Example 2 - Option 3: Bent Columns On Capped Piles - An Alternate Way To Connect The Columns To The Pile Caps

Example 2 Option 3:
Bent columns on capped piles - an alternate way to connect the columns to the pile caps
Slide 1 - no change
Abutment
Bent cap
Pile cap Abutment Piles: 14" concrete-filled steel pipe
Details on following slides
10/26/2011
Example2-Two-Equal-Spans-Option3-Final.ppt
Slide 2 - no change
railing 8" slab deck 4" 8.25' 6.25' 4.0'
BT-63 girder
Top of column at midheight of bent cap 30.25'
32.25' 47.0'
24.0' 20.0'
Ground level 4.0' 14.75' 12.75' Top of piles at midheight of pile cap
Assumed point of pile fixity (idealized cantilever pile)
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Slide 3
Stop column at top of pile cap and insert a Joint Constraint between the joint at the column base and the center joint at the mid-depth of the pile cap
Bent cap
Pile cap: 13' x 13' x 4'

30"
14" concrete-filled steel pipe

13.0' 2.0'
5.0' 13.0'
8.5' 2.0'
Base of column
Joint at base of column
4.0' 12.75'
4.5'
6.5'
Joint constraint Center joint at mid-depth of cap
4.5' 2.0'
Assumed point of pile fixity
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Z Pinned bearing X
X = 80.0' Z=0 Z = -6.083' Z = -8.25'
Z = -6.25'
Z = -6.083' Roller bearing (X = 0, X = 160')
Z = -6.25
Abutment
Bent column Joint Constraint

Z = -30.25' Z = -32.25' Z = -47.0'
22.0'
2.0' 14.75'
Base of column
X = 73.5'
X = 75.5'
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X = 84.5'
Shows the Joint Constraint that "connects" the joint in the column base and the center joint at the mid-depth of the pile cap
X = 86.5'
Slide 4
Slide 4
Shows the Joint Constraint that "connects" the joint in the column base and the center joint at the mid-depth of the pile cap
Z Y
15.0'
13.0' 8.5' 4.0' 2.0'
Y=0
Y = -15.0 Y = -13.0
Y = -4.0 Y = -2.0
Y=0
Units: feet Y = -8.5
Views toward X = 0
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Y = 13.0
Y = 2.0 Y = 4.0
Y = 8.5
Z X Y
next 2 slides
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Y = - 8.5'
Z View in +X direction Y top of deck Z=0
bent cap column pile nodes overlapping nodes
bent cap ( frame section ) Z = - 8.25'
column ( frame section ) base of column Z = - 30.25' Z = - 32.25'
Joint Constraint
pile cap ( made up of thickplate finite elements )
pile ( frame section )
10/26/2011
Z X Y
top of pile cap in a plane at Z = - 30.25'
top of column at mid-depth of bent cap at X = 80.0', Y = - 8.5', Z = - 8.25' mid-depth of pile cap in a plane at Z = - 32.25' tops of piles in a plane at cap mid-depth Z = - 32.25'
Joint Constraint
column pile nodes bottoms of all piles at depth Z = - 47.0' overlapping nodes
10/26/2011
Joint Constraints - introduction

When a member is drawn the program creates joints at the ends of the member. For example, joints 1 and 2 shown below are created when a member is drawn from a "starting" point ( insert 1 ) to an "ending" point ( 2 ). Joints just created are connected by the member, and are the points at which the member is "connected" into the model:
starting point
Member
ending point
If a new second member is drawn parallel to ( but at a distance from ) the first member, new joints ( 3 and 4 ) are created. In this case, the joints in Member 1 ( 1 and 2 ) and in Member 2 ( 3 and 4 ) are not connected in any manner, and would not "work together" in the model unless connected by another component, or by a Joint Constraint.
Member 1
1 3
Member 2
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A Joint Constraint is a "conceptual device" that can used to rigidly connect two or more joints that are not connected by a component drawn between them. For example, joints 2 and 4 can be constrained ( i.e., forced ) to work together in the model:
Member 1
constraint
3
Member 2
Two joints that are rigidly constrained will "move together" ( i.e., they cannot displace relative to each other ) as the structure deforms. Like Mary and her Little Lambs, wherever one joint goes the other must exactly follow.
There are several types of constraints available in CSI Bridge. They can be seen by: Orb Resources Help (show) Index key word Constraint Define Joint Constraints
The constraint type that will be used in this example is a Body Constraint
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10
Body Constraint A Body Constraint is a type of Joint Constraint that "connects" two separate bodies (each with its own joint numbers) by linking one joint in each body. The connecting link between the two bodies is a rigid link between the selected joints. The connected joints act as a three-dimensional rigid body so that they cannot displace relative to each other. The connected joints may be at any positions in space. That is, if two bodies are to be connected by "constraining" one joint in each body, the selected in each body do not have to coincide ( do not have to lie on top of each other ). Example: Note that each "body" has its own joint numbering system.
Superstructure and bent drawn using Bridge Wizard
Pile cap and piles drawn by user outside of Bridge Wizard
Updating the bridge model will not link the two bodies because there are no coincident joints.
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11
Body Constraint ( continued )

The left column can be connected to the left cap/pile foundation by using the Body Constraint type of Joint Constraint to link Node 90 in the column with Node 46 in the foundation ( similar for the right column and foundation, using another Joint Constraint ). The Joint Constraint acts like a "link" between the two Nodes:
Joint Constraint "Link"
Multiple constraints can be used between multiple "bodies" within the structure. When the model is Updated, the program will use all constraints to merge the coordinates in all the separate bodies to form a single bridge model.
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12

Multiple constraints can be used between multiple "bodies" within the structure. When the model is Updated, the program will use all constraints to merge the coordinates in all the separate bodies to form a single bridge model. Thus:
Update uses two constraints to merge three bodies into one bridge model Body 1
Body Constraint 1
Body Constraint 2
Body 2
Body 3
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13

Note that the program does NOT actually draw the links between the constrained joints. The user can only see at any given time a single constraint, and the joints that are linked by that constraint. However, it is convenient to visualize a linkage between constrained joints. For Body Constraint 1 :
Visualized link: Body Constraint 1
Body Constraint 1 as displayed by program
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14
Welds A Weld is another form of Joint Constraint. It can be used to "connect the different parts of the structural model that where defined using separate meshes" . It is not a single constraint, but rather is a set of constraint linking multiple pairs of joints. A Weld is used to connect several joints along the boundary between two separate body meshes:
Figure 12, CSI Analysis Reference Manual
A single Weld can be used to link Joint 121 to 221, Joint 122 to 222, etc. Welds are not used in this example.
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15
How to go from Example 2 Option 2 to Option 3 ?
Coincident node: top of pile, mid-depth of cap, base of column
Joint Constraint type: Body Constraint
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16
Overview
Start with the bridge model from Exercise 2 Option 2 Home YZ plane view X = 80
Extrude on
Column length: 24.0'
Extrude off
column
pile cap
Z = - 32.25
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17
Starting point from previous slide
Existing 24.0' columns must be deleted before Bent_free_base can be redefined with 22.0' columns ( column base springs are not changed )
24.0' columns
remove 24.0' columns
Z = - 32.25
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18
Redefine Bent_free_base to have 22.0' columns
24.0' columns removed
add 22.0' columns
Z = - 32.25
Z = - 30.25
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19
Link segments ( constrain joints ) and Update bridge model
Use Body Constraints BODY1 and BODY2 to link segments
Update bridge model
BODY1
add two Body Constraints
BODY2
BODY1
BODY2
Z = - 30.25 Z = - 32.25
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20
View joints linked using Body Constraint BODY1
View joints linked using Body Constraint BODY2
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21
Open file CSI Bridge file Example2-Two-Equal-Span-Option3.bdb saved at the end of Option 2
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22
In YZ plane @ X = 80, mark the bent column segments and nodes to be deleted.
End selection
Selection box
Three column segments and two nodes per bent column
Don't delete these joints
Left-click mouse and drag from right to left to make selection. Selection box must include or touch two nodes and three column segments in each of the bent columns
Start selection
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23
Column segments and nodes selected for deletion
Selected column segments and nodes are now deleted
Delete
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24
Open Components tab to access Bent_free_base to change column lengths
10/26/2011
25
No change
10/26/2011
26
In Bridge tab Update Bridge Model to add re-defined Bent_free_base
22-ft column
2-ft gap
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27
Use Display Options to turn on Joint Labels
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28
Increase font sizes ( also increases size of boundary condition symbols )
Right-click anywhere in view pane
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29
Define two Body Constraints, one for each column-foundation connection

