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CONTENTS
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MISSION PROFILE................................................................................................................... 11
SPACEWALKS ......................................................................................................................... 51
EXPERIMENTS ......................................................................................................................... 57
D E T A IL E D T ES T O B J E CT I VE S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 57
S H OR T- D UR A T I O N R E S EA RC H TO B E C OM P L E T E D D UR I N G S T S -1 2 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
E U R OP EA N EXP E RI M EN T PR O GRA M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 62
OCTOBER 2007
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CONTENTS i
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Sectionȱ Pageȱ
R E T UR N -T O -L A U N CH - SI T E ( R TL S ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 85
A B OR T O N C E A RO U N D (A OA ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 85
L A N D I NG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
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CONTENTS OCTOBER 2007
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ȱ
ȱ
ThisȱgraphicȱdepictsȱtheȱInternationalȱSpaceȱStationȱasȱitȱwillȱappearȱafterȱDiscoveryȱundocks,ȱ
followingȱrelocationȱofȱtheȱPortȱ6ȱtrussȱandȱdeliveryȱofȱtheȱHarmonyȱmodule.ȱ
ȱ
Expansionȱ ofȱ theȱ Internationalȱ Spaceȱ Stationȱ bayȱforȱinstallationȱonȱtheȱstation.ȱȱThisȱadditionȱ
willȱ makeȱ greatȱ stridesȱ duringȱ STSȬ120,ȱ alsoȱ setsȱ theȱ stageȱ forȱ theȱ arrivalȱ ofȱ newȱ researchȱ
knownȱ asȱ Assemblyȱ Flightȱ 10A.ȱ ȱ Theȱ Nodeȱ 2ȱ laboratoriesȱ fromȱ theȱ Europeanȱ Spaceȱ Agencyȱ
connectingȱmodule,ȱHarmony,ȱwillȱtravelȱtoȱtheȱ andȱtheȱJapanȱAerospaceȱExplorationȱAgencyȱinȱ
stationȱinsideȱspaceȱshuttleȱDiscovery’sȱpayloadȱȱ upcomingȱshuttleȱmissions.ȱ
OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
MISSION OVERVIEW 1
ȱ
ȱ
Asȱ partȱ ofȱ assemblingȱ theȱ giantȱ laboratory,ȱ representingȱ theȱ Europeanȱ Spaceȱ Agencyȱ
STSȬ120ȱastronautsȱwillȱ relocateȱtheȱPortȱ 6ȱ (P6)ȱ (ESA).ȱ
trussȱ elementȱ andȱ solarȱ arraysȱ toȱ aȱ permanentȱ
position.ȱȱTheȱelementȱisȱpresentlyȱonȱorbitȱandȱ Expeditionȱ 16ȱ Flightȱ Engineerȱ Danielȱ Taniȱ willȱ
attachedȱtoȱtheȱtrussȱsegmentȱZenithȱ1ȱ(Z1).ȱȱP6ȱ serveȱ asȱ aȱ missionȱ specialistȱ aboardȱ Discoveryȱ
willȱbeȱremovedȱfromȱitsȱcurrentȱlocation,ȱreatȬ beforeȱ rotatingȱ positionsȱ withȱ stationȱ residentȱ
tachedȱtoȱtheȱPortȱ5ȱ(P5)ȱtrussȱandȱthenȱtheȱsolarȱ NASAȱastronautȱClaytonȱAndersonȱafterȱdockȬ
arraysȱ willȱ beȱ redeployedȱ andȱ activatedȱ toȱ ing.ȱȱAndersonȱarrivedȱatȱtheȱstationȱaboardȱtheȱ
gatherȱsunlightȱforȱpowerȱgeneration.ȱ spaceȱshuttleȱAtlantisȱduringȱSTSȬ117ȱinȱJune.ȱ
Discovery’sȱ sevenȱ astronautsȱ includeȱ ComȬ Taniȱ willȱ joinȱ Expeditionȱ 16ȱ Commanderȱ
manderȱPamȱMelroy,ȱPilotȱGeorgeȱZamka,ȱmisȬ PeggyȱWhitsonȱ andȱ Flightȱ Engineerȱ Yuriȱ
sionȱ specialistsȱ Scottȱ Parazynski,ȱ Stephanieȱ Malenchenko,ȱwhoȱarrivedȱatȱtheȱstationȱaboardȱ
Wilson,ȱ Dougȱ Wheelock,ȱ andȱ Paoloȱ Nespoli,ȱ aȱRussianȱSoyuzȱspacecraftȱOct.ȱ12.ȱ
ȱ
Followingȱtheȱsuccessfulȱsimulatedȱlaunchȱcountdownȱandȱemergencyȱegressȱpractice,ȱtheȱSTSȬ120ȱ
crewȱgathersȱforȱtheȱtraditionalȱphotoȱnearȱtheȱtopȱofȱtheȱlaunchȱpadȱfixedȱserviceȱstructure.ȱȱFromȱ
leftȱareȱMissionȱSpecialistsȱScottȱParazynskiȱandȱStephanieȱWilson,ȱPilotȱGeorgeȱZamka,ȱ
CommanderȱPamȱMelroy,ȱandȱMissionȱSpecialistsȱDanielȱTani,ȱDougȱWheelockȱandȱȱ
PaoloȱNespoli,ȱwhoȱrepresentsȱtheȱEuropeanȱSpaceȱAgency.ȱȱTheȱcountdownȱwasȱtheȱȱ
culminationȱofȱtheȱprelaunchȱterminalȱcountdownȱdemonstrationȱtest,ȱorȱTCDT.ȱ
2
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MISSION OVERVIEW OCTOBER 2007
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ȱ
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Theȱspaceȱshuttleȱisȱpoisedȱforȱlaunchȱfromȱpadȱ39AȱatȱKennedyȱSpaceȱCenter,ȱȱ
backdroppedȱbyȱtheȱVehicleȱAssemblyȱBuilding.ȱ
ȱ
Theȱ spaceȱ shuttleȱ missionȱ beginsȱ withȱ theȱ Melroyȱ thenȱ willȱ moveȱ Discoveryȱ inȱ forȱ dockȬ
targetedȱ liftoffȱ ofȱ Discoveryȱ fromȱ NASA’sȱ ingȱ toȱ theȱ pressurizedȱ matingȱ adapterȱ atȱ theȱ
Kennedyȱ Spaceȱ Centerȱ atȱ 11:38ȱ a.m.ȱ EDTȱ onȱ endȱofȱtheȱstation’sȱDestinyȱlaboratory.ȱ
Oct.ȱ 23.ȱ ȱ Theȱ nextȱ dayȱ includesȱ theȱ closeȱ
inspectionȱ ofȱ Discovery’sȱ heatȱ shieldȱ usingȱ theȱ
shuttle’sȱ roboticȱ armȱ andȱ Orbiterȱ Boomȱ Sensorȱ
Systemȱ toȱ checkȱ forȱ anyȱ ascentȬimposedȱ
damageȱtoȱtheȱorbiter.ȱ
DiscoveryȱarrivesȱatȱtheȱInternationalȱSpaceȱStaȬ
tionȱ onȱ theȱ thirdȱ dayȱ ofȱ theȱ mission.ȱ ȱ Melroyȱ
willȱ performȱ theȱ rendezvousȱ pitchȱ maneuverȱ
withȱDiscoveryȱaboutȱ600ȱfeetȱbelowȱtheȱstation.ȱȱ
Thisȱ activityȱ allowsȱ Andersonȱ andȱ
Malenchenkoȱ toȱ takeȱ detailedȱ photographsȱ ofȱ
theȱ undersideȱ ofȱ Discovery’sȱ heatȱ shieldȱ asȱ itȱ ȱ
approachesȱ theȱ station.ȱ ȱ Theȱ imagesȱ willȱ beȱ
Theȱgraphicȱaboveȱshowsȱtheȱconfigurationȱofȱ
addedȱ toȱ theȱ ascentȱ imageryȱ andȱ flightȱ dayȱ 2ȱ
Discovery’sȱpayloadȱbayȱforȱtheȱSTSȬ120ȱ
dataȱ beingȱ analyzedȱ byȱ engineersȱ onȱ theȱ
mission.ȱ
groundȱtoȱverifyȱtheȱheatȱshield’sȱconditionȱfolȬ
lowingȱliftoff.ȱ
OCTOBER 2007
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MISSION OVERVIEW 3
ȱ
ȱ
Afterȱhatchesȱareȱopened,ȱTaniȱandȱAnderson’sȱ
specializedȱseatȱlinersȱwillȱbeȱexchangedȱinsideȱ
theȱemergencyȬreturnȱSoyuzȱspacecraft;ȱsignifyȬ
ingȱ theȱ crewȱ members’ȱ rotationȱ betweenȱ theȱ
spaceȱstationȱandȱshuttle.ȱ
Theȱnextȱday,ȱWheelock,ȱWilsonȱandȱAndersonȱ
willȱ handoffȱ theȱ P6ȱ elementȱ toȱ theȱ shuttleȱ
roboticȱ arm,ȱ operatedȱ byȱ Zamkaȱ andȱ Melroy.ȱȱ
Theȱ stationȱ roboticȱ armȱ willȱ thenȱ beȱ movedȱ
downȱ theȱ station’sȱ trussȱ atopȱ theȱ mobileȱ
ȱ transporterȱ toȱ aȱ closerȱ positionȱ forȱ theȱ P6ȱ
Theȱstation’sȱroboticȱarmȱplacesȱtheȱHarmonyȱ installationȱ onȱ theȱ outboard,ȱ portȱ sideȱ ofȱ theȱ
moduleȱontoȱtheȱportȱsideȱofȱtheȱUnityȱ truss.ȱ ȱ Theȱ P6ȱ willȱ thenȱ beȱ handedȱ backȱ toȱ theȱ
module.ȱ stationȱ roboticȱ armȱ forȱ installationȱ duringȱ theȱ
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MISSION OVERVIEW OCTOBER 2007
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nextȱ day’sȱ spacewalk.ȱ ȱ Flightȱ dayȱ 7ȱ alsoȱ protectionȱ systemȱ repairȱ techniques.ȱ Theȱ
includesȱoffȱdutyȱtimeȱforȱtheȱcrewȱmembersȱinȱ primaryȱ purposeȱ ofȱ theȱ testȱ isȱ toȱ evaluateȱ
theȱmorning.ȱ STAȬ54ȱ materialȱ andȱ aȱ tileȱ repairȱ ablatorȱ
dispenserȱ forȱ potentialȱ useȱ inȱ aȱ microgravityȱ
Onȱ flightȱ dayȱ 8,ȱ Taniȱ andȱ Wilsonȱ willȱ useȱ theȱ andȱvacuumȱenvironment.ȱ
station’sȱroboticȱarmȱtoȱmoveȱP6ȱtoȱaȱpreȬinstallȱ
position.ȱȱDuringȱtheȱmission’sȱthirdȱspacewalk,ȱ
Parazynskiȱ andȱ Wheelockȱ willȱ assistȱ withȱ
attachingȱ P6ȱ toȱ theȱ P5ȱ shortȱ spacerȱ truss.ȱ ȱ Theȱ
spacewalkersȱ alsoȱ willȱ transferȱ theȱ spareȱ mainȱ
busȱswitchingȱunitȱhardwareȱfromȱDiscoveryȱtoȱ
theȱspaceȱstation.ȱ
ȱ
P6ȱisȱguidedȱtoȱitsȱnewȱlocationȱȱ
byȱtheȱstationȱroboticȱarm.ȱ
Flightȱdayȱ11ȱincludesȱtheȱfifthȱandȱfinalȱspaceȬ
walkȱ ofȱ theȱ jointȱ mission.ȱ ȱ Theȱ spacewalkȱ willȱ
beȱconductedȱbyȱstationȱresidents,ȱWhitsonȱandȱ
ȱ
Malenchenko,ȱ toȱ completeȱ severalȱ externalȱ staȬ
Theȱstation’sȱroboticȱarmȱmovesȱtheȱP6ȱ
tionȱconfigurationȱtasks.ȱ
upwardsȱtoȱitsȱnewȱlocationȱatȱtheȱȱ
outboard,ȱportȱsideȱofȱtheȱtruss.ȱ Theȱ crewȱ willȱ completeȱ finalȱ transferȱ work,ȱ
Theȱ P6ȱ solarȱ arrayȱ wingsȱ willȱ beȱ redeployedȱ enjoyȱ offȱ dutyȱ timeȱ andȱ thenȱ closeȱ theȱ hatchesȱ
followingȱ theȱ spacewalk.ȱ ȱ Theȱ groundȱ controlȱ betweenȱ Discoveryȱ andȱ theȱ spaceȱ stationȱ theȱ
teamȱ willȱ beginȱ theȱ deploymentȱ toȱ oneȱ ofȱ 31ȱ eveningȱofȱflightȱdayȱ12.ȱ
mastȱ bays.ȱ ȱ Melroy,ȱ Zamkaȱ andȱ Whitsonȱ willȱ Discoveryȱ willȱ undockȱ earlyȱ onȱ flightȱ dayȱ 13ȱ
continueȱtheȱfullȱdeploymentȱofȱtheȱarrays.ȱ andȱcompleteȱaȱflyȱaroundȱofȱtheȱnewlyȱremodȬ
Flightȱ dayȱ 9ȱ includesȱ transferringȱ equipmentȱ eledȱspaceȱstation.ȱȱTheȱcrewȱalsoȱwillȱconductȱaȱ
betweenȱ theȱ shuttleȱ andȱ spaceȱ station,ȱ asȱ wellȱ detailedȱ inspectionȱ ofȱ Discovery’sȱ heatȱ shieldȱ
asȱpreparationsȱforȱtheȱnextȱspacewalk.ȱ forȱ anyȱ indicationsȱ ofȱ micrometeoroidȱ debrisȱ
impacts.ȱ
Theȱ fourthȱ spacewalkȱ willȱ beȱ conductedȱ onȱ
flightȱ dayȱ 10ȱ byȱ Parazynskiȱ andȱ Wheelock.ȱȱ Flightȱdayȱ14ȱincludesȱstandardȱpreparationsȱofȱ
Theyȱ willȱ performȱ Detailedȱ Testȱ Objectiveȱ 848,ȱ DiscoveryȱforȱentryȱandȱlandingȱonȱtheȱfollowȬ
aȱ demonstrationȱ ofȱ spaceȱ shuttleȱ thermalȱ ingȱday,ȱflightȱdayȱ15.ȱ
ȱ
OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
MISSION OVERVIEW 5
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ȱ
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TheȱP6ȱsolarȱarraysȱareȱshownȱdeployedȱagainstȱtheȱblacknessȱofȱspaceȱonȱtheȱendȱofȱtheȱportȱtruss.ȱ
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MISSION OVERVIEW OCTOBER 2007
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TIMELINE OVERVIEW
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FLIGHT DAY 1 x SoyuzȱSeatȱLinerȱSwapȱandȱExpeditionȱ
CrewȱExchangeȱbyȱAndersonȱandȱTaniȱ
x Launchȱ
x StationȬtoȬShuttleȱPowerȱTransferȱSystemȱ
x PayloadȱBayȱDoorȱOpeningȱȱ (SSPTS)ȱActivationȱ
x KuȬBandȱAntennaȱDeploymentȱ x OBSSȱUnberthȱbyȱCanadarm2ȱ
x ShuttleȱRoboticȱArmȱActivationȱandȱ x ExtravehicularȱActivityȱ(EVA)ȱ1ȱProcedureȱ
Checkoutȱ Reviewȱ
x UmbilicalȱWellȱandȱHandheldȱExternalȱ x EVAȱ1ȱCampoutȱbyȱParazynskiȱandȱ
TankȱVideoȱandȱStillsȱDownlinkȱ Wheelockȱ
x RendezvousȱwithȱtheȱInternationalȱSpaceȱ x HarmonyȱNodeȱ2ȱVestibuleȱOutfittingȱandȱ
Stationȱ Ingressȱ
x RendezvousȱPitchȱManeuverȱPhotographyȱ x OBSSȱHandoffȱtoȱShuttleȱRoboticȱArmȱandȱ
byȱtheȱExpeditionȱ16ȱCrewȱ Berthingȱ
x DockingȱtoȱtheȱStationȇsȱPressurizedȱMatingȱ x EVAȬ2ȱProcedureȱReviewȱ
AdapterȬ2ȱ
x EVAȬ2ȱCampoutȱbyȱParazynskiȱandȱTaniȱ
x HatchȱOpeningȱandȱWelcomingȱ
OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
TIMELINE OVERVIEW 7
ȱ
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FLIGHT DAY 6 FLIGHT DAY 9
x EVAȬ2ȱbyȱParazynskiȱandȱTaniȱ x ShuttleȱandȱStationȱTransfersȱ
(P6ȱDetachmentȱfromȱZ1ȱTruss,ȱHarmonyȱ
(Nodeȱ2)ȱOutfitting,ȱRemoteȱPowerȱ x JointȱCrewȱNewsȱConferenceȱ
ControllerȱUnitȱReplacement,ȱHarmonyȱ x EVAȱProcedureȱReviewȱ
Nodeȱ2ȱPowerȱandȱDataȱGrappleȱFixtureȱ
Installation)ȱ x EVAȬ4ȱCampoutȱbyȱParazynskiȱandȱ
Wheelockȱ
x P6ȱTrussȱGrappleȱbyȱCanadarm2ȱandȱ
DemateȱfromȱZ1ȱTrussȱ FLIGHT DAY 10
x Harmonyȱ(Nodeȱ2)ȱOutfittingȱ x ShuttleȱandȱStationȱTransfersȱ
x HarmonyȱNodeȱ2ȱAvionicsȱRackȱOutfittingȱ x EVAȬ5ȱbyȱWhitsonȱandȱMalenchenkoȱ
(SSPTSȱCableȱStow,ȱDestinyȱ
x EVAȱProcedureȱReviewȱ
Lab/PressurizedȱMatingȱAdapterȬ2ȱStow,ȱ
x EVAȬ3ȱCampoutȱbyȱParazynskiȱandȱ RemovalȱofȱHarmonyȱActiveȱCommonȱ
Wheelockȱ BerthingȱMechanismȱCover,ȱReconfigureȱ
S0ȱTruss/UnityȱNodeȱ1ȱandȱZaryaȱ
FLIGHT DAY 8 Module/PressurizedȱMatingȱAdapterȬ1ȱ
PowerȱandȱJumperȱCables)ȱ
x EVAȬ3ȱbyȱParazynskiȱandȱWheelockȱ
(P6/P5ȱInstallation,ȱMainȱBusȱSwitchingȱ FLIGHT DAY 12
UnitȱTransfer)ȱ
x CrewȱOffȱDutyȱPeriodsȱ
x P6ȱTrussȱInstallationȱtoȱP5ȱTrussȱ
x FarewellsȱandȱHatchȱClosingȱ
x P6ȱ4Bȱandȱ2BȱSolarȱArrayȱRedeploymentȱ
8
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TIMELINE OVERVIEW OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
ȱ
FLIGHT DAY 13 x ReactionȱControlȱSystemȱHotȬFireȱTestȱ
x UndockingȱfromȱISSȱPressurizedȱMatingȱ x CrewȱDeorbitȱBriefingȱ
AdapterȬ2ȱandȱFlyaroundȱ
x LaunchȱandȱEntryȱSuitȱCheckoutȱ
x FinalȱSeparationȱfromȱtheȱInternationalȱ
x RecumbentȱSeatȱSetȱUpȱforȱAndersonȱ
SpaceȱStationȱ
x KuȬBandȱAntennaȱStowȱ
x OBSSȱUnberthȱandȱLateȱInspectionȱofȱ
Discovery’sȱThermalȱProtectionȱSystemȱ FLIGHT DAY 15
x OBSSȱFinalȱBerthingȱ x DeorbitȱPreparationsȱ
OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
TIMELINE OVERVIEW 9
ȱ
ȱ
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10
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MISSION PROFILE OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
ȱ
MISSION PROFILE
ȱ
CREW Space Shuttle Main Engines:
ShuttleȱLiftoffȱWeight:ȱ 4,524,141ȱ
poundsȱ
Orbiter/PayloadȱLiftoffȱWeight:ȱ 286,211ȱ
poundsȱ
Orbiter/PayloadȱLandingȱWeight:ȱ 201,895ȱ
poundsȱ
SoftwareȱVersion:ȱ OIȬ32ȱ
OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
MISSION PROFILE 11
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ȱ
Thisȱpageȱintentionallyȱleftȱblank.ȱ
12
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MISSION PROFILE OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
ȱ
MISSION PRIORITIES
ȱ
1.ȱ Nodeȱ2ȱInstallationȱ 7.ȱ CargoȱTransferȱfrom/toȱmiddeckȱ
OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
MISSION PRIORITIES 13
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14
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MISSION PROFILE OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
ȱ
MISSION PERSONNEL
ȱ
KEY CONSOLE POSITIONS FOR STS-120
ȱ Flt.ȱDirectorȱ CAPCOMȱ PAOȱ
Ascentȱ NormȱKnightȱ TerryȱVirtsȱ KylieȱClemȱ
LeeȱArchambaultȱ
(Weather)ȱ
ȱ ȱ ȱ
JSCȱPAOȱRepresentativeȱatȱKSCȱforȱLaunchȱ–ȱJohnȱIraȱPettyȱ
KSCȱLaunchȱCommentatorȱ–ȱMikeȱCurieȱ(Fueling)ȱ
KSCȱLaunchȱDirectorȱ–ȱMikeȱLeinbachȱ
NASAȱLaunchȱTestȱDirectorȱ–ȱSteveȱPayne
OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
MISSION PERSONNEL 15
ȱ
ȱ
Thisȱpageȱintentionallyȱleftȱblank.ȱ
16
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MISSION PERSONNEL OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Theȱ STSȬ120ȱ patchȱ reflectsȱ theȱ roleȱ ofȱ theȱ misȬ homeȱ atȱ theȱ endȱ ofȱ theȱ portȱ truss.ȱ ȱ Theȱ goldȱ
sionȱ inȱ theȱ futureȱ ofȱ theȱ spaceȱ program.ȱ ȱ Theȱ pointsȱrepresentȱtheȱP6ȱsolarȱarraysȱinȱtheirȱnewȱ
shuttleȱpayloadȱbayȱcarriesȱtheȱHarmonyȱmodȬ location,ȱ unfurledȱ andȱ producingȱ powerȱ forȱ
ule,ȱ theȱ doorwayȱ toȱ theȱ futureȱ internationalȱ scienceȱandȱlifeȱsupport.ȱ
laboratoryȱ elementsȱ onȱ theȱ Internationalȱ Spaceȱ
Station.ȱ Onȱ theȱ right,ȱ theȱ moonȱ andȱ Marsȱ canȱ beȱ seenȱ
representingȱtheȱfutureȱofȱNASA.ȱȱTheȱconstelȬ
Onȱtheȱleftȱtheȱstarȱrepresentsȱtheȱspaceȱstation;ȱ lationȱOrionȱrisesȱinȱtheȱbackground,ȱsymbolizȬ
theȱ redȱ coloredȱ pointsȱ representȱ theȱ currentȱ ingȱ NASAȇsȱ newȱ crewȱ explorationȱ vehicle.ȱȱ
locationȱofȱtheȱP6ȱsolarȱarrays,ȱfurledȱandȱawaitȬ Throughȱ all,ȱ theȱ shuttleȱ risesȱ upȱ andȱ away,ȱ
ingȱ relocationȱ whenȱ theȱ crewȱ arrives.ȱ ȱ Duringȱ leadingȱtheȱwayȱtoȱtheȱfuture.ȱ
theȱ mission,ȱ theȱ crewȱ willȱ moveȱ P6ȱ toȱ itsȱ finalȱ
OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
CREW 17
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Discovery’sȱsevenȱastronautsȱtakeȱaȱbreakȱfromȱtrainingȱtoȱposeȱforȱtheȱSTSȬ120ȱcrewȱportrait.ȱȱ
PicturedȱfromȱtheȱleftȱareȱmissionȱspecialistsȱScottȱParazynski,ȱDougȱWheelock,ȱStephanieȱWilson,ȱ
PilotȱGeorgeȱZamka,ȱCommanderȱPamȱMelroy,ȱExpeditionȱ16ȱFlightȱEngineerȱDanielȱTaniȱandȱȱ
PaoloȱNespoli,ȱaȱmissionȱspecialistȱfromȱItalyȱrepresentingȱtheȱEuropeanȱSpaceȱAgencyȱ(ESA).ȱȱ
Theȱcrewȱmembersȱareȱattiredȱinȱtrainingȱversionsȱofȱtheirȱshuttleȱlaunchȱandȱentryȱsuits.ȱ
ȱ
Shortȱ biographicalȱ sketchesȱ ofȱ theȱ crewȱ followȱ
withȱdetailedȱbackgroundȱavailableȱat:ȱ
http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/
18
ȱ
CREW OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
ȱ
STS-120 CREW BIOGRAPHIES
ȱ
PamȱMelroyȱ
ȱ
Aȱ retiredȱ Airȱ Forceȱ colonel,ȱ Pamȱ Melroyȱ willȱ ofȱ theȱ mission,ȱ orbiterȱ systemsȱ operationsȱ andȱ
leadȱ theȱ crewȱ ofȱ STSȬ120ȱ onȱ theȱ 23rdȱ shuttleȱ flightȱ operations,ȱ includingȱ landing.ȱ ȱ Inȱ addiȬ
missionȱ toȱ theȱ Internationalȱ Spaceȱ Station.ȱȱ tion,ȱMelroyȱwillȱflyȱtheȱshuttleȱinȱaȱrendezvousȱ
MelroyȱservedȱasȱtheȱpilotȱofȱSTSȬ92ȱinȱ2000ȱandȱ pitchȱ maneuverȱ whileȱ Discoveryȱ isȱ 600ȱ feetȱ
STSȬ112ȱ inȱ 2002.ȱ ȱ Makingȱ herȱ thirdȱ spaceflight,ȱ belowȱ theȱ stationȱ toȱ enableȱ theȱ stationȱ crewȱ toȱ
sheȱ hasȱ loggedȱ moreȱ thanȱ 562ȱ hoursȱ inȱ space.ȱȱ photographȱ theȱ shuttle’sȱ heatȱ shield.ȱ ȱ Sheȱ willȱ
Sheȱ hasȱ overallȱ responsibilityȱ forȱ theȱ executionȱ thenȱdockȱDiscoveryȱtoȱtheȱstation.ȱ
OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
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ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
GeorgeȱZamkaȱ
ȱ
MarineȱCol.ȱGeorgeȱZamkaȱhasȱmoreȱthanȱ4,000ȱ andȱ theȱ supervisorȱ forȱ theȱ astronautȱ candidateȱ
flightȱ hoursȱ inȱ moreȱ thanȱ 30ȱ differentȱ aircraft.ȱȱ classȱofȱ2004.ȱȱHeȱwillȱbeȱresponsibleȱforȱorbiterȱ
Heȱwillȱmakeȱhisȱfirstȱjourneyȱintoȱspaceȱasȱtheȱ systemsȱoperationsȱandȱwillȱhelpȱMelroyȱinȱtheȱ
pilotȱofȱspaceȱshuttleȱDiscoveryȱforȱtheȱSTSȬ120ȱ rendezvousȱ andȱ dockingȱ withȱ theȱ station.ȱȱ
mission.ȱȱSelectedȱbyȱNASAȱinȱ1998,ȱZamkaȱhasȱ Zamkaȱ willȱ undockȱ Discoveryȱfromȱtheȱstationȱ
servedȱinȱvariousȱtechnicalȱandȱleadershipȱrolesȱ atȱtheȱendȱofȱtheȱjointȱmission.ȱȱHeȱwillȱalsoȱbeȱ
inȱtheȱastronautȱoffice.ȱȱHeȱhasȱbeenȱtheȱleadȱforȱ operatingȱ theȱ shuttleȱ roboticȱ armȱ forȱ variousȱ
theȱ shuttleȱ trainingȱ andȱ proceduresȱ divisionȱ activities,ȱincludingȱtheȱhandoffȱofȱtheȱP6ȱtruss.ȱ
20
ȱ
CREW OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ScottȱParazynskiȱ
ȱ
Aȱmedicalȱdoctor,ȱmountaineerȱandȱformerȱU.Sȱ niquesȱdevelopment.ȱȱHeȱwillȱserveȱasȱtheȱleadȱ
Lugeȱ Teamȱ athlete,ȱ veteranȱ astronautȱ Scottȱ spacewalkerȱ andȱ willȱ conductȱ fourȱ ofȱ theȱ fiveȱ
Parazynskiȱ willȱ beȱ makingȱ hisȱ fifthȱ spaceflightȱ spacewalksȱ duringȱ theȱ mission.ȱ ȱ Theȱ spaceȬ
onȱ STSȬ120ȱ asȱ missionȱ specialistȱ 1.ȱ ȱ Heȱ hasȱ walksȱ areȱ focusedȱ onȱ installationȱ ofȱ Nodeȱ 2,ȱ
loggedȱmoreȱthanȱ1,019ȱhoursȱinȱspace,ȱincludȬ roboticallyȱ relocatingȱ theȱ P6ȱ trussȱ elementȱ andȱ
ingȱ 20ȱ hoursȱ ofȱ spacewalkingȱ time.ȱ ȱ Followingȱ evaluatingȱ materialȱ andȱ aȱ dispenserȱ forȱ potenȬ
theȱ Columbiaȱ tragedy,ȱ Parazynskiȱ wasȱ theȱ tialȱ spaceȱ shuttleȱ tileȱ repair.ȱ ȱ Parazynskiȱ alsoȱ
astronautȱ leadȱ forȱ theȱ spaceȱ shuttleȱ Thermalȱ willȱbeȱoperatingȱtheȱshuttleȱroboticȱarmȱduringȱ
Protectionȱ Systemȱ inspectionȱ andȱ repairȱ techȬ heatȱshieldȱinspections.ȱ
OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
CREW 21
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
StephanieȱWilsonȱ
ȱ
AstronautȱStephanieȱWilsonȱwillȱbeȱmakingȱherȱ Zamka.ȱȱSheȱwillȱbeȱheavilyȱinvolvedȱinȱoperatȬ
secondȱ spaceflightȱ forȱ STSȬ120ȱ asȱ missionȱ speȬ ingȱbothȱtheȱshuttleȱandȱstationȱroboticȱarmsȱforȱ
cialistȱ 2.ȱ ȱ Selectedȱ asȱ anȱ astronautȱ inȱ 1996,ȱ sheȱ theȱ shuttleȱ thermalȱ protectionȱ systemȱ inspecȬ
loggedȱmoreȱthanȱ306ȱhoursȱinȱspaceȱduringȱtheȱ tions,ȱ spacewalkȱ activities,ȱ Nodeȱ 2ȱ installationȱ
STSȬ121ȱmissionȱinȱ2006.ȱȱWilsonȱwillȱbeȱonȱtheȱ andȱtheȱP6ȱtrussȱelementȱandȱsolarȱarrayȱrelocaȬ
flightȱ deckȱ duringȱ launchȱ andȱ landing,ȱ servingȱ tion.ȱ
asȱ theȱ flightȱ engineerȱ toȱ assistȱ Melroyȱ andȱ
22
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CREW OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
DougȱWheelockȱ
ȱ
Armyȱ Col.ȱ Dougȱ Wheelockȱ willȱ beȱ makingȱ hisȱ hoursȱ inȱ 43ȱ differentȱ rotaryȱ andȱ fixedȬwingȱ
firstȱ flightȱ intoȱ spaceȱ aboardȱ Discoveryȱ asȱ aircraft.ȱ ȱ Selectedȱ asȱ anȱ astronautȱ inȱ 1996,ȱ heȱ
missionȱspecialistȱ3.ȱȱHeȱhasȱaȱbachelor’sȱdegreeȱ servedȱ asȱ theȱ crewȱ supportȱ astronautȱ forȱ
inȱ appliedȱ scienceȱ andȱ engineeringȱ fromȱ theȱ Expeditionȱ2ȱinȱ2001ȱandȱasȱNASA’sȱDirectorȱofȱ
U.S.ȱMilitaryȱAcademyȱandȱaȱmaster’sȱdegreeȱinȱ OperationsȱinȱStarȱCity,ȱRussiaȱinȱ2005.ȱȱDuringȱ
aerospaceȱ engineeringȱ fromȱ Georgiaȱ Tech.ȱȱ STSȬ120,ȱ heȱ willȱ conductȱ threeȱ spacewalksȱ andȱ
Wheelockȱ hasȱ loggedȱ moreȱ thanȱ 2,500ȱ flightȱ operateȱtheȱshuttleȱroboticȱarm.ȱ
OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
CREW 23
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
PaoloȱNespoliȱ
ȱ
EuropeanȱSpaceȱ Agencyȱ (ESA)ȱ astronautȱ Paoloȱ forȱtheȱSTSȬ120ȱmission,ȱheȱwillȱserveȱasȱoneȱofȱ
Nespoliȱwillȱbeȱmakingȱhisȱfirstȱspaceflight.ȱȱHeȱ theȱ shuttleȱ roboticsȱ officersȱ forȱ theȱ surveyȱ ofȱ
receivedȱ aȱ Bachelorȱ ofȱ Scienceȱ inȱ aerospaceȱ Discoveryȇsȱ wingsȱ andȱ noseȱ capȱ usingȱ theȱ
engineeringȱ inȱ 1988ȱ andȱ aȱ Masterȱ ofȱ Scienceȱ inȱ Orbiterȱ Boomȱ Sensorȱ System.ȱ ȱ Heȱ willȱ handleȱ
aeronauticsȱ andȱ astronauticsȱ inȱ 1989ȱ fromȱ theȱ rendezvousȱtoolsȱinȱpreparationȱforȱDiscoveryȇsȱ
Polytechnicȱ Universityȱ ofȱ Newȱ York.ȱ ȱ Heȱ wasȱ rendezvousȱandȱdockingȱwithȱtheȱInternationalȱ
selectedȱ asȱ anȱ astronautȱ byȱ theȱ Italianȱ spaceȱ SpaceȱStationȱonȱflightȱdayȱ3.ȱȱHeȱwillȱserveȱasȱ
agencyȱ(ASI)ȱinȱJulyȱ1998ȱand,ȱoneȱmonthȱlater,ȱ theȱintraȬvehicularȱcrewȱmember,ȱorȱspacewalkȱ
joinedȱ ESA’sȱ Europeanȱ astronautȱ corps.ȱ ȱ Inȱ choreographer,ȱ forȱ theȱ firstȱ fourȱ spacewalksȱ toȱ
Augustȱ 1998,ȱ heȱ wasȱ relocatedȱ toȱ NASA’sȱ helpȱ installȱ Nodeȱ 2,ȱ relocateȱ theȱ P6ȱ trussȱ andȱ
JohnsonȱSpaceȱCenterȱandȱassignedȱtoȱ theȱ 27thȱ testȱ shuttleȱ heatȱ shieldȱ repairȱ techniques.ȱ ȱ Heȱ
NASAȱ Astronautȱ Class.ȱ ȱ Heȱ wasȱ assignedȱ toȱ willȱ beȱ seatedȱ onȱ theȱ middeckȱ forȱ launchȱ andȱ
STSȬ120ȱ inȱ Juneȱ 2006.ȱ ȱ Asȱ missionȱ specialistȱ 4ȱ onȱtheȱflightȱdeckȱforȱentry.ȱ
24
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CREW OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
DanielȱTaniȱ
ȱ
Veteranȱ spaceȱ shuttleȱ flyerȱ Danielȱ Taniȱ willȱ nautȱforȱExpeditionȱ4.ȱȱTaniȱflewȱonȱSTSȬ108ȱinȱ
serveȱ asȱ aȱ flightȱ engineerȱ aboardȱ theȱ InternaȬ 2001ȱ andȱ hasȱ loggedȱ moreȱ thanȱ 11ȱ daysȱ inȱ
tionalȱ Spaceȱ Station.ȱ ȱ Heȱ willȱ travelȱ toȱ theȱ staȬ space,ȱ includingȱ aȱ spacewalkȱ toȱ wrapȱ thermalȱ
tionȱ onȱ STSȬ120ȱ andȱ stayȱ withȱ Expeditionȱ 16.ȱȱ blanketsȱaroundȱISSȱSolarȱArrayȱGimbals.ȱȱDurȬ
Heȱ isȱ scheduledȱ toȱ returnȱ toȱ Earthȱ onȱ Atlantisȱ ingȱ STSȬ120,ȱ Taniȱ willȱ performȱ theȱ secondȱ
duringȱ STSȬ122.ȱ ȱ Aȱ Massachusettsȱ Instituteȱ ofȱ spacewalkȱ andȱ operateȱ theȱ stationȱ roboticȱ armȱ
Technologyȱ graduate,ȱ Taniȱ joinedȱ NASAȱ inȱ forȱ theȱ P6ȱ relocation,ȱ Nodeȱ 2ȱ installationȱ andȱ
1996.ȱ ȱ Heȱ servedȱ inȱ numerousȱ roles,ȱ includingȱ variousȱspacewalkȱactivities.ȱ
theȱEVAȱBranchȱandȱasȱaȱCrewȱSupportȱAstroȬ
OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
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ȱ
ȱ
Thisȱpageȱintentionallyȱleftȱblank.ȱ
26
ȱ
MISSION PERSONNEL OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
ȱ
PAYLOAD OVERVIEW
ȱ
ȱ
HarmonyȱisȱshownȱattachedȱtoȱtheȱDestinyȱmoduleȱinȱtheȱmiddleȱofȱtheȱimageȱabove.ȱ
OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
PAYLOAD OVERVIEW 27
ȱ
ȱ
TheȱpictureȱaboveȱshowsȱHarmony’sȱfutureȱportȱutilizationȱasȱtheȱspaceȱstationȱexpands.ȱ
ȱ
Inȱadditionȱtoȱincreasingȱtheȱlivingȱandȱworkingȱ testedȱbyȱThalesȱAleniaȱtoȱensureȱtheyȱoperatedȱ
spaceȱ insideȱ theȱ stationȱ byȱ moreȱ thanȱ withinȱ specificationsȱ commonȱ toȱ allȱ stationȱ
2,500ȱcubicȱfeet,ȱitsȱexteriorȱwillȱserveȱasȱaȱworkȱ elements.ȱ
platformȱ forȱ theȱ stationȇsȱ roboticȱ arm,ȱ CanaȬ
darm2.ȱ ȱ Harmonyȱ isȱ similarȱ inȱ shapeȱ toȱ theȱ Boeingȱ alsoȱ built,ȱ installedȱontoȱHarmony,ȱ andȱ
Unityȱ module,ȱ knownȱ alsoȱ asȱ Nodeȱ 1,ȱ whichȱ testedȱ fiveȱ Activeȱ Commonȱ Berthingȱ
wasȱlaunchedȱinȱ1998.ȱȱUnityȱlinksȱ theȱDestinyȱ Mechanismsȱ(ACBMs).ȱȱTheȱmechanismsȱenableȱ
labȱandȱtheȱRussianȱZaryaȱModule.ȱ onȬorbitȱ matingȱ andȱ airtightȱ sealsȱ betweenȱ ISSȱ
pressurizedȱ elements.ȱ ȱ Theȱ ACBMsȱ consistȱ ofȱ
HarmonyȱwasȱdesignedȱandȱbuiltȱforȱNASAȱbyȱ powered,ȱcomputerȬcontrolledȱcomponentsȱthatȱ
Thalesȱ Aleniaȱ Spaceȱ inȱ Torino,ȱ Italy,ȱ asȱ partȱ ofȱ alignȱ captureȱ andȱ areȱ securedȱ toȱ theȱ passiveȱ
anȱ agreementȱ betweenȱ NASAȱ andȱ theȱ EuroȬ CBMs.ȱȱTheȱCBMȱsystemȱisȱusedȱthroughoutȱtheȱ
peanȱ Spaceȱ Agency.ȱ ȱ Theȱ Boeingȱ Companyȱ stationȱtoȱmateȱarrivingȱpressurizedȱelementsȱtoȱ
providedȱaȱlargeȱnumberȱofȱHarmony’sȱsubsysȬ theȱ existingȱ onȬorbitȱ platform.ȱ ȱ Theȱ systemȱ isȱ
temȱ components,ȱ includingȱ lights,ȱ fans,ȱ powerȱ comprisedȱofȱtwoȱmatingȱstructures:ȱȱtheȱactiveȱ
switchesȱ andȱ converters,ȱ racks,ȱ airȱ diffusers,ȱ halfȱ onȱ theȱ ISSȱ andȱ theȱ passiveȱ halfȱ usedȱ onȱ
smokeȱ detectors,ȱ hatchesȱ andȱ Commonȱ BerthȬ arrivingȱstructures.ȱ
ingȱ Mechanisms.ȱ ȱ Theȱ node’sȱ subsystemsȱ wereȱ
28
ȱ
PAYLOAD OVERVIEW OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
ȱ
Node 2 Specifications
OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
PAYLOAD OVERVIEW 29
ȱ
ȱ
Installation AfterȱDiscoveryȱleaves,ȱtheȱExpeditionȱ 16ȱcrewȱ
willȱ useȱ Canadarm2ȱ toȱ moveȱ PMAȬ2ȱ toȱ theȱ
Harmony’sȱ installationȱ isȱ aȱ twoȬstepȱ process.ȱȱ forwardȱport,ȱontoȱoneȱofȱtheȱfiveȱactiveȱCMBsȱ
First,ȱ Discoveryȱ willȱ dockȱ toȱ pressurizedȱ matȬ onȱ Harmony.ȱ ȱ Then,ȱ theȱ crewȱ willȱ useȱ theȱ armȱ
ingȱ adapterȬ2ȱ (PMAȬ2),ȱ locatedȱ onȱ theȱ endȱ ofȱ toȱ moveȱ andȱ installȱ Harmonyȱ toȱ itsȱ permanentȱ
Destiny.ȱ ȱ Then,ȱ theȱ crewȱ willȱ attachȱ theȱ newȱ locationȱatȱtheȱendȱofȱDestiny.ȱ
moduleȱtoȱaȱtemporaryȱpositionȱonȱtheȱoutsideȱ
ofȱ Unity.ȱ ȱ Onȱ orbit,ȱ PMA2ȱ isȱ outfittedȱ withȱ aȱ
PressurizedȱCommonȱBerthingȱMechanism.ȱ
ȱ
ShownȱhereȱareȱtheȱstepsȱtoȱinstallȱUnityȱNodeȱ2ȱontoȱNodeȱ1ȱȱ
usingȱtheȱshuttleȱandȱstationȱroboticȱarms.ȱ
30
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PAYLOAD OVERVIEW OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
AftȱViewȱofȱHarmonyȱ
OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
PAYLOAD OVERVIEW 31
ȱ
ȱ
Thisȱpageȱintentionallyȱleftȱblank.ȱ
32
ȱ
MISSION PROFILE OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
P6ȱisȱshownȱinstalledȱonȱtheȱfarȱright,ȱwhileȱHarmonyȱisȱshownȱattachedȱtoȱDestiny.ȱ
OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
STATION RELOCATION ACTIVITIES 33
ȱ
ȱ
isȱ trainedȱ toȱ identifyȱ theȱ warningȱ signsȱ andȱ
P6 Specifications
immediatelyȱ stopȱ theȱ deployment.ȱ Theȱ
Dimensions: Width: 35 ft. indicatorȱ isȱ theȱ risingȱ ofȱ theȱ arrayȱ tensionȱ bar.ȱȱ
Length: 240 ft. Thisȱ willȱ ensureȱ noȱ structuralȱ damageȱ toȱ theȱ
Retracted Dimensions: arrayȱ occurs.ȱ ȱ Ifȱ needed,ȱ astronautsȱ willȱ
performȱ aȱ contingencyȱ spacewalkȱ onȱ flightȱ
Width: 16 ft
dayȱ10,ȱifȱthereȱareȱproblemsȱinȱgettingȱtheȱsolarȱ
Length: 35 ft
arraysȱproperlyȱdeployed.ȱ
Weight: 34,994 lbs.
Followingȱ successfulȱ deployment,ȱ theȱ P6ȱ arrayȱ
Launched: STS-97 willȱ beȱ broughtȱ backȱ onȱ lineȱ againȱ alongȱ withȱ
11/30/2000 P6ȱandȱP4.ȱȱThereȱareȱtwoȱSolarȱArrayȱWingsȱonȱ
theȱ P6ȱ moduleȱ yieldingȱ aȱ totalȱ powerȱ generaȬ
Cost: $275,968,083 tionȱ capabilityȱ approachingȱ 66ȱ kilowattsȱ ofȱ
ȱ ȱ unregulatedȱpowerȱpriorȱtoȱdistribution.ȱ
P6ȱisȱpresentlyȱinȱorbitȱandȱattachedȱtoȱtheȱtrussȱ
segmentȱZenithȱ1ȱ(Z1).ȱȱOnȱflightȱdayȱ6ȱduringȱ Major Elements
theȱsecondȱspacewalk,ȱP6ȱwillȱbeȱdematedȱfromȱ
Photovoltaic Module (PVMs)
theȱZ1ȱtrussȱi.e.ȱseparatedȱfromȱtheȱRocketdyneȱ
Trussȱ Attachmentȱ Systemȱ (RTAS).ȱ ȱ Duringȱ Theȱprimaryȱfunctionsȱofȱtheȱpowerȱmoduleȱareȱ
flightȱ dayȱ 7,ȱ P6ȱ willȱ beȱ handedȱ offȱ fromȱ theȱ toȱ collect,ȱ convert,ȱ store,ȱ andȱ distributeȱ electriȬ
station’sȱ roboticȱ armȱ toȱ theȱ shuttle’sȱ arm.ȱȱ calȱ powerȱ toȱ loadsȱ withinȱ theȱ segmentȱ andȱ toȱ
Duringȱ thisȱ time,ȱ theȱ mobileȱ transporterȱ withȱ otherȱ stationȱ segments.ȱ ȱ Electricalȱ powerȱ isȱ theȱ
theȱ station’sȱ roboticȱ armȱ attachedȱ willȱ travelȱ mostȱ criticalȱ resourceȱ forȱ theȱ stationȱ becauseȱ itȱ
alongȱ theȱstation’sȱtrussȱ structureȱrailsȱtoȱworkȱ allowsȱ astronautsȱ toȱ liveȱ comfortably,ȱ safelyȱ
siteȱnumberȱ8.ȱȱP6ȱwillȱthenȱbeȱhandedȱoffȱtoȱtheȱ operateȱtheȱstationȱandȱperformȱcomplexȱscienȬ
station’sȱ roboticȱ arm.ȱ ȱ Duringȱ flightȱ dayȱ 8,ȱ theȱ tificȱ experiments.ȱ ȱ Sinceȱ theȱ onlyȱ readilyȱ availȬ
station’sȱ roboticȱ armȱ willȱ moveȱ P6ȱ toȱ theȱ preȬ ableȱsourceȱofȱenergyȱforȱspacecraftȱisȱsunlight,ȱ
installȱ position.ȱ ȱ Duringȱ theȱ mission’sȱ thirdȱ technologiesȱwereȱdevelopedȱtoȱefficientlyȱconȬ
spacewalkȱ onȱ flightȱ dayȱ 8,ȱ astronautsȱ willȱ vertȱsolarȱenergyȱtoȱelectricalȱpower.ȱ
attachȱ P6ȱ toȱ theȱ P5ȱ shortȱ spacer.ȱ ȱ Followingȱ
Theȱ PVMsȱ useȱ largeȱ numbersȱ ofȱ solarȱ cellsȱ
docking,ȱ theȱ P6ȱ solarȱ arrayȱ wingsȱ (2B/4B)ȱ willȱ
assembledȱ ontoȱ solarȱ arraysȱ toȱ produceȱ highȱ
beȱ deployedȱ asȱ wellȱ asȱ theȱ radiator.ȱ ȱ Theȱ solarȱ
powerȱ levels.ȱ ȱ NASAȱ andȱ Lockheedȱ Martinȱ
arraysȱ wingsȱ willȱ beȱ deployedȱ onȱ flightȱ dayȱ 8.ȱȱ
developedȱ aȱ methodȱ ofȱ mountingȱ theȱ solarȱ
Dueȱ toȱ theȱ issuesȱ withȱ theȱ retractionȱ ofȱ theseȱ
arraysȱonȱaȱ“blanket”ȱthatȱcanȱbeȱfoldedȱlikeȱanȱ
arrays,ȱ testingȱ wasȱ doneȱ toȱ ensureȱ theȱ guideȱ
accordionȱ forȱ deliveryȱ toȱ spaceȱ andȱ thenȱ
wiresȱ wouldȱ notȱ impactȱ theȱ deployȱ process.ȱȱ
deployedȱ toȱ theirȱ fullȱ sizeȱ onceȱ inȱ orbit.ȱ ȱ Theȱ
Theȱ keyȱ differenceȱ duringȱ deploymentȱ isȱ thatȱ
cellsȱ areȱ madeȱ fromȱ purifiedȱ crystalȱ ingotsȱ ofȱ
thereȱ isȱ significantlyȱ moreȱ forceȱ availableȱ
siliconȱ thatȱ directlyȱ convertȱ lightȱ toȱ electricityȱ
duringȱ deployȱ toȱ pullȱ theȱ guideȱ wireȱ throughȱ
forȱ immediateȱ useȱ throughȱ aȱ processȱ calledȱ
theȱ grommetsȱ soȱ aȱ snagȱ isȱ highlyȱ unlikely.ȱ ȱ Inȱ
photovoltaics.
theȱeventȱofȱaȱsnagȱorȱanyȱotherȱissue,ȱtheȱcrewȱ
34
ȱ
STATION RELOCATION ACTIVITIES OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
PhotovoltaicȱModuleȱ
ȱ
Gimbalsȱ areȱ usedȱ toȱ rotateȱ theȱ arraysȱ soȱ thatȱ assemblyȱandȱtestingȱbyȱBoeingȱatȱtheȱKennedyȱ
theyȱ faceȱ theȱ sunȱ toȱ provideȱ maximumȱ powerȱ SpaceȱCenter,ȱFla.ȱ
toȱ theȱ spaceȱ station.ȱ ȱ Afterȱ theȱ conversionȱ
process,ȱ theȱ PVMsȱ alsoȱ useȱ theȱ electricityȱ toȱ Solar Array Wings (SAW)
rechargeȱ onboardȱ batteriesȱ forȱ continuousȱ ThereȱareȱtwoȱSAWsȱdesigned,ȱbuiltȱandȱtestedȱ
sourcesȱ ofȱ electricityȱ whileȱ theȱ stationȱ isȱ inȱ theȱ byȱLockheedȱMartinȱinȱSunnyvale,ȱCalif.,ȱonȱtheȱ
Earth’sȱ shadow.ȱ ȱ Theȱ completeȱ powerȱ system,ȱ P6ȱ module,ȱ andȱ deployedȱ inȱ theȱ oppositeȱ
consistingȱ ofȱ U.S.ȱ andȱ Russianȱ hardware,ȱ willȱ directionȱ fromȱ eachȱ other.ȱ ȱ Eachȱ SAWȱ isȱ madeȱ
generateȱ approximatelyȱ 80ȱ kilowattsȱ ofȱ totalȱ upȱofȱtwoȱsolarȱblanketsȱmountedȱtoȱaȱcommonȱ
power.ȱ mast.ȱȱBeforeȱdeployment,ȱeachȱpanelȱisȱfoldedȱ
accordionȱ styleȱ intoȱ aȱ Solarȱ Arrayȱ Blanketȱ Boxȱ
PVMȱ componentsȱ wereȱ assembledȱ byȱ Theȱ
measuringȱ20ȱinchesȱhighȱandȱ15ȱfeetȱinȱlength.ȱȱ
BoeingȱCompanyȱinȱTulsa,ȱOkla.,ȱandȱLockheedȱ
Eachȱblanketȱisȱonlyȱaboutȱ20ȱinchesȱthickȱwhileȱ
Martinȱ inȱ Sunnyvale,ȱ Calif.,ȱ beforeȱ finalȱ
inȱ thisȱ storedȱ position.ȱ ȱ Theȱ mastȱ consistsȱ ofȱ
interlockingȱ battensȱ thatȱ areȱ stowedȱ forȱ launchȱ
OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
STATION RELOCATION ACTIVITIES 35
ȱ
ȱ
insideȱ aȱ Mastȱ Canisterȱ Assemblyȱ (MCA)ȱ EachȱSAWȱweighsȱmoreȱthanȱ2,400ȱpoundsȱandȱ
designed,ȱ builtȱ andȱ testedȱ byȱ ATKȬAble.ȱ ȱ Theȱ usesȱ 32,800ȱ solarȱ arrayȱ cellsȱ perȱ wing,ȱ eachȱ
blanketȱ boxesȱ areȱ deployedȱ priorȱ toȱ SAWȱ measuringȱ8Ȭcmȱsquareȱwithȱ4,100ȱdiodes.ȱȱTheȱ
deploy.ȱ ȱ Whileȱ theȱ P6ȱ SAWsȱ areȱ retractedȱ forȱ individualȱ cellsȱ wereȱ madeȱ byȱ Boeing’sȱ
relocation,ȱtheȱblanketȱboxesȱwillȱremainȱinȱtheȱ SpectrolabȱandȱASEC.ȱȱThereȱareȱ400ȱsolarȱarrayȱ
deployedȱposition.ȱ cellsȱ toȱ aȱ stringȱ andȱ thereȱ areȱ 82ȱ stringsȱ perȱ
wing.ȱ ȱ Eachȱ SAWȱ isȱ capableȱ ofȱ generatingȱ
Whenȱfullyȱdeployed,ȱtheȱSAWȱextendsȱ115ȱfeetȱ nearlyȱ 32.8ȱ kilowattsȱ ofȱ directȱ currentȱ power.ȱȱ
andȱ spansȱ 38ȱ feetȱ andȱ extendsȱ toȱ eachȱ sideȱ ofȱ ThereȱareȱtwoȱSAWsȱonȱtheȱP6ȱmoduleȱyieldingȱ
theȱIntegratedȱEquipmentȱAssembly.ȱȱSinceȱtheȱ aȱ totalȱ powerȱ generationȱ capabilityȱ
secondȱSAWȱisȱdeployedȱinȱtheȱoppositeȱdirecȬ approachingȱ66ȱkilowattsȱofȱunregulatedȱpowerȱ
tion,ȱtheȱtotalȱwingȱspanȱisȱmoreȱthanȱ240ȱfeet.ȱ priorȱtoȱdistribution.ȱ
ȱ
SolarȱArrayȱWingsȱ
36
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STATION RELOCATION ACTIVITIES OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
ȱ
Beta Gimbal Assembly (BGA) Direct Current Switching Unit (DCSU)
Theȱ solarȱ arrayȱ wingsȱ alsoȱ areȱ orientedȱ byȱ theȱ Powerȱ receivedȱ fromȱ eachȱ photovoltaicȱ arrayȱ
Betaȱ Gimbalȱ Assembly,ȱ whichȱ canȱ changeȱ theȱ assemblyȱ (PVAA)ȱ isȱ fedȱ directlyȱ intoȱ theȱ
pitchȱ ofȱ theȱ wingsȱ byȱ spinningȱ theȱ solarȱ array.ȱȱ appropriateȱ DCSU,ȱ aȱ highȬpower,ȱ multiȬpathȱ
Theȱassemblyȱmeasuresȱ3Ȭȱbyȱ3Ȭȱbyȱ3ȱfeet.ȱȱTheȱ remotelyȱ controlledȱ unitȱ usedȱ forȱ primaryȱ andȱ
assemblyȇsȱ mostȱ visualȱ functionsȱ areȱ toȱ deployȱ secondaryȱ powerȱ distribution,ȱ protectionȱ andȱ
andȱretractȱtheȱSAWȱandȱrotateȱitȱaboutȱitsȱlonȬ faultȱisolationȱwithinȱtheȱIntegratedȱEquipmentȱ
gitudinalȱ axis.ȱ ȱ Theȱ assemblyȱ consistsȱ ofȱ threeȱ Assembly.ȱȱ TheȱDCSUȱalsoȱdistributesȱprimaryȱ
majorȱcomponents:ȱȱtheȱBearing,ȱMotorȱandȱRollȱ powerȱ toȱ theȱ station.ȱ ȱ Duringȱ periodsȱ ofȱ
Ringȱ Moduleȱ(BMRRM),ȱ theȱElectronicȱControlȱ sunlight,ȱ theȱ DCSUȱ routesȱ primaryȱ powerȱ
Unitȱ (ECU)ȱ andȱ theȱ Betaȱ Gimbalȱ Transitionȱ directlyȱ toȱ theȱ stationȱ fromȱ itsȱ PVAAȱ andȱ alsoȱ
Structure.ȱ ȱ Theȱ BGAȱ wasȱ designedȱ byȱ Boeingȱ routesȱ powerȱ toȱ theȱ powerȱ storageȱ systemȱ forȱ
Rocketdyneȱ inȱ Canogaȱ Park,ȱ Calif.,ȱ whichȱ hasȱ batteryȱcharging.ȱȱDuringȱperiodsȱofȱeclipse,ȱtheȱ
sinceȱbeenȱacquiredȱbyȱPrattȱandȱWhitney.ȱȱTheȱ DCSUȱ routesȱ powerȱ fromȱ theȱ powerȱ storageȱ
Sequentialȱ Shuntȱ Unitȱ (SSU)ȱ thatȱ servesȱ toȱ systemȱ toȱ theȱ station.ȱ ȱ Theȱ DCSUȱ measuresȱ
manageȱ andȱ distributeȱ theȱ powerȱ generatedȱ 28Ȭȱbyȱ40Ȭȱbyȱ12ȱinchesȱandȱweighsȱ238ȱpounds.ȱ
fromȱtheȱarraysȱalsoȱisȱmountedȱonȱeachȱassemȬ
blyȱ platform.ȱ ȱ Theȱ Sequentialȱ Shuntȱ Unitȱ wasȱ Direct Current to Direct Current
designedȱbyȱtheȱcompanyȱSpaceȱSystems/Loral.ȱ Converter Unit (DDCU)
OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
STATION RELOCATION ACTIVITIES 37
ȱ
ȱ
Battery Charge/Discharge Unit (BCDU) theȱ solarȱ arrayȱ toȱ theȱ SSU.ȱ ȱ Shunting,ȱ orȱ
controlling,ȱ theȱ outputȱ ofȱ eachȱ stringȱ regulatesȱ
Primaryȱ powerȱ fromȱ theȱ DCSUȱ alsoȱ isȱ distribȬ theȱ amountȱ ofȱ powerȱ transferred.ȱ ȱ Theȱ
utedȱtoȱtheȱthreeȱpowerȱstorageȱsystemsȱwithinȱ regulatedȱ voltageȱ setpointȱ isȱ controlledȱ byȱ aȱ
eachȱ channelȱ ofȱ theȱ IEA.ȱ ȱ Theȱ powerȱ storageȱ computerȱ locatedȱ onȱ theȱ IEAȱ andȱ isȱ normallyȱ
systemȱ consistsȱ ofȱ aȱ Batteryȱ Charge/Dischargeȱ setȱ toȱ aroundȱ 160ȱ volts.ȱ ȱ Theȱ SSUȱ hasȱ anȱ
Unitȱ (BCDU)ȱ andȱ twoȱ batteryȱ subassemblyȱ overvoltageȱ protectionȱ featureȱ toȱ maintainȱ theȱ
OrbitalȱReplacementȱUnits.ȱȱTheȱBCDUȱservesȱaȱ outputȱ voltageȱ belowȱ 200ȱ Vȱ DCȱ maximumȱ forȱ
dualȱ functionȱ ofȱ chargingȱ theȱ batteriesȱ duringȱ allȱ operatingȱ conditions.ȱ ȱ Thisȱ powerȱ isȱ thenȱ
solarȱ collectionȱ periodsȱ andȱ providingȱ condiȬ passedȱ throughȱ theȱ Bearingȱ Motorȱ andȱ Rollȱ
tionedȱ batteryȱ powerȱ toȱ theȱ primaryȱ powerȱ RingȱModuleȱ(BMRRM)ȱtoȱtheȱDCSUȱlocatedȱinȱ
bussesȱ (viaȱ theȱ DCSU)ȱ duringȱ eclipseȱ periods.ȱȱ theȱ IEA.ȱ ȱ Theȱ SSUȱ measuresȱ 32Ȭȱ byȱ 20Ȭȱ byȱ 12ȱ
TheȱBCDUȱ hasȱaȱbatteryȱchargingȱcapabilityȱ ofȱ inchesȱandȱweighsȱ185ȱpounds.ȱ
8.4ȱ kilowattsȱ andȱ aȱ dischargeȱ capabilityȱ ofȱ
6.6ȱkilowatts.ȱ ȱ Theȱ BCDUȱ alsoȱ includesȱ proviȬ Photovoltaic Thermal Control System
sionsȱ forȱ batteryȱ statusȱ monitoringȱ andȱ protecȬ (PVTCS)
tionȱfromȱpowerȱcircuitȱfaults.ȱȱCommandingȱofȱ
theȱ BCDUȱ isȱ fromȱ theȱ Photovoltaicȱ Controllerȱ Toȱ maintainȱ theȱ electronicsȱ atȱ safeȱ operatingȱ
Unitȱ (PVCU).ȱ ȱ Theȱ BCDUȱ measuresȱ 28Ȭȱ byȱ 40Ȭȱ temperaturesȱ inȱ theȱ harshȱ spaceȱ environments,ȱ
byȱ12ȱinchesȱandȱweighsȱ235ȱpounds.ȱ theyȱ areȱ conditionedȱ byȱ theȱ PVTCS.ȱ ȱ Theȱ
PVTCSȱ consistȱ ofȱ ammoniaȱ coolant,ȱ 11ȱ coldȬ
Battery Subassembly Orbital plates,ȱ twoȱ Pumpȱ Flowȱ Controlȱ Subassembliesȱ
Replacement Units (PFCS)ȱandȱoneȱPhotovoltaicȱRadiatorȱ(PVR).ȱ
Eachȱ batteryȱ subassemblyȱ ORUȱ consistsȱ ofȱ Theȱ coldplateȱ subassembliesȱ areȱ anȱ integralȱ
38ȱlightweightȱ nickelȱ hydrogenȱ cellsȱ andȱ assoȬ partȱ ofȱ theȱ IEAȱ structuralȱ framework.ȱ ȱ Heatȱ isȱ
ciatedȱ electricalȱ andȱ mechanicalȱ equipment.ȱȱ transferredȱ fromȱ theȱ IEAȱ orbitalȱ replacementȱ
Twoȱ batteryȱ subassemblyȱ ORUsȱ connectedȱ inȱ unitȱ electronicȱ boxesȱ toȱ theȱ coldplatesȱ viaȱ fineȱ
seriesȱareȱcapableȱofȱstoringȱ8ȱkilowattsȱofȱelecȬ interweavingȱfinsȱlocatedȱonȱbothȱtheȱcoldplateȱ
tricalȱ power.ȱ ȱ Thisȱ powerȱ isȱ fedȱ toȱ theȱ stationȱ andȱ theȱ electronicȱ boxes.ȱ ȱ Theȱ finsȱ addȱ lateralȱ
viaȱ theȱ BCDUȱ andȱ DCSUȱ respectively.ȱ ȱ Theȱ structuralȱstiffnessȱtoȱtheȱcoldplatesȱinȱadditionȱ
batteriesȱhaveȱaȱdesignȱlifeȱofȱ6.5ȱyearsȱandȱcanȱ toȱincreasingȱtheȱavailableȱheatȱtransferȱarea.ȱ
exceedȱ 38,000ȱ charge/dischargeȱ cyclesȱ atȱ
35ȱpercentȱ depthȱ ofȱ discharge.ȱ ȱ Eachȱ batteryȱ Pump Flow Control Subassemblies
measuresȱ 41Ȭȱ byȱ 37Ȭȱ byȱ 19ȱ inchesȱ andȱ weighsȱ (PFCS)
372ȱpounds.ȱ Theȱ PFCSȱ isȱ theȱ heartȱ ofȱ theȱ thermalȱ system,ȱ
Sequential Shunt Unit (SSU) consistingȱ ofȱ allȱ theȱ pumpingȱ capacity,ȱ valvesȱ
andȱcontrolsȱrequiredȱtoȱpumpȱtheȱheatȱtransferȱ
Theȱ SSUȱ isȱ designedȱ toȱ coarselyȱ regulateȱ theȱ fluidȱ toȱ theȱ coldplatesȱ andȱ radiator,ȱ andȱ
solarȱ powerȱ collectedȱ duringȱ periodsȱ ofȱ regulateȱtheȱtemperatureȱofȱtheȱthermalȱcontrolȱ
isolationȱ —ȱ whenȱ theȱ arraysȱ collectȱ powerȱ systemȱ ammoniaȱ coolant.ȱ ȱ Theȱ PVTCSȱ isȱ
duringȱ sunȬpointingȱ periods.ȱ ȱ Aȱ sequenceȱ ofȱ designedȱ toȱ dissipateȱ 6,000ȱ wattsȱ ofȱ heatȱ perȱ
82ȱseparateȱ strings,ȱ orȱ powerȱ lines,ȱ leadsȱ fromȱ orbitȱonȱaverageȱandȱisȱcommandedȱbyȱtheȱIEAȱ
38
ȱ
STATION RELOCATION ACTIVITIES OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
ȱ
computer.ȱ ȱ Eachȱ PFCSȱ consumesȱ 275ȱ wattsȱ PFCSsȱ onȱ theȱ IEA.ȱ ȱ Inȱ total,ȱ theȱ PVRȱ canȱ rejectȱ
duringȱ normalȱ operationsȱ andȱ measuresȱ upȱtoȱ14ȱkilowattsȱofȱheatȱintoȱdeepȱspace.ȱȱTheȱ
approximatelyȱ 40Ȭȱ byȱ 29Ȭȱ byȱ 19ȱinches,ȱ PVRȱ weighsȱ 1,633ȱ poundsȱ andȱ whenȱ deployedȱ
weighingȱ235ȱpounds.ȱ measuresȱ44Ȭȱbyȱ12Ȭȱbyȱ7ȱfeet.ȱ
Theȱ PVRȱ —ȱ theȱ radiatorȱ —ȱ isȱ deployableȱ onȱ Theȱ P5ȱ Longȱ Spacerȱ physicallyȱ separatesȱ theȱ
orbitȱandȱcomprisedȱofȱtwoȱseparateȱflowȱpathsȱ P6ȱsolarȱarraysȱfromȱtheȱP4ȱsolarȱarrays.ȱ
throughȱ sevenȱ panels.ȱ ȱ Eachȱ flowȱ pathȱ isȱ indeȬ
pendentȱ andȱ isȱ connectedȱ toȱ oneȱ ofȱ theȱ twoȱ ȱ
ȱ
P6ȱuninstallȱusingȱSpaceȱStation’sȱRemoteȱManipulatorȱSystemȱ(roboticȱarm)ȱ
OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
STATION RELOCATION ACTIVITIES 39
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
P6ȱhandoffȱfromȱtheȱSpaceȱStationȱRemoteȱManipulatorȱSystemȱ(SSRMS)ȱȱ
toȱShuttleȱRemoteȱManipulatorȱSystemȱ(SRMS)ȱandȱSSRMSȱungrappleȱ
ȱ
ShuttleȱRemoteȱManipulatorȱSystemȱ(SRMS)ȱhandoffȱofȱP6ȱȱ
toȱtheȱSSRMSȱatȱWorksiteȱ8ȱ
40
ȱ
STATION RELOCATION ACTIVITIES OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
TheȱstationȱcrewȱmaneuversȱP6ȱtoȱtheȱpreȬinstallȱposition.ȱ
ȱ
TheȱcrewȱdrivesȱtheȱmanualȱcaptureȱlatchȱandȱboltȱmechanismsȱtoȱinstallȱP6ȱontoȱP5.ȱ
OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
STATION RELOCATION ACTIVITIES 41
ȱ
ȱ
PRESSURIZED MATING ADAPTER-2 aboardȱ STSȬ88ȱ onȱ Dec.ȱ 4,ȱ 1998.ȱ ȱ Theȱ thirdȱ
(PMA-2) RELOCATION launchedȱ aboardȱ STSȬ92ȱ onȱ Oct.ȱ 11,ȱ 2000,ȱ andȱ
installedȱonȱtheȱUnityȱNadirȱportȱinȱpreparationȱ
Theȱ BoeingȬbuiltȱ Pressurizedȱ Matingȱ Adaptersȱ ofȱ Destinyȱ laboratoryȱ installation.ȱ ȱ PMAȬ2ȱ wasȱ
(PMA)ȱ permitȱ pressurizedȱ spacecraftȱ toȱ dockȱ temporarilyȱrelocatedȱoffȱofȱNodeȱ1ȱtoȱZenithȬ1ȱ
withȱ oneȬanotherȱ despiteȱ differencesȱ inȱ theȱ (ZȬ1)ȱ Manualȱ Berthingȱ Mechanismȱ untilȱ DesȬ
diametersȱofȱtheȱspacecraftȱadapters.ȱȱTheyȱalsoȱ tinyȱ installationȱ wasȱ completedȱ onȱ STSȬ98ȱ onȱ
provideȱ passagewaysȱ forȱ crew,ȱ equipmentȱ andȱ Feb.ȱ 7,ȱ 2001.ȱ ȱ Followingȱ installationȱ ofȱ Destinyȱ
supplies.ȱ ontoȱ Unity,ȱ PMAȬ2ȱ wasȱ relocatedȱ fromȱ ZȬ1ȱ
Manualȱ Berthingȱ Mechanismȱ toȱ Destiny’sȱ forȬ
TheȱInternationalȱSpaceȱStationȱusesȱthreeȱPresȬ wardȱendcone,ȱwhereȱitȱhasȱremainedȱuntilȱtheȱ
surizedȱ Matingȱ Adaptersȱ (PMAs).ȱ ȱ PMAsȱ oneȱ STSȬ120ȱmission.ȱ
andȱtwoȱwereȱlaunchedȱwithȱtheȱUnityȱmoduleȱ
PMA 2
ȱ
PicturedȱaboveȱisȱtheȱHarmonyȱ(Nodeȱ2)ȱmoduleȱinstalledȱonȱtheȱUnityȱ(Nodeȱ1)ȱportȱCommonȱ
BerthingȱMechanism.ȱȱTheȱBoeingȬbuiltȱPressurizedȱMatingȱAdapterȬ2ȱisȱshownȱatȱtheȱbottomȱofȱȱ
theȱU.S.ȱDestinyȱlaboratoryȱbeforeȱrelocationȱontoȱHarmony,ȱscheduledȱafterȱtheȱshuttleȱundocks.
42
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STATION RELOCATION ACTIVITIES OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
ȱ
formedȱbyȱtheseȱdevicesȱthatȱpullȱtogether,ȱlockȱ
P6 Specifications
andȱsealȱȬȬȱaȱdifferentȱmethodȱthanȱtheȱȈbumpȬ
Dimensions: Width: 8 ft. toȬtripȱ latch,ȱ thenȱ sealȈȱ procedureȱ thatȱ mostȱ
Length: 5 ft. spacecraftȱuseȱtoȱdock.ȱ
OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
MISSION PROFILE 43
ȱ
ȱ
Atȱ shuttleȱ undockȱ plusȱ 2,ȱ theȱ station’sȱ roboticȱ stationȱ elementsȱ andȱ spacecraftȱ isȱ providedȱ inȱ
armȱwillȱunberthȱPMAȬ2ȱfromȱtheȱU.S.ȱDestinyȱ partȱbyȱCommonȱBerthingȱMechanismȱtechnolȬ
laboratoryȱandȱplaceȱitȱonȱtheȱforwardȱhatchȱofȱ ogy.ȱ
Harmony.ȱ ȱ ȱ Atȱ shuttleȱ undockȱ plusȱ 4,ȱ theȱ staȬ
tionȱ armȱ thenȱ willȱ moveȱ theȱ integratedȱ stackȱ Onȱtheȱdayȱofȱshuttleȱundock,ȱHarmonyȱwillȱbeȱ
(PMAȬ2ȱ andȱ NodeȬ2)ȱ toȱ itsȱ finalȱ locationȱ —ȱ ingressedȱ forȱ theȱ Centerlineȱ Berthingȱ Cameraȱ
Destiny’sȱ forwardȱ endcone.ȱ ȱ Theȱ combinedȱ Systemȱ (CBCS)ȱ installation.ȱ ȱ Theȱ CBCSȱ isȱ
operationȱtoȱrelocateȱPMAȬ2ȱtoȱitsȱfinalȱpositionȱ neededȱ toȱ berthȱ theȱ PMAȬ2ȱ toȱ Harmony.ȱ ȱ ȱ Theȱ
onȱHarmonyȱisȱexpectedȱtoȱtakeȱ10ȱtoȱ12ȱhoursȱ labȬPMAȬ2ȱ umbilicalsȱ areȱ disconnectedȱ duringȱ
withȱ theȱ actualȱ roboticȱ operationȱ estimatedȱ toȱ STSȬ120ȇsȱ fifthȱ spacewalk.ȱȱPMAȬ2ȱ willȱ beȱreloȬ
takeȱaboutȱtwoȱhours.ȱ catedȱ twoȱ daysȱ afterȱ shuttleȱ undocking.ȱ ȱ Theȱ
labȬPMAȬ2ȱ umbilicalsȱ willȱ beȱ reconnectedȱ durȬ
Pressurizedȱ Matingȱ Adaptersȱ areȱ Boeingȱ prodȬ ingȱ Expeditionȱ 16/10Aȱ Stageȱ spacewalksȱ
ucts,ȱbuiltȱinȱHuntingtonȱBeach,ȱCalif.ȱȱTheȱtightȱ plannedȱ forȱ Nov.ȱ 14ȱ (USOSȱ EVAȱ 10)ȱ andȱ
sealȱ thatȱ permitsȱ shirtȬsleevedȱ transitȱ betweenȱ Nov.ȱ18ȱ(USOSȱEVAȱ11).ȱ
ȱ
RelocationȱofȱPMAȬ2
44
ȱ
STATION RELOCATION ACTIVITIES OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ShownȱhereȱisȱaȱdrawingȱofȱPMAȬ2.ȱȱTheȱoutsideȱdiameterȱofȱtheȱACBMȱandȱPCBMȱdiameterȱȱ
isȱapproximatelyȱ80ȱinches.ȱȱTheȱISSȱCommonȱhatchȱopeningȱisȱapproxȱ48ȱinchesȱxȱ48ȱinches.ȱȱ
TheȱAPASȱoutsideȱdiameterȱisȱapproximatelyȱ56ȱinches.ȱȱAPASȱhatchȱopeningȱȱ
isȱapproximatelyȱ31.5ȱinches.ȱ
OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
MISSION PROFILE 45
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
RelocationȱofȱHarmonyȱ(Nodeȱ2)ȱ
ShownȱhereȱareȱtheȱstepsȱtoȱrelocateȱtheȱHarmonyȱ(Nodeȱ2)ȱmoduleȱtoȱitsȱfinalȱpositionȱȱ
atȱtheȱendȱofȱtheȱDestinyȱlab.ȱȱPMAȬ2ȱisȱshownȱhereȱatȱtheȱendȱofȱHarmony.ȱȱThisȱȱ
relocationȱwillȱbeȱdoneȱapproximatelyȱfourȱdaysȱafterȱtheȱspaceȱshuttleȱundocks.ȱ
46
ȱ
STATION RELOCATION ACTIVITIES OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
DuringȱSTSȬ118,ȱtheȱSpaceȱShuttleȱEndeavourȱflewȱintoȱpositionȱforȱaȱphotoȱsurveyȱbyȱ
crewmembersȱaboardȱtheȱInternationalȱSpaceȱStation.ȱȱAȱRussianȱspacecraft,ȱdockedȱȱ
toȱtheȱstation,ȱcanȱbeȱseenȱinȱtheȱrightȱforeground.ȱ
ȱ
Theȱ shuttleȱ launchȱ isȱ timedȱ preciselyȱ toȱ placeȱ Asȱ Discoveryȱ movesȱ closerȱ toȱ theȱ station,ȱ theȱ
theȱ orbiterȱ onȱ theȱ correctȱ trajectoryȱ andȱ courseȱ shuttle’sȱ rendezvousȱ radarȱ systemȱ andȱ
forȱ itsȱ twoȬdayȱ chaseȱ ofȱ theȱ station.ȱ ȱ Periodicȱ trajectoryȱcontrolȱsensorȱwillȱtrackȱtheȱcomplexȱ
engineȱfiringsȱwillȱgraduallyȱbringȱDiscoveryȱtoȱ andȱ provideȱ rangeȱ andȱ closingȱ rateȱ dataȱ toȱ theȱ
aboutȱ50,000ȱfeetȱbehindȱtheȱstationȱ—ȱtheȱstartȬ crew.ȱ ȱ Duringȱ theȱ finalȱ approach,ȱ Discoveryȱ
ingȱpointȱforȱaȱfinalȱapproach.ȱ willȱexecuteȱseveralȱsmallȱmidȬcourseȱcorrectionȱ
burnsȱthatȱwillȱplaceȱtheȱshuttleȱaboutȱ1,000ȱfeetȱ
Aboutȱ 2.5ȱ hoursȱ beforeȱ docking,ȱ Discovery’sȱ directlyȱ belowȱ theȱ station.ȱ ȱ STSȬ120ȱ
jetsȱ willȱbeȱfiredȱ duringȱwhatȱisȱ calledȱtheȱTerȬ Commanderȱ Pamȱ Melroyȱ thenȱ willȱ manuallyȱ
minalȱInitiationȱburnȱtoȱbeginȱtheȱfinalȱphaseȱofȱ controlȱ theȱ shuttleȱ forȱ theȱ remainderȱ ofȱ theȱ
theȱ rendezvous.ȱ ȱ Discoveryȱ willȱ closeȱ theȱ finalȱ approachȱandȱdocking.ȱ
milesȱtoȱtheȱstationȱduringȱtheȱnextȱorbit.ȱ
OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
RENDEZVOUS & DOCKING 47
ȱ
ȱ
digitalȱ cameras.ȱ ȱ Theȱ imageryȱ isȱ oneȱ ofȱ severalȱ
inspectionȱtechniquesȱtoȱdetermineȱtheȱhealthȱofȱ
theȱshuttle’sȱthermalȱprotectionȱsystem,ȱincludȬ
ingȱtheȱtilesȱandȱreinforcedȱcarbonȬcarbonȱwingȱ
leadingȱedgesȱandȱnoseȱcap.ȱ
TheȱphotosȱwillȱbeȱdownlinkedȱthroughȱtheȱstaȬ
tion’sȱ KuȬbandȱ communicationsȱ systemȱ forȱ
analysisȱ byȱ systemsȱ engineersȱ andȱ missionȱ
managers.ȱ
WhenȱDiscoveryȱcompletesȱitsȱrotation,ȱitsȱpayȬ
ȱ loadȱbayȱwillȱbeȱfacingȱtheȱstation.ȱ
ISSȱcrewȱmembersȱwillȱphotographȱDiscoveryȱ
Melroyȱthenȱwillȱ moveȱ Discoveryȱtoȱaȱpositionȱ
duringȱtheȱRendezvousȱPitchȱManeuver.ȱ
aboutȱ400ȱfeetȱdirectlyȱinȱfrontȱofȱtheȱstationȱinȱ
Melroyȱwillȱstopȱtheȱapproachȱ600ȱfeetȱbeneathȱ preparationȱforȱtheȱfinalȱapproachȱtoȱdockingȱtoȱ
theȱ stationȱ toȱ ensureȱ properȱ lightingȱ forȱ theȱDestinyȱdockingȱport.ȱ
imageryȱ priorȱ toȱ initiatingȱ theȱ standardȱ
Theȱ shuttle’sȱ crewȱ membersȱ operateȱ laptopȱ
RendezvousȱPitchȱManeuverȱ(RPM),ȱorȱbackflip.ȱ
computersȱprocessingȱtheȱnavigationalȱdata,ȱtheȱ
Melroyȱ willȱ maneuverȱ Discoveryȱ throughȱ aȱ laserȱ rangeȱ systemsȱ andȱ Discovery’sȱ dockingȱ
9Ȭminute,ȱ 360Ȭdegreeȱ backflipȱ thatȱ allowsȱ theȱ mechanism.ȱ
stationȱcrewȱtoȱtakeȱasȱmanyȱasȱ300ȱdigitalȱpicȬ
Usingȱ aȱ viewȱ fromȱ aȱ cameraȱ mountedȱ inȱ theȱ
turesȱofȱtheȱshuttle’sȱheatȱshield.ȱ
centerȱ ofȱ theȱ Orbiterȱ Dockingȱ System,ȱ Melroyȱ
Onȱ verbalȱ cueȱ fromȱPilotȱGeorgeȱ Zamkaȱ toȱ theȱ willȱpreciselyȱmatchȱupȱtheȱdockingȱportsȱofȱtheȱ
stationȱ crew,ȱ Melroyȱ willȱ commandȱ Discoveryȱ twoȱspacecraft.ȱȱIfȱnecessary,ȱsheȱwillȱtemporarȬ
toȱ beginȱ aȱ noseȬforward,ȱ threeȬquarterȱ ofȱ aȱ ilyȱ pauseȱ 30ȱ feetȱ fromȱ theȱ stationȱ toȱ ensureȱ
degreeȱperȱsecondȱrotationalȱbackflip.ȱ properȱalignmentȱofȱtheȱdockingȱmechanisms.ȱ
Bothȱ400ȱandȱ800ȱmmȱdigitalȱcameraȱlensesȱwillȱ
beȱ usedȱ toȱ photographȱ Discoveryȱ byȱ stationȱ
crewȱ members.ȱ ȱ Theȱ 400ȱ mmȱ lensȱ providesȱ upȱ
toȱ 3Ȭinchȱ resolutionȱ andȱ theȱ 800ȱ mmȱ lensȱ canȱ
provideȱ upȱ toȱ 1Ȭinchȱ resolution.ȱ ȱ Theȱ imageryȱ
includesȱ theȱ upperȱ surfacesȱ ofȱ theȱ shuttleȱ asȱ
wellȱ asȱ Discovery’sȱ underside,ȱ capturingȱ picȬ
turesȱ ofȱ theȱ noseȱ landingȱ gearȱ doorȱ seals,ȱ theȱ
mainȱ landingȱ gearȱ doorȱ sealsȱ andȱ theȱ elevonȱ
cove.ȱ
ȱ
Theȱphotosȱwillȱbeȱtakenȱoutȱofȱwindowsȱinȱtheȱ TheȱISS,ȱasȱviewedȱbyȱSpaceȱShuttleȱ
Zvezdaȱ Serviceȱ Moduleȱ usingȱ Kodakȱ DCSȱ 760ȱ Endeavour’sȱSTSȬ118ȱastronauts.ȱ
48
ȱ
RENDEZVOUS & DOCKING OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
ȱ
Forȱ Discovery’sȱ docking,ȱ Melroyȱ willȱ maintainȱ
Rendezvous Approach Profile
theȱ shuttleȇsȱ speedȱ relativeȱ toȱ theȱ stationȱ atȱ
aboutȱoneȬtenthȱofȱaȱfootȱperȱsecondȱ(whileȱbothȱ
Discoveryȱandȱtheȱstationȱareȱtravelingȱatȱaboutȱ
17,500ȱmph),ȱandȱkeepȱtheȱdockingȱmechanismsȱ
alignedȱ toȱ withinȱ aȱ toleranceȱ ofȱ threeȱ inches.ȱȱ
Whenȱ Discoveryȱ makesȱ contactȱ withȱ theȱ
station,ȱ preliminaryȱ latchesȱ willȱ automaticallyȱ
attachȱ theȱ twoȱ spacecraft.ȱ ȱ Immediatelyȱ afterȱ
Discoveryȱ docks,ȱ theȱ shuttleȇsȱ steeringȱ jetsȱ willȱ
beȱdeactivatedȱtoȱreduceȱtheȱforcesȱactingȱatȱtheȱ
Space Shuttle Rendezvous Maneuvers dockingȱ interface.ȱ ȱ Shockȱ absorberȱ springsȱ inȱ
OMS-1 (Orbit insertion) – Rarely used ascent
theȱ dockingȱ mechanismȱ willȱ dampenȱ anyȱ
burn. relativeȱ motionȱ betweenȱ theȱ shuttleȱ andȱ theȱ
OMS-2 (Orbit insertion) – Typically used to station.ȱ
circularize the initial orbit following ascent,
completing orbital insertion. For ground-up Onceȱ theȱ motionȱ betweenȱ theȱ spacecraftȱ hasȱ
rendezvous flights, also considered a beenȱstopped,ȱtheȱdockingȱringȱwillȱbeȱretractedȱ
rendezvous phasing burn. toȱ closeȱ aȱ finalȱ setȱ ofȱ latchesȱ betweenȱ theȱ twoȱ
NC (Rendezvous phasing) – Performed to hit vehicles.ȱ
a range relative to the target at a future time.
NH (Rendezvous height adjust) – Performed UNDOCKING, SEPARATION AND
to hit a delta-height relative to the target at a
future time.
DEPARTURE
NPC (Rendezvous plane change) – Performed Atȱ undockingȱ time,ȱ theȱ hooksȱ andȱ latchesȱ willȱ
to remove planar errors relative to the target at beȱ opened,ȱ andȱ springsȱ willȱ pushȱ theȱ shuttleȱ
a future time.
awayȱfromȱtheȱstation.ȱȱDiscovery’sȱsteeringȱjetsȱ
NCC (Rendezvous corrective combination) –
willȱbeȱshutȱoffȱtoȱavoidȱanyȱinadvertentȱfiringsȱ
First on-board targeted burn in the rendezvous
sequence. Using star tracker data, it is duringȱtheȱinitialȱseparation.ȱ
performed to remove phasing and height errors
relative to the target at Ti. Onceȱ Discoveryȱ isȱ aboutȱ twoȱ feetȱfromȱtheȱstaȬ
Ti (Rendezvous terminal intercept) – Second tionȱ andȱ theȱ dockingȱ devicesȱ areȱ clearȱ ofȱ oneȱ
on-board targeted burn in the rendezvous another,ȱZamkaȱwillȱ turnȱ theȱsteeringȱ jetsȱ backȱ
sequence. Using primarily rendezvous radar onȱandȱwillȱmanuallyȱcontrolȱDiscoveryȱwithinȱ
data, it places the orbiter on a trajectory to
intercept the target in one orbit.
aȱtightȱcorridorȱasȱtheȱshuttleȱseparatesȱfromȱtheȱ
station.ȱ
MC-1, MC-2, MC-3, MC-4 (Rendezvous
midcourse burns) – These on-board targeted
Discoveryȱ willȱ moveȱ toȱ aȱ distanceȱ ofȱ aboutȱ
burns use star tracker and rendezvous radar
data to correct the post Ti trajectory in 450ȱfeet,ȱwhereȱZamkaȱwillȱbeginȱtoȱflyȱaroundȱ
preparation for the final, manual proximity theȱ stationȱ inȱ itsȱ newȱ configuration.ȱ ȱ Thisȱ maȬ
operations phase.ȱ neuverȱ willȱ occurȱ onlyȱ ifȱ propellantȱ marginsȱ
ȱ andȱmissionȱtimelineȱactivitiesȱpermit.ȱ
OCTOBER 2007
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RENDEZVOUS & DOCKING 49
ȱ
ȱ
Onceȱ Discoveryȱ completesȱ 1.5ȱ revolutionsȱ ofȱ inspectionȱ ofȱ theȱ shuttleȇsȱ heatȱ shield.ȱ ȱ Theȱ
theȱcomplex,ȱZamkaȱwillȱfireȱDiscovery’sȱjetsȱtoȱ distanceȱisȱcloseȱenoughȱtoȱallowȱtheȱshuttleȱtoȱ
leaveȱ theȱ area.ȱ ȱ Theȱ shuttleȱ willȱ moveȱ aboutȱ returnȱ toȱ theȱ stationȱ inȱ theȱ unlikelyȱ eventȱ thatȱ
46ȱmilesȱ fromȱ theȱ stationȱ andȱ remainȱ thereȱ theȱ heatȱ shieldȱ isȱ damaged,ȱ preventingȱ theȱ
whileȱgroundȱteamsȱanalyzeȱdataȱfromȱtheȱlateȱ shuttleȇsȱreȬentry.ȱ
ȱ
BackdroppedȱbyȱEarthȇsȱhorizonȱandȱtheȱblacknessȱofȱspace,ȱtheȱȱ
InternationalȱSpaceȱStationȱappearsȱtoȱbeȱveryȱsmallȱasȱtheȱSpaceȱȱ
ShuttleȱEndeavourȱdepartsȱfromȱtheȱstationȱduringȱSTSȬ118.ȱ
50
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RENDEZVOUS & DOCKING OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
ȱ
SPACEWALKS
ȱ
Theȱ primaryȱ objectivesȱ forȱ STSȬ120’sȱ spaceȬ niques.ȱȱTheȱfifthȱandȱfinalȱspacewalkȱpreparesȱ
walksȱ areȱ toȱ temporarilyȱ installȱ theȱ Nodeȱ 2ȱ forȱtheȱrelocationȱofȱHarmonyȱandȱtheȱPressurȬ
module,ȱ alsoȱ knownȱ asȱ Harmony,ȱ andȱ relocateȱ izedȱMatingȱAdapterȬ2,ȱscheduledȱtoȱoccurȱjustȱ
theȱstationȇsȱP6ȱtrussȱandȱsolarȱarrays.ȱȱTheȱfirstȱ afterȱtheȱshuttleȱmission.ȱ
threeȱ spacewalks,ȱ knownȱ asȱ extravehicularȱ
activitiesȱorȱEVAs,ȱwillȱfocusȱonȱtheseȱactivities.ȱȱ Theȱspacewalksȱareȱplannedȱonȱflightȱdaysȱ4,ȱ6,ȱ
Theȱ fourthȱ spacewalk,ȱ recentlyȱ addedȱ toȱ theȱ 8,ȱ10ȱandȱ11.ȱȱFiveȱspacewalksȱisȱtheȱmostȱconȬ
mission,ȱ involvesȱ aȱ demonstrationȱ ofȱ spaceȱ ductedȱ duringȱ aȱ shuttleȱ missionȱ toȱ theȱ spaceȱ
shuttleȱ thermalȱ protectionȱ systemȱ repairȱ techȬ station.ȱ ȱ STSȬ120ȱ alsoȱ isȱ theȱ firstȱ missionȱ withȱ
fiveȱdifferentȱspacewalkers.ȱ
ȱ
ScottȱParazynskiȱandȱDougȱWheelockȱwillȱperformȱtheȱfirst,ȱthirdȱandȱfourthȱspacewalks.ȱ
OCTOBER 2007
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SPACEWALKS 51
ȱ
ȱ
Veteranȱ astronautȱ Scottȱ Parazynskiȱ isȱ theȱ leadȱ Missionȱ Specialistȱ Paoloȱ Nespoliȱ willȱ beȱ theȱ
spacewalkerȱ andȱ willȱ conductȱ theȱ firstȱ fourȱ intravehicularȱleadȱforȱtheȱfirstȱfourȱspacewalks,ȱ
excursions.ȱ ȱ Heȱ willȱ beȱ joinedȱ byȱ firstȱ timeȱ assistingȱtheȱspacewalkersȱwithȱtheirȱtasksȱfromȱ
spacewalkerȱ Dougȱ Wheelockȱ onȱ theȱ first,ȱ thirdȱ insideȱ theȱ spacecraft.ȱ ȱ Taniȱ willȱ beȱ theȱ intraveȬ
andȱ fourthȱ spacewalks.ȱ ȱ Expeditionȱ 16ȱ Flightȱ hicularȱleadȱforȱtheȱfifthȱspacewalk.ȱ
Engineerȱ Danielȱ Taniȱ willȱ conductȱ theȱ secondȱ
spacewalkȱ withȱ Parazynski.ȱ ȱ Expeditionȱ 16ȱ Wilson,ȱ Wheelockȱ andȱ Andersonȱ willȱ operateȱ
CommanderȱPeggyȱWhitsonȱandȱExpeditionȱ16ȱ theȱspaceȱstation’sȱroboticȱarmȱforȱtheȱHarmonyȱ
FlightȱEngineerȱYuriȱMalenchenkoȱwillȱconductȱ installation,ȱ P6ȱ relocationȱ andȱ variousȱ
theȱfifthȱspacewalk.ȱ spacewalkingȱtasks.ȱȱZamkaȱwillȱjoinȱWilsonȱinȱ
roboticȱ armȱ operationsȱ toȱ useȱ theȱ shuttleȱ armȱ
forȱtasksȱduringȱtheȱthirdȱspacewalk.ȱ
ȱ
ParazynskiȱandȱDanielȱTaniȱwillȱconductȱtheȱsecondȱspacewalk.ȱ
52
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SPACEWALKS OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
ȱ
Theȱ spacewalkersȱ willȱ beȱ identifiableȱ byȱ variȬ astronauts’ȱsystemsȱsoȱtheyȱavoidȱtheȱconditionȱ
ousȱmarkingsȱonȱtheirȱspacesuits.ȱȱParazynski’sȱ knownȱasȱtheȱbends.ȱ
suitȱ willȱ haveȱ solidȱ redȱ stripes.ȱ ȱ Wheelockȱ willȱ
Duringȱ theȱ campout,ȱ theȱ spacewalkingȱ crewȱ
wearȱ anȱ allȬwhiteȱ spacesuit.ȱ ȱ Tani’sȱ suitȱ willȱ
membersȱisolateȱthemselvesȱinȱtheȱairlock.ȱȱTheȱ
haveȱ brokenȱ redȱ stripes.ȱ ȱ Whitson’sȱ suitȱ willȱ
airlockȇsȱ airȱ pressureȱ isȱ loweredȱ toȱ 10.2ȱ psiȱ
haveȱ aȱ redȱ stripeȱ andȱ aȱ candyȱ caneȱ stripe.ȱȱ
whileȱtheȱstationȱisȱkeptȱatȱ14.7ȱpsi,ȱorȱnearȱseaȬ
Malenchenkoȱ willȱ wearȱ aȱ suitȱ withȱ candyȱ caneȱ
levelȱpressure.ȱȱUponȱrising,ȱtheȱastronautsȱdonȱ
stripes.ȱ
oxygenȱ masks,ȱ andȱ theȱ airlock’sȱ pressureȱ isȱ
Theȱ spacewalksȱ willȱ startȱ fromȱ theȱ station’sȱ raisedȱ againȱ toȱ 14.7ȱ psiȱ forȱ anȱ hour.ȱ ȱ Afterȱ
Questȱairlock.ȱȱAsȱinȱrecentȱmissions,ȱtheȱastroȬ breakfast,ȱ theȱ pressureȱ isȱ loweredȱ backȱ toȱ
nautsȱ willȱ prepareȱ forȱ theȱ EVAȱ byȱ usingȱ theȱ 10.2ȱpsiȱforȱanȱadditionalȱhourȱasȱtheȱspacewalkȱ
“campout”ȱ prebreatheȱ protocol,ȱ spendingȱ theȱ suitsȱ areȱ donned.ȱȱAnȱ additionalȱ 30ȱminutesȱ inȱ
nightȱ beforeȱ theȱ spacewalkȱ inȱ theȱ airlock.ȱ ȱ Theȱ theȱsuitsȱcompletesȱtheȱprotocol.ȱȱAsȱaȱresult,ȱtheȱ
prebreatheȱ exerciseȱ purgesȱ nitrogenȱ fromȱ theȱ crewȱcanȱgetȱoutsideȱearlierȱtoȱperformȱtheȱday’sȱ
tasks.ȱ
ȱ
Expeditionȱ16ȱcrewȱmembersȱPeggyȱWhitsonȱandȱYuriȱMalenchenkoȱȱ
willȱperformȱtheȱfifthȱspacewalk.ȱ
OCTOBER 2007
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SPACEWALKS 53
ȱ
ȱ
EVA-1 beginȱmovingȱitȱtowardȱitsȱpositionȱonȱNodeȱ1,ȱ
alsoȱknownȱasȱUnity.ȱ
EV1:ȱȱParazynskiȱ
Movingȱ onȱ toȱ prepareȱ P6ȱ forȱ itsȱ relocation,ȱ
EV2:ȱȱWheelockȱ Parazynskiȱ willȱdisconnectȱfourȱ ammoniaȱfluidȱ
IV:ȱȱNespoliȱ umbilicalsȱ fromȱ P6ȱ andȱ mateȱ themȱ toȱ Z1.ȱȱ
Meanwhile,ȱWheelockȱwillȱprepareȱaȱshroudȱforȱ
Duration:ȱȱ6.5ȱhoursȱ theȱaftȱradiatorȱofȱP6.ȱȱBothȱcrewȱmembersȱwillȱ
workȱ togetherȱ toȱ installȱ thatȱ shroudȱ andȱ twoȱ
EVAȱOperations:ȱ moreȱ onȱ electricalȱ boxes,ȱ calledȱ sequentialȱ
x Retrieveȱ theȱ SȬbandȱ Antennaȱ Structuralȱ shuntȱ units,ȱ onȱ P6.ȱ ȱ Theȱ shroudsȱ willȱ keepȱ theȱ
Assemblyȱ(SASA)ȱfromȱZ1ȱtrussȱ hardwareȱwarmȱduringȱtheȱtruss’ȱrelocation.ȱ
54
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SPACEWALKS OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
ȱ
reȬrouteȱ electricalȱ linesȱ thatȱ willȱ leadȱ toȱ theȱ P6ȱ willȱcloseȱtheȱmechanicalȱcaptureȱclawȱtoȱsecureȱ
trussȱ onceȱ itȱ isȱ reȬinstalledȱ outboardȱ onȱ theȱ itȱ inȱ place.ȱ ȱ Theyȱ willȱ installȱ boltsȱ onȱ eachȱ corȬ
trussȱ structure.ȱ Taniȱ willȱ completeȱ theȱ nerȱ forȱ permanentȱ attachmentȱ thenȱ releaseȱ theȱ
replacementȱofȱaȱremoteȱpowerȱcontrolȱmoduleȱ captureȱ latch.ȱ ȱ Theyȱ willȱ mateȱ fourȱ umbilicalsȱ
thatȱisȱassociatedȱwithȱtheȱstation’sȱroboticȱarmȱ fromȱP5ȱtoȱP6ȱtoȱprovideȱpower.ȱ
andȱitsȱuseȱofȱaȱgrappleȱfixtureȱonȱHarmonyȱasȱ
anȱoperatingȱbase.ȱ Theȱspacewalkersȱthenȱwillȱmoveȱtoȱtheȱedgeȱofȱ
P6ȱ toȱ removeȱ theȱ thermalȱ shroudsȱ fromȱ theȱ
Parazynskiȱ willȱ workȱ onȱ externalȱ outfittingȱ ofȱ electronicȱ hardware,ȱ orȱ sequentialȱ shuntȱ units,ȱ
Harmonyȱ byȱ installingȱ 11ȱ handrails,ȱ twoȱ gapȱ whichȱwereȱinstalledȱduringȱtheȱfirstȱspacewalkȱ
spanners,ȱthreeȱworksiteȱinterfaces,ȱanȱelectricalȱ toȱprotectȱthem.ȱ
connectorȱandȱfiveȱtrunionȱandȱkeelȱpinȱcovers.ȱȱ
Fourȱ pinsȱ willȱ beȱ removedȱ fromȱ theȱ radialȱ ParazynskiȱwillȱreleaseȱcinchesȱonȱaȱP6ȱradiatorȱ
berthingȱ mechanisms,ȱ andȱ launchȱ restraintsȱ toȱ allowȱ itsȱ deploymentȱ fromȱ theȱ groundȱ later.ȱȱ
willȱ beȱ releasedȱ onȱ theȱ zenithȱ berthingȱ petalsȱ HeȱthenȱwillȱmoveȱtoȱtheȱS1ȱtrussȱtoȱreconfigureȱ
andȱ 16ȱ capsȱ underȱ micrometeoroidȱ debrisȱ covȬ theȱ electricalȱ connectorsȱ thatȱ allowedȱ theȱ
ers.ȱȱTaniȱwillȱassistȱwithȱtheȱoutfittingȱonceȱhisȱ groundȱtoȱdeployȱtheȱS1ȱradiatorsȱbyȱthisȱpointȱ
tasksȱonȱtheȱtrussȱareȱcomplete.ȱ inȱ theȱ mission.ȱ ȱ Parazynskiȱ thenȱ hasȱ timeȱ toȱ
completeȱvariousȱgetȬaheadȱtasksȱonȱtheȱoutsideȱ
Together,ȱ theȱ spacewalkersȱ alsoȱ willȱ affixȱ theȱ ofȱtheȱstation.ȱ
powerȱ andȱ dataȱ grappleȱ fixtureȱ thatȱ wasȱ temȬ
porarilyȱputȱinȱplaceȱduringȱtheȱfirstȱspacewalk.ȱ Meanwhile,ȱ Wheelockȱ willȱ workȱ fromȱ theȱ endȱ
ofȱ theȱ shuttleȱ roboticȱ arm,ȱ operatedȱ byȱ Zamkaȱ
EVA-3 andȱ Wilson,ȱ toȱ installȱ theȱ mainȱ busȱ switchingȱ
unitȱspareȱhardware.ȱȱWheelockȱwillȱgetȱonȱtheȱ
EV1:ȱȱParazynskiȱ armȱ nearȱ theȱ Destinyȱ lab,ȱ rideȱ itȱ downȱ toȱ
EV2:ȱȱWheelockȱ Discovery’sȱ cargoȱ bay,ȱ retrieveȱ theȱ spareȱ
hardwareȱandȱcarryȱitȱupȱtoȱanȱexternalȱstorageȱ
Duration:ȱȱ7ȱhoursȱ platform.ȱȱParazynskiȱwillȱassistȱwithȱboltingȱitȱ
inȱplaceȱonȱExternalȱStowageȱPlatformȬ2.ȱ
EVAȱOperations:ȱ
x InstallȱtheȱP6ȱtrussȱ
EVA-4
EV1:ȱȱParazynskiȱ
x Transferȱtheȱmainȱbusȱswitchingȱunitȱtoȱtheȱ
stationȱ EV2:ȱȱWheelockȱ
ParazynskiȱandȱWheelockȱwillȱworkȱatȱtheȱoutȬ IV:ȱȱNespoliȱ
boardȱ endȱ ofȱ theȱ portȱ trussȱ toȱ assistȱ withȱ theȱ
roboticȱarmȱattachmentȱofȱP6ȱinȱitsȱnewȱlocationȱ Duration:ȱȱ4ȱhoursȱ
onȱP5.ȱȱP6ȱwillȱbeȱpositionedȱ130ȱcmȱawayȱandȱ
EVAȱOperations:ȱ
2ȱcmȱforwardȱofȱtheȱtruss.ȱȱTheȱspacewalkȱcrewȱ
willȱ provideȱ verbalȱ cuesȱ toȱ theȱ roboticȱ armȱ Tileȱ Repairȱ Ablatorȱ Dispenserȱ (TȬRAD)ȱ
operators,ȱ Tani,ȱ Wilsonȱ andȱ Anderson,ȱ duringȱ DetailedȱTestȱObjectiveȱ(DTO)ȱ848ȱ
theȱinstallation.ȱȱOnceȱP6ȱisȱinȱplace,ȱWheelockȱ
OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
SPACEWALKS 55
ȱ
ȱ
TheȱprimaryȱpurposeȱofȱtheȱdetailedȱtestȱobjecȬ x Removeȱ Harmonyȇsȱ activeȱ commonȱ
tiveȱ isȱ toȱ evaluateȱ theȱ Shuttleȱ Tileȱ AblatorȬ54ȱ berthingȱmechanismȱcoverȱ
(STAȬ54)ȱ materialȱ andȱ aȱ tileȱ repairȱ ablatorȱ disȬ
x Reconfigureȱ S0ȱ truss/Unityȱ andȱ Zaryaȱ
penserȱ inȱ aȱmicrogravityȱ andȱ vacuumȱ environȬ
Module/Pressurizedȱ Matingȱ AdapterȬ1ȱ
mentȱ forȱ theirȱ useȱ asȱ aȱ spaceȱ shuttleȱ thermalȱ
powerȱandȱjumperȱcablesȱ
protectionȱsystemȱrepairȱtechnique.ȱ
Forȱ theȱ primaryȱ objectiveȱ ofȱ thisȱ spacewalk,ȱ
Parazynskiȱ hasȱ beenȱ involvedȱ inȱ theȱ developȬ
Whitsonȱ andȱ Malenchenkoȱ willȱ workȱ atȱ theȱ
mentȱofȱspaceȱshuttleȱthermalȱprotectionȱsystemȱ
forwardȱendȱofȱtheȱDestinyȱlab.ȱȱTheyȱwillȱclearȱ
repairȱtechniquesȱandȱwillȱleadȱtheȱtestingȱdurȬ
theȱ areaȱ ofȱ cablesȱ andȱ obstructionsȱ inȱ preparaȬ
ingȱ theȱ spacewalk.ȱ ȱ Wheelockȱ willȱ assistȱ withȱ
tionȱforȱtheȱpermanentȱinstallationȱofȱHarmonyȱ
managingȱtheȱtoolsȱandȱsamplesȱduringȱtheȱtest.ȱ
andȱitsȱassociatedȱumbilicalȱtrays.ȱ
Theȱspacewalkersȱ willȱ setupȱforȱ theȱtestȱonȱ theȱ
Theyȱ willȱ demateȱ andȱ stowȱ theȱ Stationȱ toȱ
outsideȱofȱtheȱDestinyȱlab.ȱ
Shuttleȱ Powerȱ Transferȱ cablesȱ andȱ eightȱ cablesȱ
TheȱTileȱRepairȱAblatorȱDispenser,ȱorȱTȬRAD,ȱisȱ betweenȱtheȱPressurizedȱMatingȱAdapterȬ2ȱandȱ
similarȱtoȱaȱcaulkȬgun.ȱȱParazynskiȱwillȱuseȱtheȱ theȱDestinyȱlab.ȱ
TȬRADȱtoȱmixȱandȱextrudeȱtheȱSTAȬ54ȱmaterialȱ
intoȱ holesȱ inȱ severalȱ demonstrationȱ tiles.ȱ ȱ Theȱ Toȱmakeȱwayȱforȱumbilicalȱtrayȱinstallationȱforȱ
crewȱ membersȱ willȱ watchȱ forȱ swellingȱ ofȱ theȱ Harmony,ȱtheyȱwillȱdemateȱconnectorsȱonȱeachȱ
materialȱ andȱ workȱ itȱ inȱ untilȱ itȱ isȱ smoothȱ byȱ sideȱofȱtheȱlab,ȱandȱWhitsonȱwillȱremoveȱaȱlightȱ
tampingȱtheȱmaterialȱwithȱfoamȬtippedȱtools.ȱ andȱplaceȱitȱinȱtheȱairlock.ȱ
56
ȱ
SPACEWALKS OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
ȱ
EXPERIMENTS
ȱ
DETAILED TEST OBJECTIVES Theȱ TȬRADȱ isȱ comprisedȱ ofȱ aȱ single,ȱ carbonȱ
dioxideȬpressurizedȱ vesselȱ separatedȱ intoȱ twoȱ
Detailedȱ Testȱ Objectivesȱ (DTOs)ȱ areȱ aimedȱ atȱ mainȱ sections.ȱ ȱ Itsȱ mixing,ȱ deliveryȱ systemȱ
testing,ȱ evaluatingȱ orȱ documentingȱ spaceȱ consistsȱofȱaȱstaticȱmixer,ȱaȱ3Ȭfootȱlengthȱofȱhoseȱ
shuttleȱ systemsȱ orȱ hardware,ȱ orȱ proposedȱ andȱanȱapplicatorȱgunȱthatȱcontrolsȱtheȱflowȱofȱ
improvementsȱ toȱ theȱ spaceȱ shuttleȱ orȱ spaceȱ theȱ extrudingȱ material.ȱ ȱ Theȱ assemblyȱ weighsȱ
stationȱhardware,ȱsystemsȱandȱoperations.ȱ 55ȱpoundsȱandȱisȱaboutȱtheȱsameȱsizeȱasȱaȱhandȬ
heldȱvacuum.ȱ
TheȱfollowingȱDTOsȱareȱplannedȱforȱSTSȬ120:ȱ
DTO 853 In-Flight Evaluation for Areas
DTO 848 TPS Repair Techniques
of CO 2 Concentration
(T-RAD/STA-54 Tile Repair Demo)
Theȱ purposeȱ ofȱ theȱ DTOȱ isȱ toȱ evaluateȱ carbonȱ
TheȱprimaryȱpurposeȱofȱtheȱDTOȱisȱtoȱevaluateȱ
dioxideȱ(CO2)ȱlevelsȱatȱspecificȱtimesȱduringȱtheȱ
Shuttleȱ Tileȱ AblatorȬ54ȱ (STAȬ54)ȱ materialȱ andȱ
missionȱ andȱ inȱ shuttleȱ areasȱ thatȱ haveȱ theȱ
theȱtileȱrepairȱablatorȱdispenserȱinȱaȱmicrogravȬ
potentialȱtoȱcontainȱelevatedȱlevels.ȱȱTheȱDTOȱisȱ
ityȱandȱvacuumȱenvironmentȱforȱuseȱasȱaȱspaceȱ
beingȱ carriedȱ outȱ overȱ fourȱ missions:ȱ ȱ STSȬ118,ȱ
shuttleȱ thermalȱ protectionȱ systemȱ repairȱ techȬ
STSȬ120,ȱ STSȬ122ȱ andȱ STSȬ123.ȱ ȱ Duringȱ theȱ
nique.ȱ
missions,ȱ theȱ dataȱ willȱ beȱ collectedȱ overȱ aȱ
TheȱTileȱRepairȱAblatorȱDispenser,ȱorȱTȬRAD,ȱisȱ periodȱofȱfiveȱdays,ȱduringȱsimilarȱtimeȱperiodsȱ
similarȱtoȱaȱcaulkȬgunȱandȱisȱdesignedȱtoȱfaciliȬ andȱinȱsimilarȱlocations.ȱ
tateȱ theȱ repairȱ ofȱ tilesȱ nearȱ theȱ orbiter’sȱ noseȱ
TheȱCO2ȱ levelsȱwillȱ beȱ recordedȱ usingȱtheȱCarȬ
landingȱ gearȱ door,ȱ itsȱ twoȱ mainȱ landingȱ gearȱ
bonȱ Dioxideȱ Monitorȱ (CDM)ȱ —ȱ aȱ portableȱ
doorsȱandȱtheȱexternalȱtankȱattachmentȱdoors.ȱ
handheldȱ deviceȱ designedȱ toȱ monitorȱ andȱ
Duringȱ theȱ test,ȱ anȱ ExtraȬVehicularȱ Activityȱ quantifyȱCO2ȱconcentrations.ȱ
(EVA)ȱcrewȱmemberȱwillȱuseȱTȬRADȱtoȱmixȱandȱ
Theȱ testȱ wasȱ promptedȱ byȱ theȱ STSȬ121ȱ andȱ
extrudeȱ STAȬ54ȱ materialȱ intoȱ holesȱ inȱ severalȱ
STSȬ115ȱmissionȱcrewsȱwhoȱreportedȱexperiencȬ
demonstrationȱ tiles.ȱ ȱ Theȱ crewȱ memberȱ willȱ
ingȱ stuffinessȱ andȱ headachesȱ whileȱ sleepingȱ inȱ
thenȱworkȱitȱinȱuntilȱitȱisȱsmoothȱbyȱtampingȱtheȱ
theȱmiddeckȱ area.ȱȱTheȱsymptomsȱareȱbelievedȱ
material.ȱ
toȱ mostȱ likelyȱ resultȱ fromȱ exposureȱ toȱ highȱ
STAȬ54ȱisȱaȱtwoȬpartȱsiliconeȬbasedȱablatorȱthatȱ levelsȱofȱCO2.ȱ
consistsȱofȱaȱbaseȱmaterialȱandȱaȱcatalyst.ȱȱOnceȱ
Forȱ theȱ reportedȱ timesȱ duringȱ STSȬ121ȱ andȱ
mixed,ȱ itȱ resemblesȱ theȱ consistencyȱ ofȱ cakeȬ
STSȬ115,ȱ theȱ CO2ȱ levelsȱ withinȱ theȱ crewȱ modȬ
frosting.ȱ ȱ However,ȱ theȱ materialȱ curesȱ toȱ theȱ
ule,ȱasȱindicatedȱbyȱtheȱvehicleȱinstrumentation,ȱ
textureȱofȱaȱpencilȱeraserȱwithinȱ24ȱtoȱ48ȱhours.ȱȱ
wereȱ withinȱ theȱ acceptableȱ range.ȱ ȱ AdditionȬ
Duringȱ reȬentry,ȱ theȱ STAȬ54ȱ dissipatesȱ heatȱ byȱ
ally,ȱforȱtheȱcourseȱofȱtheȱdockedȱphase,ȱtheȱCO2ȱ
charring,ȱthusȱprotectingȱtheȱshuttleȱtiles.ȱ
levelsȱinȱtheȱshuttleȱtrackedȱwellȱwithȱtheȱlevelsȱ
OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
EXPERIMENTS 57
ȱ
ȱ
inȱ theȱ station.ȱ ȱ Theȱ stationȱ crewȱ didȱ notȱ reportȱ Scanningȱ Beamȱ Landingȱ Systemȱ support,ȱ
anyȱsymptoms.ȱ whichȱ isȱ aȱ setȱ ofȱ dualȱ transmittersȱ locatedȱ
besideȱ theȱ runwayȱ providingȱ precisionȱ
Dataȱ samplingȱ locationsȱ forȱ theȱ testȱ areȱ navigationȱ vertically,ȱ horizontallyȱ andȱ lonȬ
dependentȱuponȱ crewȱ sleepȱ locationsȱ andȱ highȱ gitudinallyȱ withȱ respectȱ toȱ theȱ runway.ȱȱ
activityȱlocationsȱbecauseȱtheȱpostȬsleepȱactivityȱ Thisȱ precisionȱ navigationȱ subsystemȱ helpsȱ
periodȱ andȱ highȱ activityȱ periodsȱ areȱ theȱ timesȱ provideȱaȱhigherȱprobabilityȱofȱaȱmoreȱpreȬ
whenȱCO2ȱsymptomsȱwereȱreportedȱbyȱtheȱtwoȱ ciseȱ landingȱ withȱ aȱ crosswindȱ ofȱ 10ȱ toȱ
crews.ȱ 15ȱknotsȱasȱlateȱinȱtheȱflightȱasȱpossible.ȱ
Duringȱ theȱ upcomingȱ fourȱ missions,ȱ theȱ crewsȱ
2.ȱ Entry:ȱȱThisȱtestȱrequiresȱthatȱtheȱcrewȱperȬ
willȱplaceȱtheȱCDMȱinȱtheȱmiddeckȱbeforeȱtheyȱ
formȱ aȱ manuallyȱ controlledȱ landingȱ inȱ theȱ
goȱtoȱsleepȱsoȱthatȱgroundȱcontrollersȱcanȱmoniȬ
presenceȱ ofȱ aȱ 90Ȭdegreeȱ crosswindȱ compoȬ
torȱ CO2ȱ levelsȱ continuously.ȱ ȱ Theȱ informationȱ
nentȱofȱ10ȱtoȱ15ȱknotsȱsteadyȱstate.ȱ
willȱbeȱusedȱtoȱidentifyȱCO2ȱ“hotȱspots”ȱwithinȱ
theȱshuttle.ȱ Duringȱaȱcrosswindȱlanding,ȱtheȱdragȱchuteȱwillȱ
beȱ deployedȱ afterȱ noseȱ gearȱ touchdownȱ whenȱ
Asȱ aȱ result,ȱ engineeringȱ evaluationsȱ willȱ beȱ
theȱ vehicleȱ isȱ stableȱ andȱ trackingȱ theȱ runwayȱ
madeȱ toȱ fineȬtuneȱ airȱ exchangeȱ analyses,ȱ toȱ
centerline.ȱ
determineȱ ifȱ anyȱ configurationȱ changesȱ areȱ
necessaryȱtoȱoptimizeȱairflowȱandȱtoȱdetermineȱ SDTO 17010-J/A, Multi-Protocol
ifȱ operationalȱ improvementsȱ areȱ neededȱ orȱ ifȱ Converter, for live HDTV downlink with
crewȱ exposureȱ timeȱ inȱ identifiedȱ areasȱ shouldȱ MPC and incorporation into HDTV
beȱlimited.ȱ system
CDMȱ technologyȱ wasȱ successfullyȱ usedȱ toȱ Theȱ purposeȱ ofȱ thisȱ Stationȱ Developmentȱ Testȱ
determineȱ theȱ existenceȱ ofȱ CO2ȱ pocketsȱ onȱ theȱ Objectiveȱ (SDTO)ȱ isȱ toȱ demonstrateȱ theȱ
spaceȱ station.ȱ ȱ Theȱ kitȱ thatȱ willȱ beȱ usedȱ onȱ theȱ capabilityȱofȱtheȱmultiȬprotocolȱconverterȱ(MPC)ȱ
shuttleȱwillȱincludeȱtheȱCDM,ȱfiltersȱandȱseveralȱ beforeȱ theȱ installationȱ andȱ activationȱ ofȱ theȱ
batteryȱ packs.ȱ ȱ Theȱ CDMȱ isȱ capableȱ ofȱ Japaneseȱ Experimentȱ Module.ȱ Theȱ purposeȱ ofȱ
monitoringȱ CO2ȱ inȱ aȱ localizedȱ areaȱ forȱ eitherȱ theȱJAXAȱsuppliedȱhardwareȱisȱtoȱprovideȱhighȬ
longȱ orȱ shortȱ durationsȱ ofȱ time,ȱ dependingȱ onȱ definitionȱ televisionȱ (HDTV)ȱ downlinkȱ toȱ theȱ
theȱoperatingȱmode.ȱ spaceȱ station,ȱ whileȱ simplifyingȱ theȱ processingȱ
ofȱ theȱ dataȱ system.ȱ ȱ Theȱ objectivesȱ includeȱ
DTO 805 Crosswind Landing
demonstratingȱ theȱ MPCȱ system’sȱ abilityȱ toȱ
Performance (If opportunity)
capture,ȱ process,ȱ andȱ downlinkȱ aȱ liveȱ digitalȱ
TheȱpurposeȱofȱthisȱDTOȱisȱtoȱdemonstrateȱtheȱ HDTVȱsignalȱfromȱtheȱstationȱtoȱtheȱgroundȱviaȱ
capabilityȱ toȱ performȱ aȱ manuallyȱ controlledȱ theȱ KuȬbandȱ systemȱ andȱ toȱ evaluateȱ theȱ longȬ
landingȱ inȱ theȱ presenceȱ ofȱ aȱ crosswind.ȱ ȱ Theȱ termȱ radiationȱ toleranceȱ ofȱ HDȱ digitalȱ videoȱ
testingȱisȱdoneȱinȱtwoȱsteps.ȱ camerasȱ andȱ ofȱ theȱ highȬspeed,ȱ highȬdensityȱ
electronicȱ componentsȱ andȱ circuitryȱ requiredȱ toȱ
1.ȱ PreȬlaunch:ȱ Ensureȱ planningȱ willȱ allowȱ processȱdigitalȱHDȱvideoȱimageryȱforȱdownlink.ȱȱ
selectionȱ ofȱ aȱ runwayȱ withȱ Microwaveȱ Ifȱ timeȱ permits,ȱ theȱ crewȱ willȱ alsoȱ useȱ theȱ
58
ȱ
EXPERIMENTS OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
ȱ
JAXAȬprovidedȱ HDȱ camcorderȱ inȱ conjunctionȱ stationȱ microgravityȱ environment.ȱ ȱ Operationȱ
withȱ theȱ Spaceȱ Videoȱ Gatewayȱ systemȱ toȱ ofȱ equipmentȱ onȱ theȱ stationȱ createsȱ vibrationsȱ
evaluateȱdownlinkȱcompressionȱmethods.ȱ whichȱ canȱ disturbȱ —ȱ vibrateȱ —ȱ scienceȱ
experiments.ȱ ȱ Toȱ minimizeȱ theȱ vibrationȱ someȱ
SDTO 13005-U ISS Structural Life and experimentsȱ experience,ȱ stationȱ hardwareȱ isȱ
Life Validation and Extension builtȱ withȱ isolationȱ systems,ȱ somewhatȱ similarȱ
Theȱ purposeȱ ofȱ thisȱ Stationȱ Developmentȱ Testȱ toȱ automotiveȱ shocksȱ andȱ springs.ȱ ȱ Suchȱ
Objectiveȱ (SDTO)ȱ isȱ toȱ guaranteeȱ safetyȱ ofȱ theȱ systemsȱ reduceȱ theȱ vibrationȱ transmittedȱ fromȱ
stationȱ structureȱ andȱ crewȱ byȱ validatingȱ theȱ stationȱhardwareȱtoȱtheȱexperimentȱlocations.ȱ
onȬorbitȱmathȱmodelsȱthatȱwereȱcreatedȱforȱtheȱ Theȱbiggestȱsourceȱofȱvibrationȱonȱtheȱstationȱisȱ
spaceȱstation.ȱȱTheȱtestȱwillȱbeȱusedȱtoȱvalidateȱ createdȱ byȱ theȱ crewȱ membersȱ duringȱ routineȱ
criticalȱ interfaceȱ loadȱ andȱ toȱ helpȱ improveȱ exercise.ȱȱAsȱcrewȱmembersȱcycle,ȱrun,ȱwalk,ȱorȱ
fatigueȱlifeȱpredictionȱonȱtheȱstation.ȱ performȱ resistiveȱ exercise,ȱ largeȱ vibrationsȱ areȱ
createdȱ thatȱ canȱ affectȱ theȱ experiments.ȱ ȱ Thisȱ
Duringȱ thisȱ mission,ȱ ifȱ crewȱ timeȱ isȱ available,ȱ
SDTOȱwillȱmeasureȱtheȱaccelerationsȱcausedȱbyȱ
threeȱ testsȱ willȱ beȱ performed:ȱ ȱ oneȱ duringȱ theȱ
theȱ shuttle’sȱ ergometer,ȱ orȱ stationaryȱ exerciseȱ
shuttleȬstationȱ matedȱ reboost,ȱ oneȱ duringȱ
bicycle,ȱ toȱ determineȱ theȱ amountȱ ofȱ loadȱ itȱ
undockingȱandȱoneȱduringȱS5ȱtrussȱinstallation.ȱȱ
placesȱonȱtheȱstationȱandȱshuttle.ȱ
Theȱ testsȱ willȱ provideȱ dynamicȱ loadsȱ
informationȱ forȱ engineersȱ toȱ useȱ inȱ creatingȱ
SHORT-DURATION RESEARCH TO BE
preciseȱ modelsȱ thatȱ canȱ beȱ usedȱ forȱ analysis.ȱȱ
OnȬorbitȱ dataȱ mayȱ aidȱ inȱ detectingȱ structuralȱ
COMPLETED DURING STS-120
anomalies,ȱ andȱ theȱ station’sȱ responseȱ toȱ actualȱ Theȱ spaceȱ shuttleȱ andȱ Internationalȱ Spaceȱ StaȬ
loadingȱeventsȱaidsȱinȱpostȬflightȱreconstructionȱ tionȱ haveȱ anȱ integratedȱ researchȱ programȱ thatȱ
ofȱloadsȱthatȱhelpȱdetermineȱstructuralȱlifeȱusage.ȱ optimizesȱ useȱ ofȱ shuttleȱ crewȱ membersȱ andȱ
longȬdurationȱ spaceȱ stationȱ crewȱ membersȱ toȱ
Theȱ testȱ requiresȱ actualȱ orȱ educatedȱ estimatesȱ
addressȱresearchȱquestionsȱinȱaȱvarietyȱofȱdisciȬ
ofȱ inputȱ (forcingȱ function)ȱ andȱ actualȱ outputȱ
plines.ȱ
(onȬorbitȱ sensorȱ measurements)ȱ ofȱ theȱ stationȱ
response.ȱȱMeasurementȱofȱtheȱforceȱinputȱ(i.e.,ȱ ValidationȱofȱProceduresȱforȱMonitoringȱCrewȱ
thrusterȱ firingȱ sequences,ȱ videoȱ ofȱ crewȱ activȬ Memberȱ Immuneȱ Functionȱ (Integratedȱ
ity,ȱ etc.)ȱ andȱ stationȱ responseȱ willȱ aidȱ reconȬ Immune)ȱ willȱ assessȱ theȱ clinicalȱ risksȱ resultingȱ
structionȱ ofȱ stationȱ loadsȱ andȱ structuralȱ lifeȱ fromȱ theȱ adverseȱ effectsȱ ofȱ spaceflightȱ onȱ theȱ
usageȱoverȱtheȱlifeȱofȱtheȱstation,ȱthusȱallowingȱ humanȱ immuneȱ systemȱ andȱ willȱ validateȱ aȱ
lifeȱextensionȱofȱtheȱstructure.ȱ flightȬcompatibleȱ immuneȱ monitoringȱ strategy.ȱȱ
Researchersȱ willȱ collectȱ andȱ analyzeȱ blood,ȱ
Allȱ ofȱ theȱ onȬorbitȱ dynamicȱ testsȱ wereȱ alsoȱ
urineȱ andȱ salivaȱ samplesȱ fromȱ crewȱ membersȱ
performedȱonȱtheȱISSȬOrbiterȱmatedȱconfiguraȬ
before,ȱ duringȱ andȱ afterȱ spaceflightȱ toȱ monitorȱ
tionȱmodels.ȱ
changesȱinȱtheirȱimmuneȱsystems.ȱ
SDTO 15003-U ISS Microgravity
Mauiȱ Analysisȱ ofȱ Upperȱ Atmosphericȱ InjecȬ
Theȱ purposeȱ ofȱ thisȱ Stationȱ Developmentȱ Testȱ tionsȱ (MAUI)ȱ willȱ observeȱ theȱ spaceȱ shuttleȱ
Objectiveȱ (SDTO)ȱ isȱ toȱ measureȱ theȱ spaceȱ engineȱ exhaustȱ plumesȱ fromȱ theȱ Mauiȱ Spaceȱ
OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
EXPERIMENTS 59
ȱ
ȱ
Surveillanceȱ Siteȱ inȱ Hawaii.ȱ ȱ Theȱ observationsȱ Ramȱ Burnȱ Observationsȱ (RAMBO)ȱ isȱ anȱ
willȱ occurȱ whenȱ theȱ shuttleȱ firesȱ itsȱ enginesȱ atȱ experimentȱ inȱ whichȱ theȱ Departmentȱ ofȱ
nightȱorȱtwilight.ȱȱAȱtelescopeȱandȱallȬskyȱimagȬ Defenseȱusesȱaȱsatelliteȱtoȱobserveȱspaceȱshuttleȱ
ersȱwillȱtakeȱimagesȱandȱdataȱwhileȱtheȱshuttleȱ orbitalȱmaneuveringȱsystemȱengineȱburns.ȱȱTheȱ
fliesȱ overȱ theȱ Mauiȱ site.ȱ ȱ Theȱ imagesȱ willȱ beȱ studyȇsȱ purposeȱ isȱ toȱ improveȱ plumeȱ modelsȱ
analyzedȱ toȱ betterȱ understandȱ theȱ interactionȱ thatȱpredictȱtheȱdirectionȱofȱtheȱplume,ȱorȱrisingȱ
betweenȱ theȱ spacecraftȱ plumeȱ andȱ theȱ upperȱ columnȱofȱexhaust,ȱasȱtheȱshuttleȱmaneuversȱonȱ
atmosphere.ȱ orbit.ȱ ȱ Understandingȱthisȱ flowȱ directionȱcouldȱ
beȱ significantȱ toȱ theȱ safeȱ arrivalȱ andȱ departureȱ
Testȱ ofȱ Midodrineȱ asȱ aȱ Countermeasureȱ ofȱspacecraftȱ onȱcurrentȱ andȱ futureȱexplorationȱ
Againstȱ PostȬFlightȱ Orthostaticȱ Hypotensionȱ missions.ȱ
(Midodrine)ȱ isȱ aȱ testȱ ofȱ theȱ abilityȱ ofȱ theȱ drugȱ
midodrineȱtoȱreduceȱtheȱincidenceȱorȱseverityȱofȱ SleepȬWakeȱ Actigraphyȱ andȱ Lightȱ Exposureȱ
orthostaticȱhypotension.ȱȱIfȱsuccessful,ȱtheȱdrugȱ duringȱ Spaceflightȱ –ȱ Shortȱ (SleepȬShort)ȱ willȱ
willȱ beȱ employedȱ asȱ aȱ countermeasureȱ toȱ theȱ examineȱ theȱ effectsȱ ofȱ spaceflightȱ onȱ theȱ sleepȬ
dizzinessȱ causedȱ byȱ theȱ bloodȬpressureȱ wakeȱ cyclesȱ ofȱ theȱ astronautsȱ duringȱ shuttleȱ
decreaseȱthatȱmanyȱastronautsȱexperienceȱuponȱ missions.ȱ ȱ Advancingȱ stateȬofȬtheȬartȱ technolȬ
returningȱtoȱtheȱEarthȇsȱgravity.ȱ ogyȱ forȱ monitoring,ȱ diagnosingȱ andȱ assessingȱ
treatmentȱ ofȱ sleepȱ patternsȱ isȱ vitalȱ toȱ treatingȱ
Perceptualȱ Motorȱ Deficitsȱ inȱ Spaceȱ (PMDIS)ȱ insomniaȱonȱEarthȱandȱinȱspace.ȱ
willȱ investigateȱ whyȱ astronautsȱ experienceȱ
difficultyȱ withȱ handȬeyeȱ coordinationȱ whileȱ inȱ International Partner Experiments
space.ȱ ȱ Theseȱ measurementsȱ willȱ beȱ usedȱ toȱ
distinguishȱ betweenȱ threeȱ possibleȱ explanaȬ Fischerȱ Ratȱ Thyroidȱ Lowȱ Serumȱ 5ȱ percentȱ
tions:ȱ ȱ theȱ brainȱ notȱ adaptingȱ toȱ theȱ nearȱ (FRTL5)ȱ willȱ beȱ usedȱ asȱ aȱ biologicalȱ systemȱ toȱ
weightlessnessȱ ofȱ space;ȱ theȱ difficultyȱ ofȱ perȬ measureȱradiationȱandȱmicrogravityȱeffectsȱTheȱ
formingȱ fineȱ movementsȱ whenȱ floatingȱ inȱ FRTL5ȱ ratȱ thyroidȱ cellȱ strainȱ wasȱ chosenȱ
space;ȱ andȱ stressȱ dueȱ toȱ factorsȱ suchȱ asȱ spaceȱ becauseȱ ofȱ itsȱ relevanceȱ toȱ humanȱ physiologyȱ
sicknessȱ andȱ sleepȱ deprivation.ȱ ȱ Thisȱ experiȬ andȱmedicine.ȱȱThyroidȱtissueȱisȱanȱidealȱtargetȱ
mentȱ isȱ aȱ cooperativeȱ effortȱ withȱ theȱ Canadianȱ forȱ spaceȱ radiationȱ researchȱ becauseȱ itȱ isȱ
SpaceȱAgency.ȱ resistantȱ toȱ radiation’sȱ acuteȱ effects.ȱ ȱ Thisȱ
experimentȱshouldȱhelpȱimproveȱknowledgeȱofȱ
Bioavailablityȱ andȱ Performanceȱ Effectsȱ ofȱ theȱ effectȱ ofȱ theȱ spaceȱ environmentȱ onȱ theȱ
Promethazineȱ duringȱ Spaceflightȱ (PMZ)ȱ willȱ humanȱ body,ȱ especiallyȱ withȱ longerȬtermȱ
examineȱtheȱperformanceȬimpactingȱsideȬeffectsȱ missionsȱplannedȱinȱtheȱfuture.ȱ
ofȱ promethazineȱ andȱ itsȱ bioavailabilityȱ —ȱ theȱ
degreeȱ toȱ whichȱ aȱ drugȱ canȱ beȱ absorbedȱ andȱ Studyȱ ofȱ Spaceȱ Environmentȱ Effectsȱ onȱ PY17ȱ
usedȱ byȱ theȱ partsȱ ofȱ theȱ bodyȱ onȱ whichȱ itȱ isȱ Bacterialȱ Sporesȱ onboardȱ Internationalȱ Spaceȱ
intendedȱ toȱ haveȱ anȱ effect.ȱ ȱ Promethazineȱ isȱ aȱ Stationȱ(SPORE)ȱisȱtheȱstudyȱofȱPY17ȱbacterialȱ
medicationȱ takenȱ byȱ astronautsȱ toȱ preventȱ sporesȱ responseȱ toȱ theȱ effectsȱ ofȱ microgravityȱ
motionȱsickness.ȱ andȱ radiation.ȱ ȱ Theȱ experimentȱ wasȱ conceivedȱ
byȱhighȱschoolȱstudents.ȱ
60
ȱ
EXPERIMENTS OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
ȱ
Samples and Hardware Returning on opedȱ onȱ orbitȱ inȱ aȱ gardenȱ habitat.ȱ ȱ Theȱ secondȱ
STS-120 experimentȱwillȱexamineȱyeastȱcells’ȱadaptationȱ
toȱ theȱ spaceȱ environment;ȱ theȱ thirdȱ willȱ examȬ
Analysisȱ ofȱ aȱ Novelȱ Sensoryȱ Mechanismȱ inȱ
ineȱ plantȱ cellȱ cultures.ȱ ȱ Aȱ fourthȱ experimentȱ
Rootȱ Phototropismȱ (Tropi)ȱ sproutedȱ ArabiȬ
willȱexamineȱcrystalȱformationȱusingȱsilicatesȱ—ȱ
dopsisȱ thalianaȱ (thaleȱ cress)ȱ plantsȱ fromȱ seedsȱ
compoundsȱcontainingȱsilicon,ȱoxygenȱandȱoneȱ
underȱ differentȱ frequenciesȱ ofȱ lightȱ andȱ levelsȱ
orȱmoreȱmetals.ȱȱForȱtheȱcrystalȱgrowthȱexperiȬ
ofȱartificialȱgravity.ȱȱTheȱplantsȱwillȱbeȱanalyzedȱ
ment,ȱstudentsȱwillȱgrowȱcrystalsȱinȱtheirȱclassȬ
atȱtheȱmolecularȱlevelȱtoȱdetermineȱwhatȱgenesȱ
roomsȱ andȱ analyzeȱ growthȱ ofȱ thoseȱ comparedȱ
areȱ responsibleȱ forȱ successfulȱ plantȱ growthȱ inȱ
toȱtheȱcrystalsȱgrownȱinȱspace.ȱ
microgravity.ȱ
Educationȱ Payloadȱ Operationsȱ –ȱ Kitȱ Cȱ
Capillaryȱ Flowȱ Experimentȱ (CFE)ȱ isȱ aȱ suiteȱ ofȱ
(EPOȱȬȱKitȱ C)ȱ isȱ anȱ onȬorbitȱ plantȱ growthȱ
fluidȱ physicsȱ experimentsȱ thatȱ investigateȱ
investigationȱ usingȱ basilȱ seeds.ȱ ȱ Theȱ stillȱ andȱ
capillaryȱflowsȱandȱflowsȱofȱfluidsȱinȱcontainersȱ
videoȱimageryȱcapturedȱwillȱbeȱusedȱasȱpartȱofȱaȱ
withȱcomplexȱgeometries.ȱȱResultsȱwillȱimproveȱ
nationalȱ engineeringȱ designȱ challengeȱ forȱ
currentȱ computerȱ modelsȱ thatȱ areȱ usedȱ byȱ
studentsȱ inȱ kindergartenȱ throughȱ 12thȱ grade.ȱȱ
designersȱofȱlowȱgravityȱfluidȱsystemsȱandȱmayȱ
Onȱtheȱground,ȱstudentsȱwillȱgrowȱbasilȱseedsȱ—ȱ
improveȱ fluidȱ transferȱ systemsȱ onȱ futureȱ
controlȱandȱflownȱseedsȱ—ȱinȱgrowthȱchambersȱ
spacecraft.ȱ
toȱ conductȱ theirȱ ownȱ plantȱ growthȱ scienceȱ
Coarseningȱ inȱ Solidȱ Liquidȱ MixturesȬ2ȱ experiments.ȱ
(CSLMȬ2)ȱ examinesȱ theȱ kineticsȱ ofȱ competitiveȱ
Nutritionalȱ Statusȱ Assessmentȱ (Nutrition)ȱ isȱ
particleȱgrowthȱwithinȱaȱliquidȱmatrix.ȱȱDuringȱ
NASA’sȱ mostȱ comprehensiveȱ inȬflightȱ studyȱ toȱ
thisȱ process,ȱ smallȱ particlesȱ shrinkȱ byȱ losingȱ
dateȱofȱhumanȱphysiologicȱchangesȱduringȱlongȬ
atomsȱ toȱ largerȱ particles,ȱ causingȱ theȱ largerȱ
durationȱ spaceflight;ȱ thisȱ includesȱ measuresȱ ofȱ
particlesȱ toȱ growȱ (coarsen)ȱ withinȱ aȱ liquidȱ
boneȱ metabolism,ȱ oxidativeȱ damage,ȱ nutritionalȱ
lead/tinȱ matrix.ȱ ȱ Thisȱ studyȱ definedȱ theȱ
assessmentsȱandȱhormonalȱchanges.ȱȱThisȱstudyȱ
mechanismsȱ andȱ ratesȱ ofȱ coarseningȱ thatȱ
willȱ impactȱ bothȱ theȱ definitionȱ ofȱ nutritionalȱ
governȱturbineȱblades,ȱdentalȱamalgamȱfillings,ȱ
requirementsȱ andȱ developmentȱ ofȱ foodȱ systemsȱ
ironȱcopper,ȱetc.ȱ
forȱ futureȱ spaceȱ explorationȱ missionsȱ toȱ theȱ
CommercialȱGenericȱBioprocessingȱApparatusȱ moonȱandȱMars.ȱȱTheȱexperimentȱalsoȱwillȱhelpȱ
Scienceȱ Insertȱ –ȱ 02ȱ (CSIȬ02)ȱ isȱ anȱ educationalȱ toȱunderstandȱtheȱimpactȱofȱcountermeasuresȱ—ȱ
payloadȱ designedȱ toȱ interestȱ middleȱ schoolȱ exerciseȱ andȱ pharmaceuticalsȱ —ȱ onȱ nutritionalȱ
studentsȱ inȱ science,ȱ technology,ȱ engineeringȱ statusȱandȱnutrientȱrequirementsȱforȱastronauts.ȱ
andȱ mathȱ byȱ participatingȱ inȱ nearȱ realȬtimeȱ
Testȱ ofȱ Reactionȱ andȱ Adaptationȱ Capabilitiesȱ
researchȱ conductedȱ aboardȱ theȱ station.ȱ ȱ StuȬ
(TRAC)ȱwillȱtestȱtheȱtheoryȱofȱbrainȱadaptationȱ
dentsȱ willȱ observeȱ fourȱ experimentsȱ throughȱ
duringȱ spaceflightȱ byȱ testingȱ handȬeyeȱ
dataȱ andȱ imageryȱ downlinkedȱ andȱ distributedȱ
coordinationȱ before,ȱ duringȱ andȱ afterȱ theȱ
directlyȱintoȱtheȱclassroomȱviaȱtheȱInternet.ȱȱTheȱ
mission.ȱ ȱ Thisȱ experimentȱ isȱ aȱ collaborativeȱ
firstȱ isȱ aȱ seedȱ germinationȱ experimentȱ throughȱ
effortȱ betweenȱ NASAȱ andȱ theȱ Canadianȱ Spaceȱ
whichȱ studentsȱ willȱ learnȱ howȱ gravityȱ affectsȱ
Agency.ȱ
plantȱ development.ȱ ȱ Smallȱ seedsȱwillȱ beȱ develȬ
OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
EXPERIMENTS 61
ȱ
ȱ
SmokeȱandȱAerosolȱMeasurementȱExperimentȱ EUROPEAN EXPERIMENT PROGRAM
(SAME)ȱ willȱ measureȱ theȱ smokeȱ properties,ȱ orȱ
particleȱ sizeȱ distribution,ȱ fromȱ typicalȱ spaceȬ Inȱ additionȱ toȱ hisȱ tasksȱ asȱ anȱ STSȬ120ȱ missionȱ
craftȱ fireȱ smokesȱ toȱ identifyȱ waysȱ toȱ improveȱ specialist,ȱEuropeanȱSpaceȱAgencyȱ(ESA)ȱastroȬ
smokeȱdetectorsȱonȱfutureȱspacecraft.ȱ nautȱ Paoloȱ Nespoliȱ willȱ undertakeȱ theȱ EuroȬ
peanȱ Esperiaȱ mission,ȱ duringȱ whichȱ heȱ willȱ
Returning International Partner carryȱoutȱaȱnumberȱofȱexperimentsȱonȱbehalfȱofȱ
Experiments theȱEuropeanȱscienceȱcommunity.ȱȱTwoȱofȱtheseȱ
experimentsȱ(ChromosomeȬ2ȱandȱNeocytolysis)ȱ
Colorȱ consistsȱ ofȱ anȱ astronautȱ buildingȱ aȱ colȬ
areȱsponsoredȱbyȱESA.ȱȱTheȱotherȱthreeȱexperiȬ
oredȱ sceneȱ utilizingȱ nonȬrepresentationalȱ andȱ mentsȱ (HPA,ȱ FRTLȬ5ȱ andȱ SPORE)ȱ areȱ sponȬ
superȬimposableȱ paintedȱ transparentȱ filmsȱ toȱ
soredȱ byȱ theȱ Italianȱ Spaceȱ Agency,ȱ orȱ ASI.ȱȱ
identifyȱtheȱmostȱfavorableȱimpression.ȱ ChromosomeȬ2,ȱ Neocytolysisȱ andȱ HPAȱ areȱ
Neuroendocrineȱ andȱ Immuneȱ Responsesȱ inȱ experimentsȱ inȱ theȱ fieldȱ ofȱ humanȱ physiology.ȱȱ
Humansȱ Duringȱ andȱ Afterȱ LongȬtermȱ Stayȱ atȱ FRTLȬ5ȱ andȱ SPOREȱ areȱ biologyȱ experiments.ȱȱ
ISSȱ (Immuno)ȱ willȱ provideȱ anȱ understandingȱ Nespoliȱ alsoȱ willȱ beȱ conductingȱ Educationalȱ
forȱtheȱdevelopmentȱofȱpharmacologicalȱtoolsȱtoȱ Activitiesȱ(seeȱARISS)ȱcoordinatedȱbyȱbothȱESAȱ
countermeasureȱ unwantedȱ immunologicalȱ sideȱ andȱASI.ȱ
effectsȱduringȱlongȬdurationȱmissions.ȱ Chromosome-2
Motionȱ Perception:ȱ ȱ Vestibularȱ Adaptationȱ toȱ Duringȱspaceflights,ȱcrewȱmembersȱareȱexposedȱ
GȬTransitionsȱ (MOP)ȱ isȱ toȱ gainȱ insightȱ inȱ theȱ toȱ differentȱ typesȱ ofȱ ionizingȱ radiation.ȱ ȱ Toȱ
processȱ ofȱ vestibularȱ adaptationȱ toȱ aȱ gravityȱ assessȱ theȱ geneticȱ impactȱ ofȱ theseȱ radiations,ȱ
transition.ȱ thisȱ experimentȱ willȱ studyȱ chromosomeȱ
changesȱandȱsensitivityȱtoȱradiationȱinȱlymphoȬ
LBPȬMuscle:ȱ ȱ Studyȱ ofȱ Lowerȱ Backȱ Painȱ inȱ
cytesȱ (whiteȱ bloodȱ cells)ȱ ofȱ ISSȱ crewȱ members.ȱȱ
Astronautsȱ duringȱ Spaceflightȱ willȱ studyȱ theȱ
Theȱ ChromosomeȬ2ȱ experimentȱ isȱ plannedȱ toȱ
developmentȱofȱlowerȱbackȱpainȱinȱcrewȱmemȬ
beȱ carriedȱ outȱ usingȱ eightȱ subjects:ȱ ȱ fourȱ fromȱ
bersȱ duringȱ spaceflightȱ andȱ determineȱ ifȱ thereȱ
shortȬdurationȱflightsȱandȱfourȱexpeditionȱcrewȱ
isȱaȱrelationshipȱtoȱmuscleȱatrophy.ȱ
members.ȱ
Experiments Delivered to the
International Space Station on STS-120
62
ȱ
EXPERIMENTS OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
ȱ
ScienceȱTeam:ȱ Hand Posture Analyzer (HPA)
C.ȱJohannes,ȱM.ȱHorstmannȱ
Thisȱexperimentȱhasȱtwoȱgoals:ȱȱunderstandingȱ
UniversitätȱDuisburgȬEssenȱ
theȱ abilityȱ ofȱ theȱ humanȱ brainȱ toȱ mentallyȱ
Essen,ȱGermanyȱ
representȱ theȱ presenceȱ orȱ absenceȱ ofȱ gravityȱ
Neocytolysis effectsȱ onȱ objectȱ motion,ȱ andȱ studyingȱ theȱ
effectsȱ ofȱ weightlessnessȱ onȱ movement.ȱ ȱ Theȱ
Thisȱ experimentȱ coversȱ theȱ effectsȱ ofȱ weightȬ Handȱ Postureȱ Analyzer,ȱ wasȱ launchedȱ toȱ theȱ
lessnessȱ onȱ theȱ hemopoieticȱ system,ȱ whichȱ isȱ ISSȱ onȱ Progressȱ flightȱ 12Pȱ inȱ Augustȱ 2003,ȱ andȱ
theȱ systemȱ ofȱ theȱ bodyȱ responsibleȱ forȱ theȱ forȬ usedȱ duringȱ Expeditionsȱ 7ȱ andȱ 8.ȱ ȱ Theȱ
mationȱ ofȱ bloodȱ cells.ȱ ȱ Theȱ experimentȱ willȱ preliminaryȱ versionȱ ofȱ theȱ sameȱ hardwareȱ wasȱ
studyȱ aȱ processȱ calledȱ neocytolysis,ȱ theȱ selecȬ usedȱ onȱ boardȱ theȱ stationȱ duringȱ theȱ “Marcoȱ
tiveȱ destructionȱ ofȱ youngȱ redȱ bloodȱ cells.ȱ ȱ Theȱ Polo”ȱ missionȱ withȱ ESAȱ astronautȱ Robertoȱ
experimentwillȱ analyzeȱ theȱ physicalȱ andȱ funcȬ Vittoriȱ inȱ 2002.ȱ ȱ Duringȱ hisȱ secondȱ missionȱ inȱ
tionalȱ characteristicsȱ ofȱ youngȱ redȱ bloodȱ cellsȱ Aprilȱ 2005,ȱ astronautȱ Robertoȱ Vittoriȱ againȱ
takenȱfromȱastronautȱbloodȱsamplesȱbeforeȱandȱ performedȱtheȱHPAȱexperiment.ȱ
afterȱ spaceflight.ȱ ȱ Itȱ willȱ beȱ carriedȱ outȱ withȱ
threeȱsubjectsȱfromȱshortȬtermȱmissions.ȱ
ȱ
AstronautȱRobertoȱVittoriȱusesȱtheȱCHIROȱ
deviceȱduringȱtheȱ“MarcoȱPolo”ȱmissionȱȱ
(Aprilȱ2002)ȱ(Image:ȱȱV.ȱZolesi)ȱ
TheȱHPAȱhardwareȱconsistsȱofȱtwoȱdynamomeȬ
tersȱ forȱ measuringȱ pinchȱ andȱ gripȱ forceȱ andȱ aȱ
ȱ
glovedȱ instrumentationȱ deviceȱ wornȱ byȱ theȱ
Constituentsȱofȱblood.ȱȱEȱisȱanȱerythrocyteȱorȱ astronaut,ȱ whichȱ isȱ attachedȱ toȱ anȱ electronicsȱ
redȱbloodȱcell,ȱLȱisȱaȱlymphocyteȱorȱwhiteȱ box.ȱ ȱ Theȱ astronautȱ willȱ carryȱ outȱ threeȱ differȬ
bloodȱcellȱandȱPȱisȱaȱbloodȱplatelet.ȱȱ(Image:ȱȱNASA)ȱ entȱ experimentȱ protocols:ȱ ȱ IMAGINE,ȱ duringȱ
ScienceȱTeam:ȱ whichȱ theȱ astronautȱ simulatesȱ throwingȱ anȱ
imaginaryȱballȱupȱagainstȱtheȱceilingȱandȱcatchȬ
A.ȱRisso,ȱG.ȱAntonutto,ȱ
ingȱitȱonȱtheȱwayȱdownȱusingȱtheȱinstrumentedȱ
UniversityȱofȱUdine,ȱUdine,ȱItalyȱ
gloveȱandȱelectronicsȱbox;ȱMAIS,ȱduringȱwhichȱ
M.ȱCosulich,ȱG.ȱMinetti.ȱ
theȱsubjectȱusesȱtheȱsameȱhardwareȱandȱcarriesȱ
UniversityȱofȱPavia,ȱPavia,ȱItalyȱ
OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
EXPERIMENTS 63
ȱ
ȱ
outȱ aȱ protocolȱ ofȱ reachingȱ out,ȱ grippingȱ andȱ Theȱ FRTL5ȱ cellsȱ willȱ beȱ usedȱ inȱ aȱ proliferativeȱ
releasingȱdifferentȱsizedȱcylindricalȱobjects;ȱandȱ state,ȱwhichȱisȱaffectedȱmuchȱmoreȱbyȱtheȱspaceȱ
CHIRO,ȱ whichȱ measuresȱ theȱ maximumȱ forceȱ environment.ȱȱTheȱcellsȱwillȱbeȱsealedȱinȱsterileȱ
exertedȱonȱtheȱhandȱandȱpinchȱgripȱdynamomeȬ cultureȱ flasksȱ andȱ keptȱ underȱ controlledