach (bt Talc) d tri dau v nng khi di tiu; dng chung
vi Nhn trn Trung Hoa (Yin chen hao= Artemisia capillaris) v ai
hong d tri Hong dn.
Luong huyt v Ch huyt : tri Nhit tai Huyt vi cc
triu chng nhu chy mu mi , c mu khi i, phn hay nuc tiu c
mu. Trong cc trung hop ny Chi t thung duoc sao bn phn v
dng chung vi Trc B dip, Sinh dia (khi i ra mu, chy mu cam)
hoc vi C c (Bach mao cn) (khi c mu trong nuc tiu) .
Trung Y hin dai dng qu dnh dnh trong nhng toa thuc tri
hong dn, nng st cao, mt ng v i ra mu. Vi thuc duoc
chnh thc ghi trong Duoc in ca Cng Ho Nhn Dn Trung Hoa.
Dnh dnh trong Duoc hoc dn gian :
Tpi n d: Dnh dnh duoc goi l Gandharaj . Ton cy duoc
dng d tri giun sn, chng co-git, gy nn ma, dng ngoi d st
trng; R dng tri cc bnh thn kinh v kh tiu ha.
Tpi Trung Hoa : Qu dng chng sung, tri st, cm mu. Qu
nh (Son chi t) tri bnh phI, st. Qu ln thung dng ngoi, dp tr
sung, bi thuong, phng, ch cn. R lm thuc sc tri dau loI, sung
rng, kit ly, ho ra mu.
Tpi Vit Nam : Qu dng nhum mu vng . Trong Nam Duoc
Thn Hiu, Danh Y Tu Tinh dng dnh dnh sao chung vi hoa he
sao v sn dy d cha th huyt. Hoa dng lm thuc tri sung mt.
V cy dng lm thuc b, cha st rt, kit
Nhng nghin cu mi v Dnh dnh :
Tc dng trn S bin dung Mpt :
Nuc ch phm Chi-t khi cho th th nghim ung : khng c nh
hung trn thnh phn ca mt, nhung khi chch tinh mach lai tao ra su gia
tng bi tit mt ko di dn 60 pht. Trong cc th nghim noi ngui c su
gia tng r rt v co tht ti mt xy ra sau ung ch phm 20 dn 40 pht.
Khi cho th , d bi ct ng dn mt, ung nuc trch : nng d bilirubin trong
mu gim ha , su sut gim ny ty thuc vo liu s dung. Dich trch bng
nuc c tc dung manh hon dich trch bng alcohol. Dich chit Gardenoside,
khi chch cho th, tao su gia tng mc bilirubin, sau 2 gi, so vi nhm di
chng, mc bilirubin gim nhe sau 6 gi, v gim r rt sau 24 gi. Khi chch
cho th , d bi ct ng dn mt, dich trch bng alcohol, mc bilirubin sut
gim sau 24 gi. (Comparative Medicine East and West S 5-1977)
Tc dng trn H Thn kinh Trung uong :
Khi chch dui da (SC) cho chut, mt dung dich trch Chi t : cc nh
nghin cu ghi nhn mt su sut gim cc hoat dng ca h thn kinh tu tri,
mt nhm , thu gin bp thit. Tuy nuc trch Chi t khng th trung ha tc
dng ca strychnin, nhung cc th vt th nghim cho dng Chi t gim
duoc t l t vong so vi nhm di chng.
Tc dng trn H Tim- Mpch :
Nuc sc qu dnh dnh , khi cho ung hay chch qua mng phc toan
noi th, mo v chut, du c tc dung lm ha huyt p, tc dung ny ko
di kh lu.(Am. Journal of Chinese Medicine S 4-1976; S 5-1977)
Tc dng khng sinh :
Nuc sc qu dnh dnh c tc dung c ch 'in vitro' trn nhiu loai
nm gy bnh nhm tinea, lm ngung hoat dng ca k sinh trng schis
tosoma (in vitro), tuy nhin tc dung khng khun khng thy xy ra khi th
trn cc vi khun khc.
Tc dng trong cc trung hqp chn thuong :
Qu dnh dnh gi nt, nho vi nuc v alcol, lm thnh mt khi nho
d duoc th nghim dng dp ln cc vt chn thuong; khi dp duoc thay
di mi 3-5 ngy, v trong trung hop sung nhiu th duoc thay cch nht ;
Trong 407 trung hop diu tri, 328 trung hop ht dau sau 24 gi dp thuc,
66 trung hop ht dau trong vng 48 gi, 13 trong vng 72 gi. Thi gian
trung bnh ht dau l 30 gi, gim sung l 2 ngy rui v phuc hi hoat dng
l 5.1 ngy.
Kh nng Chng Oxy- ha :
Crocin, mt cht carotenoid tan trong nuc, l mt cht ly trch duoc t
qu dnh dnh v nhuy hoa cy saffron. Crocin duoc ly trch t qu dnh
dnh bng dung dich aceton 50% sau d tinh khit ha bng trao di qua ct
ions. Crocin tinh khit (>99.6%) c hoat tnh khng oxy ha nng d tuong
di thp 40 ppm (Journal of Agriculture Food Chemistry S 48-2000)
Cht mu trong Dnh dnh :
Ngoi phuong din s dung lm thuc, qu dnh dnh cn duoc dng
lm phm mu tu nhin dng trong thuc phm : Mu vng Gardenia l cht
phm trch t qu dnh dnh bng alcohol : Cht phm ny cha crocetin,
gentiobiose, geniposid v genipin (do thy gii geniposid). Nghin cu tai ai
hoc Y Khoa Osaka City (Nht) ghi nhn cht phm ny c th gy dc hai v
mt di th (genotoxic) do hoat tnh ca genipin (Food Chemistry Toxicology
S 40-2002).
Geniposide, vn khng c mu, c th duoc thy gii bng beta-
glucosidase d cho Genipin, genipin khi phn ng vi cc aminoacid
(glycine,lysin, phenylalanin) s cho mt sc t mu lam, bn dui nhit, nh
sng , v pH , c th dng lm phm mu cho thuc phm (Journal of
Agricultural Food Chemistry S 49-2001). Cc vi-khun c trong ming
Actinomyces naeslundii v Actinomyces viscosus (l nhng tc nhn dng
gp vo vic kch khi v gy ra su rng noi ngui) c cha beta-
glucosidase nn tao ra mt phn ng vi cc hop cht trong qu dnh dnh
d cho mt mu xanh trong nuc bot...(phn ng ny dang duoc nghin cu
d ng dung tao mt thuc th tm cc loai vi khun c th gy su rng..)
Hopt tnh hp dung trong mu :
Trong s 4 hoat cht loai glycosides iridoidal ly trch duoc t l dnh
dnh :deacetylasperulosidic acid methyl ester (DE), scandoside methyl ester
(SC), geniposide v gardenoside, ch ring DE c kh nng lm ha dung
trong mu noi chut bnh thung; cc cht kia hu nhu khng tc dung dua
dn gi thuyt cho rng vi tr ca nhm hydroxy rt cn thit cho hoat tnh
ha dung huyt.
Ti liu s dung :
Herbal Emissaries (Steven Foster)
Western Garden Book (Sunset)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Materia Medica ( Bensky)
T in Cy thuc Vit Nam (V vn Chi)
Medicinal Plants of China (J Duke & Ed Ayensu)
Medicinal Plants of India ( SK Jain)
Mi nm HOA O n..
::: DS Trn Vit Hung :::
Cu tho dc bit ca V dnh Lin hnh nhu d duoc ghi khc trong
tm tu ca ngui Vit, d mi khi Xun v, Tt dn l hnh nh ng gi
v Cnh hoa o lai hin ra ngay truc mt. i vi nhng ngui sinh ra
trong cc thp nin t 40 v sau, di cu vo Min Nam nm 1954, chc ch
bit dn o qua thi vn, v Xun v tai Min Nam ch ruc r cnh hoa
Mai.. Tai lat, tuy cng c do, nhung dy lai l hoa Anh o, khc vi
cnh o ngy xun tai Min Bc..
Ngy nay, tai Hoa Ky..chc t ngui bit rng.. o moc khp noi, d
moi loai hoa don, hoa kp v qu do (peach) bn dy cho lai l ..t cy
do 'qu' v him tai Vit Nam..
Tn goi ca o c th gy nhiu nhm ln v trong ting Vit c kh
nhiu loai do nhu H do (l cyJuglans regia), Duong do (cy Kiwi),
o ln ht (cy diu), do Kim cuong (sim)..nhung tht ra, ngay di vi
nhng nh thuc vt v nhng nh duoc hoc..vic phn bit cc loai do
cng tht rc ri v gi tri dinh dung cng nhu tc dung cha bnh ca
mi loi..cng khc nhau..
Nhng cy o du thuc chi thuc vt Prunus, gia dnh Rosaceae .
Prunus duoc chia thnh 2 nhm chnh :
Nhm cho qu n duoc : bao gm cc cy o (peach,
nectarine), Hanh nhn (almond), Mo (apricot), Mn (Plum,
Prune)..Cherry.. Cy o Vit Nam = Prunus persica ) thuc nhm
peach ny..
Nhm cho hoa lm cnh . Nhm ny lai chia thm thnh 2
nhm phu : nhm phu ch trng lm cnh, l xanh quanh nm, hoa
n rt dep, trng ven dung, b ro..; v nhm phu va cho hoa
ln qu.. (Cy mai trng= Japanese Flowering plum Prunus mume
thuc nhm phu ny). Cy Anh o Nht= Prunus cerasoides cng
c th duoc xp trong nhm ny..
Cy o Vit Nam : Prunus persica = P. vulgaris
Cy duoc xem l c ngun gc t Trung Hoa, Mng c, t hon 2000
nm truc v sau d duoc trng tai nhiu noi trn th gii d ly qu
(peach) n.. Cy c hoa dep, n vo du ma Xun nn rt duoc ua
chung tai Vit Nam, ct cnh cm chung ngy Tt Nguyn dn..
o d duoc ghi nhn trong sch v v vn chuong Trung Hoa t nm
550 truc Ty lich v duoc dng lm biu tuong cho su Trung sinh, bt
t. Thuc phm chnh ca 'bt Tin' trong truyn Tu chnh l o. o d
duoc Khng T ghi trong kinh sch t th k th 5 (truc Ty Lich).
Truyn Ty Du K c k v Tn ng Khng ln vo vun do ca Ty
Vuong Mu, n trm do tin, loai cy ch sinh qu 3000 nm mt ln v
ch dnh cho Ngoc Hong thung lm !
Thi ca Trung Hoa d c rt nhiu tc phm ca tung hoa o nhu :
'..Nhn din bt tri h x kh
o hoa y cuu tiu dng phong..' (Thi H)
o d theo chn cc don thuong bun, l hnh t Trung Hoa dn n
d ri Ba Tu v pht trin manh tai x ny.. Khi La M xm chim Ba tu,
do duoc dt cho tn l Malus persica= 'Persia apples'. Vua Claudius dua
o v trng tai Hy lap v ri khp u chu (Php l quc gia u chu
trng nhiu o nht) .
Ngui Ty ban Nha dua do vo Mexico cch dy khong 400 nm, v
sau d cng theo chn ho dn vi Florida vo th k 16. o duoc thun
ha, v moc hoang rt manh khp Mexico, Nam v ng Nam Hoa Ky,
bin di d c tn l 'Indian peaches'.. v cc nh thuc vt d tng nhm
khi cho rng o c ngun gc t Tn luc dia. Nhng ging o du tin
cho qu c thit mu d, dnh vi ht nhu Crawford, Oldmixon.. ri dn thi
Ni chin, do da phuong bt du duoc cho lai tao vi nhng ging mi
du nhp t Trung Hoa. Nm 1850, Charles Downing d lai tao o dia
phuong vi ging 'Cling' ca Trung Hoa d tao duoc 2 ging dc bit rt
ni ting 'Elberta', Redhaven..nhng ging ny hin vn rt duoc ua
chung v ngy nay d c dn hon 400 chng loai do khc nhau.
Hin nay ging o cho thit mu trng (white-fleshed) dang rt duoc
ua chung tai Hoa Ky, v mt ging o khc cho qu 'dep' hnh dang nhu
bnh doghnut cng dang duoc pht trin ( dua theo cch n ca cc vi
Vua Tu, c th dng tay cm qu d n phn thit quanh ht m khng
phi..cn c qu). Cc nh trng ta tai Texas, Georgia, New Jersey,
Florida d nghi duoc phuong thc trng cc ging cho qu tuy chn nhung
vn d cng d d thu hoach, chuyn ch v phn phi m khng bi hu
hai..
(o Nectarine : Tn nectarine do ngui Anh dt ra vo gia th k 17
d phn bit nectarine v peach, cho rng nectarine l mt tri cy ring,
hay l lai tao gia do v mn (plum), nhung tht su ch l su bin dang
gen ca o. Truc dy nectarine..duoc nhp vo Hoa Ky t u chu
nhung dn gia thp nin 1940-1950, Fred Anderson tai California d tao
duoc nhiu ging nectarine c gi tri thuong mi cao v Nectarine tr
thnh mt cy n tri dc bit cho California..hin c khong 150 ging
nectarine)
o (peach) v Nectarine du l Prunus persica (Nectarine c tn
khoa hoc l Prunus persica var. nucipersica hay var. nectarina) , ch khc
bit nhau 1 gene (Peach c mang gen nn v c lng.. cn nectarine
thiu gen ny nn da lng hon)
Hin nay , tai Hoa Ky, o l loai tri cy duoc sn xut vi s luong
kh cao, dng vo hng th ba, ch sau To v Cam. Georgia hin l 'th
d' sn xut o..
c tnh thuc vt :
Cy thuc loai tiu mc, cao 8-10 m, moc lu nm. Thn nhn c v
mu nu-hng hay xm, phn cnh di v nhiu, mm nhn d un. L
hnh mi gio hay bu duc, hep, di 8-15 cm , rng 2-3 cm, thun du,
mp l c rng cua nh, du, l mu xanh luc xm hay nhat ty ging;
cung mnh. Hoa mu hng, moc don dc, n cng mt lc vi chi l;
hoa hu nhu khng c cung. Cc cnh di hop gc hnh chung. Nhi
kh nhiu di bng cnh hoa. Qu thuc loai hach, hnh cu, dung knh
50-70 mm c mt rnh bn kh r, ph lng to min, khi chn mu d, mi
thom diu, vi ngot..
o, cy hoa ngy Tt :
Truyn thng Vit Nam d xem vic trng do v thung ngoan do
vo dip Tt Nguyn dn l mt ngh thut dc bit..Ta do, bc v, ct
ngon..d c cnh do n hoa dng ngy Tt di hi kh nhiu cng doan
v mi cng doan cng rt cng phu chua k dn tut l, xem nu d hm
khi cn hay thc khi hoa n mun..
o duoc chia thnh nhiu loai khc nhau :
o phai : Hoa mu hng, l mu xanh nhat..
o bach : Hoa thua, mu trng..
o qu : Hoa hng nhat, cnh don, nh..
o bch : duoc cho l dep nht : hoa mu d xm, dy dc,
n st nhau, cnh kp. L mu xanh dm (y l ging Prunus
persica var. camelliaflora).
Tai cc Tiu Bang min Ty Bc Hoa Ky, c th c duoc cnh o
ngy Tt tuong di d dng, v c th trng do va ly qu v cnh cm
theo phuong thc sau :
o ua kh hu lanh, mt v m nhung khng duoc ng nuc, nn
chon ch dt trng va m va cao ro, d thot nuc. Trng bng cy
ghp d hon t hat, c th mua thng cy t nh vun.
Mun c cnh o n dng ngy Tt : nn ct cnh ngay khi cy bt
du ra chi non, ln du ct tht nhiu d cy dm ra thm nhiu cnh.
Sau d mi thng ct ta mt ln (ta nhe, b cc cnh yu). o s c
hnh dng kh dep sau khong 6 ln ta. Mun cy tr hoa dng dip xun
v, dng dao tht sc ct b 1 vng v noi gn gc thn : L cy s
chuyn t mu xanh dm sang xanh nhat v hoi r xung. (Nu l vn gi
mu xanh dm, cn ct b thm 1 vng v cao hon, goi l 'thin do).
Nn thin do vo khong thng 10 (October), v sau d tut l d thc
cy ra nu..(thi gian tut l ty thuc thi tit, thung trong khong cui
thng 12 (December). Khi gn dn ngy nu hoa nh to, c th phi hm
bt bng cch che bt nh sng, ngung tui hay ct bt r v ct b v
quanh thn d lm hoa chm n..
(Tai Oregon v Washington, nn chon cc loai Springgold, Elberta chiu
duoc nhit d lanh kh tt )
c tnh duoc hoc :
Cc b phn ca o c cha nhng hoat cht khc nhau :
L : cha glucosides khi thy gii cho hydrocyanic acid
(Amygdalin), Tanin , Coumadin., phloretin
Hoa : cha glucosides, trifolin, coumarins, flavonoids..
Qu :
phn thit ca qu c cc sc t nhu lycopen, carotenoids,
criptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, dung hu co, acid hu co (tartric,
malic.., chlorogenic).
Hat cha cht bo (50%), amygdalin, tinh du d bay hoi,
prussic acid, choline, acetylcholine..
Mt s b phn ca cy o duoc dng trong Duoc hoc Ty Phuong
nhu du p t nhn hat (peach kernel oil), v cy, l cy v hat.. Mt s
thnh phm duoc bn dui cc tn thuong mai nhu Laetrile, Vitamin B17..
du p t nhn duoc dng lm du duoc dung, c hoat tnh khng
nm khi th in vitro (Hindustan Antibiotic Bulletin S 32-1990).
Mt s b phn ca cy nhu v, l..duoc ghi nhn l kch thch dung
tiu ha.
Phloretin, trch t v v l c hoat tnh khng sinh chng lai cc vi
khun gram duong v gram m.
Laetrile hay Amygdalin hay Vitamin B17..d tng duoc qung co l c
cc hoat tnh nga v tri ung thu. Tuy nhin cc nghin cu thuc hin
tai National Cancer Institute d khng chng minh duoc tc dung ny
(New England Journal of Medicine S 306-1982) v FDA d cm s
dung Laetrile v c th gy ng dc do cyanide..
V, l, hoa v hat o du c th gy ng dc : Mt hach qu (pit)
cha khong 2.6 mg hydrocyanic acid cho mi gram hat. Liu
hydrocyanic acid gy t vong cho ngui ln l 50-60 mg, tuong ng
vi chng 20 gram hach nhn
Gi tri dinh dung :
100 gram phn thit n duoc (qu tuoi) cha :
o Nectarine
Calories
Cht dam
Cht bo
Cht so
Calcium
St
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Km
43
0.70 g
0.09 g
0.64 g
5 mg
0.11 mg
7 mg
12 mg
197 mg
0.140 mg
49
0.94 g
0.46 g
0.40 g
5 mg
0.15 mg
8 mg
16 mg
212 mg
0.090 mg
ng
Manganese
Beta-Carotene (A)
Thiamine (B1)
Riboflavine (B2)
Niacin (B3)
Pantothenic acid
Pyridoxine
Folic acid
Vitamin C
0.068 mg
0.047 mg
535 IU
0.017 mg
0.041 mg
0.990 mg
0.170 mg
0.018 mg
3.4 mcg
6.6 mg
0.073 mg
0.044 mg
736 IU
0.017 mg
0.041 mg
0.990 mg
0.158 mg
0.025 mg
3.7 mcg
5.4 mg
V phuong din dinh dung, tuy khng phi l loai tri cy gip trung
sinh nhu trong truyn Tu, nhung o v Nectarine duoc xem l cc thuc
phm gip loi tiu, long dm, nhun trung, gip lm diu dau. o rt d
tiu ha, v gy phn ng kim manh cho co th, kch thch su bi tit cc
dich tiu ha, gip lm dep ln da, tng v ruc r cho da. Do hai tc dung
loi tiu cng nhun trung, o gip loai tr dc cht khi co th nht l
khi thn v bng quang suy yu. o cung cp luong calories tuong di
thp, cha luong nuc cao hon to, l..nn c th l tri cy gii kht l
tung .
Ngoi vai tr thuc phm, o cn duoc dng lm my phm nui da rt
tt. C th dng cng thc nui da sau dy :
dng hn hop cc tri tuoi gm o, u d, Chui v Avocado,
mi th 50 gram,
trn trong my blender thnh mt khi nho va d, dp ln
da mt (nhu facial mask) ,
gi trong 30 pht, ri ra sach bng nuc m
sau d dng du hung duong thoa nhe du trn mt d gip
da mt gi duoc v tuoi mt..
Khoa dinh dung mi tai Trung Hoa dng do tuoi d gip tri mt s
bnh nhu :
Tri ho, ho do suyn, do tang ph suy nhuoc : Dng 3 qu do
tuoi, b v , thm 30 gram dung. Thm nuc v nu trong bnh
kn. n (b ht) mi ngy.
Tri dau do hernia : Dng 30 gram do cn xanh v 1 qu xoi
tuoi. Nu vi nuc va d dn chn. n ngy 2 ln : sng v chiu.
Tri Hoat tinh (Xut tinh bt thung), m hi dm : Dng 30
gram do xanh d phoi kh, sao dn khi kh. Thm nuc v 30
gram To tu. Hp cch thy dn chn. n mi ngy truc khi di
ng..
Tri Huyt p cao : Dng 1-2 qu do tuoi, b v, b ht, n
mi ngy sng v chiu; dng thi dng 30 gram do xanh d phoi
kh, nu nuc ung thay nuc tr..
(o xanh phoi kh, duoc thu hi khi qu cn non, b ht v
phoi du nng dn khi kh hn)
o trong Duoc hoc c truyn :
Duoc hoc c truyn Trung Hoa dng hach qu, dp v b v ly hat,
thung goi l nhn d lm thuc. Vi thuc duoc goi l o Nhn (tao-ren)
o Nhn duoc chp trong 'Thn nng bn tho kinh' dui tn o-
hach nhn =Tao-ho-jen v xp vo loai duoc liu hang thp. Sau d L
thi Trn d chp lai trong Bn tho cuong muc. (Nht duoc, Kempo goi l
tnin)
o Nhn duoc xem l c vi dng, tnh bnh, c tc dung 'ph huyt
', 'kh tch tr', nhun to, hoat trung, loi tiu v tc dng vo cc kinh
mach thuc Tm, Can, Ph, ai trung..
Do hoat tnh ph duoc huyt , o Nhn l mt vi thuc quan trong
d tri cc chng bnh lin h dn huyt tu nhu ri loan v kinh nguyt,
dau bung dui, dau do chn thuong, dau ngang sun. . tu huyt noi phi
v dau bung ni cuc hn.. Thung duoc phi hop vi Hng hoa (hong-
hua= Flos Carthami Tinctorii) d tri b kinh v bt kinh km theo dau
bung ; phi hop vi uong quy (Dang-gui=Radix Angelicae Sinensis) v
Xch thuoc (Chi Shao=Radix Paeoniae Rubreae) d tri dau nhc do chn
thuong.. Dng chung vi ai hong (da-huang=Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) v
Mang tiu (Mang-xiao=Mirabilitum) d tri sung rut..
Do tnh nhun to nn dng d tri cc chng bn ut..
Cy Anh o : o Nht
Bn canh cy o cho qu, d trnh by., tai Vit Nam cn c cy Anh
o hay dng hon o lat, cng cho hoa kh dep vo dip Tt. Anh o
thung duoc xem l biu tuong cho nuc Nht , v hoa Anh o Nht
ngy nay d duoc lai tao d cho hoa rt dep cng n dng lc xun v..
Anh o lqt :
Tn khoa hoc : Prunus cerasoides
Cy Anh o P. cerasoides c ngun gc t vng Hymalaya, Ty
tang sau d phn b xung Trung Hoa, Nht, Triu Tin..cng gp tai
cc vng ni cao Bc Vit Nam v duoc trng tai lat..
Anh o thuc loai tiu mc, cao 5-10 m; thn c v mu xm,
phn cnh, nhnh nhiu, di v thng, nhn. L nh, mm, hnh tri
xoan hay ngon gio, hoi hep v pha gc, mi ngon, mp l rng cua
di 5-12 cm, rng 2.5-5 cm, cung l nh v nhn. Hoa mu hng d
hay hoi trng , cnh di hop thnh ng hep. Trng hoa dang bu duc
thun. Hoa tr truc khi c l. Hoa moc thnh cum gn nhu dang tn,
thung moc chung 3 hoa. Qu thuc loai hach qu, hnh cu dung
knh 10-12mm mu d.
Anh o ra hoa vo thng 12 hay thng Ging v c qu t thng
2
Anh o Nhqt hay Anh o di
Tn khoa hoc Prunus lannesiana
Ngun gc t Nht, duoc trng nhiu tai Vit Nam v nhiu nuc
trn th gii d lm cy cnh.
Cy cng thuc loai tiu mc, cao 4-6m, cnh nhnh di, nhn
mu nu den. L thun di c du nhon, mp l kha rng cua nh,
du, mu xanh nhat. Hoa moc trn cc cnh gi, c th moc don dc
hay thnh tng di; hoa ln c 3-4 cm, mu d hng c huong
thom..i hoa c lng min..
Ngoi ra cn c 1 chng cho hoa mu trng, rt thom (P.
lannensiana form. donarium).
Anh o Nhqt tqi Vng Ty Bc Hoa Ky :
Tai vng Ty Bc Hoa Ky, cc nh vun d du nhp mt s loi Anh
o Nht, bin di d cy ch tr hoa v khng kt qu nhm muc dch
cho hoa lm cnh. Cc cy do ny duoc goi chung l Japanese
Flowering Cherry, c tn khoa hoc Prunus serrulata.
Prunus serrulata duoc ci bin d tao ra nhiu loai o t moc bnh
thung dn moc thnh tn, moc r, v moc thnh ct..
o Nht moc thng bnh thung gm:
- Prunus 'Accolade' : Hoa kp, mu hng nhat, cy cao dn 8m
- Prunus s. 'Kwanzan' : Hoa kp mu hng dm, cao dn 10m,
tn rng 6m.
- Prunus s. 'Shirofugen' : Hoa kp, bt du mu hng ri phai
dn v trng, hoa xut hin cng mt lc vi l mu dng d. Cao
chng 10m.
- Px yedoensis (Yoshino Cherry) : y l loai o ni ting,
trng trong vng Tidal Basin tai Washington DC. Hoa don, ln mu
hng nhat. Cy cao dn 10-15 m. tn rng dn 10m.
o Nht moc r gm :
- Prunus s 'Snow Fountain' : Hoa trng, don; cnh moc r
- Px s.'Yae-shidare-higan': Hoa kp, hng lot.
o Nht moc thnh tn :
- Prunus serrulata 'Shirotae' : Ging do ni ting 'Mt Fuji', moc
thnh dang chic nguoc. Hoa trng rt thom, n t nu mu hng,
sau d chuyn sang mu hng d. n ma Thu, l di sang mu
vng ri d cam. Moc cao dn 7m, tn rng dn 12-15 m..
o moc thnh tru :
- Prunus serrulata 'Amanogawa' (o Ngn h) : Hoa mu hng
nhat, moc cao dn 8-14 m ch rng chng 1m thnh ct thng kh
dep..
Duqc tnh ca Anh o :
Nht duoc dng v Anh-do lm thuc vi tn goi Ouhi. Ouhi
khng duoc dng tai Trung Hoa. Duoc liu duoc ly t cc cy :
Prunus jamasakura; Prunus yedoenisis
Ouhi duoc xem c nhng hoat tnh tri ho v long dm.
Thnh phn ha hoc ca v gm :
- P. jamarsakura : Eriodyctylol, Narangenin, Genkwanin,
Glucogen kwanin, Sakuranetin, Sakuranin..
- P. yedoenisis : Phloridzin, Sakuranin, Tannins.
Tai Vit Nam, qu Anh o lat duoc dng lm thuc phm v ch
bin thnh ruou Anh o.
Ti liu s dung :
Taylor's Guide to Fruits and Berries
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America (Smith)
Whole Foods Companion (Dianne Onstad)
Fruits as Medicine (Dai Yin-fang & Liu Cheng-jun)
Thuc Nam trn t My (tp 3)
Tap ch Sunset (January 2005)
HOA HIN
(Ci KIM CHM)
Cy hoa gip qun .. ni phin .. ?
::: DS Trn Vit Hung :::
Rt him cc loi hoa ngun gc t dng , tr thnh mt cy hoa
chnh tai cc vun Hoa Ky.. trong d c loi hoa dc bit Hoa Hin.. Ngui
Trung Hoa d bit dng Hoa Hin lm thuc v thuc phm t hon 2500
nm truc. Trong Kinh Thi d c ghi chp : 'Yn dc Huyn tho, ngn thu
chi bi' , v hoa Hin (Huyn) d duoc xem l mt cy tt , gip qun moi
uu phin..C rt nhiu chng d duoc lai tao d cho nhng cy hoa c th
cao t 15 cm dn 2m vi rt nhiu mu sc thay di, ruc r.. (ngoai tr
mu xanh da tri (blue) v mu trng tuyn) . Hi cc nh trng hoa Hin
hay American Hemerocallis Society d hoat dng t 1946 v hin nay c
dn 275 nh chuyn trng v hng ngn ngui yu hoa lm hi vin vi
khong trn 30 ngn chng hoa d loai v trong 30 nm qua.. hoa Hin
d lm say lng khch yu hoa ngui My. Mi nm du c ngy Hi thi d
tuyn lua cy hoa dep nht trong nm : Chng doat gii nm 2002 l
chng lai tao 'Ming Porcelain', cho hoa mu hng do nhat..
Nm 1753, nh thuc vt Linnaeus d dng tn latin Hemerocallis d
dt cho hoa Hin. Mi dn th k 16, u chu mi bit dn hoa Hin ca
chu : nm 1583 Clusius vit v hoa Hin, xut hin tai Hungary v l mt
cy hoa qu ch duoc trng tai nhng lu di ca gii qu tc. Henri Lyte
l tc gi du tin vit v hoa Hin tai Anh (1578)..
Hemerocallis fulva duoc trng tai Philadelphia vo 1812..
Trong vn chuong Trung Hoa, hoa Hin duoc nhc nh nhiu trong bi
ht , bi tho dnh cho Khng T, v hoa duoc Chi Han (304 truc Ty lich)
m t nhu mt loai rau; sau d duoc ghi trong Thn Nng Bn tho Kinh
nhu mt duoc liu c tnh loi tiu, tri hong dn. Trong Bn tho Cuong
Muc, L thi Trn ghi nhn r cy tn thnh bt, duoc dng d tri cc nhot
noi v..v dot non ca hoa khi nu c mi vi nhu hnh chn, ngoi ra nuc
ct p t r hoa duoc dng d tri ng dc do thach tn.
Tn khoa hoc v cc tn thung goi :
Hemerocallis fulva thuc ho thuc vt Hemerocallidacea.
Ngoi ra cn c Hemerocallis citrina; H. minor ; H. lilioasphodelus (
lemon lilly) v H. middendorf.
(Hemerocallis , t ting Hy lap = Beautiful for only a day, d ch hoa
rt chng tn, chng cho hoa n ko di nht cng ch duoc..72 gi)
Nhng tn thung goi : Daylilies bao gm nhng tn nhu Orange
Daylily, Tawny Daylily, Fulvous Daylily.
Tai Trung Hoa, Hoa Hin duoc goi l Vong tho (Xuan-cao), Vong uu,
Huyn tho, Liu su, Kim chm thi (Jin zhen cai), Hong hoa thi
(Huang-hua-cai)
Tai Nht : Akinowasuregusa.
c tnh thuc vt :
Cy hoa Hin d (H. fulva) (Tawny Daylily, Orange Daylily, Lis rouge)
ngun gc t Chu , thuc loai thn tho da nin, c th moc cao dn
1m, c nhiu r c trn. L nguyn, hnh mi mc hep, di 30-60 cm rng
3-5 cm, mu xanh bng ni r gn doc, moc tp trung gc, xo ra
thung gp xung pha ngon. Hoa to hnh phu mu vng d, khng
thom, t mt tn hoa moc ra 8-9 hoa, phn nhnh, tuy nhin hoa ch n
tng di hay ch mt hoa l.. Qu thuc loai nang c hnh 3 canh trong
cha nhiu hat mu den bng.
Cy ra hoa trong cc thng 6-8.
Hemerocallis fulva phn b rng ri, moc hoang noi thung lng, di
ni, gn nhng vng nuc, v duoc trng ph bin tai Trung Hoa ( Son
Ty, H Nam, Giang Ty, Trit giang, Phc kin), Nht..nhung cy Tawny
Daylily ny ngy nay cn duoc trng nhiu tai Hoa Ky, hon c tai Trung
Hoa ! H. fulva duoc cc nh vun cho lai tao thnh nhiu chng rt dep :
H. fulva var. Kwanso :
Hoa ln, cnh kp (Double Orange daylily)
H. fulva var. flore-pleno : Hoa
c cnh vng d v c nhiu dm d gia hoa.
H.fulva var. variegata : L
mu xanh c nhng vach trng.
H. fulva var. hupehensis :
Hoa mu d tuoi, c hong mu vng..
Hemerocallis citrina : ch cao chng 1.2 m, l di dn 1 m v rng
hon 2.5 cm. Hoa mu vng, thom mi chanh, ln chng 12.5 cm, n v
dm trong cc thng 6-7. Cy moc ph bin tai vng ni v rung la tai
H Bc, Son Ty, Son ng, Giang t, An huy..H Bc..T
xuyn..
Hemerocallis minor : moc cao khong 45 cm, l mng manh thun
hep khong 5cmx1.3cm; Hoa n vo ma xun, mu vng, thom, ln
chng 10 cm. Cy moc tai vng dt m, di ni, ven rng, v duoc trng
hu nhu khp Trung Hoa. Cy cng moc tu nhin tai Nht, v ng
Siberia
Hemerocallis liliasphodelus (H. flava) : cy ny thung duoc goi l
Lemon daylily, Yellow daylily, Lis jaune=Hemerocalle jaune, c ngun gc
t Bc Chu , Cy thn c, moc thnh bui dy cao chng 1m. L tuong
di ln c 66 cm x 18 cm, mu xanh bng, mm, un cong ra. Hoa tp
trung thnh tn (6-9 hoa) n v dm, vo ma xun, mu vng tuoi di
chng 10 cm, rt thom mi chanh, ko di t 20 dn 76 gi ; cng duoc
trng khp Trung Hoa, moc trong vng pha Bc thung lng Sng Duong
t..
Hemerocallis middendorffi : cao chng 35 cm, l moc vuon cao dn
66 cm. Hoa mu cam, thom di chng 7.5 cm, n vo cui xun; moc
trong vng ni cao tai Bc Trung Hoa, Triu tin, Vng bin gii Nga v
Nht.
Thnh phn ha hoc :
- R cha cc alkaloids nhu Colchicine, Hemerocallin, Friedelin,
Obtusifolin.. ; cc hop cht loai anthraquinones nhu kwanzoquinones A, B,
C , Chrysophanol, Rhein..
Trong cy cn c Asparagine, cc vitamin A, B v C ; Beta-sitosterol-
D- glucoside, Trehalase..; nhiu khong cht, luong cao nht l st.
Ngoi ra cn c cc saponines loai steroid : Hemeroside A v B..
Duoc tnh v cng dung :
Duoc hoc Trung Hoa c truyn dng Hoa v R hoa Hin lm thuc.
R duoc thu hoach trong cc thng 7-9 sau khi cy tr hoa.
Hoa (nu hoa phoi kh) duoc xem l c vi ngot, tnh hn ; tc dung
vo kinh mach thuc Ph v ai trng.
Hoa duoc xem l mt thuc 'mt' dng tri bun nn, i ma, chng
co-git, gim st, ha nhit, v dng lm diu dau khi sanh n. Hoa cng c
tc dung lm yn ng tang, tao khoan khoi trong lng.
R: c vi dng, tnh hn tc dung vo Ty v Ph.
R hoa Hin duoc dng d tri ph (gi nuc), kh tiu tin, nuc tiu
duc, vng da, sung gan, sung thn, tiu ra mu, chy mu cam..phn c
mu, xut huyt t cung.
R tuoi nu vi thit heo duoc dng lm thuc gip gia tng t bo mu
bi dung co th khi dang dung bnh.
R tuoi, xay thnh bt nho, dng d dp ln noi sung v (mastitis).
L v R (kh) duoc sc vi nuc vo gao, lm thuc tri ph thng.
R kh (30 gram) sc chung vi Gng tuoi (8-10 lt), dng vi ruou
trng ; hay r kh (30 g) nu chung vi Mc nhi (10 g) d tri phn c
mu.
tri vng da (Hong dn), R tuoi ra sach duoc nhi vo bung g
mi, ri quay liu riu ,trong 3 gi, n mi ngy mt ln hay n cch nht.
t non : c vi hoi ngot, tnh mt dng d gip loi tiu, loai' nhit
thng', ph duoc tc, dau tc noi nguc, tri hong dn v tiu ra
mu.Liu dng t 15-30 =gram dot tuoi.
Nhng nghin cu khoa hoc v Hoa Hin :
Duoc hoc Trung Hoa ngy nay, dua trn cc phuong thc s dung c
truyn, dng hoa Hin d tri sung, u nhot noi v, dang tp trung nghin
cu v tc dung tri u-buu ca cc alkaloids trong R hoa Hin.
Nghin cu tpi H Michigan , Lansing :
Theo nghin cu cng b trn Life Science s 74 ngy 20 thng 2,
2004 cc nh nghin cu tai National Food Safety and Toxicology Center
(H Michigan) d ly trch t R Hemerocallis fulva cc hop cht loai anthra
quinones : nhm mi nhu cc kwanzoquinones A -> G v nhng cht d
bit nhu 2 -hydroxychrysophanol, rhein..Nhng cht ny d duoc th
nghim v hoat tnh ngn chn su pht trin ca cc dng t bo ung thu
noi ngui. Kt qu cho thy : Kwanzoquinones A-C v E, kwanzo quinone
A v B monoacetates, 2-hydroxychrysophan v rhein du c ch tng
trung ca t bo ung thu v, rut gi v phi khi dng nng d GI50
gia 1.8-21.1 microg/mL. Tc dung ca cc anthraquinones trn gim bt
khi dng chung vi cc Vitamin C v E, trn t bo ung thu v, nhung lai
gia tng trn t bo ung thu rut.
Cc nh nghin cu tai Lansing cng tm hiu v hoat tnh chng sung
(khng vim) v tri hong dn (vng da) ca l cy hoa Hin : L tuoi khi
trch bng methanol cho mt s hop cht c tc dung c ch phn ng
peroxyd ha cc lipid. Trong s cc cht chit duoc nhu tetrahydro-
dexoxy-pinnatanine, pinnatanine, roseoside, phlomuroside, lariciresinol,
adenosine, quercetine-glucosides..cc cht roseoside v lariciresinol c
hoat tnh khng oxy ha kh manh v chng sung r rt (Life Science s
75-25 thng 6, 2004).
Tc dng trn gic ng :
Nghin cu tai Nht trn Hoa (lm kh v dng lanh), dng chut th
nghim ghi nhn c su thay di trong cc ln sng gic ng chm, gia
tng trong giai-doan ti, so vi nhm di chng (Psychiatry Clinical
Neuroscience S 52-1998)
Hopt tnh khng sinh :
Mt s nghin cu v tc dung khng sinh ca r H. citrina duoc th
nghim tai cc bnh vin Trung Hoa, ch trong v kh nng tri lao phi
nhung dc tnh cao ca r khin vic s dung gp nhiu tr ngai.
Hoa Hin dng lm thuc phm :
Tai Trung Hoa, Hoa hin loai Hemerocallis citrina duoc dng lm rau
dui cc tn goi Hong hoa thi (Huang-hua cai), Kim chm thi (Jin zhen
cai) hay Mng xun tho (meng xuan cao).. Ch nu hoa hay hoa va n c
th n duoc, cn r khng n duoc v c dc tnh. Cnh hoa c th dng
trang tr cho mn n hay n chung vi cc rau khc trong dia salad.
Ci kim chm (nu hoa) l mt trong nhng mn n 'dc bit' tai cc
Nh hng Trung Hoa, do tnh nhy v vi ngot. Kim chm c th phoi kh
v duoc bn tai cc Cho Thuc phm dng chung vi Nm mc nhi. Kim
chm kh c th tn tr lu di, khi s dung cn ngm trong nuc m
chng 30 pht.
(Nn ch , kim chm kh bn trong gi c th gm c nu hoa ca
Lilium tigrinum=Tiger lily), vi khng ngot bng Hemerocallis nhung c th
dn v dai hon. Ngoi ra, kim chm Nht, lm t nu hoa Funkia ovata
(Japanese daylily), c mi thom hon.)
Nu hoa v dot cy non c vi tuong tu nhu su phi hop gia mng
asparagus, nm v du green bean. Nn hi nu hoa mt ngy truc khi
hoa n , v n ngay trong ngy. C th gi dng lanh bng cch nhng
nhanh vo nuc m trong 3 pht, ri lm lanh..nhanh.
Nn ch : tuy nu hoa c th dng lm thuc phm nhung r duqc
xem l dc v khng nn n. Liu cao gy ra mt kim sot tiu tin,
ngung th, n dng t mt v c th m. Trung duoc c truyn cm dng
qu 30 gram r kh mt ln v gy hu mt .
Ti liu s dung :
Herbal Emissaries (Steven Foster & Yue ChongXi)
The Oregonian (Home and Garden May 21,1998)
Garden Showcase (July 2002)
Medicinal Plants of China ( James Duke & Edward Ayensu)
Hoa HE
V| thuc cm mu
Hy vng mi cho
Bnh nhn sung gan do Siu vi C ?
::: DS
Trn
Vit
Hung
:::
Tro
ng
bi
'
Th
o
mc trong c vn Vit Nam', (Nguyt San Vit Nam Canada) nh vn
V Ky in d vit v mt s cy c, trong d ng d ch dn mt
cy hoa, duoc nhc nh kh nhiu trong Truyn Kiu ca Nguyn
Du: d l Cy He.
Ting sen s dng gic he
Bng trng d x hoa l lai gn
hay
Tha gia chng nt nng Vn
Mt cy c mc, mt sn qu he
v .
Sn he di cht tho ngy
Trn cam ai k d thay vic mnh
Trong Luc Vn Tin, cu Nguyn dnh Chiu cng vit :
Bun trng dm liu, dung he
Tng Sophora ( He) thuc ho thuc vt Papillionaceae (Fabaceae) gm
khong 50 loi c th l tiu mc hay bui, phn b kh rng ri tai cc vng
kh hu n di Bc bn cu, tuy nhin cng c nhng loi ring moc tai c v
Tn Ty Lan. a s Sophora l nhng cy moc thong, phn cnh nhiu, l
kp hnh lng chim, moc cch v c hoa moc thnh cum dang hoa du, n
vo ma xun hay h..
Tn Sophora pht xut t tn goi ca cy theo ting Rp sufayra l tn
goi chung cho cc cy thuc gia dnh du.
Nhng cy dng ch trong tng
Sophora :
Sophora chrysophylla : loi dc trung
ca Hawaii, moc thnh bui rm cao
dn 3 m. Hoa mu vng tuoi.
Sophora flavescens (Xem phn dui)
Sophora japonica : (Xem phn dui)
Sophora microphylla : gc t Tn
Ty Lan, thuc loai tiu mc, l xanh
quanh nm, moc cao dn 5m. L
ging nhu loai rng, hoa vng xm
moc thnh chm dy dc.
Sophora secundiflora = Mescal bean,
Coral bean, Texas Mountain Laurel ,
loi dc trung ca Bc My, moc cao dn 8m, hoa mu xanh-tm, hat
mu d, duoc th dn dng trong cc nghi thc tn gio do dc tnh
gy o gic ca hat (cha cytisine c hoat tnh nhu nicotine trong
thuc l)
Sophora tetraptera : hay Kowhai = New Zealand laburnum. Hoa duoc
dng lm hoa biu tuong (emblem) ca Nuc New Zealand. Moc cao
dn 12m, hoa mu vng tuoi , rt dep.
Sophora tonkinensis : loi dc trung ca Bc Vit nam (Xem phn
dui).
Sophora tomentosa hay Silverbrush : He lng , cng gp tai Vit
nam. Hoa mu vng xm
Cc cy ho dng lm thuc :
Trong nhm Sophora c 3 cy duoc dng lm thuc trong Duoc hoc c
truyn Trung Hoa, Nht, Vit Nam, v duoc dng d tri nhng bnh khc
nhau ty tng cy.
1. Ho (Sophora japonica) :
Cc tn khc : Japanese
pagoda tree, Chinese
scholar tree, Arbre des
pagodes (Php).
Cy duoc trng t lu di
tai Nht, Trung Hoa v cc
quc gia ng Nam ,
duoc xem l c ngun gc
tai Trung Hoa, Triu Tin.
Tai Vit Nam cy thung
gp tai min Bc, v min
Trung, hin duoc trng
thm tai Cao Nguyn
Trung phn.
Cy thuc loai trung bnh,
cao 5-6 m ( c th dn 20
m) Thn nhn mu xanh
luc nhat c nhng dm
trng khi gi tr thnh
xm. L kp hnh lng chim l, moc so le, gm 9 dn 17 l cht (hay
l phu) moc di. Cung chung mnh, mt trn c rnh. L cht hnh
bu duc thun, di 30-40 mm rng 10-15 mm; mt trn xanh luc
xm, mt dui xm nhat, nhm v c lng. Hoa nh c cnh c ln lt
ra pha sau , mu trng hay vng-xanh nhat, c mi thom, moc thnh
chm du cnh.Mu hoa phai dn sau khi n v rung sau vi ngy.
Qu du di 5-8 cm, tht eo gia cc hat thnh mt chui , khi kh
mu nu den, nhn nheo, cha t 4-6 hat hnh bu duc, hoi det, den
bng. Cy tr hoa vo cc thng 5-8, ra qu vo thng 9-10
G, v thn v qu cung cp mt loai phm mu vng (dng nhum
to tai Trung Hoa)
C nhng 'chng trng'=cultivars dc bit nhu :
Pendular = Weeping pagoda tree (He r) c cnh r xung, thung
thuc loai cy ghp, rt t khi tr hoa. Moc cao chng 3m
Tortuosa c cnh cong queo
Violacea , hoa mu tm lilac.
Columnaris, tn hep moc thnh hnh thp.
Cy tuy c th moc tai u chu, tr hoa vo cui h nhung khng cho
qu. Tai nhng vng c ma h thiu nng, m, cy kh tr hoa.
2. He Bc Vit Nam (Sophora
tonkinensis= S. subprostrata)
Cc tn khc : Qung du, Son
du, Pigeon pea
y l loi He dc trung ca Bc
Vit nam, ch gp tai nhng vng
Nam Trung Hoa, v Bc Vit cho
dn Nng.
Cy moc thnh bui, cao 1-2 m thn
hnh tru, c lng mm. L kp moc
so le, c 11 dn 15 l cht moc di.
L cht dy, thun hay hnh bu
duc di 3-4 cm, rng 1-2 cm, mt
trn nhn v ng nh, mt dui c
lng. Cum hoa moc thnh chm
nch l. i hoa hnh chung, bn
ngoi c lng. Trng hoa mu vng.
Qu di-4 cm, c lng, tu m, c
cha hat hnh trng, den bng.
3. D he hay Kh sm (Sophora flavescens =Yellow Pagoda tree)
Tn khc : Kh ct
C ngun gc tai Nht, Trung Hoa, Siberia v Korea. Cy moc thnh
bui cao dn 1.5m. R hnh tru di, v ngoi mu vng-trng. L kp
hnh lng chim di 25 cm mang t 15-40 l phu , hep thun hnh mi
mc 2-5 cm. Hoa mu vng-xanh nhat, di khi tm, moc thnh chm
nch l. Qu du di khong 8-12 cm, dung knh 5-8mm, c m
thun, cha 3-7 hat hnh cu, mu den.
Thnh phn ha hoc :
Hpt He (Sophora japonica) cha cc hop cht :
Cc Alkaloids loai Quinolizidin (0-0.04%) nhu Cytisine, N-methyl
cytisine, Matrine, Sophocarpine..
Cc Flavonoids (1.75%) nhu Rutin (c th dn 0.5%),
Sophorine
Cc Polysaccharides nhu galactomannans : Thnh phn ca cc
galactomannan thay di ty theo phuong php chit xut, dng
nuc lanh hay nuc nng; su khc bit do t l gia mannose
v galactose (PubMed-PMID :15553793)
Du bo (6.9-12.1%)
Proteins (17.2-23 %).
Cc khong cht : 100 gram hat cha 265mg Calcium, 272mg
Phosphorus, 1,066 mg Potassium
Hoa He cha nhiu rutin (c th dn 34%, nht l trong nu hoa chua
n), ngoi ra cn c cc saponins khi thy phn cho betulin, sophoradiol,
sophorin A, B v C.
V qu c flavonoids (10%) gm c cc cht chuyn ha nhu genistein,
sophoricoside (hay genistein-4'-glucoside), sophorabioside (phn biose gm
glucose v rhamnose), kaempferol, rutin..; Sophorose
R cy c : (D,L)-Maackian, Amhydropisatin, Pterocarpane, Sophoja
ponicin, Flavonoids..
Trong R ca Sophora tonkinensis (Son du) c cc alkaloids
(0.93%) loai quinolizidine nhu : cytisine, sophocarpine, matrine, lehmannine,
sophoranol, oxymatrine v oxysophocarpine; ngoi ra cn c anagyrine,
sophoranochromene, sophoradin, genistein maackian.. cc saponins loai
triterpenoid nhu sophor-neoanochromone..
Trong R ca Sophora flavescens c :
Cc flavonoids thuc nhm prenylflavonoids v
lavandulylflavonoids nhu 9-prenylkempferol, kushenol X,
norkurarinone, leachianone A, kushenol C, maackiain..(Planta
Medica S 71-2005)
Cc alkaloids loai matrine nhu matrine, sophoridine,
sophocarpine, lehmannine, sophoramine, oxymatrine,
oxysophocarpine, cytosine v aloperine
Cc nghin cu khoa hoc v He :
Hopt tnh cm mu :
Hoa He d duoc s dung lu di trong Duoc hoc c truyn Trung
Hoa, n d, Vit Nam d lm thuc cm mu.
Nghin cu tai Vin Duoc liu Trung Hoa Bc Kinh) tm hiu v hoat
tnh cm mu ca He (S. japonica) dui cc dang ch bin khc
nhau nhu dang hoa tuoi, hoa sao, v thiu thnh than, cc dang
chit v tinh ch bao gm rutin, quercetin v tannins. Kt qu ghi
nhn : khi cho th vt th nghim ung trong 5 ngy lin tuc , Th
gian chy mu (bleeding time=BT), Thi gian dng mu (coa
gulation time=CG), thm thu vi mach (Capillary
permeability=CP) du gim ha noi chut th nghim. Tho gian
prothrombin (PT) cng gim. C 3 dang ch bin du lm tng luong
fibrinogen. Ngoi ra cc dang chit du gip tng s dm tiu cu .
Dang sao dn vng duoc xem l c hoat tnh manh nht (PubMed,
PMID: 15609601)
Hopt tnh chng ung thu ca Sophora tonkinensis :
Liu 60 gram/kg R S. tonkinensis c hoat tnh kh r tri ung thu c
t cung noi chut th nghim, c tc dung c ch chng Sarcoma
180. Hoat tnh ha cht tri liu ca oxymatrine manh gp 7.8 ln so
vi Mitomycin C. Khi th dng d tri cc trung hop ung thu mu loai
Acute lympho cytic hay granulocytic, duoc liu cho thy c hoat tnh
c ch dehydrogenase v su h hp ca t bo.(Chinese Herbal
Medicine Materia Medica-Dan Bensky & A. Bensky).
Tc dng khng sinh ca S.tonkinensis :
S. tonkinensis c hoat tnh khng sinh manh chng lai vi trng lao
(Mycobacterium tuberculosis), Staphylococcus (dc bit l
Staphylococ cus aureus d khng methicillin, chng lai cc nm gy
bnh nhu Epidermophyton v Candida albicans.(Journal of
Ethnopharmacology S 50-1996)
Hopt tnh chng Siu vi trng ca Sophori dine :
Sophoridine, ly trch t D he (Kh sm)-Sophora flavescens c
hoat tnh chng siu vi trng Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), l tc nhn
chnh gy sung co tim (myocarditis) cp tnh v kinh nin, hoat tnh
ny do tc dng trn tin trnh chuyn bin cytokine noi t bo co
tim (Life Sciences S 22 (Nov)-2005)
Tc dng chng lopn nhjp tim ca Sophora flavescens :
Kh sm duoc dng tai cc Bnh vin Trung Hoa lm thuc tri loan
nhip tim. Thuc c tc dng lm chm nhip tim, gia thi gian chuyn
dn noi tim v gy gim phn ng kch ng co tim. Cc hoat tnh ny
khng bi nh hung bi cc tc nhn atropin nor-beta-adrenergic.
Khi chch cho mo, qua tinh mach, dung dich 100% S. flavescens liu
1 ml/mg cho thy c su gim nhip tim dng thi vi su gia tng luu
luong mu qua dng mach vnh. Cc nghin cu ghi nhn d-matrine
c tc dung chng loan nhip tim noi th vt do hoat dng c ch truc
tip bp thit tim; hoat tnh chng loan nhip c tc dng trn cc loai
loan nhip gy ra bi aconitine, chlorure barium, hay do ct tht dng
mach vnh..(The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs- Kee Chang Huang)
Hopt tnh bo v Gan ca Oxymatrine, trch t Sophora flavescens
:
Oxymatrine, ly trch t S. flavescens c tc dung bo v t bo gan
chng lai nhng hu hai gy ra do cc gc tu do v cc cytokines tao
phn ng sung vim.. Cc hu hai ny do hin tuong apoptosis lm
cho cc t bo tu hy, c th dua dn sung gan mn tnh. Khi chch
cho chut th nghim (c di chng) Oxymatrine 30 pht truc khi
gy cho chut bi lm nghn gan, kt qu ghi nhn s t bo bi hu
hai gim thiu, ALT va AST cng gim ha dng k ( ALT 61% ; AST
73%). Oxymatrine ngn chn tin trnh apoptosis bng cch tc
dng vo Fas v cc ligand Fas (World Journal of Surgery S 29
(Nov) 2005)
Tc dng chng Siu vi gy Sung gan ca Oxymatrine :
Oxymatrine d duoc nghin cu v hoat tnh chng Siu vi trng gy
sung gan loai C tai cc bnh vin Trung Hoa t 1999. Khi chch cho
cc bnh nhn bi sung gan do Siu vi B, liu 600mg/ ngy : s luong
siu vi trng gim ha v tnh trang so gan cng duoc ci thin.
Oxymatrine duoc ghi nhn l c tc dung chng su ti lp
(replication) ca siu vi HCV khi th trong phng th nghim trn mi
trung cy t bo (Chinese Journal of Liver Diseases S 9-2001).
Th nghim tai Trung Tm Tri liu bnh Gan ca BV Amoy (2002)
trn 30 bnh nhn Sung gan di Siu vi B, cho chch 400 mg/ ngy
trong 3 thng ghi nhn luong vi trng gim rt r v gan duoc ti tao
. Th nghim, c di chng, m di, nm 2004 trn 216 bnh nhn
sung gan do siu vi loai B dng oxymatrine, chch hay ung, trong
24 tun cho thy kt qu rt tt (World Journal of Gastroenterology
S 10-2004). Th nghim k tip rng ri hon, trn 144 bnh nhn
sung gan do siu vi B hay C, chia thnh 2 nhm, di chng bng
placebo, cho ung 900 mg oxymatrine/ ngy trong 52 tun dua dn
kt qu l luong siu vi trng B hay C du mt hn (negative) khi
th nghim v luong ALT cng tr v mc bnh thung. Sinh thit t
bo Gan cng ci thin r rt. Ngoi ra , trong mt nghin cu khc,
so snh hoat tnh ca oxy matri ne (dng chch) v IFN-a cho thy
oxymatrine c tc dung tuong duong vi nterferon trong vic lm
gim luong siu vi m khng gy nhng phn ng phu dc hai
(Chinese Journal of Digestive Disorders S 5-2004). Mt khc khi
dng oxymatrine chung vi lamivudine d tri sung gan do siu vi, kt
qu tri liu tuong duong vi vic dng interferon chung vi
lamivudine.
Cc hqp cht c ch Monoamine Oxidase trong R Sophora
flavescens
Dich chit t R Sophora flavescens bng methanol c hoat tnh c
ch MAO noi c chut th nghim. Trong dich chit ny c 2
flavonoids l formononetin, kushenol F v cc hop cht oxymatrine,
trifolirhizin v beta-sitosterol. Hai cht c tc dng IMAO l
formononetin ( c ch MAO-B nng d IC50= 11.0 microM v c
ch MAO-A , IC50=21.2 microM) Kushenol F cng c ch MAO-B
IC50= 63.1 v MAO-A IC50= 103.7 microM.(PubMed : PMID
15789750)
Tc dung duoc hoc ca Rutin :
Nu he l mt trong nhng nguyn liu chnh dng d ly trch Rutin. T
l rutin trong nu he kh cao, c th dn 34%. Mt s hoat tnh sinh hoc ca
he l do rutin.
Rutin cn duoc goi dui kh nhiu tn nhu Eldrin, Oxerutin, Quercetin-3-
rhamnoglucoside, Quercetin-3-rutoside, Rutosise, Sclerutin, Sophorin..
Rutin duoc xem l mt cht chng oxy-ha, mt cht thu nht cc gc tu
do v l mt cht phc ha st (Iron chelator). Rutin c tc dung lm gim
su d v ca vi mach v gim d thm thu ca mach mu, gia tng su bn
chc ca mach mu do d c tc dng bo v ngn nga huyt p cao, cm
mu. Mt s nghin cu khoa hoc ghi nhn rutin c th gip bo v co th
chng lai tc dung gy hai ca asbestos (Free Radical Biology Medicine S
21-1996)., gip co th chng cc tc dng gy dc hai cho t bo ca LDL d
bi oxyha (British Journal of Pharmacology S 116-1995), bo v bao t
chng lai tc dng ca ethanol (Genetic Pharma cology S 25-1994).
Khi dng thm trong ch d n ung, Rutin cho thy c tc dung bo v
DNA chng lai cc hu hai gy ra bi cc ha cht dc gy ung thu gan.
Rutin cn duoc dng chung vi trypsin v bromelain d tri sung xuong
khp (osteoarthritis) : Trong mt th nghim, m di, c kim sot bng
placebo, 73 bnh nhn bi sung v dau du gi loai osteoarthitis, duoc cho
dng Phlogenzym (cha 100 mg rutin, 48 mg trypsin v 90 mg bromelain)
hay diclofenac (Voltaren) 50 mg, mi ngy 3 ln trong tun th 1, sau d
ngy 2 ln trong cc tun th 2 v 3. Kt qu ghi nhn hiu ng tuong
duong noi c 2 nhm(Clinical Drug Investigation S 19-2000)
Khi thy gii, Rutin cho mt genin l Quercetin , mt phn t glucose v
mt phn t rhamnose. Quercetin c hoat tnh lm chm nhip tim, gy gin
n dng mach vnh v tng th tch tm thu.
Quercetin l mt flavonol d duoc nghin cu kh nhiu v hoat tnh
chng ung thu. Trong 73 nghin cu, quercetin cho thy c kh nng c ch
su tng trung ca mt s dng t bo ung thu nhu ung thu bao t (FEBS
Letter S 260-1990), ung thu mu (British Journal of Heamato logy S 79-
1991). Liu tc dng ca Quercetin duoc ghi nhn l 1-50 microM.
Ho trong Duoc hoc c truyn phuong ng :
Duoc hoc c truyn Phuong ng phn bit cc vi thuc :
1. Hoi hoa m ( huai hua mi) (Flos Sophorae Japonica Immaturus)
uoc dng tai Trung Hoa t khong nm 600 Ty lich.
Vi thuc l nu hoa ca Sophora japonica, thu hoach vo ma h
truc khi hoa n hon ton. Cy duoc trng trong cc vng Liu
Ninh, H Bc, H Nam, Son ng, An Huy. Tai Nht, vi thuc
duoc goi l kaikamai v tai Triu Tin l koehwami.
Hoi hoa m duoc cho l c vi dng, tnh hn v tc dng vo
kinh mach thuc Can v ai trung.
Hoi hoa m c cc tc dung :
'Luong huyt' v 'cm mu', dng tri cc chng lin h
dn 'Nhit-Thp' tai ai trung c xut huyt, nht l cc
chng chy mu do Tri, v tiu ra mu; cng dng d tri
th huyt (i ra mu), khi huyt (ho ra mu).
Thung duoc phi hop vi Trc b dip (ce-bai-
ye)=Cacumen Biotae Orientalis d tri tiu, tiu ra mu,
xut huyt t cung, th huyt v chy mu mi..
2. 'Luong Can' , dng tri dau mt sung d, chng mt xy xm do Can
nhit gy ra.
Duoc hoc c truyn Trung Hoa cn s dung cc dang ch bin hoa ho
vo cc muc tiu khc nhau :
- Nu he tuoi d gip lm sng mt;
- He sao, thiu d cm mu v sao tm mt d b Ph.
- (Qu He hay Hoi gic =Fructus Sophorae Japonicae, duoc cho l
c hot tnh cm mu km hon nu hoa, nhung lai thanh nhit tt hon
nn thung duoc dng d tri cc cuc tri sung. Qu c tnh 'ging Kh'
nn trnh dng khi c thai)
Tai Vit Nam hoa v qu ho duoc dng d lm thuc cm mu, tri st
xut huyt, huyt p cao, tri sung dau..
3. Son dqu cn (Shan-dou-gen) =Radix Sophorae Tonkinensis
Vi thuc l R cy Ho Bc Vit (Sophora tonkinensis = Sophora
subprostrata),
Son du cn duoc chp trong Thi Bo bn tho t nm 973
Nht duoc : Sanzukon ; Triu tin : Santugn.
Son du cn duoc cho l c vi dng, tnh hn, tc dng vo kinh mach
thuc Ph, ai trung.
Son du cn c cc tc dung :
Thanh nhit, Tr dc do Ha bc ln v tri cc chng sung v dau
hong.
Thung duoc phi hop vi qu Nguu bng (Niu bang zi)= fructus Arctii
Lappae v R Kit cnh (jie geng)= Radix Platycodi Grandiflori d tri
cc bnh v c hong.
Thanh 'Ph' : tri ho do Ph-nhit.Tri cc chng hong dn do Nhit-
Thp
Tai Vit Nam : Ho Bc vit duoc dng tri sung c hong, sung chn
rng bng cch sc ung.
4. Kh sm (Ku shn)= Radix Sophorae Flavescentis.
Vi thuc l R Sophora flavescens, duoc ghi trong Thn Nng Bn
tho.
Nht duoc : Kujin ; Triu tin : Kosam.
Kh sm duoc xem l c vi dng, tnh hn, tc dng vo kinh mach
thuc Tm, Can, Bng quang, ai v Tiu trung.
Kh sm c dc tnh :
Thanh nht v kh Thp thung dng tri cc chng kit ly, huyt
trng ca phu n, hong dn , sung dau.
Tr Phong, Dit trng, tri nga : dng trong cc trung hop l nga
ngoi da do nhit-thp; tri nga ngy noi b phn sinh duc.
Thanh nhit v gip tiu, tri cc chng bt n do Nhit-thp noi Tiu
trung, di tiu dau gt.
Liu thung dng 3-15 gram, c th dn 30 gram nu ch bin thnh
dang savon hay thuc thoa ngoi da.
Tai Vit Nam : Kh sm duoc dng d tri kit ly, chy mu trong rut,
di tiu ra mu. Nuc sc R dng ra tri nga ngoi da. Bt r tn min
dng trn vi gluose v acid boric d tri sung m dao do nhim
Trichomonas. .
c tnh v an ton :
Theo Ch Duoc Thu ca Cng Ha Nhn Dn Trung Hoa, liu ti da khi
dng R Kh sm hay R Son du, dng ung, cho ngui ln l 9 gram/
ngy. Liu gy dc l 30 gram. Liu cao Kh sm c th gy hu hai thn kinh
co git, nht l noi tr em.
Liu LD50 ca Oxymatrine duoc xc dinh l 521mg/ kg (theo Zhu
Youping trong Chinese Materia Medica: Chemistry, Pharmacology and
Applications)
Ti liu s dung :
Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database (Pharmacist's Letter)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Materia Medica (Dan Bensky & Andrew
Gamble)
The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs (Kee Chang Huang)
Medicinal Plants of China (J. Duke & Ed Ayensu)
Oxymatrine, Update on Clinical Effects and Safety (S. Dharmananda)
The A-Z of Garden Plants (Bay Book)
Encyclopedia of Herbs (Deni Bown)
LAN HU (AMARYLLIS)
Cy hoa..trong ho ngoi tuoi ?
::: DS Trn Vit Hung :::
Ca dao Vit Nam c nhiu cu ni dn Lan Hu, dnh d dnh du
nhng mi tnh khng tron ven, xa nhau nhung vn thuong nh :
' Lan Hu su ai Lan Hu ho
Lan Hu su tnh.. trong ho ngoi tuoi..'
Nhac s Pham Duy d dua cu ca dao ny vo bn nhac 'Thuong hoi
ngn nm' phi hop vi cu :
' Tc mai soi vn soi di
Ly nhau chng dng..thuong hoi ngn nm'
Ngoi ra ca dao cng vit :
' Uc g Lan Hu dm chi
Uc g qun t snh ngui thuyn quyn..'
Theo truyn thn thoai Hy lap : Amaryllis l tn ca mt nng tin
trinh bach, nht nht v e then nhung c mt quyt tm rt cao.Nng
dem lng yu Alteo, mt chng chn cu dep trai nhung tm hn lai st
d v Nng th rng s chung thy cng chng.. Nhung tnh yu lai khng
don gin.. Chng tuy h hng vi tnh nng nhung cho bit chng ch thch
c duoc bng hoa mi, chua bao gi c trn tri dt ! Sau khi hi Thn
Delphic Oracle, Amaryllis d dng mt mi tn bng vng tu dm thu tim
mnh ngay truoc ca nh Alteo. Nng tu dm xut 30 dm, d mu t tim
nh di trn chic o chong trng..v sau cng Alteo dnh m ca d tm
thy mt bng hoa d thm..moc ra t mu ca tim nng Amaryllis..
Amaryllis tai Hoa Ky l tn goi mt loi hoa ruc r nht trong nhm
hoa c hnh loa-kn (trumpet), hoa n gn nhu thung xuyn trong cc
ngy l nn rt duoc ua chung..
Tuy goi l Amaryllis, nhung tht ra cc cy hoa (c), gc t Nam My
ny l Hippeastrum. Amaryllis chnh thc, gc t Nam Phi..cn goi l
naked ladies, l mt cy hoa trng ngoi tri.. Hippeatrum v Amaryllis
du thuc gia dnh thuc vt Amaryllidaceae.
Amaryllis belladonna (=Brunsvigia rosea) ; Belladonna lily, Naked Lady
. Cy hoa chiu duoc thi tit mt lanh ca cc tiu bang Washington
v Oregon. N vo thng 8, hoa moc thnh chm 4-12 hoa, mu hng
, rt dep v thom.
Hippeastrum, c rt nhiu dang lai tao, duoc bn dui tn Giant
amaryllis hay Royal Dutch amaryllis (tuy khng trng tai Ha lan).
Nhng chng trng ngoi vun hoa thung n vo ma xun; cn
nhng chng trng trong nh, hoa n sau vi tun vi c xung dt..
(Mun amaryllis n theo thch, cn gi c noi m v ti dn khi c
r, sau d vi v chuyn cy vo noi bng mt, khng kh khng qu
kh. Tui nhiu khi cy va c l. Khi hoa d n ch tui phn nhe hai
tun mt ln)
Vi chng hippeastrum dc sc tai Hoa Ky : 'Candy cane'; 'Lady Jane'
(hoa mu d salmon, soc trng); 'Picotee' (hoa trng, vin d) 'White
peacock' (hoa trng, di, rt thom)
c tnh thuc vt :
Hippeastrum equestre ( Lan Hu, Loa kn d, Nng Trung Son)
Cy c ngun gc t Nam My. Cn hnh loai c hnh cu, ln, mu
nu, c phn c ngn. L moc thnh 2 hng, 4-5 ci, dy dc sau khi
hoa tn. L hnh gii hep, thun nhon dnh. Cum hoa moc t dnh c,
gia dm l, trn mt cung chung mp, trn, thng, mu xanh bng,
di 30-40 cm, dnh mang 2-5 hoa. Hoa kh ln c cung ngn. Cnh
hoa dnh lai thnh ng ngn, mu d tuoi, c vy. Qu thuc loai nang,
hnh cu.
Cc chng lai tao c hoa mu sc khc nhau nhu :
- H. equestre var. alba : Hoa mu trng.
- H. equestre var. splendes : Hoa mu d, cung di.
- H. equestre var. fulgidum : Hoa mu vng cam tuoi, mp cnh c
vin trng.
- H. equestre var. major : Hoa ln mu vng cam tuoi, gc cnh hoa
mu xanh.
Hippeastrum reti culatum ( Lan Hu mpng)
Cy c ngun gc t Brazil, duoc du nhp vo Vit Nam, duoc trng
kh ph bin tai Lat. C hnh gn nhu hnh cu c c ngn noi
dnh.L xut hin cng lc hoa n, dang thun di. L dy c gn ni
rt r, to, mu xanh bng. Hoa moc thnh cum dang tn trn mt
cung chung to, mp moc thng di 30-40 cm; dnh mang 3-6 hoa. Hoa
ln dn 30 cm, c cung di, cnh hoa mu hng c cc soc d doc
theo thn.
Thnh phn ha hoc :
C Amaryllis belladonna cha cc alkaloids loai lycorine nhu amarbelli
sine, lycorine, pancracine, vittatine, 11-hydroxyvittatine v
hippeastrine. Ngoi ra cn c acetylcaranine, ambelline..
Cc alkaloids ny c tnh khng sinh (Phytochemistry S 65-2004).
C Hippeastrum c cha cc lectins c hoat tnh gy kt tu vi nhiu
mannans ca nm men, nhung khng kt tu alpha-D-glucans (nhu
dextrans v glycogen)
C Hippeastrum vittatum (Lan Hu Barbados=Barados lily) cha cc
alkaloids Galanthamine, haemanthamine, hippacine, hippadine,
hippa gine hippeastrine, lycorine, tazettine, vittatine.. v flavonoids
nhu kaempferol-3-O-glycoside (Ethnobotanical databases - J. Duke)
Duoc tnh v cch dng :
Cc alkaloids trong Lan Hu dang duoc nghin cu v mt s tc dng
duoc hoc. Trong s cc alkaloids, lycorine (tn c Narcissine) l cht duoc
ch nht. Narcissine duoc c lp vo 1578, l mt alkaloid rt bn. n
1920, narcissine duoc chng minh l c cng cu trc vi lycorine, trch t
Lycoris radiata, v t d tn narcissine bi b.
Lycorine l mt alkaloid loai isoquinolone (chuyn ha t phena
thridine), c phn t luong 287.32, c cc hoat tnh sinh hoc loai cholino
mimetic; c ch hoat tnh sinh hoc ca men acetylcholinesterase.
Cc hopt tnh ca Lycorine :
Tc dung chng siu vi trng : Lycorine c hoat tnh c ch
hoat dng ti lp ca siu vi trng HIV-1, khi th trn dng t bo
MT4.(Planta Medica S 70-2004). Lycorine c ch su pht trin ca
siu vi trng coronavirus gy bnh SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome) liu EC50 (Effective Concentration) = 15.7 +/- 1.2 nM
v dang duoc nghin cu thm d lm thuc tri SARS (Antiviral
Research S 67-2005)
Tc dung chng sung-vim : Lycorine c ch su sn xut TNF-
alpha (tumor necrosis factor) noi cc dai thuc bo ca chut th
nghim; c ch tin trnh sinh tng hop proteins. V TNF-alpha l
mt cht cyto kine cn bn diu ha tin trnh sung vim nn
lycorine c trin vong duoc dng lm thuc chng sung, tri thp
khp (PMID :11218731)
Galanthamine, cng l mt cht c ch cholinesterase, d duoc dng
d tri bnh Alzheimer (xem bi Thy tin).
Hopt tnh chng ung thu :
Hai alkaloids acetylcaranine v ambelline, ly trch t cn hnh
Amaryllis belladonna c hoat tnh dit t bo ung thu leukemia khi th
trn dng t bo P-388 lymphocytic leukemia (noi chut) (Journal of
Natural Products S 47-1984)
Lan Hu trong ng duoc :
Theo ng duoc: C c vi ngot cay, tnh m c dc, c tc dng 'tn
, tiu thng.
Thn hnh duoc dng gi nt dp cm mu v tri tn thuong khi t
ng.
Ti liu s dung :
Pharmacodynamic Basis of Herbal Medicine (Manuchair Ebadi).
The A-Z of Garden Plants (Bay Books)
Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases (James Duke)
T Cy hoa DA HP
.. dn v| thuc HU PHC
::: DS Trn Vit Hung :::
Magnolia , thuc Gia dnh thuc
vt Magnoliaceae l mt trong
nhng cy hoa rt duoc ua chung
tai Hoa Ky. Ging Magnolia c
khong 128 loi, da s l nhng cy
c l xanh quanh nm. Magnolia moc
tu nhin tai chu, ng Nam Hoa
Ky, Nam My..nhung ch c 6 loi l
th sinh tai My. Magnolia c th l
mt cy loai dai thu cao dn 30m
hoc moc thnh bui phn nhnh
nhiu thn c th cao dn 15m ,
nhung thng thung ch cao khong
3-6 m. Magnolia cho hoa rt dep,
thom v mu sc thay di ty loi : t trng dn hng, d , d dm v t
vng nhat, vng chanh dn vng tuoi. Trong s cc loi cho hoa dep cn c
nhng loi cung cp nhng duoc liu dng ch ..
A. Cy hoa Magnolia :
Khi ni dn Magnolia, cc nh trng hoa tai California v Arizona ngh
ngay dn Magnolia grandifolia v dy l cy hoa rt ph bin, l tuoi, hoa to,
dep, chiu duoc nng nhit v dt m nhung cng cn su chm sc.; tuy duoc
xem l cy trng bn ven dung hay trn thm c, nhung r thung lm
hng dung di..v bng cy lm c moc khng du..
Trong s nhng Cy Magnolia duoc trng lm cy hoa cnh c nhng cy
rt ni ting dng ch nhu :
Magnolia grandiflora = M. foetida (Da Hop hay Sen t) , cn c
nhng tn khc nhu Bull Bay, Magnolia grande fleurs.
Cy c ngun gc t Nam My, duoc trng kh ph bin tai Bc chu, k
c Vit Nam (tai cc tnh min Bc v Trung). Cy thuc loai thn mc, l
xanh quanh nm, phn cnh nhiu. Cnh non v chi c lng. L thun
hnh bu duc, dy, mu xanh dm, mt trn nhn bng, mt dui c lng
mu nu xm. Hoa ln, mu trng, thom Cnh hoa 1-12 chic ln, dy
lm nhu lng thuyn, xp p st nhau, m xo rng, nhiu nhi..Hoa n
vo ma h thu, rt thch hop noi vun cnh.
Magnolia coco = M. pumila ( Da hop nh hay Trng g nh)
Cy ngun gc t Trung Hoa, trng lm cnh noi dn, cha.. Cy thuc
loai bui cao 1-4 m, phn cnh nhiu. L hnh tri xoan, thun, nhon c hai
du, nhn, mu xanh bng mt trn, xanh nhat pha vng mt dui.
Hoa moc don dc nch l, c cung cong ln. Cnh hoa lc non hoi xanh
sau thnh trng. Hoa rt thom , n quanh nm..
Magnolia sieboldii :
Ngun gc t Nht, duoc nhp vo Hoa Ky nm 1897, di khi cn duoc goi
l M.parviflora hay Oyama Magnolia. Cy thuc loai bui nh, cao 3-4m, nu
hoa moc thng, sau d n hnh ci chn 7,5-10 cm hoa trng, mi huong
ngot ngo. Hoa c th n ko di t gia thng 7 sang cui thng 8. Rt
duoc ua chung tai cc Tiu bang Ty-Bc.
Magnolia denudata (M.heptapeta):
Ngun gc t Trung Hoa, cn goi l Yulan Magnolia, thuc loai cy rung l,
cao dn 10m khi trung thnh, thung n dinh sau 15 nm, cnh pht
trin rt hi ha v l mt trong nhng loi magnolia cho hoa sm, hoa n
vo thng Ba, ln c 15 cm dang chn chalice, cnh hoa mu vng xanh
khi mi n v sau d nhat dn chuyn sang mu trng. Qu mu nu, di
chng 10-12cm, chn vo ma thu cho thy nhng hat mu d xm. Yulan
Magnolia duoc trng tai Trung Hoa t hon 2000 nm, tai cc sn cha v
l biu tuong cho su tinh khit .
Magnolia acuminata :
Cn duoc goi l Cucumbertree magnolia, c th moc cao dn 12m, Hoa
thom, nh c 5-10 cm, mu vng rt dep. Cy duoc cho lai tao vi
M.denudata d c nhng chng cho hoa ln, rt dep nhu 'Butterflies' (hoa
vng ln 12 cm), 'Elizabeth (hoa vng , 18 -20cm)
Magnolia stellata :
Cn goi l Star magnolia, mt trong nhng magnolia rt duoc ua chung
tai Hoa Ky, thuc loai cho hoa n sm. Moc thnh dang bui cao khong 6-
7 m. Hoa thom ngot ngo mu trng nhung cng c nhng chng cho hoa
hng nhat..
B. Magnolia : Vi thuc
Nhng cy Magnolia chnh dng
lm thuc gm :
Magnolia officinalis (hay
M. biloba) : V duoc dng
lm thuc goi l Hu Phc
(Hou Po) : M. officinalis, thuc loai cy rung l, moc rt ln, v thn
mu tm nu, cao dn 25m; L moc so le c cung to, phin l
thun ln khong 20-40 cm X 10-20 cm. Hoa mu trng cream
(trung bnh sau 15 nm), thom , c 15-2,5 cm. Qu loai kp hnh
trng di 10-12 cm ( loi M.biloba ch khc dim :l lm xung
chia lm 2 thy)
Magnolia liliflora, M. biondii v M. denudata : Nu hoa phoi kh dng
lm thuc dui tn Tn Di hoa (Xin Yi Hua) : M. liliflora, cn goi l
Lily Magnolia, cy rung l, cao dn 4m cho hoa pha trong mu
trng, bn ngoi tm nhat, n ma xun sang dn ht ma h.
I. Thnh phan ha hoc
Cc hoat cht chnh trong V cy Magnolia officinalis l nhng tinh du
v alkaloids :
1. Thnh phn tinh du (1%) chnh (thuc loai nhng hop cht
phenolic) Magnolol (0.03%), Allylmagnolol, Machiolol,
Tetrahydromagnolol, Isomagnolol v Honokiol.
2. Alkaloids chnh : Magnocurarine(0.07%), Maghoflorine v
Tubocu rarine.
Cc hoat chnh trong N hoa Magnolia liliflora v M.biondii.. l tinh du
trong d c Eugenol, Safrole. Cineol, alpha-pinene, Chavicol methyl
Pinoresinol dimethyl ether, Citrol v Anethol.. Ring trong M. biondii cn c
Fargesin v trong M.liliflora c cc flavonoids glycosides ; Trong khi d L c
cha cc alkaloids: Salicifoline v Magnocurarine..
Trong l ca M. grandiflora c nhng Sesquiterpinoids phc tap nhu
Magnograndiolide..
Trong l ca M. obovata c nhng alkaloid loai apomorphine c hoat tnh
khng tiu cu nhu N-acetylanonaine, N-acetylxylopine, N-formyl anonaine,
Liriodenine v Lanuginosine..
II. ac tnh Duoc hoc :
C nhiu nghin cu v dc tnh duoc hoc ca cc hoat cht trong
Magnolia officinalis , nht l ca Magnolol v Honokiol :
1. Tc dng khng sinh :
Nghin cu tai H Y Khoa Kaohsung, i loan ghi nhn hoat tnh
khng sinh ca Honokiol v Magnolol, nng d ti thiu c ch (MIC = 25
microg/mL) chng lai cc vi khun Actinobacillus actinomycetem conco
mitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotel intermedia, Micrococcus luteus v
Bacillus subtilis , nhung khng c tc dung khng sinh (MIC> or=100
microg/mL) di vi Shigella Flexneii, P. vulagaris, E. coli.. Cc th nghim cho
thy tuy Honokiol v Magnolol khng manh bng Tetracy cline, nhung c
nhng tc dung dit trng r rt vi cc vi khun gy bnh nha chu.
(Phytotherapy research S 15/2001- PubMed :11268114).
2. Tc dng bo v bp thjt Tim ca Honokiol :
Honokiol duoc cho l c tim luc manh hon alpha-tocopherol dn
1000 ln trong vic c ch lipid peroxidation noi ty th ca chut. Nghin cu
tai Khoa Gy m, BV Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan trn chut d
gy m bng urethane, cho thy Honokiol nhiu liu th nghim khc nhau
c nhng kh nng bo v bp thit tim chng lai cc tn thuong do nghn
mach v cng loai tr duoc su ri loan nhip noi tm tht khi c su nghn tim.
(Planta Medica S 62-1996- PubMed 9000881)
3. Hopt tnh chng nm ca Magnolol v Honokiol :
Magnolol v Honokiol l hai hop cht loai neolignan co hoat tnh
chng mt s nm gy bnh noi ngui nhu Trichophyton mentagrophytes,
Microsporiun gypseum, Epidermophyton floccosum, Aspergillus niger,
Cryptococcus neoformans v Candida albicans nng d ti thiu c ch MIC
(minimum inhibitory concentrations) trong khong 25-100 microg/ml
(Archive of Pharmaceutical Research S 23-2000- PubMed 10728656
4. Tc dng tpo apoptosis noi co tron h tim mpch :
Magnolol duoc nghin cu v tc dung trn tin trnh tao chuong
trnh cho t bo tu hy (apoptosis) noi cc t bo co tron h tim mach
(vascular smooth muscle cells=VSMCs) noi chut : Magnolol lm gia tng
hoat tnh caspase-3 v caspase-9 dng thi gim tim luc ty th (Deltapsi
(m). Nng d cc t bo B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) sut gim tuong
ng vi nng d magnolol s dung . Kt lun ghi nhn Magnolol tao ra tin
trnh apoptosis noi VSMs qua dung tu hy ca mitochondria, hiu ng ny
duoc trung chuyn bng su gy gim diu ha nng d protein Bcl-2, xy ra
c in vitro ln in vivo. Do d Magnolol duoc xem l c tim nng dng lm
thuc mi cha atherosclerosis v re-stenosis. (PubMed 12898128- National
Defence Med Center-Taiwan July 2003)
5. Hopt tnh chng sung vim ca Honokiol trn cc t bo
neutrophils :
Nghin cu tai H Y Khoa National Yang-Ming, i Bc Taiwan ghi
nhn Honokiol c kh nng bo v chng lai cc thuong tn do nghn mu
noi no, cng vi tc dung c ch su tao thnh cc loi -phn ng oxy noi
cc neutrophils bng cch diu ha cc h thng men sinh hoc lin h dn
cc tin trnh phn ng vi oxygen nhu cc men NADPH oxidase,
myeloperoxidase, Cyclooxygenase v GSH peroxidase.. (European Journal of
Pharmacology S thng 8-2003).
Theo Kee Chang Huang (The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs):
Magnolol c hoat tnh chng sung, c th lm gim mc prostaglandin E2
(PGE-2) v leukotrien-B4 (LTB4) trong dich phi ca chut dng thi c ch
duoc su tng hop thromboxane-B2(TXB2). Trong nhng nghin cu trn
chut bnh thung v chut d bi ct b tuyn adrenal, Wang J.P ghi nhn
magnolol c tc dung chng sung v ch thng noi c hai loai chut, do d
hiu ng chng sung khng phi l do gia tng hoat dng ca corti costerone
hay do su tit cc hormone loai steroid t tuyn nang thuong thn, m c
l do su lm gim nng d cc cht trung chuyn eicosanoid.
6. Tc dng c ch giai dopn metastasis ca buu ung thu :
Nghin cu tai H Duoc Gifu, Nht (Thng 9 nm 2003) cho thy
Magnolol c hoat tnh khng metastasis kh manh. Kh nng duoc th
nghim trn cc trung hop ung thu gan v ty tang kiu mu dng cc t
bo lymphoma L5178Y-ML25 v trung hop ung thu phi dt bin dng t
bo melanoma B16-BL6 : khi chch qua mng phc toan chut th nghim
cc liu magnolol (10 mg/kg) truc v sau khi cy t bo ung thu cho thy
magnolol c ch duoc metastasis t bo ung thu phi, ngn chn duoc su
sinh sn ca cc t bo ung thu..(Phytotherapy S 17-2003)
7. Kh nng trj bnh Kit ly do amib :
V Magnolia duoc dng lm thuc d tri kit ly amib tai cc BV Trung
Hoa : trong mt th nghim trn 46 bnh nhn : 43 khi bnh hon ton, 2
thuyn gim, da s cc triu chng mt dn sau 3 ngy dng thuc v kt
qu th nghim m tnh (ht amib trong phn) sau 5 ngy diu tri.
8. c tnh v d an ton :
Dng qu liu c th gy ra t lit h hp : Liu LD50 noi chut nht
l 6.12 +/- 0.04 g/kg (khi chch qua mng phc toan). V noi mo l 4.25 +
/ -1.5g/kg (chch tinh mach)
C. Magnolia trong ng Y :
ng Y c truyn s dung Magnolia d ch bin thnh 2 vi thuc chnh Hqu
phc v Tn Di hoa
1. Hpu phc : (Hou po)
Hu phc l v Magnolia officinalis hay M. bilola , thu hoach noi cc
cy t 15-20 nm tui, trong cc thng 4-6, phoi kh. (Tai Trung hoa :
Magnolia moc nhiu T xuyn, H bc, Trit giang, Giang ty..)
Vi thuc d duoc ghi trong Thn nng bn tho ( Nht duoc goi l
Koboku, ai hn goi l mubak).
Hu phc duoc xem l c vi dng, cay; tnh m tc dng vo cc kinh
mach thuc ai trng, Ph, Ty v Vi..
Hu phc c nhng tc dung :
Khi dng su di chuyn ca 'Kh ', bin di 'Thp', ph '' : duoc dng
khi Thp gy ri loan noi Ty v Vi hay trung trung hop thuc phm bi
gy ra cc triu chng nhu dau tc nguc, bung dui, c cm gic
dy bung, n khng ngon, i ma v tiu chy. Hu phc duoc phi
hop vi Khuong trut (cang-zhu= Rhizoma Atractylodis) v Trn b
(chen-pi= Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae) d tri cc chng dy, cng
bao t, o chua acid, bun nn v i ma. Nu dau bung do n khng
tiu, Hu phc duoc dng vi Ch k (zhi-ke=Fructus Citri Aurantii).
Lm m v bin di 'm', dn cc nghich Kh xung : dng d tri kh
kh, do m tc, ho v tc nguc. Hu phc dng chung vi To
nhn v Ma hong.
Hoa Magnolia officinalis hay Hu phc hoa (hou po hua) duoc xem l
c vi cay, tnh m v thom. C nhng tc dung tri liu nhu v nhung yu hon
v tc dng ch yu vo Thuong tiu v Trung tiu v diu ha Can Kh,
thung dng d tri cc chng dau tc nguc, dau bao t do mt qun bnh
gia Can v Vi. Liu dng t 3-6 gram.
2. Tn Di hoa (Xin yi hua) (Barbarian Bud)
Vi thuc l n hoa ca cc cy Magnolia liliflora, M. biondii hay M.
denudata, thu hi vo du ma xun khi hoa chua n hon ton. Nht duoc
goi vi thuc l Shini v Triu tin l Sinihwa.
Vi thuc, ghi chp trong Thn Nng Bn tho, duoc xem l c vi cay,
tnh m tc dng vo cc kinh mach thuc Ph v Vi, c nhng tc dung :
Truc duoc Phong-Hn v lm thng thot dung th qua mi : thung
duoc dng d tri cc trung hop nghet mi, chy nuc mi, khng
ngi thy mi, v cc chng nhc du lin h
Tc dung tri liu ty thuc thm vo cc duoc tho cng s dung nhu T
Tn, Bac H, Hong Cm..
Tai Trung Hoa, ngoi nhng dang thuc vin v thuc sc, vi thuc cn
duoc ch tao dui dang du thoa, thuc xng.
Ti liu s dung :
Chinese Herbal Medicine Materia Medica (D.Bensky).
The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs (Kee Chang Huang)
Oriental Materia Medica (Hsu)
Medicinal Plants of China (J.Duke & A Ayensu)
Chinese Natural Cures (Henry Lu)
Cc tap ch : National Gardening (April 1998), Garden Gate S
43/2002).The Oregonian ( May 1997 & March 2003)
Nu MAI khng n..
Anh du bit Xun v hay chua..
::: DS Trn Vit Hung :::
Cng vi o, Mai duoc xem l mt cy hoa biu tuong cho ma Xun
v l mt cy hoa ..khng th thiu d chung trong nh , by bn bn th
mi khi Tt dn (nht l tai min Nam Vit Nam)..
Hoa mai duoc xp hang dng du trong 't hu' : mai, lan, cc, trc..
bn loai cy duoc xem l qu, l 'ban' vi Ngui v cng duoc cc vn
nhn, ngh si vinh tho, v hoa nhiu nht..
Hoa mai thun khit v thanh tn d duoc dng lm biu tuong cho
ngui qun t, ngoai din khc kh, nhung tm hn su sc, c di cht
lng man..Cao b Qut d tng vit : ' Nht thn..d th bi mai hoa' (i
ngui, ch ci du truc ..hoa Mai..)
Thi ca Vit Nam d c rt nhiu bi tho vinh hoa Mai v cnh Mai nhu
' Hoa mai bac v trng t
Bng trc thua bi gi lay..'
(Nguyn bnh Khim)
'Mai ct cch, tuyt tinh thn..'
(Nguyn Du)
' Trung hiu ven trn hai khi ngoc..
Thanh cao ph trng mt cnh ..mai'
(Tn : Tu vinh)
'Em dng nuong mnh dui khm ..mai
Vin nhnh suong dng..l hoa roi..'
(Th L)
v
' Gon trng ngn mai thong gi xun
Mu trinh e l gi n cn..'
( V hong Chuong : Tho Say)
Vn chuong v ngh thut hi hoa ca Trung Hoa d xem Mai nhu
biu tuong ca su cao qu, trn trong :
Cc nh danh hoa nhu Trong Nhn d v mai bng muc nuc, d lai
nhng bc tranh den trng tuyt dep ; Vuong in (thi Minh) chuyn v
v Mai Ty H (Hng chu).. v trong lua Hng chu cng tim n nhng
cnh Mai..; Thach o lun c Mai trong cc bc v truyn thn v dc
bit nht c l l Tng huy Tn (1108-1135), mt nh Vua..ham choi dn
mt c ngai vng.. Vua ch m nhan sc v..hoa Mai, d d lai bc tranh
dc do 'Kt ng sc du trn cnh Mai', duoc xem l bu vt v hin
duoc trung by tai Vin Bo Tng Ngh thut Boston..nhu mt biu tuong
cho ngh thut hi hoa c din Trung Hoa.
Cc thi si Trung Hoa d c nhng bi tho tuyt tc nhu :
'.. Mac vi xun tn, hoa lac tn
Tin dnh tac da nht chi mai..'
(Mn Gic Thin su)
( Ch ngai xun tn hoa rung ht.
m qua, sn truc mt cnh mai)
hay
' Kim ha h nhn xuy ngoc dich
Giang thnh ng nguyt..lac mai hoa'
v bit bao bi khc na..
V phuong din thuc vt v duoc hoc, tn goi dnh cho Mai nhu Mai
vng, Mai T qu, Mai chm thy.. Bach mai.. bao gm nhiu cy thuc ba
gia dnh thuc vt khc nhau .
1- Mai vng =
Huynh mai
Tn khoa hoc :
Ochna integerrima,
ho thuc vt
Ochnaceae.
Cn duoc goi l
Lap mai (lap hay sp
ong, mu vng tuoi
ca hoa duoc so
snh vi mu sp,
c thuyt cho rng..
lap nguyt l thng
chap, v lap mai l
loai mai cho hoa n
vo mt ln vo thng chap)
y l cy hoa dc th, biu tuong cho Tt tai min Nam Vit Nam.
Cy moc hoang dai trong cc khu rng min Trung v min Nam Vit
Nam, rt d trng t Qung Tri dn C Mu. Vng bin gii Lo-Vit
(Thung dc- Qung Nam) c nhng rng mai rt ln.
Mai vng duoc xem l loi cy ca n d, Min din, Bn do M lai v
ng duong.. cy thch hop vi cc vng rng ci v rng thua, m cao
d dui 1200m
Sch s Vit ghi chp, thi ung ngui Vit tai Giao chu d phi
tin cng cho Tu cy Mai vng vo mi dip Tt (?)
Cy thuc loai tiu mc, trung bnh, cao 3-7 m, phn cnh nhnh
thua, di. L don khng lng, moc cch, mu xanh nhat bng, mm, mp
l c rng cua nh. Hoa moc thnh cum , tao chm nh nch l, c
cung ngn. Hoa c 5 cnh di mu xanh bng, khng khp kn d che nu.
Trng hoa mng t 5-10 mu vng tuoi (hin nay cc nh vun d tao
duoc nhiu ging mai c hoa c dn 20 cnh trng), d rung . Hoa c
nhiu nhi, bu hoa c 3-10 mi, mi mi l mt non. Qu thuc loai hach
qu.. Cy ra hoa trong cc thng 1-4
Tai Vit Nam cn c loi Mai vng thom (Ouratea lobopetala, ho
Ochnaceae) , moc thnh bui, hoa vng rt thom, thung gp tai cc tnh
min Trung.
Mai vng t duoc s dung lm duoc liu, tuy nhin v thn cng duoc
dng lm thuc b, ngm ruou d tro gip tiu ha. L non duoc dng n
sng thay rau tai Lo v Kampuchea.
Nhng nghin cu mi tai H Chulakongkorn (Bangkok, Thi Lan) ghi
nhn trong v non ca Mai vng c nhng flavonoids nhu 6''-hydro
xylophirone B v beta-glucoside ca cht ny..(Journal of Natural Products
S 65-2000); trong l cng c nhiu flavonoids khc goi chung dui tn
ochnaflavones (Phytochemistry S 56-2001).
Ngh thupt thung Mai dn Tt :
Ngui yu hoa, nht l tai min Nam Vit Nam, vn thch duoc thung
lm mt cnh mai n dep v khng ho rung trong tron 3 ngy Tt.
Phuong thc chm sc Mai d duoc nng ln hng ngh thut cu ky,
mun c cnh Mai va phi qua nhiu cng doan nhu :
Try l Mai : Khong t 14-15 thng Chap (m lich) d cn try l
nhng cnh no chua ra lc ( nu con chua xut hin tai cc nch
l); t 18-19 cn try l nhng cnh d ra lc. Ngy 23, cc cnh
mai cn bung my , d l cc chm nu nh.
Thc Mai : Nhng cy Mai ra nu chm, nu hoa cn qu nh : cn
thc cho mai n bng phn ur ( 5 gram trong 20 lt nuc)
- Nu nu mai chua ln bng hat du xanh vo ngy 25 : cn tui
ngy 2 ln.
- Nu nu hoa khng bng hat bp vo ngy 27, cn tui ngy 3
ln.
- Nu nu chua bng hat du phong vo ngy 29, cn tui ngy 4
ln.
Mai ct cnh : Nn ct cnh Mai vo buI chiu, ct xong ngm
ngay vo nuc. Ngy hm sau nn ho gc ct dn chy xm, dn
khi nu hoa r xung, ri dem ngm nuc, phoi suong qua dm..
Sng hm sau, cnh s phuc hi..
Nu Mai chm n (dn ngy 30, cnh cm bnh, chua c nu) c th
dng nuc pha ch theo 70% nuc lanh + 30% nuc si, d cm cnh ,
gip kch thch cnh mau tao nu hoa..
( theo L thanh Hng, Viet Tide Xun Gip Thn)
2- Mai T Qu =
Mai d
Tn khoa hoc :
Ochna atropurpurea,
ho thuc vt
Ochnaceae
Cy thuc loai
tiu mc, cao 1-5m.
Thn t phn nhnh,
tn thua nhung l
moc xum xu. Cnh
non mu hung d. L
cng, dy, hnh bu
duc, mu xanh bng;
mp l c rng cua
khng du, rng c
th c 1 gai nhon
nh. Hoa moc thnh
cum, tuy t hoa. Hoa
nh lc du mu vng, c 5 cnh di mu xanh, cng, sau d hoa chuyn
sang mu d ta. Trng hoa mau rung. Hoa c nhiu nhi. Qu c nhn
cng xp t 1 dn 5 chic khng cung quanh d hoa. Qu lai kh bn
trn cy.
Mai T Qu duoc ua chung do hoa dep v qu kh dc sc. uoc goi
l 't qu' (bn ma) v cy c qu gn nhu quanh nm..
Tai vng Ty Bc Hoa Ky c loi Ochna serrulata (Ochna multiflora) c
nhng dc tnh tuong tu nhu Mai T Qu Vit Nam. Cy duoc goi l Bird's
eye bush hay Mickey mouse plant. Cy moc thnh bui cao t 4-8 ft. L
thun di, c 2.5-7.5 cm, bng, mp c rng cua du, ma xun mu
dng nhat, sau d chuyn sang xanh dm. Hoa n sm vo ma h, nh.
Khi cnh trng mu vng rung, cnh di chuyn sang mu d, ri sau d 5
hay 6 qu nh mu xanh nh ln t vng trung tm mu d, v qu dI
sang mu den, tuong phn vi cnh di vn gi mu d (lc ny hoa c
dang mt hay tai ca chut)
3- Mai chm thy = Mai chiu
thy
Tn khoa hoc : Wrightia
reliogiosa, thuc ho thuc vt
Apocynaceae
Cy c ngun gc tai ng Nam , duoc trng lm cy cnh t lu di
tai min Nam Vit Nam.
Cy thn mc, x x, phn nhiu cnh nh, mnh c lng mm, d
un v ta. L mng, hnh thun, hay tri soan nhon dnh, gn nhu
khng cung, mu xanh bng, di 3-6 cm, rng 1-2.5 cm . Hoa moc thnh
cum, dang xim thua. Hoa nh mu trng c cung di moc chc xung, c
mi huong rt thom, thong nhe mi hoa nhi. Mi hoa cho mt qu thuc
loai qu dai di mu xanh den, c kha doc, dang di hep 10-12 cm, rng
3-4 mm cng moc bung thng xung. Hat thun di , c 6 mm, c lng
mm.
Cy c th duoc trng bng hat hay chit cnh, moc rt kho, c th
bng gc d vi ngy trng lai vn duoc v chiu duoc c han ln ng.
Cc nh vun d tao duoc mt chng c l nh d trng trong chu :
Cm mai (Wrightia religiosa var. microphylla).
Cy t c gi tri v mt duoc liu, tuy nhin tai Kampuchea, hoa duoc
dng up lm nuc php tai cc Cha.
4- Mai trng =
Bach mai
Tn khoa hoc :
Prunus mume, ho
thuc vt Rosaceae.
y l cy Mo
Nht= Japanese
apricot.
Cy c ngun gc
t Nht, duoc trng
kh rng ri tai Trung
Hoa v Bc Vit Nam
d lm cy cnh, ct
cnh chung trong
bnh vo dip Tt.
Cy thuc loai tiu mc, cao 4-6 m. V thn mu xm hay xanh luc
nhat, thn phn nhnh ngang nhiu, mnh, vuon di, xn xi v d un.
L hnh bu duc hay tri xoan rng, c cung di c rng nh , du, c
lng xm. Hoa moc don dc, c cung rt ngn. Trng hoa mu trng hay
hng nhat, dang bu duc, mm mai. Hoa c mi thom thung xut hin
truc l. Qu hnh cu, 2-3 cm, mu vng xanh trong c hach cng
C chng rt dc bit : P. mume var albo plena cho hoa c cnh kp,
nu lc du hng nhat sau d chuyn sang mu trng rt dep.
Bach mai, tuy l loai hoa qu v him tai min Nam Vit nam, nhung
rt d tm tai Hoa Ky, cy duoc goi l Japanese flowering apricot. Tai
California c nhng ging cho hoa rt dep nhu :
'Rosemary Clarke' : Hoa kp mu trng vi cnh di mu d.
Hoa n r vo dip du nm Duong lich..
'Bonita' : Hoa gn nhu kp mu hng d
'Peggy Clarke' : hoa kp, hng xm, nhuy rt di, cnh di
mu d.
'W.B Clarke' : Hoa kp mu hng , cy moc r..
Duoc tnh ca Mai trng :
Bach mai duoc xem l mt vi thuc ca Duoc hoc c truyn Trung Hoa
v Nht, tuy nhin tai Nht d c nhiu nghin cu khoa hoc dng ch
v cc hoat cht ca Bach mai.
Bach mai trong Duoc hoc c truyn :
T Bach mai, ng Y tao duoc 2 vi thuc :
Bqch mai hoa (Pai-mei hua) : Bn tho cuong muc cn goi l Lu-o-
mei. Vi thuc l nu hoa, thu hi khi hoa mi h nu, chua n hn.
Bach-mai hoa duoc xem l c vi chua/cht, tnh bnh , tc dng vo
cc kinh mach thuc Can v Ph : c tc dung 'khai ut ha trung' Bach-
mai hoa lm diu duoc 'Nhit Kh' tai Can, tan dm dong.. duoc dng d tri
dau vng thuong vi do 'Can ut', n mt ngon hay chong vng, chng
mt. Liu dng 2.4 dn 4.5 gram mi ngy.
mai (W mei) : -mai duoc ghi chp trong 'Thn nng bn tho
kinh' v duoc ch bin t qu khi cn xanh, b ht v hun khi dn khi
kh. Mu ca qu s di thnh den d duoc goi l -mai.
Nht duoc (Kempo) goi vi thuc l Ubai.
Tai Trung Hoa, vi thuc duoc ch bin t qu thu hi vo thng 5 t
cc cy trng tai T Xuyn, Trit Giang, Phc kin..
-mai c kh nng :
- Ngn chn su tht thot ca Ph 'Kh', lm ngung ho (ch khi), tri
duoc cc bnh ho kinh nin do 'Ph hu', thung duoc phi hop vi Hanh
nhn= Xing ren (Semen Pruni Armeniacae), Bn-ha= ban-xia (rhizoma
Pinelliae Ternateae) v Anh tc xc= Ying-su-ke (v qu thuc
phin=Pericarpium Papaveris Somniferi).
- Tc dng trn rut, gip ngung tiu chy : tri duoc cc chng tiu
chy kinh nin kh cm v c khi c mu trong phn, kit ly. C th phi
hop vi Hong lin=Huang lian (Rhizoma coptidis) v Hong cm= Huang
qin (Radix Scutellariae Baicalensis) d tri tiu chy , kit do 'Nhit-Thp';
su phi hop ny cng dng d tri ho khan, kht kh hong do cc chng
'ni nhit' gy ra do loan tn dich v kit kinh nin.
- Ti tai 'tn dich' v tri 'tiu kht' : tri 'tiu kht' (tiu dung) do
'Nhit suy' chung vi 'Kh v m suy', dng phi hop vi Mach mn
dng=Mai-men dong (Tuber Ophiopogonis Japonici), Thin hoa phn=
Tian hua fen (Radix Trichoxanthis Kirilowii) v Ct cn (R sn dy)= Ge-
gen (Radix Puerariae) . y l mt phuong thc tri tiu dung ca ng
duoc.
-Tng xut giun-li, lm gim dau. Tri dau bung v bun nn do sn-
li. Thung phi hop vi Bng lang (hat cau) = Bing-lang (Se men Areca
catechu)
Cm mu : tri phn c mu, v xut huyt t cung trong cc chng
'huyt nhuoc' gm c kh ming, l ming v 'to' kht. Thung phi hop
vi uong quy=Dang gui (Radix Angelicae Sinensis), Bach thuoc =Bai
zhao (Radix Paeoniae Lactiflorae) v A giao=E-jiao (Gelatinum Corii)
Nhng nghin cu khoa hoc v Bach mai :
a s cc nghin cu v Bach mai duoc thuc hin tai Nht v Trung
Hoa.
Thnh phn ha hc :
- Hoa : cha cc flavonoids, cc flavonol oligoglycosides loai rutin
phc tap, cc dung hu co loai sucrose polyacylated nhu prunose I v II..
- Hat : cha cc hop cht phc tap loai polysaccharides (bao gm cc
dung hu co nhu arabinose, xylose, rhamnose, galactose, galac turonic
acid..), cc men loai aminopeptidase.., glucosides cyanogenic nhu
prunasin, amygdalin..
- Qu c nhiu acid hu co nhu malic, citric, tartaric, succinic acid..,
vitamins, tannic acid, ceryl alcohol, sterols nhu beta-sitosterol..,
terpenes.., furfural nhu mumeferal.
Cc kt qu nghin cu :
- Hoat tnh ca aminopeptidase trch t hat Prunus mume (Journal of
Biochemistry (Tokyo) S 89 (Jan), 1981) . Aminopeptidase, ly trch , phn
doan bng ammonium sulfate v tinh khit ha qua sc k, loc bng gel,
t P. mume..c trong luong phn t khong 56,000 c kh nng thy gii
mt s cc hop cht c nhng nhm amino-acid tu do, nht l cc hop
cht c dy nhnh cha cc nhm hydrophobic. Men ny bi c ch bi p-
chloromercuribenzoate v cc kim loai nng..
- Hoat tnh ca cc polysaccharides trch t hat Prunus mume (Biology
and Pharmacy Bulletin S 17-1994). Cc phn polysac charides trch duoc
t P. mume qua cc dung mi nhu nuc lanh, nuc nng, dung dich
sodium hydroxyde.. c nhng hoat tnh sinh hoc nhu c ch bin chng
gen, kch ng cc hoat dng min nhim, kch ng tin trnh tao cuc dng
trong huyt thanh..
- Hoat tnh trn d nht ca mu (noi ngui) (Life Science S 27
(Dec)-2002). Nghin cu dng bainiku-ekisu, nuc p c dc t qu
Prunus mume ghi nhn nuc p ny c tc dung bo v H Tim-mach do
cc hoat dng chng oxy-ha v c ch su kch hoat men kinase, c ch
su chuyn hoat thu th EGF gy ra do Angiotensin II.
- Tc dung khng sinh : Nuc sc qu P. mume cho thy c cc hoat
tnh c ch 'in vitro' chng lai cc chng vi trng nhu Staphylo coccus (k
c S. aureus), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Corynebacte rium diphteriae,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Shigella sonnei.. Hoat tnh
ny c l do tnh acid ca nuc sc .
- Tc dung tri kit ly : Nuc trch t P. mume, v C c duoc dng tri
50 trung hop kit ly do k sinh trng amib.. 48 trung hop khi bnh sau
3 ngy (tt c cc triu chng nhu nng st, bun nn, i ma, dau
bung.. du duoc tri khi) (Dan Bensky-Chinese Herbal Medicine Materia
Medica).
- Tc dung tri giun sn : Nuc sc P. mume rt hu hiu d tri giun-
sn. 20 trung hop giun mc d duoc th nghim , cho ung trong 5-23
ngy. Khi th phn d kim sot 14 trung hop m tnh hon ton.Hoat
tnh ny do tannic acid v hop cht prudomenus trong qu (Kee Chang
Huang- The Pharmacoly of Chinese Herbs)
Bach mai trong dinh dung v duoc hoc dn gian :
Duqc hc dn gian :
Qu Bach mai, khng n tuoi duoc v vi chua v cht, nhung duoc
dng trong dn gian d tri mt s bnh nhu :
- Nng trong ngui, kht nuc nhiu, n khng tiu :Dng 2 qu tuoi
hay 1 qu mai mui, nghin nt, thm dung.. d nuc si vo, v ung
khi ngui (loai nuc..x mui).
- Mt s bnh ngoi da :
- Mun nhot : Ly -mai hun khi, sao trn ni dt dn khi v
ngoi chy den, tn thnh bt v rc trn mun l.
- Nm n chn : Dng 3 qu tuoi, hay 2 qu -mai mui, nghin
nt; thm 3 gram v luu. Sc chung v ra chn ngy 3-4 ln.
- Mun cc, mun chai : Dng 250 gram mai hun khi, nu trong
nuc dn chn, b nuc, b ht..c dc nuc dn khi thnh khi
nho, thm cht mui v gim. p mi ngy vo mun cc, mun
chai..
- Vy nn (Psoriasis) : Dng 250 gram -mai hun khi, thm
nuc, chung dn khi loai b duoc ht, c dc thnh khi nho..ung
mi ngy 3 ln, mi ln 9 gram. C th dp thm vo vt thuong.
Cc ch phm t Bpch mai tpi Nhpt :
Tai Nht, qu Bach mai hay Ume , khng th n tuoi do gy ra kh
chiu cho bao t v cha prussic acid, duoc ch bin thnh nhiu thnh
phm ni ting trn th gii nhu Umeboshi (bach mai mui v bach mi
hun khi dn kh), mt, Umeshu (ruou bach mai)
Ti liu s dung :
Thuc Nam trn dt My (Tp 3)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Materia Medica (D. Bensky)
Whole Food Companion ( Dianne Onstad)
Oriental Materia Medica (Hsu)
Fruits as Medicine ( Dai Yin-fang)
Sunset Western Garden Book
MU ON (Peony)
Ph qu chi hoa
::: DS Trn Vit Hung :::
As quickly as white milk with rennet thickens
likewise the blood in the wounds of Ares
became, Because of Paeons herbs.
(HOMER)
'C php gia hnh, ba cy chp lai mt cnh Mu don
(Kiu)
Mu don (Peony) l mt cy hoa thung bi nhiu ngui nhm vi
Thuoc duoc (Dahlia). Tht ra dy l hai cy hoa ring bit thuc hai ho
thuc vt khc hn nhau. Su nhm ln l do tn goi bng ting Hn ca
Mu don : Mu don hay Mudan cung cp nhng duoc liu Bach thuoc
(Bai-shao) v Xch thuoc (Chi shao), do d tai Trung Hoa, cy cn duoc
goi l Shao-yao, d bi phin m thnh..Thuoc duoc.
Cy hoa Mu don vi v dep qu phi, thuc mt gia dnh hoa gm 33
loi khc nhau, ngun gc tai u chu, Trung Hoa v Bc My. Mu don l
mt cy hoa rt duoc ua chung, trng kh ph bin tai khp cc vun
hoa trn th gii nht l Trung Hoa.
Tng Paeonia c th phn loai thnh 2 nhm:
- Mu don mc (tree peony), phn ln pht xut t P. suffruticosa
- Mu don bui (herbaceous peony), t P. lactiflora
Tn Mu don= Peony xut pht t Paeon, Thy thuc ca cc vi Thn
trong Thn thoai Hy Lap, v l vi Thn cha bnh. N thn Leto, me ca
Thn Apollo d tng cho Paeon cy hoa mu don trng tai Ni Olympus v
ng d dng mu don d tri vt thuong cho Dim vuong Pluto v cho
Thn Chin tranh Ares ..nhu Homer d ghi lai trong tc phm Iliad. Ti
cha bnh ca Paeon d gy ra su ganh ty ca Aesculapius (Thn Y khoa,
vn l su phu ca Paeon). Aesculapius tm cch git Paeon, v Pluto d
cu Paeon bng cch bin ng ta..thnh cy Mu don..
Ngui Hy lap xem Mu don nhu mt cy hoa thing ling, c nng luc
nga duoc ma qu.. Tai nhiu vng u chu, hat Mu don duoc thu nht
v kt lai vi nhau thnh vng hat deo trn c d tr ma qu. R phoi kh
v khc thnh ba tr ma..v sau d duoc mi, got thnh hat trn d lm
trng hat trong Thin cha gio..
Mu don d duoc trng lm cy cnh tai Trung Hoa t khong nm
900 truc Ty lich. Truyn thuyt v Mu don cng c nhiu diu l
th..Trong di nh ung, N hong V Tc Thin d ra lnh cho moi loi
hoa..phi n cng mt ngy..v ngy d dang trong ma ng bng gi.
Hm sau, moi loi hoa du n, ngoai tr Mu don khin N hong ni
gin, v ra lnh..phat Mu don, dui hoa ra khi Trung An, dy v Giang
Nam (do d Mu don cn c tn l Giang nam hoa..)
Tai Bc Kinh, noi Cng vin Trung Son c trng rt nhiu ging Mu
don qu v ni ting nhu Bach du (bai-yu) (hoa trng); Nguy t (wei-zi
(hoa tm); Diu hong (Yao-huang) (hoa vng nhat).. v hng nm c dn
d Xun v, ngui Bc Kinh r nhau dn Trung Son d thung ngoan Mu
don (trong Chinh phu ngm c cc cu ' xy nh khi cnh Diu da Nguy
; truc gi xun vng ta snh nhau d ghi nhn su kin ho Diu tm
duoc ging mu don vng=Diu hong, v ho Nguy tm duoc Nguy t l
ging mu don hoa tm..)
Mu don duoc dua t Siberia vo u chu vo khong nm 1558. Nh
thuc vt gc c, Peter Simon Pallas (1741-1811), ngui nghin cu
nhiu v thuc vt tai Nga, d m t loi P. lactiflora ln du tin vo nm
1776. n 1805, P.lactiflora d do Sir Joseph Banks dem dn Anh Quc v
sau d vi nhiu ging du nhp t phuong ng, Mu don d tr thnh
cy hoa rt duoc ua chung vo gia th k 19.. Tai Hoa Ky, Mu don d
duoc trng tai Virginia t 1771..
Mu don d t Trung Hoa dn Triu Tin v Nht vo khong th k
6-8, v tai Nht do cc ky thut gy ging rt thn trong, loi Mu don
mc tai Nht d thay di khc hn loi gc t Trung Hoa (hoa c nhiu
mu sc hon v chiu dung thi tit manh hon)
c tnh thuc vt :
Ngoi 2 loai chnh P. lactiflora v P. suffuticosa cn c nhng loai khc
tuong di quan trong v phuong din duoc hoc nhu P. officinalis.. hay v
phuong din cy lm cnh nhu P. emodi, P.mlokosewitschii..
Truc dy Paeonia duoc xp vo ho thuc vt Ranunculaceae, nhung
nay tu c mt ho ring : Paeoniaceae..
1- Paeonia suffruticosa :
Cn goi l Tree peony,
Moutan peony
Cy thuc loai thn tho,
luu nin, sng lu pht trin
thnh bui cao dn 2m. Thn
min khng lng. R pht trin
thnh c. L kp hai ln, mt
trn xanh dm, mt dui trng
nhat. Hoa kh ln, dung knh
15-20 cm, moc ngon cc
cnh nhnh, c mi thom,
thung moc thnh di. Hoa c
nhiu cnh mu trng, d ta
hay vng. Nhi vng, kh nhu.
Qu loai dai. Cy tr hoa vo
cc thng 5-7, kt qu trong
cc thng 7-8..
Cc chng cultivars duoc
ua chung tai Hoa ky nhu Alice
Harding (cy ln, hoa vng-chanh); Anna Marie (hoa mu tm nhat, chiu
dung tt); Black Panther (hoa d xm, l dep) ; Chinese Dragon (hoa
thom, mu d du, l c nh nu dng), Gauguin (hoa c mu sc pha
trn)..
2- Paeonia
lactiflora = P.
albiflora
Cc tn khc :
Bach thuoc (hay bi
goi..nhm l Thuoc
duoc=Dahlia)
- Chinese peony,
Common garden
peony
Cy loai tho, luu nin, cao 50-80 cm. Thn min, khng nhm. L moc
so le chum tng di hay chum ba, chia tng doan khng du. L hnh tri
soan hay mi gio, di 8-12 cm, rng 2-4 cm. mt trn xanh bng. Phin
l c th nguyn khng rng hay x thy noi mp. Hoa rt ln, moc don
dc, thom mi hoa hng. Trn mi thn mang hoa, c 1-7 hoa, rng 10-
12 cm. i hoa c 6 phin, cc cnh hoa xp trn mt hoc hai dy, truc
khi n mu hng, ri chuyn dn sang trng.. Qu c 3-5 l non..
Trn thuc t c dn hng trm chng trng (cultivars), pht xut t P.
lactiflora..
Nhng nh choi hoa peony c nhng cch phn loai hoa..khc thung
- Japanese peonies : Hoa c nhiu cnh, moc quanh thnh 1-2 hng,
gia l chm nhi c th vng, d hay hng..Cultivars dep nht l Sun
Glory c mi thom, cnh hng nhat n quanh chm tua nhi vng..
- Bomb peonies : Hoa c nhiu cnh hoa tao nhiu hng quanh chm
nhi, chum lai nhu dang pom-pom. Cultivars ni ting nht l Bridal
Shower, cnh hoa trng, nhi phon pht vng..
- Cc dang khc nhu Anemone, Crown-type..
3- Paeonia officinalis :
Cc tn goi khc : European peony, Piney (Anh), Pivoine (Php)..
y l ging Mu don, dc trung ca u chu, duoc xem l duoc tho
do ngui Hy lap s dung t thi xa xua.
Cy moc cao dn 60 cm, R phnh thnh c; L mu xanh bng, s
thnh nhiu thy; Hoa moc don dc, mu d thm, ging nhu hoa hng,
ln chng 10 cm dung knh, c t 5 dn cnh, v nhiu nhi vng
Cc loi phu nhu humilis c hoa mu thay di t hng nhat dn d.
Cc nh vun lai tao thnh nhiu cultivars, rt duoc ua chung d
trng lm cy cnh nhu :
- Alba Plena hoa kp, mu trng..
- Rosea Plena hoa kp, mu hng..
- Rubra Plena, hoa kp, mu d thm..
4- Paeonia emodi :
Ngun gc t n d, moc cao dn 1m. Hoa don dc, mu trng..
Thnh phn ha hoc :
- P. lactiflora :
R c cha :
- Cc hop cht loai monoterpene glycoside nhu Paeoniflorin (c th
dn 5.8%) , oxypaeoniflorin, benzoylpaeoniflorin, albiflorin, albiflo rin R1,
paeonolide..
- Tinh bt
- Tannins (0.4%), Gallic acid, Hop cht pentagalloyl-glucose, decagal
loyl-glucose
- Tinh du..
- Cc khong cht nhu Calcium (0.4%), Potassium (0.07%), ng
(6ppm), St (47ppm), Magnesium (990ppm), Mamganese , Sodium, Km
(24ppm)
Hoa cha Beta-glucogallin, glucogallin, beta-sitosterol, paeonidin,
kaempferol, pentacosan..
L cha nhiu flavonoids nhu kaempferol, quercetin, quercimeritrin..
- P. suffruticosa :
V r cha paeonolide (=paeonol glucose-arabinose), paenoside (=
paeo nol-glucosise), paeonol, paeoniflorin, oxypaeoniflorin, galloyl-
paeoniflo rin, cc suffruticosides A,B,C,D v E ; Acid hu co nhu benzoic
acid, Phytosterols nhu beta-sitosterol, campesterol; glucoside..; Khong
cht nhu Calcium (0.17%), ng, St, Potassium (0.06%), Manganese,
Magnesium..; Tannins
Hoa c Apigenin-7-glucoside; Apigenin-7-rhamnoglucoside;
Kaempferol 3,7 diglucoside ; Kampferol-3-beta-glucoside
- P. officinalis :
Hoa cha cc sc t anthocyanin, dc bit nht l paeonin
(=paeonidin-3, 5-diglucoside; cc flavonoids nhu kaempferol; tannins (loai
gallotannins cng gp trong l v r)
R cha cc monoterpenes, nhiu nht l monoterpene ester
glucosides loai pinane , nhu paeoniflorine (1.5 dn 3.5 %) ; tannins..; acid
hu co nhu benzoic acid, metarabinic acid..
Hat c arabinic acid, paeonibrown, pectin, peregrinine, resinic acid
Mu don trong Duoc hoc Ty Phuong
Ngay t thi Dioscorides v Theophrastus, mu don d duoc dng d
tr c mng, tri cung dng (hysteria) v tri dau vng t cung. R kh
duoc cho sn phu dng ngay sau khi sanh d gip dy nhau ra v chng
phuc hi. Culpeper khuyn dng r tuoi d tri kinh phong v hat d gip
ty u sn phu..Culpeper phn bit 2 loai : peony duc, hoa mu d-tm, l
khng s, hat den v nu xm; v peony ci, hoa d dm, thom, hat den..
Duoc hoc Ty Phuong s dung hoa P. officinalis lm thuc (Paeoniae
flos). Hoa phoi kh nhanh, cn gi duoc mu d. Vi thuc duoc ghi trong
DAC (German Drug Codex Supplement to the Pharmacopoeia).
- Hoa thung ch dng trong cc phuong thuc dn gian d tri kinh
phong, gout v nhng ri loan tiu ha.
- Trong khoa Homeopathy, duoc liu duoc dng tri cc vt nt noi
hu mn, tri, sa tinh mach. nhc du, dau qun tht noi bung km theo
run ry v lo so. Vi thuc duoc goi l paeonia, bo ch t r tuoi.
- Theo German Commission E (Banz no.85, published May 5, 1998) :
Hoa dng tri cc bnh ngoi da v mng nhy, vt nt lin quan vi
tri, gout, thp khp, v cc bnh v h hp. R dng tri co-git lin h
dn dung tiu ha, bnh thn kinh..
Cc nghin cu khoa hoc v Paeonia :
- Cc th nghim trn th vt ghi nhn hoa v r P. officinalis c tc
dung gy co tht co tron t cung kh manh, lm gim d cung co rut,
bao t v gy ha huyt p. Tc dung ch thng v chng co git khng
duoc chng minh r rt ( PDR for Herbal Medicines 3
rd
Ed.)
Theo Dan Bensky, cc nghin cu duoc luc hoc trn P.suffruticosa ghi
nhn :
- Tc dung khng sinh : dich chit t V P. suffruticosa c hoat tnh c
ch in vitro chng cc vi khun gy bnh nhu Staphylococcus aureus,
Bacillus subtilis, v Salmonella typhi..
- Tc dung trn H tim-mach : Khi chch qua tinh mach dich chit v
P. suffuticosa bng nuc cho ch, mo v chut th nghim d bi gy m:
huyt p gim ha, c hai hop cht c v khng c paeonol du c tc dung
ny. Khi cho ch v chut, d bi gy huyt p cao, ung nuc trch, huyt
p gim ha dn dn. Paeonol gy gim ph chn noi chut v cng lm
gim d thm thu v mach.
Cng theo Dan Bensky, P lactiflora c cc hoat tnh sinh hoc :
- Tc dung trn co tron : Noi th , liu tuong di cao mi gy duoc
phn ng chng co git, v Paeoniflorin l cht c tc dng manh nht
trn rut ca chut v bo th nghim. Paeoniflorin cng c tc dng di
nghich vi oxytocin trong hoat tnh trn co t cung.
- Tc dng noi h tim mach : Paeoniflorin gy ha huyt p noi bo , tc
dng ny ty thuc v0 liu s dung; paeoniflorin gy gia tng luu luong
mu qua dng mach vnh khi th trn ch, hoat tnh ny yu hon
nitroglycerin.
- Hoat tnh chng sung : Paeoniflorin c tc dng chng sung nhe v
c chc nng bo v chng ung lot gy ra do stress noi chut bach. Tuy
nhin, paeoniflorin lai gy tng bi tit acid noi bao t v gip n ngon
ming.
- Dich chit P. rubrae c hoat tnh khng sinh in vitro kh manh
chng lai cc vi khun Shigella sonnei, S. aureus, Siu vi herpes zoster v
mt s nm gy bnh.
Theo Kerry Bone (Clinical Applications of Ayurvedic and Chinese
Herbs) Paeoniflorin v cc cht dn xut c nhng hoat tnh duoc hoc :
- Ci thin Nhn thc v Chng co-git : Khi cho chut dng liu
ung 1mg/kg paeoniflorin, kh nng tm dung qua cc m l ca chut
bi cho ung scopolamine, duoc ci thin, hoat tnh ny c l do tc dng
vo h alpha-1-adrenergic. Liu rt nh 0.01 mg/kg gip ci thin nhn
thc noi chut d lo ha. Albiflorin, pentagalloylglucose v dich chit
Paeonia bng nuc, khi cho ung, du c ch tc dng gy co git ca
pentylenetetrazole noi chut.
- Hoat tnh trn Chc nng ca kch thch t loai Steroid :
Paeonoflorin kt ni rt t vo cc thu th estrogen v androgen, khng
kt ni vo thu th progesterone. Paeniflorin gy gim sn xut
testosterone noi bung trng chut, do can thip vo tin trnh tng hop
testosterone.
- Th nghim lm sng v Hoat tnh ca Peonia :
Paeonia v Cam tho d duoc dng phi hop d tri cc chng b kinh
v bt kinh noi phu n tai Nht v Trung Hoa :
- Tm phu n him mun, kinh nguyt him, androgen qu cao d
duoc th nghim cho dng hn hop paeonia/cam tho d lm gim nng
d testosterone trong mu, gy rung trng..Kt qu ghi nhn 7 bnh nhn
c mc testosterone v mc bnh thung, 6 bnh nhn c trng rung..v 2
trong 6 ngui sau d d thu thai (Acta O/B Japan S 34-1982).
- 34 phu n Nht bi cc triu chng polycistic ovary syndrome
(PCOS) d duoc diu tri bng hn hop Paeonia/Cam tho : 7.5 mg/ ngy
trong 24 tun :Nng d testosterone trong mu v testosterone tu do
gim sut r rt sau 4 tun. Tuy nhin sau 12 tun, luong testosterone ch
xung thp noi cc bnh nhn d thu thai. Sau 24 tun, t l LH/FSH cng
gim ha noi nhm ung thuc (International Journal of Fertility
Menopausal studies S 39-1994)
Cc nghin cu khc :
- Nghin cu tai ai Hoc Y Khoa i Chung (Taiwan) ghi nhn
Paeonol (trch t v P. suffruticosa v t r P. lactiflora) c cc hoat tnh
gip gim nghn mach mu no v suy thoi thn kinh noi chut th
nghim do tc dng ngn cn v thu nht cc anion superoxide, c ch su
kch khi microglia noi chut bi gy nghn mach (Journal of
Ethnopharmacology S Feb-2006)
- Nghin cu tai ai hoc Y Khoa An Huy (Trung Hoa) ghi nhn cc
glucosides tng cng trch t P. lactiflora c hoat tnh chn duoc sung
xuong khp loai adjuvant arthritis noi chut v can thip vo tin trnh
hoat dng ca cc cytokine trong cc chng bnh sung dich khp xuong
(International Immunopharmacology S 5-2005).
- Nghin cu tai ai Hoc Ulsan ( Nam Triu tin) ghi nhn Paeoni
florin, chit t P. lactiflora bng methanol, c tc dung lm ha cholesterol
tng cng, ha LDL v Triglycerides (th trn chut) khi cho dng nng d
200 v 400 mg/ kg mi ngy trong 4 tun lin tip (Fitoterapia S 1-
2004).
- Nghin cu tai Khoa ha duoc, Trung Duoc thuc ai Hoc Y Khoa
i Bc (Taiwan) ghi nhn Paeoniflorin v 8-debenzoylpaeoniflorin trch t
r kh P. lactiflora, gy hiu ng ha dung trong mu noi chut bi gy tiu
dung bng streptozocin. Hoat tnh ny ln cao nht 25 pht sau khi cho
dng thuc. Noi chut bnh thung, liu 1mg/ kg d d gy ha dung-
huyt, v nng d insulin trong plasma khng thay di..Co ch hoat dng
ca paeoniflorin duoc cho l lm gia tng vic s dung glucose ca co th
(Planta Medica S 63-1997).
- Hoat tnh chng oxy-ha : Th nghim tai trung Duoc, ai Hoc
Kangwon (Korea) ghi nhn dich chit t r P. lactiflora bng ethanol c
chc cc hoat cht gm c gallic acid v methyl gallate c cc tc dng
thu nht cc gc tu do gy ra bi DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazine
v c hiu ng c ch peroxyd ha lipid, gip bo v chng lai cc hu hai
DNA ca t bo (Archives of Pharmacy Research S 28-2005)
* Mu don trong Duoc hoc c truyn Trung Hoa :
Duoc hoc c truyn Trung Hoa s dung Paeonia d lm thnh nhng
vi thuc khc nhau :
- Paeonia suffruticosa cung cp vi Mu don b (mu-dan-pi) , ghi trong
Ch duoc thu ca Cng Ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa.
- Paeonia lactiflora cung cp cc vi Bach thuoc (bai-shao) v Xch
thuoc (chi-shao)
Mu don b d duoc ghi chp trong Cm Nang Trn Chu ca Truong
Nguyn T (Zhang Yuan-Su) vo thi nh Kim (Th k 12). Cc Danh Y c
Trung Hoa nhu Ng Ph Thuc, Nhn Quyn (di ung), L thi Trn, C
hy Ung (di Minh) v Truong trong Cnh.. du bn lun v cc phuong
thc s dung Mu don b trong rt nhiu thang thuc..
A- Bach thuoc v Xch thuoc :
Cy paeonia lactiflora thung duoc goi l Thuoc duoc =Shaoyao khi
chua phn bit thnh Bach thuoc hay Xch thuoc. Yao hay duoc c nghia l
vi thuc v Shaoyao l vi thuc lm t cy Thuoc.
C 2 vi thuc Bach thuoc v Xch thuoc du duoc ghi trong Ch Duoc
thu ca CHND Trung Hoa.
- Theo Advanced Textbook on Traditional Chinese Medicine and
Pharmacology (Ti liu ging dy v ng duoc chnh thc ca Trung
Quc) th Xch thuoc l r nguyn ven ca cy cn gi nguyn v dy
mu d ; v Bach thuoc l phn r d bc v . Cch ch Bach thuoc duoc
ghi chp nhu sau :R c ca nhng cy t 3-4 tui duoc do ln, thu
hoach trong ma h-thu, ra sach, ct b cc r nh, phn v duoc cao
sach, nu so trong nuc si, ri phoi nng..
- Theo Steven Foster &Yue ChongXi (Herbal Emissaries) th R cy P
lactiflora nui trng, sau khi cao b v, duoc goi l Bach thuoc. R cc cy
P. lactiflora v P. veitchii moc hoang , gi nguyn v duoc goi l Xch
thuoc
Bach thuoc (Bai-shao)
Vi thuc duoc thu hoach vo ma h thu t P. lactiflora, loai tt nht
l cy trong vng Trit giang, An Huy, T Xuyn.
Nht duoc (Kampo) goi vi thuc l byakushaku ; Triu tin l
paekchak.
Bach thuoc duoc xem l c vi dng/chua ; tnh hn, tc dng vo
kinh mach thuc Can v Ty.
Bach thuoc c nhng dc tnh :
- Dung huyt, diu ha kinh nguyt : Tri cc chng huyt nhuoc
nhu kinh nghuyt khng du, huyt trng, xut huyt t cung. y l mt
trong nhng vi thuc chnh d tri bnh phu khoa. Dng phi hop vi
uong Quy (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) v Sinh dia (Radix Rehmanniae
Glutinosae) d tri chng mt, mt m, kinh nguyt khng du lin h dn
huyt nhuoc v huyt ; thm Mach mn dng (Tuber Ophipogonis
Japonici) d tri tai, mt m, t du ngn tay-chn, co git bp thit gy
ra do m Can suy nhuoc..
- An Duong Can, lm gim dau nht l dau tc noi nguc, canh sun,
noi hng gy ra do Can Kh tc hay do mt qun bnh gia Can v Ty.
Ni chung, vi thuc duoc dng d An v B Can, lm ngung cc con dau
tht noi bung,tri dau nhc co rt tay chn.. tri nhc du, chng mt do
Duong thng tai Can. C th phi hop vi nhiu vi thuc khc nhu Cc
hoa, Cu dng khi tri nhc du; hay phi hop vi Hong cm v Hong
lin d tri kit ly do Nhit-Thp..
- Bo ton m v diu ha Vinh-V : tri huyt trng v bn tinh cng
cc chng suy nhuoc do Phong-Hn ngoai nhp (phi hop vi Qu chi);
dng tri m suy do Duong thng noi biu gy ra d m hi dm
Xch thuoc (Chi-shao)
Vi thuc c th ly t R Paeonia vieichii (trng tai T Xuyn, Vn
Nam, Thanh Hi..) hay P. lactiflora. Tai mt s vng tai Trung Hoa, c th
dng r ca P. obovata. Vi thuc thu hoach vo ma Xun hay ma Thu.
Nht duoc goi l sekishaku ; Triu tin : Chokchak.
Vi thuc duoc xem l c vi chua/dng ; tnh hn nhe, tc dng vo
kinh mach thuc Can, Ty.
Xch thuoc c nhng dc tnh :
- B huyt, Ph huyt : gip tri cc bnh kinh nguyt khng du,
bt kinh, dau bung, c khi u noi bung. Cng gip tri sung v dau do chn
thuong, mun nhot sung ty gy dau nhc (dng chung vi Xuyn Khung)
- Thanh Nhit v Luong Huyt dng tri cc chng Nhit nhp vo
Huyt gy st nng, lui d, da c dm d, xut huyt..
- Thanh Can-ha gip tri mt sung, d, dau nhc..
B- Mu don b :
Duoc hoc c truyn Trung Hoa dng v cy Paeonia suffruticosa lm
thuc dui tn Mu don b (Mu-dan-pi).
Duoc liu duoc thu hoach trong cc thng 10-11 t cc cy d duoc 3-
5 nm. Loai tt nht l t cc cy trng hay moc hoang tai an Huy, H
Nam, T Xuyn, Son ng, Qu Chu..
Duoc hoc Kampo Nht goi duoc liu l botanpi v Triu Tin goi l
moktanpi.
Mu don b duoc xem l c vi cay/ dng, tnh hn v tc dng vo cc
kinh mach thuc Tm, Can v Thn.
Mu don b c nhng dc tnh:
- Thanh Nhit v Luong Huyt : tri duoc cc chng Nhit nhp vo
huyt trong cc bnh n-nhit nhu chy mu mi, dm c mu, th huyt
v c nhng trung hop kinh nguyt qu nhiu do nhit-huyt gy ra.
Trong cc trung hop ny Mu don b duoc dng chung vi Xch thuoc.
- Thanh Ha trong cc chng Suy nhuoc nhu m suy trong cc
bnh Xuong ct sau khi nhim n-nhit m khng d m hi (dng chung
vi Thanh hao=Artemisiae Annuae).
- B Huyt, ph huyt : trong cc chng Huyt tai Can dua dn
bt Kinh nguyt , khi u noi bung..(dng chung vi To nhn).
- Thanh duoc Ha thng noi Can gy cc chng nhc du, dau mt,
dau ngang lung, kinh nguyt t..(dng chung vi Cc hoa trong cc chng
dau mt..)
- Tr m, chng sung : Dng ngoi da tri cc chn thuong gy sung
nhc, hay dng trong d tri sung rut.. (dng chung vi Kim Ngn hoa v
Lin kiu.)
Ti liu s dung :
Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases (J. Duke).
Herbal Emissaries (Steven Foster & Yue ChongXi)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Materia Medica (D. Bensky & A.
Gamble)
Clinical Applications of Ayurvedic And Chinese Herbs (Kerry
Bone)
Garden Gate No 2
Encyclopedia of Herbs (Deni Brown)
MIMOSA
::: DS Trn Vit Hung :::
Mimosa hay hoa Trinh n (trong tho ca Huy cn v nhac ca Trn Thin
Thanh) cn duoc goi l cy Mc c hay Xu h , c ngun gc t My chu
nhit di, lan truyn dn nhiu noi tai chu v Phi chu nhit di. Cy moc
hoang dai tai Vit Nam, noi ven dung, bui c..
Tn Mimosa c th gy nhm ln vi cy Keo trn (Acacia podalyriaefolia),
thung gp tai Nam Vit Nam nht l lat , l mt cy loai tiu mc, hoa
mu vng tuoi (trong tho ca Nht Tun)..
Tn khoa hoc v cc tn thuong gap :
Mimosa pudica thuc ho thuc vt Fabiaceae
Tn thung gp : Shameplant, Touch-me-not, Hm tu tho (Trung
Hoa), Sensitive (Php) Sensi tiva(Ty ban Nha), Adormidera; Feuilles
Honte, Honte (Php) ; Memalu (Modesty), Puteri malu (Modest Prince)
; Sinnpflanze
ac tnh thuc vat :
Mimosa pudica thuc loai tho nh, thn phn nhnh nhiu, c gai
hnh mc. L kp hnh lng chim chn, hai ln nhung cung phu xp lai
nhu hnh chn vit, khi kh dung vo s cup lai. Mi l mang 15-20 di l
cht. Hoa mu tm d, nh, moc tp hop thnh hnh du, c cung chung
di nch l. Qu moc thnh cum hnh ngi sao. Qu c ch tht lai gia
cc hat v c nhiu lng cng.
L mc c c mt dc tnh ky diu l khp lai rt nhanh v sau d cup
c cnh xung khi bi dung dn. c tnh ny d duoc cc nh nghin cu
Nht gii thch l do tc dng ca mt hop cht protein loai
gelsolin/fragmin trn sun actin ca cy, hoat tnh ny ty thuc vo
Ca(2+) (Journal of Biochemistry (Tokyo) S 130-2001).
Thnh phan ha hoc :
L Mimosa pudica cha
- Alkaloid : Mimosine (hoat cht chnh) , norepinephrine, crocetin,
crocetin- dimethyl ether. Mimoside (glucoside)
- Acid bo nhu Linoleic, linolenic, oleic, palmitic, stearic acid..
- Sterol thuc vt : Sitosterol..
- ung hu co : D-xylose, D-glucuronic-acid.
- Acsorbic acid
- Flavonoids, Cht nhy (mucilage)
- Khong cht : dc bit nht l selenium
Duoc tnh v cch su dung :
Mimosa hu nhu khng duoc s dung trong Y-duoc Ty Phuong,
nhung duoc dng tai Nht, n d v Trung Hoa..Tai Vit Nam, cy cng l
duoc liu trong nhng bi thuc Nam kh dc bit..
Tqi Trung Hoa : R phoi kh duoc goi l Hm Tu tho hay Han-shou-
cao duoc dng d tri bnh thn kinh, v c dc tnh an thn. Liu thung
dng l 5-7 g dui dang thuc sc. Phu n c thai khng nn dng. Cy
cng dng d tri vt thuong do chn thuong v d cm mu. (Kee Chang
Huang- The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs).
Theo ng Y c truyn, Hm tu tho c vi ngot, tnh hn nhe, hoi dc
c tc dung an thn, diu dau, ch khi (tri ho), long dm, loi tiu.
Tqi Vit Nam : Cy thung duoc dng d tri suy nhuoc thn kinh,
mt ng, sung ph qun, sung gan, sung rut non, phong thp, t bai. R
duoc dng tri st rt, kinh nguyt him..
- tri suy nhuoc thn kinh, mt ng : c th dng ring mc c (15
g) hay phi hop vi Cc bac du, Chua me dt (mi th 15 gram), sc
ung bui ti khi di ng.
- tri dau tht ngang lung, nhc mi gn ct : R mc c rang xong
tm ruou, sao vng sc ung (15-20 gram) hoc phi hop vi Cc tn ,
R dinh lng, Cam tho dy..
Tqi n d : Mc c hay chhuimui, lajwanti (Phan ng : lajjo) . R
dng tri kit ly, nng st, dau but khi di tiu, sung dau nuu rng. L d
tri vt thuong sung ty, bi gai dm, ph chn..
Cc nghin cu Duoc hoc v mimosa :
Hoqt tnh chng nc rn dc:
Kh nng trung ha noc rn dc ca mimosa duoc nghin cu kh su
rng tai n d. Nghin cu tai H Tezpur (n d) nm 2001 ghi nhn cc
dich chit t r kh mimosa pudica c kh nng c ch cc dc tnh tc
hai ca noc rn h mang Naja kaouthia. Su c ch bao gm cc dc hai
gy ra cho bp thit, cho cc enzy mes. Dich chit bng nuc c tc dung
manh hon dich chit bng alcohol (Journal of Ethnopharmacology S 75-
2001). Nghin cu b tc tai H Mysore, Manasa gangotry (n d) chng
minh duoc dich chit t r cy mc c c ch duoc su hoat dng ca cc
men hyaluronidase v protease c trong noc cc rn dc loai Naja naja,
Vipera russelii v Echis carinatus (Fitoterapia S 75-2004).
Hoqt tnh chng co giqt :
Nghin cu tai Departement des Sciences Biologiques, Facult des
Sciences, Universit de Ngaoundere (Cameroon) ghi nhn dich chit t l
cy mc c khi chch qua mng phc toan (IP) ca chut liu 1000 dn
4000 mg/ kg trong luong co th bo v duoc chut chng lai su co git
gy ra bi pentylentetrazol v strychnin tuy nhin dich ny lai khng c
nh hung dn co git gy ra bi picrotoxin, v c thm tc dung di
khng vi cc phn ng v tm thn gy ra bi N-methyl-D-as partate
(Fitoterapia S 75-2004).
Hoqt tnh chng trm cm (antidepressant)
Nghin cu tai H Veracruz (Mexico) ghi nhn nuc chit t l kh
mimosa pudica c tc dung chng trm cm khi th trn chut. Th
nghim cng dng clomipramine, desipramine d so snh v di chng vi
placebo (nuc mui 0.9 %). Liu s dung cng duoc thay di (dng 4
luong khc nhau t 2mg, 4mg, 6mg dn 8 mg/kg). Chut duoc th bng
test buc phi boi.. Hoat tnh chng u lo duoc so snh vi diazepam, th
bng test cho chut chay qua cc dung di phc tp (maze). Kt qu ghi
duoc : clomipramine (1.3 mg/kg, chch IP), desipramine (2.14mg/kg IP)
v Mc c (6.0mg/kg v 8.0 mg/kg IP) lm gim phn ng bt dng trong
test bt chut phi boi..M. pudica khng tc dung trn test v maze. Cc
nh nghin cu cho rng hoat tnh ca Mc c c co ch tuong tu nhu
nhm tri trm cm loai tricyclic (Phytomedicine S 6-1999).
Tc dng trn chu ky rng trng :
Nghin cu tai H Annamalai, Tamilnadu (n d): Bt r mimosa
pudica (150 mg/ kg trong luong co th) khi cho ung qua dung bao t,
lm thay di chu ky oestrous noi chut ci Rattus norvegicus. Cc t bo
loai c hach (nucleated v cornified) du khng xut hin. Cht nhy ch
c cc leukocytes.. dng thi s luong trng bnh thung cng gim di rt
nhiu, trong khi d s luong trng bi suy thoi lai gia tng. (Phytotherapia
Research S 16-2002).
Hoqt tnh lm hq dung trong mu :
Dich chit t l mc c bng ethanol, cho chut ung, liu 250 mg/ kg
cho thy c tc dung lm ha dung trong mu kh r rt (Fitoterapia S
73-2002).
Ti liu su dung :
Medicinal Plants of India ( S.K Jain)
T din Cy thuc Vit Nam (V vn Chi)
Handbook of Medicinal Herbs (J. Duke)
The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs (Kee Chang Huang)
SEN
Cy hoa thy sinh dpc bit
mi b phpn cha mt bnh
::: DS Trn Vit Hng :::
Sen c kh nhiu tuong quan vi cc Tn gio
nhu Pht gio, n gio..: Sen duoc xem l mt
'thnh vt' (sacred lotus) tai Trung ng v ng !
Pht Thch Ca d dng hoa sen d ph du diu
php trong dn gian, php huyn diu ny d tr thnh kinh Pht l Diu
Php Lin Hoa Kinh. Phuong thc tung nim Kinh Lin Hoa l mt trong 5 th
tung nim ca Nh Pht.. Noi Tnh Th, Pht Di ly hoa sen lm ch ,
nn Tnh Th cn duoc goi l hoa sen. Pht Lin Hoa Quan m l mt c
Pht trong 33 vi Quan m. Trong Pht gio, ta sen hay di hoa sen (lin
di) cn duoc goi l Pht ta. c Thch Ca Nhu Lai ngu trn ta sen goi l
Lin Hoa Tam mat..Vi th ngi thin dc bit nht ca Pht gio l ngi kit
gi hay 'Lotus position = Vi th hoa sen', dy l vi th ngi bt cho chn,
bn chn nga hung ln trn, dt trn di di din, dy l mt vi th kh
ngi, nhung lai l mt vi th dc bit v khng bi ng khi di vo gic ng!
Cha Mt ct (Din Huu) tai Bc Vit Nam d duoc Vua L Thnh Tng
cho xy ct vo nm 1049 dua theo hnh tuong hoa sen n trn mt h..
Vi Pht gio, Sen tuong trung cho su tinh khit v Ht sen tuong trung
cho Trung tho.
Theo huyn thoai n Gio, hoa sen ngn cnh tuong trung cho mt tri
ni ln t dai duong v tru v l biu tuong su sinh sn linh thing ca Thn
Brahma..thot ra t mt bng sen vng..Nm cnh hoa biu tuong cho 5 giai
doan ca Bnh xe n gio v i sng : Sanh ra, Ln ln, Lp gia dnh, Ngh
ngoi sau thi gian lm vic v..Cht
Thn thoai Hy lap k rng : Nng Lotis xinh dep, con gi ca Thn
Poseidon d duoc bin thnh mt cy sen d bo v Nng chng k si tnh
Priapus (biu tuong cho kh nng tnh duc ca nam gii).
Tai Trung Hoa, Sen duoc xem l biu tuong cho V dep ca Phu n, V
Mt trong Bt tin ca Thn thoai Trung Hoa..l H tin c (Ho-hsien-
ku)..lun lun c mt da sen bn canh..
Sen cng c mt vi tr dc bit trong Vn chuong Vit Nam :
' Trong dm g dep bng Sen
L xanh bng trng lai chen nhuy vng
Nhuy vng, bng trng, l xanh
Gn bn m chng hi tanh mi bn (Ca dao)
Hoa Sen duoc xem nhu mt loi hoa mang nhng dc tnh tiu biu cho
ngui qun t : dng hoa dng thng, moc t chn bn nho nhung mi lai
thom tho.
Trong truyn Kiu ca Nguyn Du, c nhng cu :
' Gt sen thon thot dao ngay m tung'
v
' Ting sen s dng gic ho'..
v
'Sen vng lng dng nhu gn nhu xa'...
Cc t 'gt sen', 'ting sen' v 'sen vng' c l do t din tch 'gt sen
vng' dng d ch buc di ca ngui phu n
Sen, c tn khoa hoc l Nelumbo nucifera thuc ho thuc vt
Nelumbonaceae
Tn trong Anh ng l Sacred Lotus, East Indian Lotus, Lotus lily ..
Nelumbo l tn ca Sen bng ting Singhalese (Sri Lanka) v nucifera
nghia l 'c ht'. Tn Anh ng Lotus do t ting DoThi Lot, nghia l myrrh (
mt loai huong)
Cy Sen c ngun gc t cc nuc Chu nhit di nhu n d, Pakistan,
Malaysia ,Trung Hoa.. Tai Vit Nam cy moc trn khp noi trong nuc trong
cc h ao, dm nhiu bn.Tai Nam Vit Nam, ng Thp c l l vng c
nhiu sen nht .(Tai Hoa Ky c loi sen American lotus= Nelumbo luteum ,
hoa mu vng v l nh hon Sen chu, cn c nhng tn nhu water-
chinquapin, water-nut, duck acorn gp tai cc Tiu bang pha ng-Nam, t
Florida sang dn Texas. Hat v R Sen My d tng duoc th dn dng lm
thuc phm).
Cy Sen c thn hnh tru (ng sen) v r mp (c sen) sng lu nm. L
gn nhu trn, moc tri trn mt nuc, trn mt cung di, l mu xanh
bng, ni gn rt r. Hoa to trn cung di, c nhiu cnh hoa mm, xp ta
trn du, mu hng , trng ( cn goi l Lotus magnolia= N. alba) hay vng
ty chng loai. Hoa c nhiu Nhi (Tua sen) mu vng v nhng l non ri,
nhng l non ny sau d thnh qu gn trn mt d hoa hnh nn nguoc
mu xanh (guong sen). Mi qu cha 1 hat. Hat thuc loai b qu trong c
mt chi mm (Tm sen)
Thnh phn dinh dung
Hat sen v r c sen thung duoc dng lm thuc phm tai chu :
R c Sen (Lotus root) : 100 gram phn n duoc cha :
Ng sen tuoi
Ng sen nu
chn
- Calories 56 66
- Cht dam 2.60 g 1.58 g
- Cht bo 0.10 g 0.07 g
- Cht so 0.80 g 0.85 g
- Calcium 45 mg 26 mg
- St 1.16 mg 0.90 mg
- Magnesium 23 mg 22 mg
- Phosphorus 100 mg 78 mg
- Potassium 556 mg 363 mg
- Sodium 40 mg 45 mg
- Thiamine (B1) 0.160 mg 0.127 mg
- Riboflavine (B2) 0.220 mg 0.010 mg
- Niacin (B3) 0.400 mg 0.300 mg
- Ascorbic acid
(C)
440 mg 27.4 mg
Hpt Sen : 100 gram phn n duoc cha :
Hpt tuoi Hpt kh
- Calories 89 332
- Protein 4.13 g 15.41 g
- Cht bo 0.53 g 1.97 g
- Cht so 0.65 g 2.42 g
- Calcium 44 mg 163 mg
- St 0.95 mg 3.53 mg
- Magnesium 56 mg 210 mg
- Phosphorus 168 mg 626 mg
- Potassium 367 mg 1368 mg
- Sodium 1 mg 5 mg
- Beta-carotene
(A)
13 IU 50 IU
- Thiamine (B1) 0.171 mg 0.640 mg
- Riboflavine (B2) 0.040 mg 0.150 mg
- Niacin (B3) 0.429 mg 1.699 mg
Thnh phn ha hoc :
Thnh phn ha hoc thay di ty theo phn ca cy :
L Sen : cha nhiu alakaloids (t l ton phn t 0.2-0.5 %) trong d
c Nuciferin (0.15%) v Roemerin, Coclaurin, d-l armepavin, O-
nornuciferin,Liriodenin, Anonain, Pronuciferin, Anneparine. cc acid hu co
(nhu gluconic acid, citric acid, malic acid, succinic acid..), tanins, Vitamin C..,
cc flavonoids ( nhu quercetin, isoquercitrin..)
Ng Sen : cha Tinh bt (75%), Asparagin (8%), Arginin, Trigonellin..
Hpt Sen : ngoi thnh phn dinh dung trn cn c nhng alkaloids nhu
Lotusine, Demethyl coclaurine, Liensinine, Iso-liensinine..
Tm Sen : cha alkaloids (t l ton phn khong 0.89-1.12 %) ngoi 5
alkaloids chnh liensi nine, isoliensinine, neferine, lotusine, methylcorypaline
cn c nuciferine, bisclaurine..
Guong Sen : cha 4.9 % cht dam, 0.6 % cht bo , 9% carbohydrate..
Tua nhj Sen : c nhiu flavonoids, tannins..
Nhng nghin cu Duoc hoc v Sen :
1. Tnh Chng Oxy- ha v tiu dit gc t do : Cc
polyphenols trong Sen c hoat tnh c ch tc dung ca 1,1-
diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), l cht sinh gc tu do. Nghin
cu tai Phn khoa Y-hoc Tu nhin tai H Duoc Toyama (Nht) ghi
nhn Sen v trong l nhng cy c tc dung kh manh.Cc
polyphenols, c lp t nhng cy ny nhu Procyanin B-3, (+)-
catechin, methyl gallate, quercetin, quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucoside,
quercetin-3-O-beta-galactoside, quer cetin-3-O-rutinose v
kaemferol ..tiu dit gc tu do sinh ra bi DPPH rt manh.(Cho EJ
v cc Csv, Phytomedicine 10/03). Nghin cu tai Phn khoa Thuc
phm v Ky thut sinh hoc tai ai Hoc Quc gia Pukyong (Nam
Hn) ghi nhn dich chit bng methanol t Tua nhi sen (Ru nhi
duc), c cha nhng flavonoids, c hoat tnh chng oxy-ha rt
manh trong h thng th nghim Peroxyd nitric v hoat tnh cao
hon mc bnh thung (marginal) trong h thng DPPH (Archives of
Pharmaceutical Research 04/2003).
2. Tc dng bo v Gan v dn spch gc t do : Trung
tm Nghin cu Y-Duoc , H Wonk wang (Nam Hn) nghin cu
dich chit ethanol t sen ghi nhn kh nng don sach gc tu do kh
manh vi mc c ch nng d 6.49 mcg/mL (th nghim trn H
thng DPPH); Dich chit ethanol cng tc dung ln t bo gan : c
ch su gia tng enzym gan v d6o dc hai cho t bo gan gy ra bi
CCl4 v cng c ch tc dng dc hai gy ra bi alpha-toxin B1 (
tc dng ny ty thuc vo liu luong s dung). Tnh cht bo v
gan ny c th do kh nng chng oxy-ha (Phytomedicine
03/3003).
3. Tnh hp nhit ca thn Sen : Nghin cu ca Phn
khoa Duoc H Jadavpur (n d) cho thy dich chit bng ethanol
thn sen khi th chut vi thn nhit bnh thung v khi bi gy
st do nm mc (Dich treo nm mc duoc chch dui da , liu 10
mg/kg s lm tng nhit d hu mn sau khi chch 19 gi) . Kt
qu ghi nhn dich chit thn sen liu cho ung 200 mg/kg lm
gim thn nhit bnh thung 3 gi sau khi ung ; liu 400 mg/kg
ggim thn nhit dn 6 gi sau khi ung. Trong trung hop gy st
bng nm mc : c 2 liu du lm gim thn nhit dn 4 gi sau khi
ung. Hoat tnh ha nhit c kt qu tuong duong vI
acetaminophen liu 150 mg/kg (Phytotherapy Research 06/2000).
4. Tc dng trn H Tiu ha : Dich chit t R sen duoc
dng lm thuc chng tiu chy, th nghim trn chut bi gy ra
tiu chy bng Prostaglandin E-2 : nhng liu luong 100, 200,
400 v 600 mg/kg cho kt qu l gim s ln di tiu, gim d m
ca phn v gim nhu dng rut ( tng phn ra ngoi ) H Nng
nghip Bangladesh trong Bangladesh Med Res Council Bulletin
04/1998).
5. Tc dng Hp dung trong mu : Nghin cu tai Phn
khoa Ky thut Duoc. H Jadavpur (n) Cho chut th nghim bi
gy tiu dung bng streptozocin ung dich chit C sen bng
ethanol cho thy mc glucose trong mu sut gim dng k (so vi
nhm di chng) chng t dich chit c sen c kh nng ci thin
mc dung nap glucose (glucose tolerance test) v tng cung tc
dung ca insulin chch vo chut. So snh vi tolbutamide : tc
dung ca dich chit bng 73% ( chut bnh thung), v bng 67 %
( chut bi gy tiu dung) (Journal of Ethnopharmacology
11/1997).
6. Tc dng chng sung vim : Tnh chng vim ca dich
chit c sen bng methanol, ca betulinic acid v ca cc triterpen
steroids (c lp t c sen)duoc th nghim trn chut bi gy ph
chn bng carrageenin v serotonin. Kt qu ghi nhn dich chit
bng methanol liu 200 mg/kg v 400 mg/kg, betulinic acid liu
50 mg/kg v 100 mg/kg : c hoat tnh chng vim dng k, tc
dung manh tuong duong vI phenylbutazone v dexamethasone
(Planta Medica 08/1997).
7. Tc dng tm thn ca C sen : Nghin cu ca Phn
khoa Ky thut Duoc H Jadavpur : Th nghim trn chut bng
dich chit c sen bng methanol cho thy c su gim hoat dng tc
thi, gim tnh thm him (exploratory behavior), gim thu gin co
v tng cung tc dung gy ng ca pentobarbital (Jouernal of
Ethnopharmacology 11/1996).
8. Tc dng ca Neferine trn d kt dnh ca tiu cu
: Nghin cu ca Phn khoa Duoc H Y Khoa Tongji -V hn (Trung
Hoa). Neferine l mt alkaloid loai dibenzyl isoquinolein trch t sen
, c tc dung lm ha huyt p. Tc dung ca Neferine trn su kt
dnh tiu cu v su cn bng t l thromboxan/protaglandin (TXA-
2/PGI-2) v t l cAMP/cGMP duoc nghin cu bng cc phuong
php do d duc (turbidimetry) v radio-immunoassay (RIA).
Neferine c ch dng k su kt dnh tiu cu (th trn th) gy ra
bi ADP, Collagen, Arachidonic acid v Yu t kch hoat tiu cu
(PAF=Platelet activating factor ) vi IC50 theo th tu l 15, 22, 193
v 103 micromole/lit. Niferine tng 6-keto-PGF 1 alpha v cAMP
trong tiu cu theo liu luong, nhung c ch TXA-2 do tiu cu sinh
ra khi bi kch thch bi arachidonic acid. Niferine khng c tc dung
dng k vI cGNP. Cc kt qu trn dua dn d nghi co ch
Neferine tc dung kt dnh tiu cu lin h dn cc cn bng TXA-2/
PGI-2 v cAMP/ cGMP.
9. Tc dng Tim :
Neferine nh hung dn hoat dng co-din tim (ghi bng
tm din d ) ca mo bi dnh thuc m. Niferine l alkaloid trch
t tim sen, c hoat tnh chng ri loan nhip tim. Niferine liu 1-10
mg/kg, chch tch mach, lm gim (theo liu luong) bin d th
dng tc mt pha (Monophasic action potential amplitude), ko di
thi gian th dng tc mt pha (monophasic action potential
duration) v lm gim p huyt; Tc dung ny ging nhu Quinidine.
Tc dung ca Neferine qua hiu s din th mng co tim
chut albino v hach tm nhi (?) noi t bo co tim chut mi
sinh cng duoc nghin cu v upstroke velocity, dn p giao dng
tc dng din th do ouabaine gy ra.
Theo Kee Chang Huang (The Pharmacology of Chinese
Herbs) th Neferine c tc dung lm gin n mach mu, tc dung
ny khng ty thuc vo Yu t thu-gin ni mac (endo thelium-
relaxing factor=NO) nhung lin h mt thit vi su chn alpha
(alpha-blockinh) v hoat tnh chn lung Ca2+ (Calcium-channel
blocking). Ngoi ra Liensinine, mt alkaloid khc trong sen , c
nhng hoat tnh lm ha huyt p v chng loan nhip tim. Liensinine
lm gim d co tht ca bp thit tim bng cch gy ra su ko di
tim luc hoat dng ca APD trn bp thit. Tc dung chng loan nhip
c th manh hon c quinidine.
10. c tnh, Chng ch djnh v Tc dng ph : Theo
James Duke trong Handbook of Medicinal Herbs cng nhu trong cc
sch duoc tho ng Y : Hat sen chng ch dinh khi bi to bn v
truong da dy. Chua bit duoc nhng phn ng phu hay nguy hai
nu dng theo dng liu luong tri liu (t 4-6 gram bt hat sen
kh). Oxoushin sunine c tnh dc hai cho t bo u-buu loai
carcinoma vng mi-hu (nasopharynx)
Sen trong ng Y
Duqc hc c truyn Trung Hoa dng tt c cc b phn ca cy Sen
d lm thuc :
L Sen (Folium Nelumbinis) hay H dip (He-ye), Nht
duoc : kayo. Hn duoc : Hayp
Hat Sen (Semen Nelumbinis) l phn mu trng bn
trong v ca qu, sau khi tch b chi mm, duoc goi l Lin t
(Lian-zi). Nht duoc :Renshi. Hn duoc : Yncha.
Tm Sen (Plumula Nelumbinis), mm xanh chnh gia
hat, hay Lin t tm (Lian-zi xin). Nht duoc : Renshin. Hn duoc :
Ynsim.
Tua nhi Sen (Stamen Nelumbinis) hay Lin tu (Lian x)
Guong Sen (Receptaculum Nelumbinis) , d hoa sau khi
d ly ht hat (thung phoi kh) , hay Lin phng (Lian fang). Nht
duoc : Renbo. Hn duoc :Ynbang)
t ng sen (Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis) hay Ngu tit
(Ou ji). Nht duoc : Gsetsu. Hn duoc : ujl.
Duoc tnh theo ng Y v Phuong thc s dung :
L sen ( H dip) :
Theo ng y, c vi dng, tnh bnh , khng dc tc dung vo cc
kinh mach thuc Can, Ty v Vi. H dip tuy khng duoc chp trong
Thn Nng Bn Tho nhung duoc L thi Trn ghi trong Bn tho
Cuong muc. Tnh cht : 'Thanh th, Loi Thp, Tn , Ch Huyt '
H dip tri duoc cc chng do Ha Nhit gy ra : d m hi qu
d, nuc tiu duc v tiu chy vi chng 'ho vuong hay thuc ho'
(tiu chy ra mu). L Sen tng v gip thng thot 'Duong' Kh tr
tr, dong noi Ty, nht l tiu chy do Nhit tai Ty-Vi.
H dip c tc dung cm mu, tri duoc i ra mu : dng gi nt,
dp vo vt thuong. Mun tri nng st nhanh H dip duoc dng phi
hop vi u vn trng (Bach bin du = Bian-dou , Semen Dolichoris
Lablab).
Tc dung ca H dip c th bi gim bt nu dng chung vi
Phuc linh (Fu-ling=Sclerotium Poriae Cocos).
Liu dng : 9-15 gram l tuoi mi ln, nn chon l tuoi (Tin h
dip = Xian he-ye), ln v cn nguyn ven, thu hi trong cc thng t
6 dn 9.
t ng sen ( Lin Ngu tit) :
duoc xem l c vi ngot/cht , tnh hn, tc dng vo cc kinh
mach thuc Ph, Vi v Can.
Ngu tit c kh nng rt tt d tri cc bnh v Mu nht l
trong cc bnh xut huyt do tc dung 'Ph ', lm tan cuc huyt, tri
duoc ho ra mu, i ma ra mu, chy mu cam..
Tc dung cm mu gia tng, gip ngung ho ra mu nhanh hon
khi duoc dng chung vi Sinh dia (Sheng-di-huang =Radix Rehmaniae
Glutinosae), A giao (e-jiao= Gelatinum Corii Asini) v Xuyn bi mu
(Chuan bei mu= Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae).
Liu dng : T 9-15 gram duoc liu kh hoc 30-60 gram duoc
liu tuoi, duoc liu tt c nt sn dm mu, c r nh bm theo. Mun
diu ha kh huyt nn dng tuoi hay xay thnh nuc ung; mun
cm mu th cn sao tn tnh truc khi dng.
Guong sen ( Lin phng) :
duoc xem l c vi dng/cht, tnh m, tc dung vo cc kinh
mach thuc Ty, Thn v Can.
i sen lm tan duoc mu huyt dong v cm mu nht l
trong cc trung hop xut huyt t cung v c mu trong nuc tiu.
i sen gip an vi, n dinh bo thai, gip trnh duoc hu
thai,.i sen cng phn tn duoc 'Nhit' gip tri nng, cm do 'Ho
vuong, Nhit cao'.
Dng chung vi ch mu (Yi-mu-cao=Leonuri heterophylli) d tri
kinh nguyt qu nhiu (rong kinh).
Dng chung vi uong qui (Dang-gui+radix Angelica Sinensis),
Thuc da (Shu di-huang=Radix Rehmaniniae Glutinosae Conquitae) v
Trc nhu (Zhu-ru = Caulis Bambusa) d tri v nga hu thai.
Liu dng : T 3 dn 9 gram : Dng tuoi d tri 'Ha Nhit'. Duoc
liu tt c mu tm d, ln.
Hpt sen ( Lin t hay Lin nhc) :
duoc xem l c vi ngot/cht, tnh n, tc dung vo cc kinh
mach thuc Thn, Tm v Ty. Hat sen c nhng tc dung :' B Ty,
Dung Tm, Sp Trung, C Tinh'
B Ty v cm tiu chy : ch tri cc trung hop Ty suy dua dn
tiu chy v n mt ngon, thung duoc dng chung vi Son duoc
(Hoi son)= C mi v Bach trut.
B Thn v Kin tinh : tri duoc cc trung hop di tinh (xut tinh
sm) v bn tinh do 'Thn suy', cng dng d tri cc chng xut huyt
noi t cung v huyt trng ca phu n . tri bt luc, thiu tinh trng
: hat sen duoc dng chung vi Sa-Uyn Tt l (Sha yuan ji
li=Astragali) v K thit (qian-shi=Euryales Ferocis).
Bi b Tm-thn : an dinh tm tr, tri duoc hi hp-u lo hay
gt gng, kh tnh, mt ng. Tc dung rt cng hiu trong cc trung
hop mt qun bnh gia Tm v Thn. tri cc trung hop mt ng
nhe, hi hp , d nng gin hay trng hop xut tinh khi ng (mng
tinh) km theo kht nuc, nuc tiu nng.. do 'Ha vuong tai Tm':
hat sen duoc dng chung vi Bch hop (Bai-he), di nhn (Yi-yi ren=
Hat bo-bo) v Sa sm (Sha-shen). Liu dng : mIi ln 6-15 hat.
Khng nn dng hat sen trong cc trung hop dy bung v to bn.
Nhj sen ( Lin tu) :
tc dng vo cc kinh mach thuc Tm v Thn .
Tnh cht : ' Sp Tinh, ch Thn, Thanh Tm, Ch Huyt' , c kh
nng gip gia tng sn xut tinh-kh, kim sot cc trung hop xut
huyt; b 'Thn' v ha 'Tm ho'.
Nhi sen c th tri duoc kit ly, mng tinh v di tiu nhiu ban
dm.
Liu dng : 5-9 gram nhi tuoi.
Tm sen ( Lin t tm) :
duoc xem l c vi dng, tnh Hn ,
tc dung dc nht vo cc kinh mach thuc Tm, vi kh nng
lm tn 'Tm nhit ' ;
thung duoc dng d tri cc trung hop th huyt, ho ra mu.
Liu dng : 1.5- 6 gram.
Cung l Sen (Ramulus Nelumbinis),
c kh nng lm tan ' t Kh' tc noi nguc,
gip tri cc chng ho, tc nguc do Ha vuong xm nhp Ph
kinh.
Ng sen ( Lin ngu) :
Gii tr phin mun.
Tnh cht 'Trng Duong, An Thn'.
Mt s bi thuc :
Tr L sen : Dng mi ln 10 gram l sen kh, pha thnh 1
tch tr nng. Dng d gii nhit, tri di tinh, tiu m.
Tr gim bo :
L sen (60 gram),
Son tr (Crataegus pinnafitada) tuoi (10 gram),
Hat di (10 gram),
V qut (10 gram).
Nghin chung thnh bt, rt nuc si vo, hm, ung thay tr
mi ngy 1 thang, ung trong 100 ngy.
Lin ngu tr nhan phuong : Bi thuc gi nhan sc bng
ng sen :
Hat sen (9 gram),
Hoa sen (7 gram),
Ng sen (8 gram).
Phoi cc duoc liu trong bng rm, nghin thnh bt, ry ky,
trn du, dung trong lo kn. Mi ngy ung 2 ln, sng-ti, khi bung
di, mi ln 1 gram ha trong nuc si. Dng cho ngui bo ph v
dung nhan st km.
Mt s phuong thc dinh dung dng Sen d tri bnh :
Tai Trung Hoa, Sen duoc dng trong mt s phuong thc dinh-dung d
tri bnh :
Thuc b cho ngui cao nin, Sn ph sau khi sanh :
un si 30g qu sen (hat sen cn c v),
30 gram dung phn chung vi 30 gram ruou trng; sau d
thm 1 trng g , lm thnh sp.
n mi ngy vo bui ti trong 1 thng. (Henry Lu trong
Chinese Natural Cure).
trj n khng ngon, tiu chy : nn dng bt hat sen hay
nu chung hat sen, phuc linh vi gao t v n vi dung phn ( Liu-
Jilin trong Chinese Dietary Therapy)
Cho hpt sen : Dng d tri mt ng, cng thng tinh thn, bt
tiu ban dm.
Hat sen (3/4 cup),
gao nu (1 cup 1/2),
Nuc (8 cups).
Nu dn chn nh hat sen. C th thm dung phn, mt ong d
lm thnh ch ngot ( Daniel Reid trong A handbook of Chinese Healing
Herbs)
Ti liu s dung chnh :
Trang Web site : PubMed (Thu vin Quc gia Hoa Ky)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Materia Medica (Bensky/Gamble)
The Phjarmacology of Chinese Herbs ( Kee Chang Huang)
Handbook of Medicinal Herbs (J. Duke)
Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database (Pharmacist's letters)
Whole Foods Companion (Dianne Onstad).
Chinese Vegetable (Geri Harrington)
The Oxford Companion to Food (Alan Davidson)
HOA S
::: DS Trn Vit Hung :::
Hoa S hay goi dng hon l S ci, tai min Nam Vit Nam; cn duoc goi
l hoa ai tai min Bc. (Cy Ngoc Lan, Michelia champaca cng duoc goi l
hoa S !). Hoa S c mi thom d chiu d l ngun cm hng cho cc nhac
s v thi s, thung goi nh cho nhng mi tnh dep nhung.. dang d ?
Nhac s Hong Phuong, trong bi 'Hoa S Nh Nng' d vit :
' m dm ngi mi huong, mi hoa s nh nng
Huong nng hoa tnh i, dm d dy d goi tn
Nh nng cch gn bn, gin hoa s quanh tung
Nhn sang trm nh thuong thm, mo ngy mai la di..'
V thi s Cao Nguyn , trong bi ' Hoa S Trng' :
' Hoa s trng nu xe vi nm cnh
nm ngn tay em chum m hoa lng..'
hay tha thit hon :
' Goi tnh ln bng mu hoa s trng
mi yu thom diu nhe gia dm nng..'
Hoa s, Plumeria (cn goi l Frangipani), thuc ho thuc vt Apocynaceae
c ngun gc t Trung My. Tng Plumeria gm 7 loi, cho hoa c mi thom
ngot ngo, kh qun. Hoa s duoc Pht go xem l biu tuong cho Vinh cu
v cnh cy, d cho d bi ct, vn tip tuc..tr hoa.
Trong chuyn hi hnh ni ting ca Columbus vo nm 1492, nh thuc
vt Mercutio Frangipani l ngui u chu du tin d ghi nhn duoc mi
thom dc bit ca hoa S, v sau d ngui d trch duoc huong liu t hoa
S d dt tn l 'mi huong Frangipani', ging nhu mi hoa nhi.
Plumeria l mt loi cy nhit di, c nhng ging cho hoa c mu sc
khc nhau:
- Plumeria obtusifolia (= P. acuminata)= Cy s hoa trng.
Singapore plumeria
Cy c
ngun gc
t Mexico,
duoc trng
rng ri tai
cc nuc
nhit di.
Tai Vit
Nam, cy
duoc trng
ph bin
cc dnh,
cha v
cng vin.
Cy thuc
loai thn
mc, trung bnh 2-3 m nhung c th cao dn 7m, phn cnh di,
cnh cong queo, x x. Thn c v mu trng-xm, xp. L thun
di15 cm, rng 5 cm, phn gia rng v thu hep c hai du.
Phin l mu xanh bng, nhn c cc gn hnh lng chim ni r,
mu trng. L xp st nhau thnh vng noi ngon cnh, khi rung
d lai nhng seo ln trn cnh. Hoa ln chng 5cm, moc thnh
cum trn mt cung chung. Cung hoa mp, di 30-50 cm, c
nhiu vt seo do hoa rung di. Cnh hoa dy, xp vn (khi chua
n), mu trng gia mu vng. Qu loai dai di 10-15 cm, t
gp, cha hat c cnh mng. Hoa c mi thom, n quanh nm..
Chng trng P. acuminata var. tricolor cho hoa mu trng, mp
mu hng v trung tm mu vng.
- Plumeria
rubra = Cy s hoa d
(West Indian Red
Jasmine)
Cng c
ngun gc
t Mexico,
Guyana.
Cy thp
hon S hoa
trng, cnh
chia nhnh
nhiu, moc
xe thnh
cc tng
thp. L thun di khong 20-40 cm, nhon dnh; L mu xanh
bng, xp st nhau du cnh, rung vo ma kh. Hoa ln chng
5-7 cm, moc thnh cum du cnh trn mt cung chung, di.
Cnh hoa mu d kh dy..Mt s chng duoc thun ha d trng
duoc tai Nam California.
- Plumeria hypoleuca = Cy s hoa vng
Tuong tu nhu cy s hoa trng, nhung hoa c cnh mu vng
dm
Thnh phn ha hoc :
Hoa cha
Tinh du d bc hoi (chng 0.05 %) trong c citronellol, farnesol,
geraniol, l-(+) bornesitol, linalol, phenyl-ethyl alcohol.
Cc flavonoids nhu kaempferol, kaempferol-glycoside, quercetin,
quercetin-glycoside.., quercitrin, rutin..
V thn c beta-sitosterol, cc iridoids nhu fulvoplumierin (0.25%), al
lamcin v allamandin ; plumieride (6%); p-benzoquinone..; lignan loai
liriodendrin..
R cha beta-dihydroplumericic acid, beta-dihydroplumericine, isoplume
ricine, plumericine.
Nha cha acetyl-luoeol, alpha v beta-amyrin, cerotic acid, lupeol, lupe
ol-acetate, oxymethyl-dioxycinnamic acid, plumieric acid..
L cha khong 5.6 % pectin
Tc dung duoc hoc :
Hopt tnh dit bo :
Nghin cu tai trung Duoc, H Illinois (Chicago), USA ghi nhn cc
iridoids trch bng petroleum-ether v chloroform, t v cy S hoa d
(Plumeria rubra), thu hoach tai Indonesia c cc hoat tnh dit t bo ung
thu cc loai lymphocytic leukemia (P-338) noi chut v mt s dng t bo
ung thu (v, rut, fibrosarcoma, phi, melanoma, KB) noi ngui..(Journal of
Natural Products S 53 (Nov-Dec)-1990.
Mt nghin cu khc cng tai Trung Duoc Illinois, Chicago ghi nhn
cc cht c lp loai glycosidic t rut thn cy s d nhu plumericin, iso
plumericin c cc hoat tnh dit nhuyn th, dit vi trng..(Journal of
Ethnopharmacology S 33-1991).
Hopt tnh chng bin chng ( Antimutagenic) :
Nghin cu tai Vin Ha hoc, H Khoa Hoc, Vin H Philippines tai
Quezon City (Phi) ghi nhn cc cht Stigmast-7-enol, Lupeol carboxylic acid
v Ursolic acid trch t l tuoi cy S hoa trng (P.acuminata) bng ethanol
c hoat tnh chng bin chng khi th trn chut : liu 2 mg/ 25 gram
trong luong chut, cc cht ny lm gim s luong cc t bo MPCE
(micronuckeated polychromatic erythrocytes) gy ra bin chng bng
mitomycin C. T l hoat dng duoc ghi theo th tu l 75, 80 v 57%
(Mutation Research S 361 (Dec)-1996).
Hopt tnh chng HI V
Nghin cu tai Trung Duoc Illinois (Chicago), ghi nhn hoat cht loai
iridoid: fulvoplumierin trch t S c kh nng c ch men reverse
transcriptase ca siu vi HIV-1 noi ngui (Journal of Natural Products S 54
(Jan-Feb)-1991)
S trong duoc hoc dn gian :
Phu n vng Caribbean dng hoa d lm thom tc, up thom qun o,
chn mn.
Tpi Trung M : v Plumeria rubra duoc dng d tri lu m. L gi nt,
dp tri bm dp, chn thuong; m nhua dng lm thuc thoa bp tri phong
thp.
Theo Duqc hc Trung Hoa : Hoa ca Plumeria rubra var. acutifolia cn
goi l K dn hoa (J-dan hua)
- Hoa s c vi ngot, tnh bnh, c cc tc dung 'thanh Nhit', loi tiu,
ha Vi v nhun trng, b phi
- V c vi dng, tnh mt c tc dung thanh nhit, t ha, tiu thng v
st trng. Dng kch thch, diu kinh, tri nng nhit, nhun trung.
- L c tc dung hnh huyt, tiu vim, dng gi nt dp trn vt
thuong.
- Qu c th gy truy thai.
- Nhua c tnh dc, gy s..
Tpi n d :
- Plumeria acuminata ; ting Hindi l golainchi. Ting Phan :kshir
champa. V dng sc lm thuc tri nng st, gy s, tri bnh hoa liu, thoa
tri herpes. Nhua gy s tri sung loi. R gy s rt manh.
- Plumeria alba : Nhua dp trn vt l lot, tri chy rn v herpes, gy
s. Hat dng d cm mu.
- Plumeria rubra : Nhua tri dau, sung rng. Hoa lm thuc ho, tr dm
Ti liu s dung :
Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases (J. Duke)
Medicinal Plants of China (Duke & Ayensu)
Medicinal Plants of India (Jain & DeFilipps)
The A-Z of Garden Plants (Bay Book)
VIOLET
hoa Pense tm hay HOA T M :
n hoa ca S e- p
::: DS Trn Vit Hung :::
Reform the errors of the Spring
Make that tulips may have share
of sweetness, seeing they are fair
And roses of their thorns disarm'd,
But most procure
That violets may a longer age endure
Andrew Marvell ( 1621- 78)
Violette vi huong thom ngot ngo tri ban cho, nu hoa b nh
np dui l che, l biu tuong cho su e-p v khim tn. Cy
violet tuy tr hoa nhung hoa n ngn ngy, tai khp mi khu
rng, cnh dng, doc b ro trong sut ma Xun. C rt nhiu
truyn thuyt cng nhu chuyn c tch k v cy hoa b nh ny :
Mt truyn thn thoai Hy lap k rng : Nng tin nh b Ianthis c
chay trn su sn dui m say ca Thn Apollo.. nng chay n np
vo rng v tm su che ch ca N thn Diana, Diana khuyn
nng nn trn tht ky tai mt noi m Apollo..khng th tm dn
duoc v Diana d bin nng thnh mt nu hoa Violet d gip nng
thot duoc Apollo..'
Mt truyn khc th cho rng : Hoa Violet duoc tao ra d dnh cho
Nng Io, ngui yu ca Thn Zeus, v d ca ngoi su kiu dim ca
Io hoa Violet duoc dt tn theo Io (ting Hy lap nghia l mu tm).
Violet cn l biu tuong ca su ngay thng v trung thnh. Vn
ho Shakespeare rt thch violet, nn d dng hoa d biu tuong
cho su khim tn v bn vng trong Tnh yu. Trong thi Trung
C, tai u chu violet l biu tuong cho su khim tn ca Cha
Cu Th.. hoa duoc trng rt nhiu trong vun ca cc tu vin d
bo v nh dng trnh cc su c.
Trng hoa violet deo quanh c s gip bo v ngui deo trnh bi
la gat v m hoc. Ngui Hy-lap v La m ngy xua deo hoa d
tr mi ruou, nga ..say (?) .
Hoa violet rt duoc ua chung tai u chu nht l tai cc nuc
quanh ia Trung Hi. Tai Toulouse (Php), trong thi troubadours,
hoa l phn thung cho nhng ngui doat gii v lm tho, v tai
min Nam nuc c, trong thi Trung c, khi hoa bt du n vo
du xun, c nhng bui khiu v duoc t chc d n mng. Hoa
violet l mt vt biu tuong tnh yu gia Napoleon Bonaparte v
Nng Josephine..hoa sau d l vt biu hin chnh tri ca
Napoleon. ng cn tn hiu l Caporal Violette v rt thch hoa
violet, nhng ngui theo ng d deo hoa d biu l su ng h khi
ng bi luu dy do Elba..v khi ng tr v cm quyn, dung
ph Paris d gn dy hoa Violet trong ngy din hnh.
Tn khoa hoc v cc tn thung goi :
Viola odorata thuc ho thuc vt Violaceae
Viola, l tn latinh dt cho cy v c l do t ting Hy lap ion (=mu
tm) T Viola, d c tn , Violet (ting Php, hoa Violette); odorata nghia l
c mi thom. Cy cn duoc goi l Garden Violet, sweet violet..
Sweet Violet c l l loi hoa trong nhm viola dai duy nht tai Anh m
c mi thom.
c tnh thuc vt :
Cy thuc loai tho da nin,
sng dai, c thn r phn nhnh
v moc b tao ra nhng chi dui
mt dt. Cc l xut hin cng
mt lc vi hoa, l nh c 2-4 cm
hnh tim hay tri xoan, mp l c
rng. Hoa mu tm sm c khi
trng pha ln xanh da tri , c 5
cnh hoa hnh tim, c mi thom.
Cy tr hoa trong cc thng 3-4 v thng 8. Hoa violet n rt tt khi
trng nhng noi c bng mt mt phn v dt c m d cao. Cy cn
nhit d mt ban dm d tr hoa. Violet pht trin bng nhng cnh b lan
v bng hat (tht ra c 2 loai hoa : loai hoa c 5 cnh, n vo ma xun,
v loai hoa khp kn =cleistogamous, khng c cnh hoa nhung cha hat tu
thu phn).
C khong trn 600 chng violet, trong d c :
Chng 'The Czar' cho hoa mu tm sm; chng 'Baronne Alice de
rothschild' cho hoa mu tm-xanh v chng 'Madame Armandine Pages' lai
cho violet..mu hng ! (Tai Hoa Ky c ring mt Hi nhung ngui yu hoa
Violet, c mt website ring : www.sweetviolets.com )
Thnh phn ha hoc :
Hoa violet cha mt hn hop tinh du d bc hoi, sc t loai
anthocyanine, cht nhy, cc peptids macrocyclic goi chung l cyclotides
(trong d c vodo M, vodo N..)
L v ton thn cha saponins, glycosides nhu violarutin, cc acid hu
co, methylsalicylate
Duoc tnh :
Violet d duoc xem l mt vi thuc t thi C hy lap : Hippocrates d
dng violet d tri nhc du, du c quay cung do..say ruou, mt m, bun
b, uu tu, sung tc nguc. Pliny cho rng violet gip d ng, bi b bp thit
tim, v gii tr su tc gin. Ngui rp dng violet tri to bn, sung yt
hu, mt ng, yu gan..
Nhng phuong thc s dung trong dn gian ngy nay cng ph hop vi
truyn thng xua : Cc saponins v cht nhy trong hoa khin violet l
phuong thuc rt tt tri ho, nga trong c, ho g v ho tc nguc . Si-r
violet l thuc tri ho cho tr em rt tt . C th dng violet lm thuc sc
ming, tri dau hong v sung chn rng. Cht nhy trong hoa gip lm diu
bao t, rut. Sir c th dng lm thuc nhun trung cho tr em. c tnh'
lm mt' ca hoa khin hoa c th dng trong cc trung hop nng st,
sung dau..nht l cc salicylates gip tri dau v sung rt cng hiu.
Khoa Homeopathy dng Viola odorata d tri cc chng ho kh th, co
git tc nguc, ho g v cc bnh v h hp lin h dn u lo, phin mun.
V. odorata cng dng d tri nhc du vi cm gic dau nng noi trn, dau
pha trn chn my v chong vng.. tri phong thp v dau trong xuong
ct.
Khoa Aromatherapy dng Violet cho nhng ngui rut r, e then, d cm
xc, chm ha dng vi dm dng do bn tnh e-l, nht nht.. Tinh du
violet gip mang lai tu tin, khin d ha dng khng so mt bn nng, gip
ci m..
Nghin cu tai H Uppsala, Thuy in ghi nhn cc cyclotides trch
duoc t Viola arvensis v Viola odorata c nhng tc dung dit duoc t bo
u-buu dc :
Cc cyclotides duoc dt tn l varv A, varv F v cycloviolacin 02 c kh
nng dit 10 dng t bo ung thu noi ngui.. Cyclotides tuong di c hoat
tnh sinh hoc kh bn, nn dang duoc th nghim d c th dng lm thuc
tri mt s loai ung thu (Molecular Cancer Therapy S 1-2002)
Vi phuong thc s dung :
Hoa Violet rt thom, c vi ngot, nn c th dng..lm keo, hay by
thm vo cc mn salad. Hoa, kt tinh trong dung, duoc bn tai cc tim
bnh bn u chu. Ngoi ra cng c Violet kt trong chocolat. Cng c th
ngm hoa v l trong nuc lanh, tao thm huong vi cho nuc gii kht.
Trn thi trung c bn cc loai tr violet, bnh pudding c nhi hoa, c rem
, mt tri cy c violet..
C th tu pha ch mt s thnh phm nhu sau :
- Nuc ngm hoa : Ngm 1 tha ca ph cy tn vun trong 1/2 cup
nuc. Luoc b b.
- Nuc sc : un si 1 tha canh cy tn vun trong 1/2 cup nuc, nn
ngm bt cy trong nuc vi gi truc khi dun.
- Sirop violet : 1 qt. Nuc dun si trn mt luong tuong duong hoa
d nhi cht. Ngm trong 10 ting, Luoc b xc. un nuc ly duoc
la nh, ri thm mt dot hoa mi. Ngm nhu truc..Tip tuc lm 2-3
dot..Sau cng dun nng nuc thu duoc, d ngui v thm mt ong
dn khi c si-r thch hop.
Ti liu s dung :
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Herbs (Sarah Bunney)
Whole Foods Companion (D. Onstad)
The Herb Book (John Lust)
MNG CU XIM
Mt tri cy hu dng
::: DS Trn Vit Hung :::
Gia dnh Na hay Mng cu c mt s cy cho qu n kh ngon v c
thm cc duoc tnh kh dc bit...Cc cy dng ch gm Na, Mng cu
xim, Bnh bt... v ngay tai Hoa Ky cn c nhng cy lai tao d cho nhng
loai qu, khng gp duoc tai Vit Nam nhu Atemoya..
Mng cu xim l mt tri cy nhit di rt thng dung trong vng Nam
My v ng n (West Indies). y cng l mt trong nhng cy du tin
duoc dua t My chu v luc dia Cuu Th-gii, v mng cu xim sau d
duoc trng rng ri sut t khu vuc ng-Nam Trung Hoa sang dn c v
nhng vng bnh nguyn tai ng v Ty Phi chu..
Tn ca cy c l c ngun gc t ting Ha lan Zuurzac, cng duoc goi
trong vng Antilles (thuc Ha lan) v tai Indonesia. Tn M lai durian
Belanda cng c nhng chi tit th vi : danh t Belanda ( c nghia l ngui
Ha lan) duoc dng tai M lai d ch nhng g t ngoai quc, thung t Ha
lan dua dn M, v v ngoi da ca mng cu sn si. C v c gai..nn
duoc cho l thuc nhm su ring (!)
Tn khoa hoc, tn thng thung v c tnh thuc vt :
- Tn khoa hoc : Annona muricata thuc ho thuc vt Annonaceae.
Annona, pht xut t tn tai Haiti, anon, nghia l thu-hoach ca nm
muricata c nghia l mt bn ngoi sn ln, c nhng mi nhon.
- Cc tn thng thung : Soursop (Anh-My), Guanabana, Graviola,
Brazilian Paw Paw, Corossolier (Php), Guanavana, Durian benggala Nangka
londa..
- Mng cu xim thuc loai tiu mc, c th cao 6-8 m. V thn c
nhiu l nh mu nu. L hnh tri xoan, thun
thnh ngon gio, moc so le. L c mi thom.
Phin l c 7-9 cp gn phu. Hoa moc don dc
thn hay nhnh gi; hoa c 3 l di nh mu
xanh, 3 cnh hoa mu xanh-vng, v 3 cnh
trong mu vng. Nhi v nhuy hoa tao thnh 1
khi trn. Qu thuc loai qu mong kp, ln,
hnh trng phnh di 20-25 cm, mu xanh luc
hay vng-xanh, khi chn qu mc s di sang
vng. Qu c th kt tai nhiu vi tr khc nhau
trn thn, cnh hay nhnh con, v c th cn
nng dn 5kg (15 lb). V rt mng, bn ngoi c
nhng nt ph thnh nhng mi nh nhon hay
cong, cha nhiu hat mu den. Qu thung duoc
thu hi lc cn xanh, cng v n ngon nht v
lc 4-5 ngy sau khi hi, lc d qu tr thnh
mm va d d khi nhn nhe ngn tay vo s c
mt vt lm. Phn thit ca qu mu trng chia thnh nhiu khi cha hat
nh. Mng cu xim duoc trng nhiu tai nhng tnh pha Nam Vit Nam.
Thnh phn dinh dung v ha hoc :
100 gram phn thit ca qu, b hat, cha :
Calories
Cht dam
Cht bo
Cht so
Calcium
St
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sodium
Beta-Carotene (A)
Thiamine (B1)
Riboflavine
Niacin
Pantothenic acid
Pyridoxine
Vitamin C
53- 61.3
1 g
0.97 g
0.79 g
10.3 mg
0.64 mg
21 mg
27.7mg
287 mg
14 mg
2 IU
0.110 mg
0.050 mg
1.280 mg
0.253 mg
0.059 mg
29.6 mg
L Annona muricata cha cc Acetogenins loai monotetrahydrofurane
nhu Annopentocins A, B v C; Cis v Trans-annomuricin-D-ones(4, 5),
Muricoreacin, Muricohexocin.. ngoi ra cn c tannins, cht nhua resin..
Qu cha cc alkaloids loai isoquinoleine nhu : annonaine, nornuciferine
v asimilobine .
Hat cha khong 0.05 % alcaloids trong d 2 cht chnh l muricin v
muricinin. Nghin cu tai H Bc Kinh (2001) ghi nhn hat c cha cc
acetogenins : Muricatenol, Gigantetrocin-A, -B, Annomontacin, Gigante
tronenin..Trong hat cn c cc hn hop N-fatty acyl tryptamines, mt lectin
c i luc manh vi glucose/mannose; cc galactomannans..
Vi phuong thc s dung :
Mng cu xim duoc dng lm thuc phm tai nhiu noi trn th gii.
Tn soursop , cho thy qu c th c vi chua, tuy nhin d chua thay di, ty
ging, c ging kh ngot d n sng duoc, c ging phi n chung vi dung.
Qu cha nhiu nuc, nn ..thung dng d ung hon l n ! Nhu tai Ba ty
c mn Champola , tai Puerto Rico c mn Carato l nhng thc ung theo
kiu nuc sinh t Vit Nam : mng cu xay chung vi sa, nuc.. (tai
Philippines, cn pha thm mu xanh, d nhu sinh t pha si-r Vit Nam)
Mng cu xim (l, r v hat) duoc dng lm thuc tai rt nhiu noi trn
th-gii, nht l tai nhng quc gia Nam My :
- Tai Peru, trong vng ni Andes, l mng cu duoc dng lm thuc tri
cm, x mi; hat nghin nt lm thuc tr su bo; trong vng Amazon, v
cy v l dng tri tiu dung, lm diu dau, chng co git..
- Tai Guyana: l v v cy, nu thnh tr duoc gip tri dau v b tim.
- Tai Baty, trong vng Amazon : l nu thnh tr tri bnh gan; du p
t l v qu cn non, trn vi du olive lm thuc thoa bn ngoi tri thp
khp, dau sung gn ct.
- Tai Jamaica, Haiti v West Indies : qu hay nuc p t qu dng tri
nng st, gip sinh sa v tri tiu chy; v thn cy v l dng tri dau nhc,
chng co-git, ho, suyn..
- Tai n d, cy duoc goi theo ting Tamilnadu l mullu-chitta : Qu
dng chng scorbut ; hat gy nn ma v lm se da.
- Tai Vit Nam, hat duoc dng nhu hat Na, nghin nt trong nuc, ly
nuc gt du d tri ch rn. Mt phuong thuc Nam kh ph bin d tri huyt
p cao l dng v qu hay l Mng cu xim, sc chung vi R nhu v rau
cn thnh nuc ung (b b) mi ngy.
Duoc tnh ca Mng cu xim :
Cc nh khoa hoc d nghin cu v duoc tnh ca Mng cu xim t
1940 v ly trch duoc nhiu hoat cht. Mt s cc nhgin cu so khi duoc
cng b trong khong thi gian 1940 dn 1962 ghi nhn v thn v l mng
cu xim c nhng tc dung lm ha huyt p, chng co-git, lm gin n
mach mu, thu gin co tron khi th trn th vt. n 1991, tc dung ha
huyt p ca l mng cu xim d duoc ti xc nhn. Cc nghin cu sau d
d chng minh duoc l dich chit t l, v thn, r, chi v hat mng cu
xim c nhng tc dung khng sinh chng lai mt s vi khun gy bnh, v
v cy c kh nng chng nm..
Hoat tnh ca cc acetogenins :
Trong mt chuong trnh nghin cu v duoc tho ca National Cancer
Institute vo nm 1976, l v chi ca mng cu xim duoc ghi nhn l c
hoat tnh dit cc t bo ca mt s loai ung thu. Hoat tnh ny duoc cho l
do nhm hop cht , dt tn l annonaceous acetogenins.
-Cc nghin cu v acetogenins cho thy nhng cht ny c kh nng c
ch rt manh Hn hop phc tap I (Complex I) trong cc h thng chuyn
vn electron noi ty th (mitichondria) k c ca t bo ung thu : cc cy ca
gia dnh Anonna c cha nhiu loai acetogenins hoat tnh rt manh, mt s
c tc dung dit t bo u-buu nng d EC50 rt thp, ngay 10-9
microgram/ mL.
Trung H Purdue l noi c nhiu nghin cu nht v hoat tnh ca gia
dnh Annona, v gi hng chuc bn quyn v acetogenins, v cng b kh
nhiu th nghim lm sng v tc dung ca acetogenins trn ung thu, dit
buu ung dc :
- Mt nghin cu nm 1998 ghi nhn mt loai acetogenin trch t Mng
cu xim c tc dung chon lua, dit duoc t bo ung thu rut gi loai
adenocarcinoma, tc dung ny manh gp 10 ngn ln adriamycin.
- Theo cc kt qu nghin cu tai Purdue th : cc acetogenins t
annonaceae, l nhng acid bo c dy carbon di t 32-34, phi hop vi mt
don vi 2-propanol tai C-2 d tao thnh mt vng lactone. Acetogenins c
nhng hoat tnh sinh hoc nhu chng u-buu, kch ng min nhim, dit su
bo, chng protozoa, dit giun sn v khng sinh. Acetogenins l nhng cht
c ch rt manh NADH :Ubiquinone oxidoreductase, vn l mt enzym cn
bn cn thit cho complex I da dn phn ng phosphoryl-oxid ha trong
mitochondria. Acetogenins tc dung truc tip vo cc vi tr ubiquinone-
catalytic nm trong complex I v ngay vo men glucose dehydrogenase ca
vi trng. Acetogenins cng c ch men ubiquinone-kt vi NADH oxidase, ch
c noi mng plasma ca t bo ung thu .(Recent Advances in Annonaceous
Acetogenins-Purdue University -1997)
- Cc acetogenins : Muricoreacin v Muricohexocin c nhng hoat tnh
dit bo kh manh trn 6 loai t bo ung thu nhu Ung thu prostate loai
adenocarcinoma (PC-3), Ung thu l lch loai carcinoma (PACA-2) (H
Purdue, West LaFayette, IN- trong Phytochemistry S 49-1998)
- Mt acetogenin khc :Bullatacin c kh nng dit duoc cc t bo ung
thu d khng duoc nhiu thuc dng trong ha-cht tri liu, do hoat tnh
ngn chn su ch tao Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) cn thit cho hoat dng
ca t bo ung thu (Cancer Letter June 1997)
- Cc acetogenins trch t l : Annomutacin, cng cc hop cht loai
annonacin-A-one c hoat tnh dit duoc t bo ung thu phi dng A-549
(Journal of Natural Products S Thng 9-1995)
Cc duoc tnh khc :
- Cc alkaloid : annonaine, nornuciferine v asimilobine trch duoc t
qu c tc dung an thn v tri dau : Hoat tnh ny do kh nng c ch su
ni kt ca [3H] rauwolscine vo cc thu th 5-HT1A nm trong phn yn
ca no b. (Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology S 49-1997).
- Dich chit t qu bng ethanol c tc dung c ch duoc siu vi trng
Herpes Simplex (HSV-1) nng d 1mg/ml (Journal of Ethnophar macology
S 61-1998).
- Cc dich chit bng hexane, ethyl acetate v methanol t qu du c
nhng hoat tnh dit duoc k sinh trng Leishmania braziliensis v
L.panamensis (tc dung ny cn manh hon c cht Glucantime dng lm tiu
chun di chiu). Ngoi ra cc acetogenins c lp duoc annonacein,
annonacin A v annomuricin A c cc hoat tnh gy dc hai cho cc t bo
ung thu dng U-937 (Fitotherapia S 71-2000).
- Th nghim tai H Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceio-AL, Ba
Ty ghi nhn dich chit t l bng ethanol c kh nng dit duoc nhuyn th
(c-s) loi Biomphalaria glabrata nng d LD50 = 8.75 ppm, v c thm
dc dim l dit duoc cc tu khi trng ca sn (Phytomedicine S 8-2001).
- Mt lectin loai glycoproteine cha 8% carbohydrate, ly trch t hat c
hoat tnh kt tu hng huyt cu ca ngui, ngng, ngua v g, dng thi c
ch duoc su tng trung ca cc nm v mc loai Fusarium oxysoporum,
Fusarium solani v Colletotrichum musae (Journal of Protein Chemistry S
22-2003)
Mng cu xim v bnh Parkinson :
Tai vng West Indies thuc Php, nht l Guadaloupe c tnh trang xy
ra bt thung v con s cc bnh nhn bi bnh Parkinson, loai khng-levo
dopa : nhng bnh nhn ny du tiu thu mt luong cao, v trong mt thi
gian lu di Soursop hay Mng cu xim (A.muricata).
- Nhng nghin cu so khi trong nm 1999 (cng b trn tap ch
Lancet S 354, ngy 23 thng 10 nm 1999) trn 87 bnh nhn dua dn kt
lun l rt c th c su lin h gia dng nhiu mng cu xim, vn c cha
cc alkaloids loai benzyltetrahydroisoquinoleine dc hai v thn kinh. Nhm
bnh nhn c nhng triu chng Parkinson khng chuyn bit (atipycal),
gm 30 ngui dng kh nhiu mng cu trong cch n ung hng ngy..
- Nghin cu su rng hon vo nm 2002, cng tai Guadeloupe, nhm
vo nhm bnh nhn Parkinson (atypical) cho thy khi tch ring cc t bo
thn kinh (neuron) loai mesencephalic dopaminergicv cy trong mi trung
c cha dich chit ton phn r mng cu xim, hoc cha cc hoat cht c
lp nhu coreximinine, reticuline , c cc kt qu nhu sau :
Sau 24 gi tip xc : 50% cc t bo thn kinh cy bi suy thoi nng
d 18 microg/ml dich chit ton phn; 4.3 microg/ml coreximine v 100
microg/ml reticuline.
Nghin cu ny dua dn kt lun l nhng alkaloids trch t Mng cu
xim c th c tc dung diu hop chc nng cng su thay di d sinh tn ca
cc t bo thn kinh dopaminergic trong cc th nghim in vitro; v rt c
th c nhng lin h tc hai gia vic dng mng cu xim luong cao v
lin tuc vi nhng suy thoi v t bo thn kinh. Do d bnh nhn Parkinson,
do yu t an ton .. nn trnh n mng cu xim ! (Movement Disorders S
17-2002).
c tnh v Liu luong :
Theo ti liu ca Herbal Secrets of the Rain Forest:
- Liu tri liu ca l (cng cha luong acetrogenins kh cao, so vi r
v hat) l 2-3 gram chia lm 3-4 ln/ ngy. Trn thi trung Hoa Ky c mt s
ch phm , mang tn Graviola , dui cc dang vin nang (capsule) v thuc
tincture.
- Khng nn dng cc ch phm lm t L, r v hat Mng cu xim (
phn thit ca qu khng bi han ch) trong cc trung hop :
- C thai : do hoat tnh gy co tht t cung khi th trn chut..
- Huyt p cao : L, R v Hat c tc dung gy ha huyt p, c ch tim,
ngui dng thuc tri p huyt cn bn vi BS diu tri.
- Khi dng lu di cc ch phm Graviola c th gy cc ri loan v vi
sinh vt trong dung rut.
- Mt s trung hop bi i ma, bun nn khi dng Graviola, trong trung
hop ny nn gim bt liu s dung.
- Khng nn dng Graviola chung vi CoEnzyme Q 10 ( mt trong nhng
co ch hoat dng ca acetogenins l ngn chn su cung cp ATP cho t bo
ung thu, v CoEnzym Q.10 l mt cht cung cp ATP), ung chung s lm
gim cng hiu ca c 2 loai.
Ti liu s dung :
- Whole Foods Companion (D. Onstad)
- The Oxford Companion to Food (A. Davidson)
- Medicinal Plants of India (Jain & DeFilipps)
- Herbal Secrets of the Rain Forest (Leslie Taylor)
- Cc ti liu ca PubMed.
- Cc ti liu ca Rain-tree.com/graviola htm.
- T din Cy Thuc Vit Nam (V vn Chi)
Gi tr| dinh dung v duqc tnh
ca
MNG CT
::: DS Trn Vit Hung :::
(Tranh ve cua Dr. M.J . Dijkman )
Mng cut, mt tri cy nhit di d duoc gii tiu-thu u-My dnh gi l
mt trong nhng tri cy ngon nht , Jacobus Bontius d goi mng cut l
Hong hu ca cc loai tri cy (Queen of fruits), m nu c dip gp duoc
qu tuoi th hy th ngay, dng chn ch.. Bn canh g tri dinh dung cao,
Mng cut cn l mt ngun cung cp duoc liu d tri bnh kh dc do,
nhng nghin cu mi d nhm vo kh nng tri ung thu ca cy..
Tn khoa hoc v cc tn thng thung :
Garcinia mangostana thuc ho thuc vt Clusiaceae (Guttifereae)
- Cc tn goi khc : Mangosteen (Anh-My), Mangoustan (Php), Son
trc t (Trung Hoa), Mangkhut (Thi lan)
Ging Garcinia duoc dt tn d ghi nh nh thuc vt hoc Laurence
Garcia, ngui d suu tp cc mu cy c v sng tai n d vo th k 18.
Mangostana v tn Anh ng mangosteen du pht xut t tn M lai ca cy
: mangustan.
c tnh thuc vt :
Mng cut c ngun gc t M lai v Indonesia, duoc trng t hng chuc
th k , cy d duoc Thuyn trung Cook m t kh chi tit t nm 1770, v
duoc dua dn Sri Lanka vo nm 1800 , duoc trng tai Anh trong cc nh
king (green house) t 1855, sau d dua dn West Indies t gia th k 19.
y l mt loai cy di hi diu kin th nhung kht khe cn kh hu nng
v m, cy tng trung rt chm, sau 2-3 nm cy ch cao dn du gi, ch
bt du cho qu sau 10-15 nm.. Cy d duoc cc nh truyn gio du nhp
vo Nam Vit Nam t lu, trng nhiu nht tai Li thiu, Th du mt..(Vit
Nam d c lc l noi c nhng vun mng cut ln nht th gii, vi nhng
vun rng hng chuc mu, c hng ngn cy, mi cy cho duoc t 700 dn
900 qu. Cy hin duoc trng nhiu tai Thi lan, Kampuchea, Myanmar (Min
din), Sri Lanka v Philippines..
Hin c khong 100 loi khc nhau duoc nui trng.
Mng cut thuc loai cy to, trung bnh 7-12 m nhung c th cao dn 20-
25 m, thn c v mu nu-den xm, c nhua (resin) mu vng. L dy v
cng, bng, moc di, mt trn ca l c mu xm hon mt dui, hnh thun
di 15-25 cm, rng 6-11 cm, cung di 1.2-2.5 cm. Hoa da tnh thung l
hoa ci v hoa lung tnh. Hoa moc don dc hay tng di . Hoa loai lung
tnh mu trng hay hng nhat, c 4 l di v 4 cnh hoa, c 16-17 nhi v
bu non c 5-8 . Qu hnh cu trn , dung knh chng 4-7 cm, c mang
di hoa cn tn tai; v qu mu d nu, dai v xp. Qu cha 5-8 hat :
quanh hat c lp o boc mu trng c vi ngot, thom v kh ngon..
Cy tr hoa vo thng 2-5, ra qu trong cc thng 5-8..
(ging Garcinia cn gm mt s cy tuong cn, da s moc trong vng
ng-n=West Indies, trong d c th k Garcinia cambogia hay Ba,
Garcinia cowa cung cp qu Cowa-Mangosteen ln hon v c kha mu vng
apricot, vi chua; Garcinia indica hay Cocum= Conca cho qu chua, o hat
mu tm, dng lm gim, hat p ly du..)
Thnh phn dinh dung :
100 gram phn n duoc (qu tuoi) cha
Calories
Cht dam
Cht bo
Cht carbohydrates
Cht so
Calcium
St
Phosphorus
Thiamine (B1)
Vitamin C
60 - 63
0.5 - 0.60 g
0.1 - 0.60 g
10 - 14.7 g
5.0 - 5.10 g
0.01 - 8 mg
0.20- 0.80 mg
0.02- 12.0 mg
0.03 mg
1 - 2 mg
(ngoi ra cn c Potassium, Niacin...)
Qu mng cut thung duoc n tuoi, kha quanh qu, b di theo dung
kha, d n cc mi trng, b ht trong, c vi ngot , mong nuc. Tai do
Sulu c ging mng cut vi hoi chua, duoc dng lm mt trn vi dung th.
Tai M Lai, qu chua chn hn duoc dng lm mt halwa manggis
Mng cut rt mau hu, c th gi 2-3 ngy nhit d bnh thung,
khong 1 tun trong t lanh nhung khng th gi trong t dng lanh
(freezer)
Thnh phn ha hoc :
Thnh phn ha hoc thay di ty theo b phn :
- L cha nhiu xanthones loai di v tri hydroxy-methoxy (methyl,
butyl..)
- G thn c maclurin, 1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy xanthone v xanthone-
glucosides..
- V qu : c chrysanthemin, tannins (7-13 %), cc hop cht dng loai
xanthones nhu mangostin (gm c 3-isomangostin, 3-isomangostin
hydrate, 1-iso mangostin, alpha v beta mangostin, gamma-mangostin,
nor-mangostin..), garcinones A, B, C; kolanone; cc xanthones nhu BR-
xanthone-A, -B..
- o hat : calabaxanthone, demethyl calabaxanthone, mangostin..
- Nhua : cha xanthones c nhng hoat tnh khng sinh, chng sung v
khng nm, dc bit l mt hop cht loai biphenyl geranylated (Natural
Products Thng 4-2005)
Duoc tnh :
1- Y duoc dn gian :
- Tai Thi Lan : V mng cut kh duoc dng d tri tiu chy, cha
vt thuong. tri tiu chy, v kh duoc nu vi nuc vi, cht ly nuc d
ung..
- Tai Vit Nam : V qu duoc sc dng ung d tri tiu chy, kit ly
; Nuc sc duoc dng d ra v sinh phu n..
- Tai n d : Cy duoc goi l mangustan, v d tri tiu chy.. L nu
d xc ming, tri l trong ming..
2- Cc nghin cu duoc hoc v Mng cut : (theo Thai Medicinal Plants)
- Tc dung c nn H thn kinh trung uong : Mangostin, mt hop
cht loai xanthone v cc cht chuyn ha tao ra nhung phn ng c ch
thn kinh trung uong gy cc triu chng nhu sup mi mt (ptosis), diu dau,
gim hoat dng ca thn kinh vn dng, tng cung hoat tnh gy ng v
gy m ca pentobarbital..
- Tc dung trn H Tim mach : Mangostin-3, 6-di-O-glucoside tao ra
cc hiu ng r rt trn h Tim-mach ca ch v ch : Gy kch thch co tim,
tng huyt p noi th vt th nghim. C hai tc dung ny du bi c ch mt
phn bi propranolol..
- Tc dung chng sung, vim : Mangostin, 1-isomanfostin v
mangos tin triacetate c nhng hoat tnh chng sung khi dng chch qua
mng phc m hay khi cho ung noi chut bi gy ph chn bng
carrageenan, hay bng cy cuc bng gn dui da..Cc cht ny khng c
hiu ng n dinh mng t bo.. Cc hoat tnh chng vim ny duoc gii thch
l do c ch hoat dng ca men IKK (inhibitor kappaB kinase) do d ngn
duoc su chuyn m (transcription) gen COX-2 v gy gim bi tit PGE(2) l
tc nhn chnh trong tin trnh gy sung. (Molecular Pharmacology Thng 9-
2004). Gamma-mangostin, mt xanthone loai tetraoxygenated diprenylated,
c hoat tnh c ch tuong tranh hoat dng ca c COX-1 ln COX-2 liu
IC50=0.8 v 2 micro M (Biochemistry Pharmacology Thng 1/2002)
- Tc dung chng ung lot bao t : Mangostin c hoat tnh chng
ung lot khi th trn chut.
- Hoat tnh khng sinh : C nhiu nghin cu ghi nhn kh nng
khng sinh ca v mng cut ..Cc vi khun th nghim thuc nhm gy kit
ly nhu Shigella dysenteriae, Sh. Flexneri, Sh. Sonnei v Sh. Boydii.. hoc
thuc nhm gy tiu chy nhu Escherichia coli, Streptococcus feacalis, Vibryo
cholerae..
Hn hop th 5 loai xanthones, trch t v mng cut (mangostin, beta-
mangostin, gamma-mangostin, gartanin v 8-deoxygartanin) c tc dung c
ch su tng trung ca S.aureus.
Mangostin c ch S. aureus ( c chng bnh thung ln chng khng
penicillin nng d ti thiu (MIC=Minimal inhibitory concentration l 7.8
mg/ml..
Alpha, beta-mangostin v Garcinone B c tc dung c ch su tng trung
ca Mycobacterium tuberculosis nng d MIC= 6.25 mcg/ml
Dich chit v mng cut bng ethanol c tim nng c ch duoc protease
ca HIV-1. Hoat tnh ny duoc xc dinh l do mangostin (IC50=5.12 +/-
0.41 microM) v gamma-mangostin (IC50= 4.81 +/- 0.32 microM) (Planta
Medica Thng 8-1996)
- Hoat tnh khng nm : Mangostin khng duoc Trichophyton menta
grophytes, Microsporum gypseum v Epidermophyton floccosum nng d 1
mg/ml nhung khng tc dung trn Candida albicans.. Nghin cu tai Trung
tm Nghin cu Nng nghip Madras (n d) ghi nhn xanthones trch t v
mng cut c hoat tnh chng cc loai nm gy bnh Fusarium oxysporum
vasinfectum, Alternaria tenuis v Dreschlera oryzae.
- Tc dung dit c : Dich chit bng nuc v mng cut cho thy c
tc dung dit c r phi (Tilapia = Oreochromis niloticus) nng d 1,000
ppm.
- Hoat tnh chng ung thu :
C kh nhiu nghin cu v tc dung ca cc xanthone trch t v
mng cut trn cc t bo ung thu :
- Nghin cu tai Veterans General Hospital, i Bc (Trung Hoa
Dn quc) ghi nhn Garcinone E, mt cht chuyn ha xanthone trch t v
mng cut c hoat tnh dit bo trn t bo ung thu gan loai hepatocellular
carcinomas, ung thu rut v ung thu phi (Planta Medica S 11-2002).
- Nghin cu tai B mn Sinh hoc v Duoc Phn t tai H Duoc
Tohoku (Nht) ghi nhn cc xanthones trong v mng cut mt s hoat tnh
gy apoptosis (tin trnh t bo duoc m ha d tu hy dit) trn cc t bo
ung thu loai pheochromocytoma noi chut : Alpha-mangostin duoc cho l c
kh nng c ch duoc men Ca(2+)-ATPase l men gy ra apoptosis qua cc
l trnh noi mitochondria (Journal of Pharmacology Sciences (Thng 5/2004)
- Nghin cu tai B Mn Vi trng Hoc, H Duoc Khoa, Vin H
Mahidol (Bangkok-ThaiLan) cho thy dich chit v mng cut bng methanol
c hoat tnh kh manh ngn chn duoc su pht trin, c tim luc oxy-ha
manh, v gy apoptosis noi t bo ung thu v ca ngui (loai SKBR3)
(Jourmnal of Ethnopharmacology Thng 1/2004)
- Nghin cu tai Trung Y Khoa, H Ryukyus (Okinawa-Nht) cho
thy alpha-mangostin th c tim luc c ch duoc su tng trung, pht trin
ca cc t bo ung thu rut loai preneoplastic noi chut th nghim (Asian
Pacific Journal of Cancer Thng 10/2004)
- Nghin cu tai Vin Ky thut Sinh hoc Gifu (Nht) ghi nhn cc
xanthone trch t v mng cut , nht l alpha-mangostin, c tc dung c ch
duoc su tng trung ca t bo ung thu mu noi ngui (dng t bo ung thu
HL60). Liu c ch hon ton l 10 microM (Journal of Natural Products
Thng 8/2003)
Ti liu s dung :
- Thai Medicinal Plants ( Norman Farnsworth & Nunthavan Buniapra
phatsara).
- T din Cy thuc Vit Nam (V vn Chi)
- Whole Foods Companion (Dianne Onstad)
- The Oxford Companion to Food (Alain Davidson)
Mo lng, Mo tam th..
nhng cy rau gia vj vi nhng dpc tnh.. th vj..
::: DS Trn Vit Hung :::
Mo trn , Mo tam th v Mo leo l nhng cy rau..khng th thiu
di vi gii thch nhu.. thit cy. Gii nhu thung khng phn
bit l mo v 'Mo no cng ..l mo', nhung tht ra c dn 3 loai mo
hoi tuy cng gia dnh thuc vt Rubiacea nhung hoi khc nhau
mt vi dc tnh thuc vt v tri liu. Mo lng cn duoc goi l Mo
tam th , trong khi d Mo trn cn c bit danh l Cy 'thi dit' v
Mo leo dang duoc nghin cu v mt s duoc tnh dc bit..
c tnh thuc vt ca cc loai mo :
Mo tam th :
Mo tam th hay Mo lng, Paederia lanuginosa, l mt loai dy leo rt
manh , mi hng. Nhnh trn c lng. L to hnh tim; mt dui ng d c
lng min. Cung l di 3-6 cm. Hoa moc thnh cum, hnh chy nch l
hay ngon. L hoa trng, ming tm..
Mo tam th duoc trng lm gia vi khp noi tai Vit Nam.
Mo trn :
Mo trn hay Thi dit ,Paederia foetida, dy leo bng thn cun. L
mng moc di, hnh bu duc ln c 5cm x 2.5 cm, nhon chp, trn
gc, khng lng . Hoa mu tm nhat hay tm xm, khng cung, moc
thnh chy di dn 35cm nch l hay ngon. Qu dep mu d hay den.
Ton dy khi v c mi rt thi. R hnh tru.
Cy moc hoang, cng duoc trng lm gia vi v thuc tai nhiu noi
Vit Nam, n d, ng Nam ..
Mo leo : (Chicken-dung creeper)
Mo leo, Paederia scandens, cng l loai dy leo, sng nhiu nm, di
3-5 m, c mi thi. L khng lng , mu xanh luc, cung di 1-2 cm,
phin l ln 5-11 cm x 3-7 cm, gc l trn. Chy hoa moc nch l hay
ngon. Hoa c di nh, ng trng to mu tm. Cnh hoa nhn mu vng
ng.. Qu trn mu vng cha 2 nhn dep mu den . Cy duoc dng lm
thuc tai Trung Hoa vi tn K th dng.
Duoc hoc Ayurveda (n d) dng chung 2 loai P. foetida v P.
scandens .
Thnh phn ha hoc :
Cc nh nghin cu n d v Bangladesh nghin cu kh nhiu v
thnh phn ha hoc v duoc tnh ca Paederia foetida :
1. Tinh du : Mi thi ca cy duoc cho l do Methyl
mercaptan. Tinh du trch t chi, l v hoa cha phn chnh l
Linalool, chung vi alpha-terpineol v geraniol. L v chi cng cn
cha Hentriacontane, hentriacontanol v ceryl alcohol, 2,3-
dihydrobenzo furan, benzofuran v cc hop cht cha sulphur nhu
dimethylsulphide v dimethyl trisulfide.
2. Glucosids loai Iridoid nhu Asperuloside, Paederoside,
Scandoside..
3. Triterpenoids v Saponins nhu Ursolic acid,
Epifriedelinol, friedelin. L v chi cha Sitosterol, Stigmasterol v
Campestrol.
4. Quinones : Embellin.
5. Cc alkaloids : Alpha-Paederine v Beta-Paederine.
6. Cc acid bo : L cha hn hop acid bo gm cc acid
capric, lauric, myristic, arachidic v palmitic..
7. L cha nhiu Carotene (3.6 mg/ 100g l v Vitamin C
(100 mg/100)
8. Thnh phn protein trong l (44.6%) : Arginine 4.9 ;
Histidine 2.1 ; Lysine 3.8 ; Tyrosine 5.1 ; Tryptophan 1.9 ;
Phenylalanine 6.8 ; Cystine 1.4 ; Methionine 2.1 ; Threonine 4.3..
Cc nh nghin cu Vit Nam ( ng ngoc Quang, Nguyn xun
Dng) d phi hop vi cc nh nghin cu Nht (T. Hashimoto, M
Tanaka..) tai ai hoc Tokushima Bunri xc dinh duoc cng thc ca 4 cht
glucosides loai iridoid trong cy paederia scandens, thm vo vi 5 cht d
duoc bit t truc (paederoside, asperuloside, paederosidic acid,
asperulosidic acid v geniposide..) (Phytochemistry July-2002)
c tnh duoc hoc :
Hoqt tnh chng sung (khng vim) :
Dung dich trch bng ethanol 50% l P. foetida (sau khi d loai cht
bo) cho thy c hoat tnh chng sung trong mt s cc th nghim trn
chut bi gy sung ph bng carrageenan, histamin v dextran. Hoat tnh
ny ty thuc vo liu luong s dung v tng manh khi dng bng cch
tim qua mng phc-toan. Trong th nghim noi chut bi gy sung mng
phi bng carrageenan, dung dich trch c tc dung lm gim khi luong
cht tit ra t mng phi v ngn chn su di chuyn ca cc bach cu v
vi tr bi sung. C su ci thin trong tin trnh tng hop cc khng th
(Fitotera pia S 65-1994). Nghin cu khc ( Journal of
Ethnopharmacology June 1994) ghi nhn phn trch bng butanol t l c
tc dung chng sung rt r, tao ra mt su c ch r rt trn hin tuong
tao thnh cc m t bo c hat noi chut bi cy cc cuc bng gn. Dung
dich trch ny cng lm gim hoat dng ca aspartate transaminase noi
gan ( nhung khng xy ra noi huyt thanh). Tc dung c ch su gia tng
nng d ca cc oromucoid trong mu cho thy P. foetida c th c kh
nng chng phong thp khp.
Tc dng Chng thp khp :
Trch tinh Paederia foetida d duoc th nghim v tc dung trn cc
vt l kiu sung xuong khp gy ra noi khp xuong du gi ca th bng
ananase : kt qu ghi nhn c su thay di trong tin trnh suy thoi ca
sun noi khp gy ra bi ananase. Nghin cu'in vitro' dng xuong phi g
tri bng ananase cho thy trch tinh P. foetida (liu 10 mg/ml mi trung)
gip ci thin su tng trung ca xuong nui trong mi trung ny.
(Indian Journal of Medical Research S 57-1969).
Hoqt tnh chng Giun sn :
Dung dich trch bng nuc, khi cho ung, c tc dung rt hu hiu
chng lai cc loi giun-sn Strongyloides, Trichostrongylus,v
Haemonchus.. Tc dung yu hon trn cc loi Bunostomum v Monezia..
khi cho dng cho b , ung lin tip trong 2 ngy..(Indian Veterinary
Journal S 47-1970).
Hoqt tnh bo v Gan :
Dung dich trch bng methanol cho thy c tc dung bo v gan tuong
di nhe (Indian Journal of Natural Products S 9-1993).
Kh nng Chng co-giqt (antispasmodic), Chng Ung thu
Dung dich trch ethanol 50% c tc dung chng co git noi rut ca bo
th nghim. Dung dich ny cng c ch duoc su pht trin ca cc t bo
ung thu loai carcinoma noi ng thuc-qun..
Glycoside loai Iridoid : Paederoside c kh nng c ch su khi hoat
ca siu vi trng Epstein-Barr, ngn chn duoc su khi dng ca cc buu
ung thu ( Cancer letter Apr 1996).
c tnh :
Liu LD50 ca dung dich trch t l bng ethanol 50% duoc xc dinh l
1200 mg/kg noi chut (Indian Journal of Experimental Biology S 6-1968).
Phn tan trong nuc duo xem l an ton ti mc 2g/kg, dng ung hay
chch qua mng phc toan, noi chut.
Mo Tam th trong Y-duoc dn gian :
Y-duqc hc dn gian Vit Nam dng Mo tam th v Mo trn
(khng phn bit) d tri mt s bnh nhu :
Kit ly : di tiu ra mu, phn c cht nhy.. hay di tiu tht thung :
tiu chy phn ln nhn.. Ly l mo tam th hay mo trn (30 gram), l
tuoi, thi nhuyn, trn vi 1 lng d trng g (b lng trng), tri mng
trn l chui, gi lai ri lt thm mt ln l chui, dt trn cho, rang hoc
nung cho chn ( khng dng m) theo kiu dc trng. n mi ngy 2 ln
trong 3 ngy lin tip..
Tri giun kim v giun da : Dng l mo tam th tuoi gi nt, n sng
hay vt ly nuc ung, n hoc ung vo sng sm trong 3 ngy lin tip.
tri giun kim, ly khong 30 gram l tuoi, gi nt trong 50 ml nuc, vt
b b, dng nuc ct d bom vo hu mn truc khi ng, gi khong 20
pht .
Tri sung tai, chy nuc vng : Dng l mo tuoi, nung ri nht vo tai.
Tri thiu sa : Ly l mo tuoi, nhi vi bt gao np, them t nuc,
nhi ri hp nng dp ln hai v, 1 gi sau cho con b.
Mo leo trong ng Y c truyn :
ng Y c truyn dng Paederia scandens lm thuc, dt tn l K th
dng (Chi-shih-teng), do mi hi nhu phn g ca cy. Cy duoc ghi
chp trong Chih wu ming shih tu cao, duoc cho l c vi ngot, tnh bnh vi
nhng tc dung : gii tr dc, khu phong loi thp, kh nhit, tn hn v
tn dm..nn duoc dng trong cc bnh cm lanh, ho, tiu chy do
phong-thp, nhit t cc thuc phm khng tiu, kit ly
Tai Vn Nam, l K th dng dng tri phong thp, gip tng kh nng
sinh sn, tri t lit.
Mo tam th trong Duqc hc Ayurveda :
Theo Duoc hoc n d, P. foetida (tn Hindi l peethlaha, gandhali ; tn
Phan l prasarani ) duoc dng d tri thp khp. L, duoc gi nt , dp vo
bung d tri dy hoi v tri ung lot do herpes. R dng thuc gy nn, dich
p t r dng tri sung l lch, dau tc nguc v sung gan. Qu nga su
rng.
Theo Duoc hoc Ayurveda th cy c tc dung gip cn bng 'vata'
Ti liu s dung :
Oriental Materia Medica (Hong-Yen Hsu)
T din Cy thuc Vit Nam (V vn Chi)
Major Herbs of Ayurveda (E. Williamson)
Medicinal Plants of India ( SK Jain & R. DeFilipps)
Medicinal Plants of China (J.Duke & Ed Ayensu)
NGI HOA VNG
hay
THANH HAO :
ngun duqc liu mi d trj St Rt
::: DS Trn Vit Hung :::
Mt trong nhng cy c thuc loai l xanh, cho hoa rt dep duoc
ua chung tai Hoa Ky trong nhng nm gn dy l cy Sweet Annie :
cy pht trin manh tai nhng vng dt hoang dn mc duoc xem
l..loi cy dai (weed) cn nh b.. L kh duoc dng trang tr tai
Hoa Ky: thung xp trong nhng trng hoa tuoi v kh..d trung
by..Ton cy lai l mt vi thuc trong ng Y c truyn tai Trung
Hoa : THANH HAO (Qing-hao) v Qing-hao ngy nay d tr thnh
mt ngun duoc liu dy ha hen trong vic diu tri bnh st rt..
I- L|ch s v qc tnh thc vqt :
Gia dnh Artemisia, thuc Ho thuc vt Compositae (Asteraceae) gm
khong 300 loi cy c, bui hng nin, lung nin hay luu nin moc tu
nhin trong nhng vng kh ca Bc Bn cu. Nam My ch c vi loi, cn
Nam Phi..ch c mt loi duy nht. Linnaeus d dt tn cho cy l
Artemisia annua t 1753. Tn Artemisia duoc cho l d ghi nh nh nghin
cu Y hoc v Thuc vt Artemisia, phu nhn ca Mausolus, ngui cai tri
vng Caria (350-353 BC), v Artemisia l tn t Artemis, N thn Hy lap
cai qun i sng hoang d (tuong ng vi Diana, trong thn thoai La M)
, em gi song sinh ca Apollo; cn annua l d ch cy thuc loai hng
nin (annual)..Artemisia dn Hoa Ky c l do..di lac trn nhng chuyn
thuong thuyn..
Tai Trung Hoa, vic s dung Qing-hao d duoc ghi chp trong tp sch
Ng thp nhi bnh phuong, tm duoc trong nhng c m thi Hn (168
BC), dng lm thuc cha bnh Tri.. Sch thuc Zhou Hou Bei Ji Fang ca
Danh Y Ge-hong (Cp Hng ?) nm 340 l sch thuc du tin dng Qing-
hao d tri st rt..Cy sau d cng duoc chp trong Bn tho Cuong muc
ca L thi Trn..
THANH HAO, ngoi tn Sweet Annie, cn duoc goi tai Hoa Ky dui
nhng tn nhu Sweet sagewort, Annual wormwood, Sweet wormwood..
THANH HAO c ngun gc t vng ng Nam u chu qua Trung Hoa,
Nht, Siberia, Korea, n d v Ty ..Cy sau d thch ng vi vng Trung
v Nam u, moc hoang dai tai Trung Hoa, nhung trong khong 20 nm
gn dy d duoc nui trng..ngay c tai Hoa Ky ( trong nhng tiu bang
nhu Alabama,Tennessee, Arkansas, Missouri v Kansas.)
THANH HAO thuc loai cy tho moc hng nm, c mi thom, cao dn
1m, thn c rnh. L c phin xoan, kp 2-3 ln, c th di dn 10 cm.
Cc l thp v l gia thuc loai 3 ln kp, l cao ch 1-2 ln kp. Hoa
hnh ng nh, mu vng-xanh : hoa pha ngoi l hoa ci; pha trong
lung tnh, ln c 1.5 cm dung knh. Cy tr hoa vo thng 6-11, ra qu
vo thng 10-3.
II- Thnh phn ha hoc :
THANH HAO, cng nhu nhng cy khc trong loi Artemisia cha trong
thnh phn mt s cc tinh du d bc hoi ( chng trng tai Trung Hoa
cha khong 4.0 %, trong khi d chng tai Vit Nam cha 1.4 %).
- Thnh phn tinh du :
* Chng Trung Hoa : cha phn chnh l monoterpenes nhu
artemisia ketone (64 %), artemisia alcohol (8 %), myrcene (5 %),
alpha-guaiene (5 %) v camphor.
* Chng Vit Nam cha nhiu monoterpenes v sesquiterpenes nhu
camphor (22 %), germacrene D (18 %), beta-caryophyllene (6 %),
trans-beta-farnesene (4 %) v cineol (3%).
Cht tc dung chnh ca cy l Artemisinin , thuc loai sesquiterpene
lac tone c nhm hoat tnh peroxyde : chng Trung Hoa cha t 0.01-0.5
% artemisinin. Artemisinin (cn goi l quinghaosu, arteannuin,
huanghuahaosu, QHS ) khng tm thy duqc trong cc loi artemi sia
khc, ngopi tr Artemisia lancea ( Journal of Natural Products S 47-
1984 v s 54-1991). Artemisinin khng trch bng nuc hay ethanol,
nhung duoc trch trong phn ha tan bng dung mi hu co nhit d si
thp.
- Cc sesquiterpenes khc dng ch nhu Artenannuic acid,
Arteannuin B, Trans-pinocarveol, Beta-Selinene...
- THANH HAO cng cha cc flavonoids trong d c 2 cht flavonols c
tc dung dc bit :Chrysosplenol-D v Chrysosplenetin. , ngoi ra cn c
cc flavones c nhm methoxy nhu Casticin, Artemetin, Cirsilineol
III- c tnh Duoc hoc :
A- Hot tnh chng St rt :
THANH HAO (qing-hao), ton cy Artemisia annua, d duoc ghi chnh thuc trong Duoc
din Trung Quc 1985, v d duoc nhiu nh nghin cuu trn th gii ch trong vo kha
nang tri st rt cua cy. Trong nhung thap nin 70 v 80, Trung Hoa d tap trung nghin cuu
v Qing-hao : ly trch duoc Artemisinin vo 1972, Artemisinin sau d duoc tng hop tai Thuy
si, Trung Hoa v Hoa Ky, nhung gi thnh cao hon l trch tu cy. Artemisinin d duoc nghin
cuu , ngoi Trung Hoa, tai Vin Nghin cuu Walter Reed ( Luc Qun Hoa Ky), tai UNDP/World
Bank/WHO (Chuong trnh Nghin cuu Bnh Nhit di)..v nhiu noi khc trn gii nhu Php,
uc.. v ca Vit Nam
Artemisinin cho thay c tc dung uc ch su tng hop protein noi k sinh trng
Plasmodium falciparum lc chng dang trong hng huyt cau (Biochem.Pharmacol S 32-
1983). Hoat tnh chng st rt, in-vitro cua Artemisinin trn P.falciparum duoc ghi nhan l
tuong duong noi cc chung k sinh trng chua hoac d khng- chloroquin. Khi chch dui da
cho chut bi nhim Plasmodium berghei, artemisinin c tc dung gy huy hoai cc co phan v
nhn cua k sinh trng (Ann Trop.Med Parasitol S 79-1985). Noi khi bi nhim Plasmodium
inue, artemisin gy ra su ph truong ty th cua k sinh trng.
Khi so snh vi mefloquine trong vic diu trj cc bnh nhn bj nhim
P.falciparum d khng chloroquin: artemisinin c tc dng nhanh hon v c ch
mnh hon trn s trung thnh ca k sinh trng (Lancet Aug 8,1982).
Trong mt thu nghim trn 527 bnh nhn nhim P. falciparum, khi cho chch IM nhu
dich artemisinin trong dau, k sinh trng bi dit va bin mat rat nhanh, t l ti xuat hin rat
thap. Tuy nhin , trong thu nghim khc noi 738 bnh nhn nhim P. vivax, thuc vin dit
k sinh trng nhanh nhat v dung dich IM tao t l ti hin thap nhat. im dng ch nhat,
l noi 141 bnh nhn bi st rt tai no (cerebral malaria) : 131 nguoi lnh bnh khi cho dng
artemisinin IM hay dua qua duong mui.Trong cc truong hop st rt no, artemisinin loai k
sinh trng khi mu nhanh hon l chloroquine v quinine . Khng thay nhung phan ung phu
noi tat ca 2089 bnh nhn dng artemisinin (Tropical Disease Bulletin S-1980).
v phuong din duoc-luc hoc : Artemisinin duoc hap thu kh nhanh sau khi ung (
khoang 45 pht), nhung khng hon ton, t l sinh kha dung so vi chch IM l 32 %. Thi
gian trong mu, khi dng ung , trung bnh l 3.4 gio so vi 10.6 gio khi dng IM.
ti uu ha vic diu tri st rt, Artemisinin d duoc thu phi hop vi cc thuc tri st
rt khc :
- Noi loi gam nham bi nhim P. berghei : thu nghim in vivo ghi nhan Artemisinin:
- - cng luc vi mefloquine, tetracycline v spiramycin.
- - tang cuong hoat tnh cua primaquine
- - cng thm tc dung vi chloroquine.
- - di khng cc hoat tnh cua dapsone, sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine,sulfadoxine v
Fansidar.
- Cc thu nghim in vitro trn P. falciparum cho thay artemisinin cng luc vi
mefloquine,tetracycline, nhung lai di khng vi chloroquine v pyrimethamine.
Nt dac dim dng ch khc l su dung trch tinh A.annua thay v Artemisinin tinh
khit li c tc dng dit P. falciparummnh hon hoac c th dng Artemisinin phi hop
vi cc flavones cua cy.. (Planta medica S 55-1989).Vin nang chua Artemisia annua cho
thay c hoat tnh gap 3.5 lan so vi Artemisinin tron vic tru k sinh trng noi ch.(J Parasitol
Parasit Dis S 10-1992)
Cc nghin cuu tai Anh d giai thich co ch tc dng cua Artemisinin:
- Artemisinin phan ung vi hemin, v vi su hin din cua mng t bo hng cau..dua
dn su oxy ha protein thiols : V k sinh trng st rt c nhiu hemin..nn artemisinin c th
tc dng chuyn bit vo k sinh trng. Co ch tc dng c le gm 2 giai doan : Giai doan
thu nhat, khi dng, sat trong co th k sinh trng xc tc su phn cat cau peroxide ni bo
v tao ra cc gc tu-do; giai doan 2, c phan ung alkyl-ha, cc gc tu do chuyn ha tu
artemisinin tao cc ni covalent vi protein cua k sinh trng (Trans Royal Soc Trop Med
Hygiene S 88-1994.
- Rat nhiu nghin cuu v thu nghim lm sng v Artemisinin d duoc thuc hin tai
Thi Lan (1994, trn 1000 bnh nhn), Vit Nam (1993 trn 600 bnh nhn ; 1994 trn 450
bnh nhn..) dua dn kt luan l liu ti uu thuc ung, duoc xc dinh l 50 mg
artemisinin/kg , dng lin tuc trong 3 ngy. Artemisinin c hoat tnh dac bit trong cc truong
hop st rt cap tnh; v khng c tc dung ngua bnh.
B- Tc dng chng cc K sinh trng v vi trng khc :
Artemisinin cn c kha nang dit cc k sinh trng khc nhu:
- Giun mc Schistosoma japonicum , thu noi chut v th .
- K sinh trng Clonorchis sinensis, noi chut
- Artemisinin uc ch su tang trung cua k sinh trng trong cc mi truong nui cay
Pneumocystis carinii.
- Artemisinin v cc chat chuyn ha cho thay c hoat tnh chng lai k sinh trng
Leishmania major , in vitro v in vivo. Cc hop chat ny hoat dng ca hai dang ung v
chch (Parasitology S 7-1993)
- Nng d Artemisinin ti thiu d uc ch su tang trung cua cc vi trng Gram duong
(Staphylococcus aureus,Streptococcus faecalis) v cc vi trng Gram m (Klebsiella
,Enterobacter, Shigella dysenteriae, E.coli) duoc xc dinh l cao hon 32 microgram/ mL.
- Nghin cuu tai H Colorado State University, Fort Collins nam 2002 ghi nhan cc
flavonols Chrysosplenol D v Chrysoplenetin c hoat tnh tang cuong tc dung cua Berberine
v Norfloxacin chng lai cc chung Staphyloccoccus aureus d khng nhiu tru sinh khc
(Planta Medica S 68-Dec 2002)
C- Nhng hot tnh Min nhim :
- Artemisinin gia tang hoat dng thuc bo nhung lai uc ch su bin di t bo lympho.
Liu thap kch ung hoat dng cua h min nhim nhung liu cao lai c tc dung uc ch hoat
dng v d nn chuc nang cua tuy sng.
- Artemisinin v 2 chat chuyn ha tng hop khc cho thay c hoat tnh uc ch r rt cc
dp ung th dich noi chut, nhung khng lm thay di dp ung qu man loai tr hon di vi
mitogens. Artemisinin cung c hoat tnh uc ch min nhim loai c tnh chon lua, do d c
th c kha nang tri duoc bnh lupus (systemic lupus erythematosus) .(I nter national J ournal
of Immunology S 385-1990) : Trong nhung nghin cuu diu tri Lupus (SLE) lu di , kt qua
ghi nhan liu dng 0.3 g artesiminin mi ngy (tuong ung vi 50 gram cy tuoi) dua dn kt
qua thuyn giam r rt sau 50 ngy dng thuc.
- Artesiminin lm tang thm dp ung min nhim loai do t bo T lympho lm trung gian
, noi chut bnh thuong, dng thoi gia tang su ti tao min nhim noi chut duoc ghp tu
sng
D- Tc dng chng Ung thu :
Chat chuyn ha, bn tng hop tu Artemisinin, Artesunate (ART) (cn goi l artesunic
acid, dihydroqinghaosu hemisuccinate, ngoi tc dung dit duoc cc k sinh trng P.
falciparum v P. vivax, d duoc nghin cuu tai uc v kha nang dit t bo trn 55 loai t
bo ung thu trong Chuong Trnh Pht trin Tri liu ca Vin Ung Thu Quc Gia Hoa Ky. Kt
qua cho thay ART c hoat tnh manh nhat dit duoc cc t bao leukemia v t bo ung thu
rut gi , hoat tnh tuong di yu vi cc t bo ung thu phi v trung bnh vi cc t bo
ung thu melanoma, ung thu v, bung trung, tuyn nhip h..im dac bit quan trong l
khi so snh v dc tnh, ART tuong di t dc hai hon cc tc nhn ha hoc dang duoc su
dung , v van c tc dung trn cc t bo CEM leukemia da khng doxorubicin, vincristin,
methotrexate.. (International J ournal of Oncology S 18 (April )2001 .
IV- THANH HAO trong ng Y c truyn :
THANH HAO (Qing-hao) , (Nhat duoc goi l Seiko)d duoc dng tu lu doI trong ng Y
c truyn : Duoc liu l ton cy duoc thu hi vo ma h truc khi tr hoa, Cy duoc trng
hay moc hoang tai cc vng H Bac, Son ng, Phc kin..
Qing hao c vi dang, tnh hn tc dng vo cc kinh mach thuc Than, Can v Bng
Quang, v duoc cho l c nhung dac tnh:
- Thanh Nhit, giai thu : tri cc chung st nhe, nhuc dau, chong vng v tuc
nguc; thuong duoc phi hop vi dau vn (bach bin dau=bian dou, Dilichoris Lablab) v
bt talc=hoat thach d tri st khng d m hi (nhu trn).
- Tru chung, trit nguoc : tri cc chung st do suy huyt hay du chung cua st,
nhat l st ban dm, lanh ban sng..khng m hi .
- Luong Huyt, Chi huyt : tri ni man d, chay mu mui do Nhit noi Huyt : dng
chung vi Bit gip (mu ra) v Sinh dia d gip thanh nhit tai nhung b phan thuc
m.
Ti liu s dung:
Herbal Emissaries (S.Foster & Yue Chongxi)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Materia Medica ( D. Bensky)
Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database (Pharmacists letter).
Medicinal Plants of China (J. Duke & E.Ayensu)
T din Cy thuc Vit Nam (V vn Chi)
Clinical Applications of Ayurvedic and Chinese Herbs (K. Bone)
PubMed : www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The Merck Index (12th Edition).
NG GAI
mt cy rau 'thom' dpc bit
::: Ds Trn Vit Hung :::
C kh nhiu loai rau `thom' duoc nguoi Vit goi dui tn Ng. Ngoai tru nhung tn chung
duoc nhiu nguoi chap nhan nhu Ng ty, Ng ta, nhung tn khc thay di ty tung dia phuong
: Ng gai cn duoc goi l Mi gai, mi tau.. Ng om c noi chi goi l Rau om..
Cng vi nhiu loai rau `thom' nhu Rau ram, Hng qu, Hng chanh, Mo tam th..Ng gai
cung theo chn nguoi Vit ty nan dn Hoa K v gp phan vo nhung nt dac th cua ngh
thuat an ung da dang trn dat My..nhat l trong nhung t Ph, t canh chua..
Ng gai, Eryngium foetidum, thuc ho thuc vat Apiaceae, duoc goi tai min Bac Vit Nam
dui tn Mi tu, mi gai..Tai Trung Hoa, rau c tn Thch Nguyn tuy (Ci-yan sui), Duong
Nguyn tuy (Yang yan sui) v Son Nguyn tuy (Shan yan sui). Tai Thi Lan ,rau tn l pak chee
farang (cy ng ngoai quc) . Tai Hoa Ky, rau c kh nhiu tn, tu tn gc tai Trung My nhu
Culantro ( dung nham vi cilantro), Stinkweed dn tn tuong hnh nhat l Saw leaf herb . Tn tai
Php :Chardon etoile (star thistle) hay Chardon toile..fetide , tai uc : Stinkdistel..Tai Mexico,
rau c nhung tn Culantro de burro, Culantro de coyote.
Ng gai thuc loai cy thn thao moc thang dung, luong nin. R hnh thoi; thn c kha,
cao 20-40 cm, ton cy c mi kh hang. L moc tai gc, hnh mui mc thun di, nhan, ln co
10-20 cm x 2-3.5 cm. L khng c cung, mp kha vi nhiu rang cua c gai. L trn thn, cng
ln cng nh dan, c nhiu rang cua hon v gai sac hon. Hoa moc thnh cum re lm ba, ri chia
thnh xim. Hoa khng cung, cnh hoa mu trang-xanh. Qua nh co 2 mm, det.
Ng gai c ngun gc tu Trung My : Gia dnh Eryngium c khoang 50 loi, gm dn 187
ging trong d Ng gai c mi..c th gy kh chiu vi mt s nguoi, nn thuong bi xp vo loai
cy dai. Cy chiu duoc kh hau lanh, c th trng bang gieo hat, thoi gian nay mam c th ko
di, cy thch hop vi dat am, thong khng bi ng..
Thnh phn ha hoc :
1- Thnh phn dinh dung :
100 gram l ng gai chua :
- Calories.............................31
- Chat dam ..........................1.24 g
- Chat bo............................0.20 g
- Cc khong chat :
- Calcium ........................49 mg
- Magnesium....................17 mg
- Phosphorus....................50 mg
- Potassium....................414 mg
- Cc Vitamins : B1 (0.010 mg); B2 (0.032mg); B6 (0.047 mg);Vitamin C (120 mg).
2- Hot cht :
Hoat chat chnh trong Ng gai l nhung tinh dau d bay hoi (0.02-0.04%) trong d c cc
Pyranocoumadins, cc monoterpenes glycosides loai cyclohexanol, cc aldehyd nhu 2,4,5-
trimethylbenzaldehyde, decanal, furfural.. Ngoi ra cn c alpha-pinene, p-cymene; cc acid huu
co nhu benzoic acid, capric acid.. ; cc flavonoids.
Nhm hoat chat thu nh mi duoc nghin cuutrong phan trch bang hexane l nhm
terpenic chua alpha-cholesterol, brassicasterol, campe sterol, stigmasterol (phan chnh, chim
dn 95%), clerosterol, beta-sito sterol, delta 5-aveasterol..
Trong R c cc Saponins loai triterpene, cc esters cua caffeic acid...
Duoc tnh v Cng dung :
- Ng gai duoc dn qu min ng Nam Hoa Ky trng gan cua ra vo v cho rang mi
hang cua cy dui duoc ran.
- Nguoi Vit, Trung My dng lm gia vi, tang huong vi cho cc mn an nhu Ph, Canh chua
, Sofrito (M). Khc vi ng ty v ng ta, thuong mat mi khi kh, ng gai kh van giu duoc
mi hang.
ng Y c truyn :
Theo ng Y, Ng gai c vi cay, hoi dang; tnh am, tc dung vo cc kinh mach thuc thuc
Ph vi cc tnh cch `So Phong, thanh Nhit', Kin ty, Hnh Kh, Tiu thung.
- tri cam mao, dau nguc, ho v tre em ln si : Dng 10-15 gram l ng gai, sac
trong nuc am v ung.
- tri an khng tiu, an mat ngon : Ung 15 gram nuc sac l ng gai, hoac an l
tuoi trn vi dau m. C th dng vi Cam thao nam d gip d tiu.
- Tri sung dau t ng : xay 15 gram l, lay nuc ct, trn vi ruou trang v ung.
ap phan b trn vt thuong.
- Phu nu dng phi hop vi B kt d tao mi thom khi gi dau.
Nhng nghin cu mi v Ng gai :
- R ng gai c kha nang tri cc chung sung bng quang, san than v sung duong tiu.
Cch dng : R phoi kh, tn thnh bt, lm thnh tr duoc; dng 1 tha c ph bt r, trong
30-40 ml nuc, dun si, ung mi ngy 2-3 lan. Tc dung ny duoc xem l do nhung ester cua
caffeic acid nhu chlorogenic acid trong r.
- Tc dng chng sung vim cp tnh v kinh nin: Nghin cuu tai Khoa Duoc ai
hoc Universidad de Sevilla (Ty Ban Nha) ghi nhan kha nang chng sung cua phan trch bang
hexane tu l ng gai trn chut : tai bi gy sung ph bang 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
(TPA). Tc dung chng sung manh hon stigmasterol v tuong di hiu nghim trn cc chung
sung d tai ch (Phytotherapy Research S 13-1999)
Ti liu s dung :
- Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases.
- Exotic Herbs (Carol Seville)
- Vegetable as medicine (Chang Cao-liang & Li Bao-zhen)
- Cy thuc quanh ta (L Qu Nguu & Tran Huu uc)
- Medicinal Plants of East and SE Asia (MIT Press)
OI
Gi tr dinh dng
v
c tnh ca I
' i chua n duqc sao gi i gi
Trch ngui qun t gii m cho thng'
( Ca dao)
::: DS Trn Vit Hung :::
Ngui Vit min Nam Vit Nam, nht l nhng ngui sinh sng trong
vng Chu th sng Cu Long hoc qua lai nhng bn ph My Thun, Cn
Tho..khng th no qun ni mt tri cy thn yu : d l tri i..nht l
i x li, mi thom vi ngot dc bit rt t ht.. Vi dn nhu ch cn vi lt
i hay xoi chm vi mm ruc..l d di bay vi xi d..
i cng theo chn ngui Vit trn buc dung tha huong, nhung i tai
Hoa Ky (tuy i c ngun gc tai Chu My) lai khng hn l nhng tri i
ngy xua..
Tn khoa hc v cc tn thng thuong :
- Tn khoa hoc : Psidium guajava thuc ho thuc vat Myrtaceae
- Cc tn thng thuong : Guava (Anh-My); Goyave (Php) ; Guayabana (M); Goiaba
(Brazil)
Tn Psidium do ting Hy lap psidion = qua luu d m ta qua c nhiu hat nh ging nhu
qua cy luu. Guajava pht xuat tu tn goi tai Haiti 'guaya vu' v tn Anh ngu cung tu d m
ra.
Ljch s v c tnh thc vt :
Oi duoc xem l c ngun gc tai Peru v Brazil (hin van l noi trng nhiu i nhat th
gii), sau d tr thnh cy thuong mai quan trong tai Hawaii, c, An d, Mexico v cc nuc
ng Nam . Tai My, i duoc trng nhiu nhat tai cc Tiu bang Florida v California..
Oi d duoc thuan ha tai Peru tu hng ngn nam truc (c th tu nam 800 truc Ty
Lich). Cc khai quat khao c tai cc c m d tm thay hat i tn tru chung vi hat dau, bap
v bau b. Tai vng Amazon, i duoc chim v khi mang hat di khap noi, tao nhung rung i, c
nhung bui cao dn 20m (trong khi i trng, chi muc 10 m cao)
Nguoi u chu bit dn i khi ho dat chn dn Haiti v dng ngay tn goi cua dn Haiti
d chi tri cy ngon ngot ny. Cc thuy thu Ty ban Nha v B do Nha da dem cy khi khap
noi..Oi c le chi dn Hawaii vo dau th k 18 v sau d dn cc hai dao trong Thi Bnh
Duong..
C khoang 100 loi psidium, moc thnh bui hay tiu mc. Loi duoc trng rng rai nhat
l P. guajava. Ngoi ra loi P. guineense (Oi Brazil) duoc cho lai tao vi P. guajava d cho loi
i c kha nang chiu dung thoi tit lanh, cho tri tuy nh nhung lai nhiu hon.Mt s loi dng
ch nhu P.littorale var.littorale (yellow strawberry guava) cho tri tuong di ln, ngo, vng ;
loi P.littorale var. longipes (red strawberry guava) cho tri mu d tm, c vi du ty..
Psidium guajava (guava, yellow guava, apple guava) thuc loai cy trung bnh cao 5-
10m. Thn c v nhan, mng, khi gi bong tung mang, mu nu d. Cnh khi non hnh
vung c nhiu lng mm, khi gi hnh tru v nhan. L moc di, hnh tri xoan hay thun, di
chung 15 cm rng 3-6 cm, pha gc c th t hay hoi trn, gn l ni r mat dui v phu
mt lp lng min. Cung l ngan chung 3-5 mm. Hoa mau trang, duong knh chung 2.5 cm,
c nhiu nhi, c th moc don dc hay tu 2-3 hoa thnh cum nch l. Hoa n vo dau ma
h. Qua mong, hnh cau hay dang qua l, di dn 10 cm, chua rat nhiu hat nh. i hoa cn
tn tai trn qua. Cy bat dau cho qua sau 2 nam tui.
Nt s chung duoc trng tai Hoa Ky nhu :
- 'Beaumont' : gc tu Oahu (Hawaii) qua trn, to, thit mu hng nhat, vi hoi chua.
- ' Red Indian', gc tu Florida-1945 : qua vng nhat, rat thom, thit hng nhat kh ngot.
Nt s chung khc, duoc dua tu cc nuc nhit di vo Hoa Ky nhu :
- Hong Kong Pink': Tri co trung bnh, thit mu hng nhat.
- Indonesian Seedless' Tri to, nhiu nuc, thit trang, chac kh ngon, t ht, c le l Oi
x li tai Vit Nam.
Psidium littorale var. longipes = P. cattleianum (purple strawberry guava, moc cao chung
7m, thn c v min v lng; L trn. Hoa trang moc don dc. Qua nh chung 2.5- 4 cm, lc
non mu d nhat sau d chuyn dan sang d-tm v den khi chn han, c mi rat thom, thit
trang, vi vua chua vua ngot nhu du ty. Loi lai tao 'lucidum' cho tri mu vng.
Ngoi nhung ging Oi trng lay qua an, lm mut hay nuc giai kht cn c nhung ging
dac bit trng lm cy canh nhu Oi tu hay Oi ln Psidium pumila, cung c ngun gc tu
Trung My, thuc loai tiu mc, cao 2-4 m nhung thuong lm cho nh lai d trng trong chau
canh. Thn mm, d un, v thn mng, bong tung mang. Cnh phn nhnh di, manh. L
nh, thun di mu xanh bng, mm; mp l nhan nheo nhu gon sng; gn l ni r. Cung
l tuy ngan nhung lm l ru. Hoa nh mu trang, moc don dc nch l, c 5 cnh trng
mm v d rung, rat nhiu nhi. Qua hnh cau, him gap.
Thnh phn dinh dung ca qu :
100 gram phan an duoc chua :
- Calories 36-50
- Cht dam 0.9-1.0 g
- Cht bo 0.1-0.5 g
- Cht so 2.8-5.5 g
- Calcium 9.1- 17 mg
- St 0.30-0.70 mg
- Magnesium 10-25 mg
- Phosphorus 17.8 -30 mg
- Potassium 284 mg
-Sodium 3 mg
-Km 0.230 mg
-ng 0.103 mg
-Manganese 0.144 mg
-Beta Carotene (A) 200-792 IU
-Thiamine (B1) 0.046 mg
-Riboflavine (B2) 0.03-0.04 mg
-Niacin 0.6-1.068 mg
-Pantothenic acid 0.150 mg
-Pyridoxine 0.143 mg
-Ascorbic acid (C) 100-500 mg
Qua i duoc xem nhu mt tri cy b duong, ngun cung cap cc vitamin A v C (ty
ging 100 gram c th cho dn 1 gram Vitamin C), da s vitamin tap trung trong phan thit
st vi lp v mng bn ngoi qua. Oi duoc dng an sng hay ch tao thnh bnh nho
(custard), kem v nuc giai kht, thach jelly. Tai vng Chu My Latin c mn trng ming
thng dung Cascos de guayaba lm bang tri i, b di, b rut, nau chn trn chung vi
cream cheese.
Thnh phn ha hc :
Ty b phan, thnh phan ha hoc c th thay di :
1- L chua:
- Tanins (7-10%) gm gallotannins, ellagic acid v cc chat chuyn ha, cc tannins c
th thuy giai duoc.
- Tinh dau (0.31%) trong d c aromadendrene, beta-bisabolene, caryophyllene,
nerolidiol, selinene, dl limonene, cc alcohol thom..
- Cc acid huu co nhu mastinic acid, oleanolic acid, oxalic acid, guaija volic acid,
guajanoic acid, crategolic acid, psidiolic acid..ursolic acid
- Sterols nhu beta-sitosterol..
- Flavonoids nhu Quercetin
( trong l non v bp c khoang 7-10% tanins loai pyrogallic v 3% nhua).
2- Hoa chua ellagic acid, guaijaverin, leucocyanidin, oleic acid, quercetin
3- Qu (ngoi thnh phan dinh duong, cn c)
- Cc duong huu co (7%) nhu Fructose, glucose, galactose, sucrose..
- Cc tinh dau tao mi thom thuc cc nhm aldehyd v alcohol nhu ethyl acetate,
butyrate, humulene, myrcene, pinene..cinnamic acid
- Cc acid huu co
- Cc sac t loai chlorophyll, anthocyanidin
- Pectins, pectin methylesterase
4- R v V thn c arjunolic acid, gallic acid, leucocyanidin, quercetin..
Cc nghin cu khoa hc v duc hc :
a s cc nghin cuu khoa hoc v duoc hoc duoc thuc hin tai cc Vin khao cuu, cc
ai hoc tai Nam My. Tai Chu, Thi Lan l quc gia ch trong nhiu nhat v duoc tnh cua
Oi.
- Tc dng trj tiu chy:
Tc dung tri tiu chay cua l i d duoc cng nhan trong nhiu nghin cuu lm sng,
duoc hoc. L i duoc chnh thuc ghi trong Duoc din Ha Lan, dng lm thuc tri tiu chay :
Trong mt nghin cuu lm sng v tc dung tri tiu chay noi 62 tre em bi tiu chay,
sung rut do siu vi (rotaviral enteritis), thoi gian lnh bnh ghi nhan l 3 ngy (87.1%), rt
ngan tuong di r rt so vi nhm di chung (Zhongguo Zhong Xi J ie He Za Zhi S 20-2000).
Nghin cuu khc tai H Universade Feral do Rio de J aneiro (Ba Ty) ghi nhan liu nuc
chit tu l i 8 microgram/ml c hot tnh chng lai simian rotavirus gy tiu chay (82.2%)
(J ournal of Ethnopharmacology S 99-2005)
Nt nghin cuu , m di , thuc hin tai Thi Lan , dng bt l i so snh vi tetracycline
d tri 122 nguoi tiu chay (64 nam, 58 nu) tui 16-55. Liu dng cho bt l i v tetracycline
l 500 mg, mi 6 gio trong 3 ngy. Kt qua tuong duong cho ca 2 nhm dng bt l i v
tetracycline (Thu nghim T-test c kt qua tuong duong) (Thai Medicinal Plants trang 206)
Trn PubMed c lit k kh nhiu nghin cuu v tc dung tri tiu chay cua l i..
- Tc dng trj bnh duong rut :
Oi cn c mt s dac tnh duoc hoc gip b xung cho tc dung tri tiu chay. Cc
flavonoids loai quercetin trong l c hoat tnh trn su bi tit acetylcholine trong rut (theo
kiu morphine), kch thch co tron rut. Hoat tnh ny do tc dng cua quercetin ngan chan
cc ions Calcium v uc ch cc enzyme lin h dn su tng hop prostaglandins.. gip giam
nhung con dau bung do co tron cua rut co that. Ngoi ra l i cn tc dng vo su ti-hap
thu nuc noi rut. Cc lectins trong l i c th gan vo E. coli (vi khuan thuong gy ra tiu
chay), ngan chan vi khuan hap thu vo vch trong cua rut v do d ngan ngua duoc su
nhim trng rut.
- Tc dng khng sinh, khng siu vi v dit nm gy bnh :
Hoat tnh khng vi trng cua l i duoc lit k trong Fitoterapia S 73-2002.
Cc trch tinh tu l v v thn c tc dung st trng (in vitro) trn cc vi khuan
nhu Staphylococcus, Shigella, Salmonella, Bacillus, E.coli, Clostridium v
Pseudomonas..
Dich chit tu l bang nuc mui 1:40 c tc dung dit trng trn
Staphylococcus aureus .
Nuc p tuoi tu l nng d 66% c hoat tnh dit siu vi Tobacco mosaic.
Nuc trch tu l ngan chan duoc su tang trung cua cc nam Trichophyton
rubrum, T.mentagrophytes v Microsporum gypseum..
Nt nghin cuu tai University of Petra, Amman (J ordanie) ghi nhan tc dung ngan chan
su pht trin cc mun trung c gy ra bi cc vi khuan loai Propionibacterium acnes. Hoat
tnh duoc so snh vi dau trm (tea tree oil), doxycycline v clindamycin..v dng phuong
php do vng uc ch bang dia tam hoat chat (disk diffusion method). Vng uc ch cua dich
chit l i duoc xc dinh l 15.8-17.6 mm (khng P. acnes) v 11.3-15.7 mm (khng S.
aureus).. Tuy khng bang cc thuc tru sinh doxycycline v clindamycin nhung c th huu
dung trong cc truong hop bi mun trung c v khng dng duoc khng sinh (American
J ournal of Chinese Medicine S 33-2005)
- Tc dng trn H Tim Mch :
Nghin cuu tai H Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Sao Cristovao (Ba Ty) ghi nhan
dich chit tu l i c nhiu hoat tnh trn h Tim mach v c th huu dung d tri cc truong
hop Tim loan nhip (Brazilian J ournal of Medecne & Biological Reseach S 36-2003). L i c
tc dung 'khng oxyha c loi cho tim, bao v tim, v cai thin cc chuc nang cua tim. Trong
2 thu nghim, khng chon truc di tuong, tai Vin Nghin cuu Tim Mach, ghi nhan vic
dng mi ngy 450 gram i tuoi trong 12 tuan lin tuc, gip ha huyt p trung bnh l 8
dim. giam duoc muc d cholesterol 9%, giam triglycerides duoc 8% v tang HDL duoc 8%.
Hoat tnh duoc cho l do Oi chua nhiu potassium v nhiu chat so c th tan duoc (tuy
nhin s luong i can an hang ngy ln ti 450-900 gram v can an lin tuc..nn kh c th
theo dui vic tri liu !)
- Tc dng H duong trong mu :
Nghin cuu tai Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechno logy, Daejeon (Nam
Triu Tin) ghi nhan hoat tnh uc ch men protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) cua dich
chit l i. Hoat tnh ny cho thay nuc l i c tc dung tri tiu duong loai 2 (khi thu trn
chut loai Lepr(db), liu 10 mg/kg gy ha glucose trong mu kh r rt) (J ournal of
Ethnopharmacology S 96-2005).
Trong mt nghin cuu tai Taiwan trn chut, nuc p tu qua tuoi chch qua mng phc
toan vi liu 1.0g/kg gip lm ha duong trong mu tao ra bi alloxan. Hoat tnh ha duong
ny khng ko di v yu hon chlorpropamide , metformin rat nhiu nhung an i tuoi cung c
th huu ch cho nguoi tiu duong (American J ournal of Chinese Medicine S 11-1983)
Nghin cuu tai H Putra, Malaysia trn chut v tc dung lm ha glucose trong mu cua
qua i : 40 chut duc duoc chia thnh 4 nhm trong d c cc nhm : di chung khng
bnh, di chung bi gy tiu duong, nhm dng nuc i v nhm tri bang glibenclamide. Thu
nghim ko di trong 5 tuan. 3 nhm chut bi gy tiu duong bang streptozotocin. Trong thoi
gian thu nghim, cc nhm di chung chi duoc cho an bnh thuong; nhm bnh tiu duong
dng i duoc cho an thm mi ngy 0.517 g i, nhm tiu dung dng glibenclamide 5mg/
kg mi ngy. Kt qua cho thay c su giam ha nng d glucose trong mu noi chut dng i
tu cc tuan 3 (12.3%), tuan 4 (24.79%) v tuan 5 (7.9%) so vi nhm di chung. So snh
vi nhm dng thuc glibenclamide, tc dng trung bnh tuong di khc bit tuan 4
(p=0.029), nng d glucose trong mu thay di 25.88 %
Cc tc gia kt luan : Oi tuoi , chua luong cao cc chat so (ha tan v khng ha tan) c
th gip ha tiu duong mt cch an ton..(Asia Pacific J ournal of Clinical Nutrition S 13
(Suppl)-2004)
Cc phuong thc s dng trong dn gian :
Cc thnh phan cua cy i nhu l, r, v thn duoc su dung kh ph bin lm thuc tai
nhiu noi trn th gii, k ca Vit Nam.
- Ti Vit Nam : Theo Y hoc dn gian, Oi c vi cht, hoi ngot, tnh bnh. Cc phan dng
lm thuc gm l, v thn , thu hi v phoi nang cho kh, cat giu d dng khi can.Thuong
dng 15-30 gram l dui dang thuc sac. Oi c tc dung thu lim (lm san da), cam tiu
chay, chng sung tay v cam mu; Oi duoc dng d tri cc chung dau bung, tiu chay do
tiu ha yu, sung rut, kit ly do nhim trng (c th dng l d phoi kh, tn thnh bt
hay sac l tuoi lay nuc ung). Oi cn duoc dng tri chan thuong, ngua ngoi da (gi nhuyn
l tuoi, dap ln vt thuong). Mt phuong thuc tri zona( gii an) l lay 100 g l bp non, trn
vi 10 g phn chua, 1 g mui, gia nt chung, them nuc vua du thnh khi nho, thoa
ngoi.
- Ti n d : Theo Y hoc Ayurvedic, Oi hay Amrud, (ting Phan= Mansala) : V cnh
dng tri tiu chay, dau bung, dau bao tu; L d tri ho v l trong ming. Qua, sau khi b ht,
c tc dung nhuan truong.
- Ti Trung Hoa : Y hoc c truyn khng xem Oi l vi thuc, nhung ty dia phuong,
vic dng i tri bnh cung kh ph bin. Oi duoc goi l Phan thach luu.(Fan Shi liu) hay Phan
do(Fan-tao) (Phan= tu ngoai quc dn)
* L i duoc xem l c tnh bnh, vi ngot; dng d ngua kit ly, tri tiu chay bang
cch dun 50 g l tuoi trong 250 ml nuc dn si, ung trong ngy chia lm nhiu lan. Khi
bi thuong, nhai vi l i tuoi, dap d cam mu.
* Qua i duoc xem l c tnh am, vi ngot; dng tri tiu chay, tiu duong v tri
tri tiu duong : xay 90 g i tuoi bang blender, lay nuc ct, ung ngy 3 lan
truc bua an.
tri Tri : un 500 g tri tuoi vi 1 lt nuc, dn khi c dac, thoa v rua bi tri
mi ngy 2-3 lan. C th dng phuong thuc ny d tri ngua ngoi da.
- Ti Thi Lan : Oi hay Farang, Chumpo cung duoc dng d tri tiu chay (Bp l non
duoc sao dn vo, ri sac lay nuc ung, Qua non cat thnh lt, nau lay nuc ung). Ngoi
ra l duoc dng d che bt mi ruou, tri sung loi, vt thuong lu lnh..
- Ti cc quc gia Trung v Nam M nhu Brazil, Peru, Cuba.. Th dn da dng nuc
sac tu l hay v thn d tri tiu chay, xc ming tri dau c hong v diu ha kinh nguyt. L
tuoi dng nhai khi chay mu noi chn rang, hoi th kh chiu. L cn dng nau lay nuc gip
v sinh phu khoa, tri huyt trang v gip lm san chac vch b phan sinh duc sau khi sanh
n. Hoa nghin nt, dap tri dau mat, chi nang..
Ghi ch :
Tai cc Cho Thuc pham Hoa Ky c bn nhung tri cy, cung goi l Guava, hnh dang rat
ging vi Oi, cung ln co 2.5-7.5 cm duong knh, cn goi l Pineapple guava hay Feijoas. Tri
ny khng lin h dn nhm Oi, tuy cng gia dnh thuc vat Myrtaceae.
Cy Feijoa, tn khoa hoc Feijoa sellowiana cho qua, khc vi i ch thit nho nhu
thach (xu-xoa), khng cung chac nn phai an bang cch xc bang mung. Feijoa cung pht
xuat tu Nam My v dac bit l cung nhu Kiwi, pht trin tt nhat tai Tn Ty Lan. Feijoa duoc
trng nhiu tai California v tuy chua nhiu Vitamin C, Feijoa khng c cc tnh chat tri liu
nhu Oi.
Ti liu s dng :
The Oxford Companion to Food (Alan Davidson)
Fruits as Medioine (Dai Yin-Fang & Liu Cheng-jun)
Uncommon Fruits & Vegetables (Elizabeth Schneider)
Encyclopedia of Herbs (Deni Brown)
Thuc Nam Trn at My (Tap 2)
Tu din Cy Thuc Vit Nam (V van Chi)
Thai Medicinal Plants (Farnsworth & Bunyapraphatsara)
Tropical Plant Database (Rain-Tree Nutrition Co)
C RING
Con ch khc dng khc ngi
B oi di cho mua ti ..dng Ring
::: Ds Trn Vit Hung :::
Tuy cng ho thuc vt Zingiberaceae nhu Gng v Ngh, nhung Ring
t duoc bit dn v phuong din duoc hoc m ch ni ting trong vai tr gia
vi.. cho mn n ' Mc tn..v cho mn Nem Tr ca min Trung..
Tai Thi Lan, Ring thung duoc n sng v trn trong rau vi tn
Krachai, Kra.., st mng ngm trong nuc, thm dung d lm mn gii
kht Khing. Ngui Indonesia thch dng Ring hon (tn l Kencur hay
Lengkuas) , ho thay cho Gng trong nhiu mn n dn tc.
Tng Alpinia c khong 200 loi, duoc cho l c ngun gc tai v c
chu. Ring thuc (A. officinarum) chim vi tr kh quan trong trong vic
dng lm cy thuc, d duoc dng trong cc nn duoc hoc c truyn n
d (Auyrvedic), Trung Hoa t thi xa xua (500 nm truc Ty lich), v u
chu t thi Trung c. Nh thm him Marco Polo d ghi chp v Ring,
cho rng cy d duoc trng t th k 13 tai Java. Ring np (A. galanga),
c tuy ln hon nhung lai t cay hon, thung dng lm gia vi (Nhm Ring
dng khc hn vi loai Galingal u chu =Sweet Galingale =Cyperus
longus , r chm c mi thom ca hoa violet, dng trong ky ngh huong
liu).
Tinh du Alpinia galanga cn duoc dng lm cht phu gia trong ky
ngh Nuc gii kht, Ruou nhu Chartreuse. Nu hoa v hoa dng lm thuc
phm Dich chit duoc thm vo cc loai ruou c nng d alcohol thp.. d
tao cm gic..ruou manh hon.
Tn khoa hoc v cc tn thung goi :
- Alpinia officinarum = Lesser Galangal
Cc tn thng thung : Catarrh Root, Chinese Ginger, Siamese
Ginger, Thai Ginger, Chinese Root, Colic Root, Gargaut, India Root.
Galangtwurzelstock (c), Cao luong khuong, Romdeng (Cambodia)
Lenkuas (M lai)
- Alpinia Galanga = Greater Galangal
Cc tn khc : ai
luong khuong
c
tnh
thu
c
vt
:
-
Rin
g
thu
c
(Alpi
nia officinarum)
Cy thuc loai thn tho, luu nin, moc thng cao 1-1.5 m. Thn r
moc b ngang, hnh tru mu d nu ln chng 1-2 cm dung knh, di 3-6
cm, chia thnh nhiu dt khng du nhau, ph nhiu vy. L khng
cung, c be thun di, hnh mc ln dn 40 cm, moc thnh 2 dy. Hoa
mu trng dang hoa lan, tp hop thnh chm thua ngon, cnh mi to c
vn d. Qu hnh cu c lng. Cy tr hoa vo thng 5.
- Ring np (Alpinia galanga)
Cy thuc loai tho, cao 1-2 m. Thn c 5-7 mm, thn r to 2-3 cm c
mi thom. L hnh mi gio nhon, tht lai noi gc, di 30-40 cm, rng 7-8
cm, khng c lng. Chy hoa di 15-30 cm, rng 8-10 cm, nhiu hoa.
Chy c lng nhung v nhnh nhiu, st nhau. Cung hoa moc dng, c
lng. Hoa mu trng, c vach hng, di 20-25 mm; trng hoa c ng ngn
Cnh hoa hnh gio t, di 10-15 mm; cnh mi hnh gii xoan nguoc ,
phin mi chia 2 thy chp. Qu mong, hnh cu hay hnh trng di
12mm x 6 mm, mu d nu cha 3-5 hat..
- Mt s loi Ring khc :
Ring tu (Alpinia chinensis) = Hoa son khuong. Loi dc bit
tai Nam Trung Hoa, Lo v Vit Nam. Cy cao khong 1m.
Ring m (Alpinia zerumbet) = ai tho khu, cn goi l Ring
dep Se nuc, thung trng lm cy cnh v cho hoa rt dep,
mu vng c soc d.
Thnh
phn ha hoc :
- Alpinia officinarum : cha
- Tinh du d bc hoi : gm cineole, eugenol, pinene, methyl
cinnamate, camphor; hop cht chnh l nhng sesquiterpenes
hydrocarbon, sesquiterpene alcohol.; cc hop cht heptone
- Cc diarylheptanoids : dang hn hop duoc goi chung l galangol, bao
gm nhng cht c vi cay.
- Gingerole : hop cht cay loai phenyl alkanones..
- Tanins ; Cc hop cht loai phenylpropanoids
- Flavonoids nhu Galangin, Galangin-3-methylether, Kaempferide,
Kaempferol-4-methylther.
- Sterols nhu beta-sitosterol
Thnh phn dinh dung :
100 gram c Ring (Alpinia galanga) cha :
- Calories 362
- Cht dam 7.1 g
- Cht bo 2.8 g
- Carbohydrates tng cng 83 g
- Calcium 220 mg
- Phosphorus 178 mg
- St 14.9 mg
- Beta-carotene (A) 10,780 microgram
- Thiamine 0.35 mg
- Riboflavin 0.14 mg
- Niacin 7.09 mg
- Vitamin C 184 mg
Duoc tnh v cc nghin cu khoa hoc :
Kommission E ca c ghi nhn Gng duoc chp thun lm thuc tri
kh tiu v gip kch thch thm n, liu dng dui dang thuc ruou l 2-4
gram v dui dang bt R kh l 2- 4 gram.
- Hoat tnh chng nn ma ;
Nghin cu tai H Meiji Pharmaceutical (Khoa Duoc liu)- Tokyo ghi
nhn Ring (A.officinarum) c cha 8 hop cht c kh nng tri i ma khi
th trn g con bi gy nn i bng sulfate dng. (Journal of Natural
Products S 65-2002).
- Tc dung nga ung thu :
Nghin cu tai Trung Duoc, H Kangwon National University, Chun
chon (Nam Hn) ghi nhn cc flavonoids trong Ring nht l Galangin c
nhng hoat tnh chng-oxyha v thu nht cc gc tu do gy tc hai cho
t bo, do d c th tc dng trn su hoat dng ca cc h thng phn
ha t v nga tc hai ca cc cht gy ung thu.(Mutations Research S
488-2001). Hoat tnh chng oxyha cng duoc th nghim trn h thng
tu oxyha methyl linoleate.
Cc diterpene trong A. galanga c tc dung chng u-buu khi th trn
chut (Planta Medica S 54-1988)
- Tc dung lm ha Cholesterol v ha triglyceride :
C Ring (A. officinarum) cha cc flavonoids nhu 3-methylether-
galangin v cc heptanone c hoat tnh c ch lipase tuy tang gy ha
cholesterol v lipid trong mu. Nghin cu tai H Kyung Hee , Seoul (Nam
Hn) ghi nhn cht Hydroxy-Phenyl-Heptanone (HPH) trong Ring c ch
lipase tuy tang nng d IC50 = 1.5 mg/ml. HPH gip ha triglyceride
trong mu noi chut bi gy cao m trong mu bng du bp v cng lm
ha cholesterol noi chut bi gy m cao bng Triton WR-1339 (Biological &
Pharmaceutical Bulletin S 27-2004)
- Hoat tnh khng vim :
Cht diarylheptanoid trong Ring c hoat tnh khng vim khi th trn
cc t bo dng dai thuc bo RAW 264.7 ca chut v trn t bo don
hach mu ngoai vi ca ngui. Co ch chng vim ny do tc dung c ch
su tit lipopolysaccharides, c ch cc kinase kch khi mitogen.(Journal
of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapies S 305-2003)
- Hoat tnh khng sinh :
Dich chit t R c A.officinarum c hoat tnh khng sinh in vitro, c
ch su tng trung ca cc vi khun anthrax, Streptococcus hemolyticus,
v nhiu chng Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium diphteriae (Chinese
Herbal Medicine Materia Medica-D.Bensky).
Hop cht acetoxychavicol acetate, trch t A. galanga c hoat tnh
khng nm(Planta Medica S 51-1985)
C Ring trong Duoc hoc ng Phuong :
Ngoi vai tr dng lm gia vi, Ring cn duoc duoc dng lm thuc tai
nhiu quc gia chu :
1- Trung Hoa :
Duoc hoc c truyn Trung Hoa phn bit 2 loai ring thnh 2 vi thuc
khc nhau :
- Cao luong khuong (Kao-lian-chiang) l r c Alpinia officinarum.
Vi thuc d duoc ghi trong Danh Y Bit luc, v thung dng nhng c
d trng t 4-6 nm, thu hoach vo cui ma h.
(Goi l Cao-luong khuong= Gng Cao luong, v cy duoc ghi nhn du
tin tai Kaolianchun trong vng ng Bc Moumingshien (Qung ng)
Cao luong khuong duoc xem l c vi cay, tnh nng, tc dng vo cc
kinh mach thuc Ty v Vi; c tc dung n trung, tn hn, hnh kh ch
thng gip lm m vng trung tiu, gim cc cm gic dau, nht l cc
con dau bung, dau bao t dua dn i ma, nc cuc v nhng chng tiu
chy do lanh bung.
- tri dau bung gy nn ma : Ring duoc dng chung vi Gng v
Qu.
- tri dau bung do cm lanh : Ring dng chung vi Huong phu (C
c) .
- tri nc cuc : Ring dng vi ng sm (Codonopsis Pilosulae) v
Phuc linh (Poria cocos).
- Hng du khu (Hon-dou-kou) l qu ca Alpinia Galanga, phoi kh
Vi thuc c tc dung tuong tu nhu ring tuoi, vi cay, tnh nng; nhung
cn di thm vo kinh mach thuc Ph, gip lm tiu hn Kh xm nhp
vo bao t, gip tng cung tiu ha v b dung Ty-Vi, tri tiu chy, o
chua v i nguoc.
2- n d :
Ring duoc dng t lu di trong Duoc hoc c truyn n d :
- Alpinia officinarum : Tn Hindi l Kulinjan, duoc dng lm thuc gy
hung phn, kin vi v tro tiu ha.
- Alpinia galanga : Tn Hindi l kulanjan hay barakulanjan ; ting
Phan sugandhvach, dng lm thuc gy hung phn, trng duong (kch
duc), tri phong thp khp xuong, bnh dung h hp v lm thuc b kch
thch tiu ha, gip gy trung-tin.
3- Vit Nam :
Tai Vit Nam, nhiu loai Ring d duoc s dung trong cc phuong
php tri liu bng thuc Nam :
- Alpinia galanga hay Ring np, ring m l loi chnh thung dng
lm gia vi, lm thuc gip manh ty-vi, truc phong t, cha cc chng n
khng tiu, dy bung, nn ma, tiu chy.
- Alpinia officinarum hay Ring thuc, tuy cng dng lm gia vi nhung
t thom hon ring np. Ring thuc thung duoc dng d tri cc chng dau
vng thuong vi, nn ma( dng chung vi Gng v Bn ha), km tiu
ha; tri cc chng dau, lot bao t (dung chung vi C c). Nuc p tuoi
duoc dng thoa tri lang ben.
Ghi ch : Trong tng Alpinia cn c cc cy ch tr = Alpinia
oxyphylla , v cy Tho khu = Alpinia katsumadai tuy trong nhm cy
Ring, nhung duoc s dung khc hn v phuong din tri liu. Xin xem bi
vit ring v cc cy ny..
Ti liu s dung :
- Medicinal Plants of China (Duke & Ayensu)
- Medicinal Plants of India ( SJ Kain & Robert DeFilipps)
- Encyclopedia of Herbs (Deni Bown)
- Chinese Herbal Medicine Materia Medica (Dan Bensky)
- Professionals Handbook of Complementary & Alternative Medicine
(Charles W. Fetrow)
Roi hay Mn :
mt tri cy kh dc bit
________________________
___________________________
_____________________________
::: Ds Trn Vit Hung :::
Nan, nu goi theo ting Min Nam hay Roi, goi theo min Bac Vit Nam l mt tri cy
nhit di, c nhiu dac tnh kh th vi.
Nhm Man ny thuc gia dnh thuc vat Myrtaceae, theo sch vo My th nn goi chung dui
tn goi tai An d /M lai l jambu. Cy c ngun gc tu ng Nam hay luc dia An cho qua c
hnh dang nhu to nhung..an lai khc han.
Nhng cy dng ch gm :
Cy Roi (L, Mn
b do ) : Syzygium
jambos . y l cy duoc
cho l man 'chnh thng' ;
tn Anh-My l Rose apple,
Malabar plum. M :
Pomarrosa. Cy thuc loai
thn mc, cao trung bnh
10-12m. L hnh mui gio,
thon hep noi gc, thon di
v manh pha dau, ln
co 13-20 cm x 3-5 cm,
cung ngan. Hoa kh ln
mu trang hay xanh nhat,
moc thnh chm ngon.
Qua mong, gan nhu hnh
cau, c khi dang qua l,
duong knh 30 cm, xp, da ngoi vng nhat, hng, bng nhu thoa sp v dnh theo mt di hoa
xanh. Qua tuy t nuc nhung thoang mi thom hoa hng, trong c 1-2 hat mu xm. Hat roi
nn khi lac hat nghe nhung ting luc cuc bn trong. Cy phn b trong cc vng An-M,
Indonesia, rat ph bin tai Nam Vit Nam
Cy Roi d (Mn huong
tu) : Syzygium
samarangense. Tn Anh-My
J ava rose apple, Samarang
rose apple. M : Mammey
Pomorrosa Cy thn mc cao
5-15 m nhnh khi cn non hoi
vung. Phin l ln hnh thun
bau duc co 10-25 cm x 6-12
cm, cung di 4-8 mm. Hoa
moc thnh ng 5-30 hoa o
ngon hay nch l d rung. Hoa
mu vng trang , duong knh
3-4 cm, di hoa c ng di 1.5
cm, cnh hoa chung 10-15
mm. Qua mong mu d , c
khi trang, xanh.. c dang
chung p nguoc di 3-6 cm
trong c chua 1-4 hat mu nu. Loai qua mu d c vi ngot hon, da rat mng, thit trang v
xp..Gc tu J ava (Indonesia) Cy duoc trng rat ph bin tai ng Nam k ca Vit Nam, v
ngy nay tai Nam v Trung My.
Ging man d duoc goi l
Champoo tai Thi lan.
Cy diu d : Sygygium
malaccense Tn Anh-My : Malay
rose apple Cy thn mc nh 4-10
m. L hnh ngon gio, thun, nhon
sac gc v dau, ln 13-30 cm x
4-10 cm. L kh di, xanh nhat ,
mat trn hoi bng. Cung di 4-10
mm. Hoa khng cung, mu hng d, moc thnh xim 2-8 hoa. Qua ln co qua l, mu d xam
hnh trung nguoc co 8cm x 5-6 cm mang thy cua dai hoa cn tn lai. V qua bng , c khi c
soc trang, nhiu nuc kh ngot. Hat to, trn.
Cy moc hoang tai cc dao vng Thi bnh Duong tu thoi xa xua, v giu vai tr quan trong
trong Truyn thuyt tn gio Fiji, nguoi Hawai dng thn cy d tac tuong than. Hoa duoc dnh
d t Nu Than Pele cai tri cc ni lua. Gc tu bn dao M lai, nay duoc trng nhiu tai An, Nam
Trung Hoa, Hawai.(tn dia phuong l ohia ai0
Cy roi nuc hay Mn nuc : Sygygium aqueum . Tn Anh-My Watery rose apple hay
Water apple : Qua c dang chung khng du, phnh to hon pha dy, mu thay di tu trang dn
hng nhat, thit dn mong nuc v kh thom ngot, trong chua nhiu ht. Pht xuat tu vng Nam
An d, cy rat ph bin tai Ma lai. Tai Indonesia ging man ny duoc ch tao thnh si-s mang
tn Roejak.
Thnh phn dinh dung v ha hoc :
100 gram phan an duoc chua :
Mqn b do Mqn diu d
- Calories 56 n/a
- Cht dam 0.5 - 0.7 g 0.5 - 0.7 g
- Cht bo 0.2 - 0.3 g 0.1 - 0.2 g
- Cht so 1.1 - 1.9 g 0.6 - 0.8 g
- Calcium 29.0 - 45.2 mg 5.6 - 5.9 mg
- St 0.45 - 1.2 mg 0.2 - 0.82 mg
- ng vt 0.6 ppm
- Magnesium 4 mg n/a
- Phosphorus 50 mg
- Sodium 34.1 mg
- Beta-carotene
(A)
123 - 235 IU 3 - 10 IU
- Thiamine (B1) 0.01 - 0.19 mg 15 - 39 mcg
- Riboflavine 0.028 - 0.050 mg 20 - 39 mcg
- Niacin 0.521 - 0.80 mg 0.21 - 0.40 mg
- Ascorbic Acid 3 - 37 mg 6.5 - 17.0 mg
- L S. jambos chua tinh dau d bay hoi trong c dl-alpha pinen (27%) v l-limonene
(24%), v mt s monoterpen khc; tanins, oleoresin.
- R v Hat S. jambos chua alcaloid jambosin v acid hydrocyanic.
Nhng nghin cu khoa hoc v Mn :
Nghin cuu tai Khoa Duoc liu ai hoc Louvain Bi ghi nhan Dich chit tu V cy Man b
do (S. jambos) c tc dung khng sinh : Dich chit bang nuc v bang acetone c kha
nang uc ch cc vi khuan Staphylococcus aureus, Yersinia enterocolitica, v cc vi-khuan
staphyloccocus phan ung m vi coagulase. Hoat tnh ny duoc cho l do hm luong
tannins kh cao trong v cy (77% khi trch bang nuc v 83 % khi trch bang acetone).
(J ournal of Ethnopharmacology S 71-2000).
Nghin cuu tai H Inter American University of Puerto Rico , San J uan ghi nhan dich
chit bang ethanol tu l man B do c kha nang uc ch su tang trung cua
Mycobacterium smegmatis nng d 50 mcg ( dng dich chit 12%) (Puerto Rico Health
Sciences J ournal S 17-1998).
Nan iu (S. malaccense) c chua mt s hoat chat loai flavan-3-ol, cc tannins loai
catechin, v cc flavonol rhamnosides nhu mearn sitrin, myricitrin v quercitrin. Cc
flavan c tc dung chng sung do uc ch cc cyclo-oxygenase-1 . Tc dung uc ch ny
c th so snh vi indomethacin ( IC50 cua dich chit tu man l 3.3 dn 138 micro M, so
vi IC50 cua indomethacin l 1.1 microM) (Planta Medica S 64 -1998).
L Man huong tu (S. samarangense) chua alpha v beta-carotene lupeol, betulin, acid
epi-betulinic v mt s hoat chat loai dimethyl chalcone v dimethylflavanone, cc sterols
nhu beta-sitosterol, beta-D-sitosterylglucoside. Betulin v dimethyldihydrochalcone c
hoat tnh uc ch men prolyl endopeptidase. (Vin Ha hoc-H Philippines Quezon City -
Naturforsch S 59-2004)
Vi phuong thc s dung :
Ti Trung Hoa: Man b do hay Pu-tao, Shui pu-tao duoc xem l c tnh 'am', qua c tnh
thanh-huyt v thu-lim.
- tri Nac cuc khng ngung : n lin tuc 30-60 gram man (b ht), ngung chung 2
ting, ri tip tuc an.
- tri Yu phi, ho v Phong t xm nhap : Dng 60 gram qua tuoi, hap chn vi 15
gram duong (thm 200 ml nuc), b ht, nghin nt v an ngy 2-3 lan.
- tri au bao tu v tiu chay do sung rut : Dng 60 gram qua, nghin nt ca ht.
Chung dn chn. n mi ngy 3 lan.
- tri Tri, Chay mu : Dng 60 gram qua (phan thit), 30 gram ht. Rang ht dn khi
vng. Thm phan qua, thm nuc vua xap v nau lua nh. Ung ngy 2 lan :sng v
ti.
- tri Tiu duong : Dng 30 gram ht, sao dn vng ri tn thnh bt. Nau nh lua
dn chn trong nuc..Ung sng v ti.
- tri Vt thuong chay mu : Dng hat rang dn khi bn ngoi thnh than nhung
bn trong van cn mu vng-nu. Tn thnh bt v rac trn vt thuong.
Ti Indonesia : L S. jambos duoc dng d tri tiu chay, kit ly , nng st.
Ti Vit Nam: L duoc dng sac d chua nhung bnh duong h hap.
Ti n d : Man S. jambos duoc goi l Gulabjam. L nau lay nuc tri dau mat, Qua dng
chua dau gan. V lm thuc thu lim
Ti liu su dung
- Fruits as Medicine (Dai Yin-fang & Liu Cheng-jun)
- Medicinal Plants of India (J . Cain)
- The Food Companion ( Dianne Onstad)
- The Oxford Companion to Food (Alain Davidson)
Su ring..
tri cy m mi vj gy nhiu.. tranh lupn..
::: Ds Trn Vit Hung :::
Sau ring l mt tri cy nhit di vi mt mi huong dac bit gy nhiu bn ci khng nhung
cho nguoi Ty Phuong m cn l van d gy nhuc dau cho Chnh quyn tai mt s quc gia
nhu..Singapore..
Sau ring l mt trong nhung..cy sng lu doi nhat tai cc khu rung nhit di ng Nam ,
nhat l tai Borneo v nhung dao thuc Quan dao M lai. Qua pht trin day du c th ln tu
bang mt qua bui dn mt qua bng d choi bng-chuyn, c th trn hay bau duc, nang trn
5 pounds..
Ngay tai cc nuc ng Nam ..cho dn Philippines..nhung nguoi ua thch Sau ring d c
nhung nhan xt rat tri nguoc nhau v qua ny..
Tai M lai, Thi lan, Indonesia v Philippines ,Sau ring duoc cho l c tnh kch duc
(aphrodisiac) (Tuc ngu Ma lai c cu : Khi tri sau ring rt xung..th s rong duoc vn ln=
when the durians fall, the sarong rise) Qua sau ring duoc ua chung dn muc nguoi no..s
huu duoc mt cy sau ring..l du sng sut doi !v lm chu cy sau ring cung l ni kh v se
phai ngu dui gc cy d canh chung..d khng bi mat trm qua ? Khoang cui thap nin 20,
Cng ty Durian Fruit Products of New York City d dua ra thi truong san pham 'Dur-India' , nhu
l mt loai thuc pham bi b suc khe. San pham dung trong chai v bn 9 d la mt l 12, du
dng cho 3 thng..Cc vin ny duoc ghi trong cng thuc l chua Sau ring v mt duoc thao
thuc nhm Allium tu An d, cng vi luong kh cao Vitamin E. Cng ty quang co l thnh
pham 'cung cap nang luong c dong..tt nhat th gii, gip co th hoat dng khng bit mt,
tinh than sang khoi..dau c sng sut..' nhung thnh pham.. khng bn duoc ! v sau d bin
khi thi truong.
Singapore l quc gia c nhung luat l rat khat khe v Sau ring : cam ch trn taxi, xe but,
trn ph. Cng ty hng khng Singapore se tich thu sau ring nu hnh khch..mang theo, bat
k trong hnh l sch tay hay gui theo phi co. Trong cc duong xe din ngam c treo nhung
bang ve qua sau ring vi dau hiu vng trn gach cho..nghia l cam mang theo..ging nhu
cam thuc l, cam khac nh..Tuy nhin, tai Nh hng Four Seasons giua thnh-ph, c mt khu
vuc ring dat tn l Durian House..chi bn sau ring v cc san pham tu sau ring nhu bnh, sua
sc, kem, bnh trung thu nhn sau ring, keo...v ca m sau ring!
HongKong, noi m an sau ring l biu tuong cho su giau sang, sau ring trng ni dia khng
du cung cap nn mi ma sau ring Hng hng khng Cathay Pacific phai ch hng tram tan tu
Bangkok v HongKong. Tai Bac Kinh..gi sau ring ln dn ..50 USD mt qua.
Nam 1966, mt cng ty Thi Lan d dua ra thi truong..mt loai condom (!) c mi sau ring..
Chnh phu Thi khng thch sng kin (!) ny v lay l do san pham lm mat uy tn gy hai cho
ngnh trng tia nn d cam san xuat!
Tn Khoa hc v cc tn thng thuong :
Durio zibethinus thuc ho thuc vat Bombacaceae.
'Duri' danh tu M lai c nghia l coc nhon, d chi v ngoi cua qua c nhiu gai cung nhu
nhung cy coc nh. 'Zibethinus', nghia l c mi kh ngui, hi nhu mi..chn.
Tn Anh ngu : Durian.
Tn Kampuchea :Tu-ren ; Thi Lan : Turian (Vua cua cc loai qua); Indonesia : Ambetan,
Dooren..
c tnh thc vt :
Sau ring thuc loai cy thn g ln, cao 15-20 m, c khi dn 30 m. L don moc so-le. Phin
day hnh thun di, dau nhon trn mat c
nhiu lng vay, mat dui mu vng. Hoa
moc thnh chm thn c nu trn, cnh
hoa mau trang, nhiu nhi.Hoa n ban dm
c mi thom Sau ring thu phan nho doi.
Qua loai nang m c vch, bn ngoi v c
gai nhon. Qua c th cn nang trn 2 kg (5
pounds), tu rung khi chn ti (do d rat nguy
him khi di trong vuon sau ring khi ma
qua chn). Qua sau ring thay di rat nhanh
trong giai doan chn, c th ln men kh
nhanh chi 2 ngy sau khi chn mi. Qua chn
nut thnh 5-7 ngan, mi ngan chua tu 1 dn
7 ht. Ht mu vng, to bao quanh c lp
o (thuong goi l com) mm mu vng nhat hay trang, c huong vi dac bit. Cy tr hoa vo
thng 3-4 (tai Vit Nam, cy tr hoa khoang thng 12), kt qua trong cc thng 4-5. C khi phai
cho dn 15 nam..cy mi cho qua.
Hin nay Sau ring duoc nhn ging bang nhiu cch nhu thp mat, thp cnh, ghp cy v
chit cy. Thp l phuong php duoc p dung nhiu nhat tai Vit Nam. Cy thp c th cho qua
sau 3-5 nam, v mi cy c th cho tu 50-70 qua.
Sau ring ni ting nhat th gii duoc cho l trng tai Thi lan (Thi
lan hin l nuc dung hng dau th gii v trng v xuat cang Sau ring,
chung Mornthong duoc xem l chung tt nhat c th lm dng lanh d
xuat cang) Tai Thi cn c mt chung dac bit..khng c mi !
Sau ring duoc dua vo Vit Nam tu Thi Lan v duoc trng dau tin
trong vng Tn qui (Bin Ha). Min Nam Vit Nam c nhiu vng dat rat
thch hop d trng Sau ring. Cc tinh min ng nhu Bnh long, Phuc
Long, Li Thiu v min Ty nhu Sc Trang, Bn Tre du trng duoc sau
ring.. v c nhung loai Sau ring ni ting nhu Sau ring 'ng T' (Long
Thnh), Sau ring 'kh qua' (My Tho), Sau ring Ci mon (ht lp)
Mi huong dac bit cua sau ring d duoc so snh vi nhiu thu mi
nhu mi chn hi, mi cng rnh, mi..thi cua..i(!) hay mi hnh..thi,
mi ph mt..qu han !
Nguoi Indonesia cho rang ngui mi sau ring nhiu qu se khng tt
cho suc khoe, nn cam khng cho mang sau ring trn cc phuong tin chuyn ch cng cng..
Thnh phn dinh dung :
100 gram phan an duoc (com) b ht, chua :
- Calories 144
- Chat dam 2.5- 2.8 g
- Chat bo 3.1- 3.9 g
- Chat so 1.7 g
- Calcium 7.6- 9.0 mg
- Sat 0.73-1.0 mg
- Phosphorus 37.8- 44.0 mg
- Potassium 601-1810 mg
- Sodium 15 mg
- Beta-carotene (A) 20-30 IU
- Thiamine (B1) 0.240-0.352 mg
- Riboflavine (B2) 0.200 mg
- Niacin (B3) 0.683- 0.700 mg
- Ascorbic acid 23.9-25 mg
Xt v phuong din dinh duong, Sau ring c th duoc xem nhu l mt tri cy b duong
chua nhiu carbohydrates (gm nhiu duong huu co nhu sucrose, fructose, galactose..) nn
cung cap nhiu nang luong. Tuy luong chat bo kh cao nhung thuc loai chat bo tt. Sau ring
khng phai l thuc pham..tt cho nguoi mun giu khng tang cn..
Vi phuong thc s dng :
ng Y dng v Sau ring lm thuc . Vi thuc duoc xem l c vi dang, tnh am c tc dung
tiu thuc, lim hn, n ph v chi khi. V sau ring sao den c tnh cam mu.
- Tai Philippines : Sau ring duoc dng rat nhiu trong ky ngh bnh keo, lm mut,
keo loai nougat. Ring tai Davao c mn ni ting Kem Sau ring-Magnolia. Sau ring cn xanh
c th nau an nhu rau, v c th nau chn ri lm bnh, nhung mat di phan ln mi v vi.
- Tai M lai : Sau ring duoc up duong hoac up mui d giu lu. Ht duoc nau chn
hay nung an thay diu hay dau phng. Mn tempoyak l sau ring d ln men bang vi khuan
Lactobacillus plantarum, L.brevis.. ; Mn lempog l sau ring ngo duong an vi com; mn boder
l sau ring x nh trn mui, hnh ty v dam..
- Tai Indonesia : Dn vng Batak an cnh hoa thay rau, dn dao Moluccas dng v
phoi kh d hun c..
- Tai Vit Nam : Sau ring l loai qua duoc xem l ngon v b. Hat duoc rang, nung,
vi than hay luc an nhu hat mt. V sau ring dng chua dy bung, an khng tiu; v kh c
th dng dt xng tru mui. L v r d tri cam nng, sung gan vng da.
Ti liu s dng :
- Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases (J im Duke)
- The Oxford Companion to Food (Alain Davidson)
- Whole Foods Companion (Dianne Onstad)
- Strange Food (Michael freeman)
- Tu din Cy Thuc Vit Nam (V van Chi)
Mu tm...HOA SIM
' Ngy xua nng yu hoa sim tm
o nng mu tm hoa sim..'
(Hu Loan)
::: Ds Trn Vit Hung :::
Cy Sim, Rhodomyrtus tomentosus, thuc ho thuc vt Myrtaceae duoc
goi tai Anh My l Ceylon Hill Cherry, Hill gooseberry, Downy Myrtle.. ngoi ra
cn c nhng tn khc nhu Nanking Cherry, Mongolian cherry .. Tai Trung
Hoa sim duoc goi l o kim nang (Tao-jin-niang). Sim moc hoang tai cc
vng di troc tai cc khu vuc ni non hay dng bng.
Tn goi Downy Myrtle (Downy Cherry) do lng min ph l, dot non v
.. di khi c qu vo ma h.
Cy Sim c ngun gc tai Trung , nhung sau d d duoc thun ha tai
Nht, Triu Tin v ri dn cc vng pha Ty Trung Hoa, dn tn Turkestan
(Nga s). Cy thch hop vi kh hu mt lanh, dt kh cn..
Sim duoc dua vo Bc My nm 1882, v duoc ua thch ngay vo giai
doan du nhp, nhung dn gia th k 20, th hu nhu bi qun lng..
Cy thuc loai tiu mc, c th moc thnh bui, cao 1-3m. L moc di c
phin dy, mp l nguyn, phin l c 3 gn, mt dui c lng min. Hoa moc
don dc hay tng nhm 3 chic nch l. Hoa mu hng tm. Qu mong
mu tm xm, dung knh c 12mm, cha nhiu hat. Cy ra hoa vo cc
thng 4-5 v ra qu trong cc thng 8-9. i hoa nhiu khi cn dnh lai vi
qu.
Thnh phn ha hoc :
Ton cy cha Betulin v Lupeol; v thn cha 19% tanin.
Qu Sim cha : (100 gram )
- Nuc 85 %
- Cht dam : 0.6 g
- Cht bo : 0.2 g
- Carbohydrates : 10.7 g
- Cht so : 5.6 g
- Cc khong cht :
* Calcium (40 mg),
* Phosphorus (15 mg),
* St (0.9 mg).
- Cc vitamins :
* A (74 IU), Thiamine (0.07 mg),
* Riboflavin (0.04 mg),
* Niacin (0.3 mg)
- Cc acid v dung hu co.
Duoc tnh v cch s dung :
R, l v qu Sim duoc dng lm duoc liu trong Y hoc c truyn Vit
Nam v Trung Hoa.
Tai Trung Hoa : Cy duoc ghi chp trong Bn tho cuong muc thnh 2 vi
thuc : qu l o kim nang (Tao-chin-niang) hay Son nim t (shan-nien-
tzu) cn r l Son nim cn.
Sim duoc xem l c vi ngot/cht, tnh bnh .
* R : c tc dung 'khu phong, hoat lac', thu lim v ch t ; duoc dng
d tri sung bao t cp tnh, n khng tiu, sung gan, dau nhc do phong
thp..
* L : c tc dung thu lim, ch t; cng dng d tri sung bao t, n
khng tiu, dng dp ngoi d tri xut huyt.
* Qu : c tc dung b huyt, dng tri thiu mu khi c thai, suy nhuoc
sau con bnh, an thai.
Vi phuong thc s dung :
trj thiu mu , mpt ti, mi lpnh, tay chn lpnh, hay chong
vng, chng mpt : Dng 15 gram qu kh, 15 gram long nhn nhuc, 30
gram dung phn. Nu la nh dn chn. n 1 hay 2 ln mi ngy,.
Gip mau hi phc sau con bnh : Dng 30 gram qu kh, 30 gram
thit heo nac v 2-3 qu to tu. Thm nuc, nu dn chn. n mi ngy.
Trj dau hay lot bao t, sung rut v kit ly : Dng 60 gram qu
kh, thm nuc, hp dn chn nh v cht ly nuc. Ung mi ngy 1-2
cups, bui sng khi thc dy, v khi di ng..Ung trong 20 ngy.
Trj tiu chy noi tr em : Sao dn chy den 30 gram qu kh. un nh
la trong nuc dn chn. Ung ngy 3 ln.
Xut tinh, tai, Chong vng v mt ng : Dng 60 gram qu kh,
mt qu trng, 30 gram dung vng, v luong va d ruou trng (vodka hay
sake). Hm nh la dn chn. Ung ht mt ln truc khi di ng.
Cch ch tpo pu Nhn tu ( Dou Ren wine) : Ly 500 gram qu kh
ngm trong 1 lit ruou trng (hay vodka, sake) trong 10 ngy, mi ngy lc ,
trn mt ln.. c th dng lm ruou khai vi.
Ti liu s dung :
- Medicinal Plants of China (J. Duke & E. Ayensu)
- Fruits as Medicine (Dai Yin-fang & Liu Cheng-jun)
Su Ho
cy rau..nn dng..
::: Ds Trn Vit Hung :::
Su ho hay Kohlrabi l mt cy rau..la trong gia dnh cc cy c ci
Brassica. Mt s cy c ci tuy cng c thn phnh thnh c dng nui gia
sc nhu loai Neapolitan Borecole nhung khng cy no c c pht trin ton
ven d c hnh dang bin di khc hn so vi cc cy cng ho. Su ho, c
ngun gc t vng quanh ia Trung Hi, duoc trng kh ph bin tai ng
u (Hungary, Lin s c), c, Bc Php, , o..v tai Do thi, Trung
Hoa..v nhng nuc n di. Cy t thng dung tai chu ngoai tr vng Bc
v n d, Kashmir, Nepal..
Trong sch v c, ngay t Th k th nht, Pliny d ghi chp mt loai c
'Corinthian turnip' moc ni trn mt dt, nhung sau d ng khng m t g
thm..Nhng ghi chp du tin dng tin cy cho thy Su ho duoc trng tai
Php t th k 14..ri sau d duoc dua sang c ri sang
Cy duoc du nhp vo Vit Nam vo cui th k 19 v duoc trng tai
nhng vng cao min Bc, tai lat, Lm dng (min Nam), cy thch hop
vi nhit d 12-22 d C.
Tn khoa hoc v nhng tn goi :
Brassica oleracea gongylodes caulorapa hay ngn hon B.caulorapa, thuc
ho thuc vt Brassicaceae.
Tn la-tinh Brassica do ting Celtic : 'bresic' ; oleraceae d ch mt cy
rau trng trong vun c th dng dun nu. Ch gongylodes nghia l trn hay
phnh to ln; trong khi d caulorapa l c ci (turnip) c ngon. Tn Anh ng
Kohlrabi do t ch la tinh 'caulis'= c ngon v 'rapa'=turnip.
Tn goi tai Php : Chou-Raves, tai c : Knollkohl, tai : Cavolo rapa.
c tnh thuc vt :
Su-ho thuc loai cy tho lung nin, c thn phnh thnh c hnh cu
(dung knh t 5-10 cm) hay cu dep, thn-c mu xanh ta hay xanh nhat
moc cao hon mt dt khong vi cm tao ra mt khi mm. L c phin hnh
thun nhu trng, phng mu xanh luc dm : mp l don sng, x thy
phn gc, c cung di. Hoa moc thnh cum ngon thn. Qu cha nhiu
hat nh c gc canh.
Su ho thung duoc thu hoach khi cn non, c khi cn mm v khi gi c
ha so ( do cc b mach ha g kh nhanh) , n khng ngon, vi tr thnh
nhat.
Vi ging thng dung :
Ging Su ho trng= White Kohlrabi (Chou-rave Blanc) : L ngn, c
30-40 cm, c cong dy nhu ngn tay, c xanh nhat hay trng dung knh
khong12-20 cm. Cy cn 4 thng mi duoc thu hoach (6-7 thng l pht
trin hon ton). Khi l rung d lai trn c nhng vt nhu vt theo.
Ging Su ho tm = Purple Kohlrabi (Chou-rave violet) , khc vi ging
trng ch c, cong l v gn l du mu tm.
Ging Vienna Kohlrabi (Chou-rave Blanc htif de Vienne) : y l
ging ngn ngy (2 thng), rt t l v l rt ngn c 15-20 cm, cong mng.
Ging Gigante (Giant Winter) : y l ging su ho dc bit, gc t
Tip khc, duoc chon d ci thin thm tai Hoa Ky (do E. Meader New
Hampshire). Cy cho c rt to, dung knh trn 25 cm, bnh thung nng
trn 10 pounds. C su ho gi k luc th gii nng dn 62 pounds (cn c
l). Su ho Gigante c thm dc dim l phn thit vn gi duoc d dn,
trng v mm d thu hoach tr khi c d tuong di gi. Cc nuc ng u
dng su ho ny d lm mn sauerkraut.
Thnh phn dinh dung :
100 gram phn n duoc cha :
C Tuoi C Nu Chn
- Calories 27 29
- Cht dam 1.70 g 1.80 g
- Cht bo 0.10 g 0.11g
- Cht so 1.00 g 1.10 g
- Calcium 24 mg 25 mg
- St 0.40 mg 0.40 mg
- Magnesium 19 mg 19 mg
-
Phosphorus
46 mg 45 mg
- Potassium 350 mg 340 mg
- Sodium 20 mg 21 mg
- Beta
Carotene (A)
36 IU 35 IU
- Thiamine 0.050 mg 0.040 mg
- Riboflavine
(B2)
0.020 mg 0.020 mg
- Niacin (B3) 0.400 mg 0.390 mg
- Pantothenic
acid (B5)
0.165 mg n/a
- Pyridoxine
(B6)
0.150 mg
- Ascorbic
acid
62.0 mg 54 mg
L su ho cng dng lm rau cha : nuc (82%), cht dam (1.9 %),
cht bo (0.9 %), cht so (2.2%).
Xt v phuong din dinh dung, Su ho l mt ngun cung cp kh tt
v Vitamin C (vi nhng kh nng gip co th chng d bnh, b dung v
gip hp thu calcium). Su ho cng l ngun cung cp Potassium v Vitamin
B6. Theo khoa Dinh dung tri liu th Su-ho l mt thuc phm rt tt d
thanh loc mu v thn, gip nui dung da, loai cc cht dc khi co th,
dng thi b dung cho xuong, h tiu ha, v cc hach trong co th.
Hat Su ho c cha mt protein c tc dung c ch trypsin, tuong tu nhu
napsin. Protein ny cha nhng acid-amin xp dt theo nhng trnh tu da
dang, chua duoc xc dinh r rt.
Hat Su ho cha Glucoraphanine mt tin cht ca Sulforaphane, v
nhng hop cht phc tap khc nhu 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, glucosi nolates,
acid bo loai erucic acid..(PubMed PMID 14969551) .
Cng nhu cc cy rau trong gia-dnh Brassica, Su ho cha nhm hop
cht dithiolthiones, c nhng tc dung chng ung thu, chng oxy-ha; v
nhng indoles c kh nng bo v chng ung thu v, ung thu rut gi , v
sulphur c thm hoat tnh khng sinh v khng siu vi trng. (xin doc 'Duoc
tnh ca nhng cy Rau ci' trong Y-T Nguyt San)
Duoc tnh v cch dng :
Tai Trung Hoa, Su ho duoc goi dui cc tn qiu jing gan lan, hay jie lan
tou.. Su ho duoc xem l c vi ngot/cay, tnh mt; tc dung vo cc kinh
mach thuc Ty v Vi. V c c tc dung ha dm Thn c tc dung tiu vim,
gim dau. L v hat c tc dung tiu thuc.
Su ho thung duqc dng d trj ung lot bao-t, ung lot t
trng, n khng tiu, n mt ngon : Lt v mt c su ho, thi thnh
ming mng, nh, d trong bu thy tinh; thm mt ong va d d ngm
trong 2 ngy dn khi su ho tr thnh mm v ngm d mt. n hng ngy
(nhai nh).
Tpi Vit Nam, Su ho cng duqc dng nhu Ci bp d trj bjnh sung
v lot t trng : c th p tuoi ly nuc ct ung hay dng chung vi l
sng di (mi th 30 gram), gi nt, vt ly nuc ung..
Ti liu s dung :
- Whole Foods Companion (Dianne Onstad)
- Uncommon Fruits & Vegetables (Elizabeth Schneider)
- Vegetables as medicine (Chang Chao-liang)
- Chinese Vegetables (Geri Harrington)
- Medicinal Plants of China (J. Duke)
SU-SU -
Cy rau b| b qun ?
::: DS Trn Vit Hung :::
Trong s cc cy rau..Su-su c le l cy rau tuy kh thng dung nhung lai rat t nguoi ch dn
cc dac tnh dinh duong v tri liu cua cy..
Su-su hay Chayote duoc xp vo cc cy nhm bau-b (squash), c ngun gc tai Mexico, Brazil
(?) v vng Trung My (tn pht xuat tu ting Axtec Nahualt : `chayotl)..
Cy c le duoc dua sang trng tai dao Reunion tu 1836 v tu dy du nhap vo cc nuc min
Nam Chu u ( Cy duoc dua dn Algeria vo giua th k 19 v sau d dn Php, d duoc goi l
christophene hay brionne) v sau d sang cc vng nhit di nhu An d, Indonesia,
NewZealand..Tai Vit Nam, su-su duoc trng tai cc vng c kh hau mt nhu lat, Tam dao,
nhung noi c nhit d thch hop 10-12 d C.
Tai Hoa Ky, su-su duoc trng nhiu nhat cc tiu bang Louisiana, Florida, tuy nhin da s su-
su bn trn thi truong duoc dua dn tu Costa Rica v Puerto Rico (Theo USDA khoang 38 triu
pounds su-su duoc dua vo My nam 1996, tang tu 20 triu nam 1990..v 5 triu nam 1980..)
Tn khoa hoc v cc tn thung goi :
Sechium edule thuc ho thuc vat Cucurbitaceae.
Tn thuong goi : Custard marrow, Choco, Vegetable pear, Mango squash, Mirliton (tai Louisiana),
Christophine (tai Trinidad), Pepinello, Sousous, Chocho, Chuchu..Pear apple, Vegetable pear.
Tai vng pha Nam nuc , su-su c tn l cocuzza a centanaia (cy bau b gia tang hng 100
lan, c le d chi kha nang sinh si nay n cua cy)
c tnh thuc vt :
Su-su thuc loai dy leo sng lu nam c th cao 1-1.5 m, r phnh ra thnh cu. Cy c l to,
bng, hnh chn vit chia lm 5 thy, c tua cun chia lm 3-5 nhnh. Hoa nh, mu vng, don
tnh moc cng gc. Hoa duc moc thnh chy, hoa ci moc don dc noi nch l. Hoa duoc cc
nh trng tia xp vo loai cho mat rat ngot. Qua mng thit hnh tri l c canh li v san si, v
ngoi c mu thay di tu kem nhat trang dn xanh luc dam, trong chua 1 hat ln , co 0.25-0.50
cm hnh cau, hat c th moc mam bn trong qua chn. Qua tu hoa ci c da lng v duoc ua
thch hon so vi qua tu hoa duc c nhung gai nh. Qua non v nh , khng can lt v, c vi
ngon hon qua gi v ln (cng gi vi cng nhat di, v can lt v khi su dung). Qua trung bnh
nang tu 200 dn 450 gram. Cy su-su cho nang suat kh cao : mt cy c th cho hng tram
qua.
(c ti liu cho rang su-su gai v su-su tron l do 2 ging khc nhau)
Thnh phn dinh dung :
100 gram phan an duoc chua :
Qu tuoi Qu nu chn
- Calories 24 24
- Cht dam 0.90 g 0.62 g
- Cht bo 0.30 g 0.48 g
- Cht so 0.70 g 0.58 g
- Calcium 19 mg 13 mg
- St 0.40 mg 0.22 mg
- Magnesium 14 mg 12 mg
- Phosphorus 26 mg 29 mg
- Potassium 150 mg 173 mg
- Sodium 4 mg 1mg
- Beta-Carotene (A)
56 IU 47 IU
- Thiamine (B1) 0.030 mg 0.026 mg
- Riboflavin (B2) 0.040 mg 0.040 mg
- Niacin 0.500 mg 0.420 mg
- Pantothenic acid 0.483 mg 0.408 mg
- Ascorbic acid 11 mg 8 mg
v phuong din dinh duong : Su-su cung cap t calories, thch hop cho nguoi tiu duong, bo
ph. Su-su cung chua t sodium v nhiu potassium, nhiu chat so (100 gram cung cap khoang
15 gram chat so dinh duong) nn thch hop cho nguoi cao huyt p, to bn.
Nhng nghin cu v duoc tnh ca Su-su :
- Nghin cuu tai H West Indies, Kingston (J amaica) ghi nhan cc dich chit tu v ngoi v tu
phan thit cua qua su-su khi chch cho chut d bi gy m, tao ra mt tc dung ha huyt p
(khoang 23 mm Hg), v khng gy anh hung trn nhip tim. Hoat tnh ha huyt p c le khng
do anh huong trn cc bap thit co tim (West Indian Medical J ournal S 49-2000)
- Dich chit Su-su c hoat tnh uc ch kh manh kha nang gy bin chung cua 2-amino-3-
methyl-imidazol[4,5-f] quinoline trn vi khuan Salmonella typhimurium TA 98. Hoat tnh ny gip
nhung nguoi an su-su c thm kha nang ngua vi loai ung thu..(Food Chemistry and Toxicology
S 39-2001).
- Nghin cuu tai BV S. Giuseppe, Milano () ghi nhan ch pham Bionormalizer ( ch tao do ln
men du du, su-su v pennsetum purpureum) c kha nang cai thin d nht, d tham loc cua
mu noi nhung nguoi nghin ruou. Cc hoat tnh ny gip bnh nhn nghin ruou mau phuc hi
duoc cc chuc nang huyt-hoc (Hepatogastroen terology S 48-2001)
Vi phuong thc s dung :
- Su-su, khi mua v nn su dung cng sm cng tt v tn tru trong tu lanh, qua se thay di sau
1 tuan, tao ra mt vi mc mat ngon. Thit cua qua mu xanh nhat c d dn v vi duoc xem l
pha trn giua dua leo, zucchini v su-ho. Su-su non c vi ngot hon v can lt v truc khi dun
nau. Khi lt v nn lt dui vi nuc dang chay d trnh c th bi ngua do nhua cua qua)
- C th dng dot non, l lm rau.
- Ht su-su , c th an duoc sau khi nau chn, c vi tuong tu nhu dau ngu (dau lima) pha trn
vi hanh nhn.
- R cu kh ln v sp c khi nang dn 10 kg, c vi nhu khoai mi.
- L su-su duoc xem l c tc dung `thanh nhit, tiu thung' nn c th dng d tri mun nhot,
lm `mt' co th.
- Tai vng Nam Trung Hoa, su-su duoc goi l Phat-thu qua do hnh dang cua qua ging nhu mt
bn tay nam lai c nhung vt li ln nhu nam dam. Nguoi Hoa hay dng su-su nau vi thit heo
lm canh dinh-duong gip tri nhung truong hop suy nhuoc, co th mat suc.
Ti liu s dung :
- Whole Foods Companion (Diane Onstad)
- Uncommon Fruits & Vegetables (E. Schneider)
- The Oxford Companion to Foods (Alain Davidson)
- Prevention Magazine's Nutrition Advisor.
- The Visual Food Encyclopedia (Quebec/Amerique)
To
To Tu
Ti Ty
Wasabi
Gia vi khng th thiu
trong mn SUSHI
::: DS Trn Vit Hng :::
Ngui Vit Nam tai Hoa Ky, nu ua thch mn n Nht, chc s phi bit
dn mt gia vi dc do khng th thiu, goi l Wasabi, thung duoc don km
theo mn Sushi, khi ngi s cm thy ngay mt ln hoi cay, xc thng ln
mi, gy chy nuc mt rn rua.
Vi ngui ngoai quc n mn Nht, wasabi l mt thnh phn duong
nhin phi c trong sushi v nu sushi hay sashimi m khng c..wasabi th
l mt chuyn..khng th chp nhn duoc.. theo nhu khng c t chili trong
mn tuong-t !!
Sn phm wasabi dang duoc by bn tai cc Cho thuc phm Hoa Ky, da
s l nhng hn hop ch bin 'nhi lai' bt chuc theo mn wasabi truyn
thng tai Nht (ch tao bng cch nghin ci wasabi, trng tai Nht). Nu
doc ky nhn hiu in trn cc hp thic ' Wasabi powder' hay cc ng cha
'Prepared wasabi' th s thy nguyn liu chnh d ch tao cc sn phm ny
l horse radish v mu xanh ca sn phm l do phm mu tao ra..v di
nhin dy khng phi l 'Wasabi xin'
Tn khoa hoc v cc tn goi khc :
Eutrema wasabi hay Wasabi japonica thuc ho thuc vt Brassicaceae
Cc tn khc : Wasabia, Japanese horseradish. Mountain hollyhock
Namida (Nuc mt) (Nht)
c tnh thuc vt :
Wasabi thuc loai cy lung nin, thn moc thng dng cao 20-
40 cm, r thnh chm, moc lan. L hnh thn hay hnh tri tim ln
dn 15cm, mt trn xanh bng, c cung di mu luc hay tm-ta,
moc t dy thn. Hoa c 4 cnh mu trng moc thnh chm nh.
Qu thuc loai nang di v hep, trong cha vi hat ln.
R c c th hoi cong, c rt nhiu r phu nh, c v mu nu
nhat hay xanh nhat, c nhng mt nh trn ton thn. Sau khi cao
ht v s d l phn thit mu xanh luc nhat
R c duoc thu hoach vo ma Xun hay ma Thu, khong 2 nm sau
khi trng, c th dng tuoi, hay phoi kh ri tn thnh bt (R c tuoi duoc
cao hay lm thnh khi nho d n trong cc mn c sng, L v hoa duoc
thu hoach lc hoa bt du n : dng n tuoi hay mui chua lm thnh mn
wasabi-zuke. (Khi cao c wasabi tuoi, khong 20 cht men duoc phng thch
, khi dng cc phn ng ha hoc d tao ra cc huong vi dc bit)
Theo truyn thng Nht, wasabi duoc trng tai cc vng dt ven sui hay
b si doc cc ging sng nuc trong vt tai cc thung lng vng ni cao
trong ni dia Nht, nhung tai Nht ngy nay dt cn dt hon c vng.. nn
din tch canh tc wasabi cng ngy cng bi thu hep, khng tng t 1945
trong khi d nhu cu wasabi lai gia tng theo d pht trin ca mn n Nht
di khp th gii, nht l qua My v u chu. Gi wasabi tng khin cc nh
sn xut phi tm moi cch d thay wasabi bng horseradish..chc chn l
phm cht km hn !(Gi bn nm 1999, mt hp wasabi tuoi nng 1 pound,
d cho 30 phn n, gi di t Nht l 52.95 d la US, chua k ph tn dng
gi v gi di)
Mt s noi trn th gii d tm cch trng wasabi d cung cp cho nhu
cu ca Nht, da s du tht bai..v hin nay ch Oregon (Hoa Ky)..l noi d
trng duoc..wasabi.
Tai Florence (Oregon), wasabi duoc trng trong cc trai s dung mi
trung nhn tao (hydroponic), tao cc diu kin th-nhung tuong tu nhu tai
Nht. Cy khng trng t hat, nhung do nhn ging v-tnh (cloned) trong
cc ng th nghim tai mt s Trung Tm Sinh hoc California v Seattle.
Cy ging duoc chuyn v Florence, trong nh king c h thngkim sot
nhit d v phun suong, diu ha d m hon ton tu dng. Mi nm khong
100 ngn cy 'mi' duoc sn xut theo quy trnh khp kn ny.
Trai nui trng Wasabi tai Florence duoc bo v cn thn bng h thng
hng ro cao 8 foot v h thng bo dng canh gi.
Sau 5 nm nghin cu v th nghim, dot thu hoach thuong mi du
tin d dat duoc kt qu tt vo nm 1997, chng minh duoc l wasabi..c
th trng duoc..ngoi ni dia Nht..tri hn vi su khng dinh ca cc Nh
trng ta Nht, qu quyt l..' khng th c wasabi..ngoi dt Nht'!
Nm 1994, d c ngui mun vo trai bng cch..leo ro v bi nhn vin
an ninh bt gi (tay leo ro ny mang theo my quay kim v cc thit bi din
t rt ti tn d do v ghi chp..v l nhn vin ca mt s qun ngoai
quc..khng duoc nu tn..), mt ln khc, 4 ngui trn mt chic limousine
li nhanh vo trai, 3 ngui ha knh xe xung, quay phim tht le v chun
nhanh.. dy l nhng ngui Nht !
Nm th Wasabi :
Wasabi tuoi c vi khc hn vi loai wasabi lm bng horseradish (dung
trong ng hay loai bt phi 'ti tao' truc khi n !
Khi tri mng 2 loai wasabi va k, trn mt lt mng c ahi tuna sng,
ri chm vo 'x du' (soy sauce)..ngui n s thy c 2 loai wasabi du dua
dn mt muc tiu l c mt ln hoi cay..xc ln mi..nhung trn thuc
t..bng 2 li khc nhau :
Wasabi 'dm' (thay bng horseradish)..c v ging nhu bt du mt cuc
'dua xe': Al-hp! Hoi xc nhanh ln mi v c v nhu tam lai mt cht..
gai vi gic cn c thi gian d ly lai cm gic..
Nguoc lai, Wasabi 'xin', cao nh v cn d t 10-15 pht ch cho d cay
v vi nng pht trin d..xc vo mi t t, tng dn dn cuc dim (nhu
nghe mt bi nhac crescendo). Vi cay nng sau d nhat dn d lai mt huong
vi dc bit.. v cc gai vi gic khng bi nh hung nn vn cm nhn duoc vi
ngon ca c..
Trong trung hop l n qu liu wasabi, bi hoi cay gy ho hay sc dn
tc nghen, nn bt du th bng ming, trnh ht vo theo dung mi d hoi
cay khng xm nhp phi, v nn dng 1-2 hp nuc ngot d gip gim vi
cay.
Cc nghin cu v duoc tnh ca Wasabi :
Ngay t th k th 10, ngui Nht d ghi chp v Wasabi trong cc sch
y-duoc v cho rng wasabi c th tri duoc cc chng ng dc v thuc phm
v dng wasabi nhu mt phuong thuc gii dc.
Ngy nay, da s cc nghin cu v wasabi duoc thuc hin tai Nht
Kh nng chng ngung t tiu cu v chng ung thu :
Nghin cu tai H Nagoya (Nht) nm 2000 ghi nhn 6-Methylsulfinyl
hexyl-isothiocyante (MS-ITC) c lp duoc t Wasabi c hoat tnh manh
chng ngung tu tiu cu (in vitro). y l mt khm ph bt ng khi
th nghim mt s rau c v kh nng kch hoat men glutathione S-
transfe rase trn t bo RL 34 : MS-ITC kch khi rt manh GST v
duoc cho l c vai tr quan trong chng tiu cu v chng ung thu do
phn ng vi nhm sulfhydryl (RSH) (Biofactors S 13-2000).
Nghin cu khc tai H Shizuoka (Nht) ghi nhn MS-ITC gy ra tin
trnh apoptosis noi dng t bo ung thu mu noi ngui U937 v t bo
ung thu bao t noi ngui dng MKN45 (Phytochemistry S 62-2003).
Nghin cu tai H Kanazawa Gakuin (Nht) ghi nhn MS-ITC c ch
duoc su tng trung ca nhiu loai t bo ung thu nht l ung thu v
v ung thu loai melanoma, nng d s dung tuong di thp : nng
d trung bnh cn thit d c ch duoc 50% s t bo nui cy l 3.9
microM. c dim ny khin MS-ITC rt c trin vong d dng tri ung
thu. (Cancer Detect and Prevention S 29-2005)
Cht desulfosinigrin ly trch t bt v t r tuoi wasabi c tc dung
lm gim duoc nguy co bi mt s ung thu nhu rut (th trn t bo
HCT-116), v (t bo MCF-7), phi (NCI H460) (Nutrition Cancer S
48-2004).
Cc hop cht linolenoyloleyl-3-beta-galactosylglycerol (1) v 1,2-
dipalmi toyl-3-beta-galactosylglycerol (2) trch duoc t wasabi cho
thy c hoat tnh c ch men COX-1 nng d 250 microg/mL ( cht
1 c ch 42% v cht 2: 47%). Ngoi ra cht 2 , nng d 60 microg/
mL, c ch duoc su tng trung ca c t bo ung thu rut (28%),
phi (17%), bao t (44%) (Nghin cu ca Michigan State University
trong Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry S 9-2005)
Nghin cu tai H Y khoa Hyogo (Nht) ghi nhn wasabi c kh nng
c ch duoc cc tin trnh ung thu bao t gy ra bi N-methyl-N'-
nitrogua nidine (th noi chut) (Nutrition Cancer S 16-1991).
Hopt tnh khng sinh :
Nghin cu tai Iwate Biotechnology Research Center (Nht) : Mt hop
cht loai protein, tam goi l WjAMP-1, trch duoc t l wasabi c hoat
tnh khng sinh v khng nm. Khu vuc C-tn cng ca protein ny c
trnh tu acid amin gn ging vi hevein (trch t cy cao-su Hevea
brasiliansis). Mt hop cht loai WjAMP-1 -recombinant dang duoc th
nghim d chng nm gy bnh v siu vi (potato virus X) tai Nht
(Plant Cell Physiology S 44-2003).
Hai loai phytoalexins trch t wasabi : Wasalexin A v B c hoat tnh
chng nm blackleg (Leptoshaeria maculans), nm Phoma lingam (H
Saskatchewan-Canada).
Nghin cu tai H Kangnung (Nam Hn) ghi nhn cc allyl isothiocya
nate trong r, l v dot wasabi (t l trong r l 1.18 %, trong dot l
0.41% v trong l: 0.38%) c hoat tnh chng Helicobacter pylori cc
chng NCTC 11637, YS 27 v YS 50. L wasabi c hoat tnh st trng
manh nht, nng d c ch ti thiu (MIC) l 1.01-1.35 mg l kh/ ml
di vi c 3 chng Helicobacter; hoat tnh ca r thp hon, phi dng
2.09-4.17 mg/ml. Tuy nng d allylthiocyanate trong l thp hon l
trong r nhung tc dung st trng lai manh hon, do d c th trong l
cn c thm cc hoat cht khng sinh khc (International Journal of
Food Microbio logy S 94-2004).
Hopt tnh gii dc thc phm :
Allylisothiocynate c nhng tc dung c ch su tng trung ca cc vi
khun gy ng dc thuc phm v nm gy bnh. L v r wasabi du
c hoat tnh loai peroxidase, oxy ha v thu nht cc superoxyde.
Hoat tnh chng bin chng (tao ung thu) duoc ghi nhn kh manh
trn 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (mt cht gy
bin chng v tao ung thu gp trong c, thit nung). 3 cht gii dc
d duoc c lp, trong d cht chnh l (-)-(R)-7-
methylsulfinylheptylisothiocyanate (Biofactors S 13-2000)
Ti liu s dung :
Encyclopedia of Herbs (Deni Brown)
The Oregonian Food Day (March 18, 1999)
Herbs ( Lesley Bremness-Eyewitness & Handbooks)
Japanese Cooking (Emi Kazuno)
On Food and Cooking (Harold McGee)