Z View toward X = 0 Y
Node numbers after model Update that redefined the bent column lengths BODY1
Body Constraint-type Joint Constraints: BODY1 links Nodes 46 and 90 BODY2 links Nodes 43 and 87 BODY2
Z = - 30.25 Z = - 32.25
Pile cap
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30
Use Home Display Options to turn off Joint Labels. Then use Advanced tab to create joint constraints BODY1 and BODY2
Constraints created by program during model construction
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31
10/26/2011
32
Assign each pair of joints to the specified Joint Constraints Z
View toward X = 0 Y
BODY1
BODY2
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33
Before going farther, make a change in the color that is used to display the joints assigned to all internal constraints ( joint links ) and external restraints ( reactions )
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34
ALL constraints and restraints will be changed to RED which is easier to see than the default gray
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35
Open Advanced tab, and select Nodes to be constrained by BODY1
Use mouse to select the two nodes by enclosing them in a selection box.
This selection can be made either Left-to-Right or Right-to-Left
Start selection
Selection box
End selection
Note that reaction symbol has changed to RED

10/26/2011 Example2-Two-Equal-Spans-Option3-Final.ppt 36
Assign BODY1 constraint to the selected joints
Selected joints
Select constraint BODY1 and then OK
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37
Selected joints now constrained by BODY1
This is the only place where the constraint name appears
Joints constrained by BODY1 change to RED. This is not permanent. Color will revert to BLACK when any other constraints are shown. Note that there is no "linkage symbol" drawn between these joints.
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38
In current view, select Nodes to be constrained by BODY2
Selection box
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39
Assign BODY2 constraint to the selected joints
Selected joints
Select constraint BODY2 and then OK
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40
Selected joints now constrained by BODY2
This is the only place where the constraint name appears
Joints constrained by BODY2 change to RED. As noted before, there is no "linkage symbol" drawn between these joints.
Note that only ONE joint constraint can be shown at a time. Thus, the joints constrained by BODY1 and those constrained by BODY2 cannot be seen at the same time.
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41
Update Bridge Model to link foundations to rest of structure. The Bridge Model is now complete.
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42
How to view Joint Constraint assignments

( Assume that Joint Labels are initially turned off )
Example situation: When an existing file is opened no Joint Constraints are shown. Recall that CSI Bridge does NOT show constraint "linkages" as components. There is no way to "turn on" a display of Joint Constraints to show them as linkages between joints. For example, the figure at left has two separate Joint Constraints, but they are not shown. The following steps will allow the user to select and view these constraints. The user must know that they exist, and the names of any constraints to be seen.
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43
To select and view Joint Constraint BODY1 that links Nodes 46 and 90
Use Home Display Options to turn on Joint Labels. This not required, but it helps see which joints are constrained ( linked )
Display Options
Opens Show Joint Assignments window ( next slide )
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44
The constrained joints are shown in the color ( here, red ) that was earlier selected for Constraints. The name of the Joint Constraint is given as shown below Select Constraint to be displayed
Joints linked by BODY1 ( appear as colored joints )
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45
Repeat to select and view Joint Constraint BODY2 that links Nodes 43 and 87
Joints linked by BODY2
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46
The constrained joints are shown in the color ( here, red ) that was earlier selected for Constraints. The name of the Joint Constraint is given as shown below
Joints linked by BODY2 ( appear as colored joints )
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47
Use Advanced More to clear Constraint display and return to "normal" view
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48
"Normal" YZ plane view restored
Note that there is no indication that these joints ( or any other joints ) are linked by a Joint Constraint
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49
In Home tab, use Display Options to turn off joint labels and then select 3D XZ view
Display options
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50
In the Analysis tab run an analysis for the DEAD loads
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51
Deflected profile displayed when Analysis is completed

Recall that the model is Locked. In order to make any changes in the model it must be Unlocked, which will erase the results of the analysis
Deflection reference line
Deflection at bent due to elastic shortening of the bent columns and the piles Joint Constraint ( not shown by the program ) Base of column and tops of piles deflect vertically by the same amount
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52
Selected vertical deflections
Z (U3)
Move cursor to joint
X (U1)
U3 = -0.461 in U3 = -0.2942 in
Set units to inches
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53
Return to Perspective view and turn off Joint Labels
Make joints Invisible in Display Options
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54
Longitudinal ( M3 ) moment diagram
Z Y
Structure ("global") coordinate system
X 2 1
Member coordinate system for member laid out from X = 0 to X at end of bridge 3103 ft-k
4923 ft-k
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55
Compare DEAD load moment diagrams for two column base connections
Option 2 Bent columns on pile foundations ( column extended to mid-depth of pile cap ) Option 3 Bent columns on pile foundations ( column base is at top of pile cap connected to cap by Joint Constraint )
4913 ft-k
4923 ft-k
3107 ft-k
3103 ft-k
Close enough for government work

Vertical reactions at tips of piles
If necessary, use Display Options to turn off Restraints symbols
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57
Isolated view of pile footing reactions in Y region
Vertical reactions
52.28
54.89
52.28 54.83 65.59
54.83
52.16 54.77 52.16
58
Reaction sum = 493.8 kips

10/26/2011 Example2-Two-Equal-Spans-Option3-Final.ppt
Show member axial force diagrams
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59
Compression forces in piles and in bent column where it connects to the Joint Constraint at the base of the column
Force at base of column = -371.1 kips
Rubberband zoom R = 52.28 kips ( Slide 58 )

Check pile footing vertical equilibrium
Column force at Joint Constraint = 371.1 kips
Pile cap weight = 101.4 kips

(computed in Option 2)
495.3 kips downward
Total pile weight = 22.8 kips

(computed in Option 2)
Close enough !!
52.28 54.89 52.28 65.59 54.83 52.16 Total reaction = 493.8 kips upward 54.77 52.16
54.83
10/26/2011: Updated from 10/22/2011: Page 4 corrected ( 22.0' vs 24.0' dimension ) No other changes
10/26/2011
62

Example 2 - Option 3: Bent Columns On Capped Piles - An Alternate Way To Connect The Columns To The Pile Caps

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Example 2 - Option 3: Bent Columns On Capped Piles - An Alternate Way To Connect The Columns To The Pile Caps

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Example 2 Option 3:

Pile cap Abutment Piles: 14" concrete-filled steel pipe

Details on following slides

Assumed point of pile fixity (idealized cantilever pile)

Pile cap: 13' x 13' x 4'

14" concrete-filled steel pipe

Joint constraint Center joint at mid-depth of cap

Assumed point of pile fixity

X = 80.0' Z=0 Z = -6.083' Z = -8.25'

Z = -6.083' Roller bearing (X = 0, X = 160')

Bent column Joint Constraint

Units: feet Y = -8.5

Z View in +X direction Y top of deck Z=0

bent cap column pile nodes overlapping nodes

bent cap ( frame section ) Z = - 8.25'

column ( frame section ) base of column Z = - 30.25' Z = - 32.25'

pile cap ( made up of thickplate finite elements )

pile ( frame section )

Joint Constraints - introduction

Superstructure and bent drawn using Bridge Wizard

Pile cap and piles drawn by user outside of Bridge Wizard

Body Constraint ( continued )

Joint Constraint "Link"

Body Constraint ( continued )

Body Constraint ( continued )

Visualized link: Body Constraint 1

Body Constraint 1 as displayed by program

Figure 12, CSI Analysis Reference Manual

How to go from Example 2 Option 2 to Option 3 ?

Coincident node: top of pile, mid-depth of cap, base of column

Joint Constraint type: Body Constraint

Column length: 24.0'

Starting point from previous slide

remove 24.0' columns

Redefine Bent_free_base to have 22.0' columns

24.0' columns removed

add 22.0' columns

Link segments ( constrain joints ) and Update bridge model

Use Body Constraints BODY1 and BODY2 to link segments

Update bridge model

add two Body Constraints

View joints linked using Body Constraint BODY1

View joints linked using Body Constraint BODY2

Three column segments and two nodes per bent column

Don't delete these joints

Column segments and nodes selected for deletion

Selected column segments and nodes are now deleted

Open Components tab to access Bent_free_base to change column lengths

In Bridge tab Update Bridge Model to add re-defined Bent_free_base

Use Display Options to turn on Joint Labels

Increase font sizes ( also increases size of boundary condition symbols )

Right-click anywhere in view pane

Define two Body Constraints, one for each column-foundation connection

Constraints created by program during model construction

Assign each pair of joints to the specified Joint Constraints Z

Open Advanced tab, and select Nodes to be constrained by BODY1

Note that reaction symbol has changed to RED

Assign BODY1 constraint to the selected joints

Select constraint BODY1 and then OK

Selected joints now constrained by BODY1

This is the only place where the constraint name appears

In current view, select Nodes to be constrained by BODY2

Assign BODY2 constraint to the selected joints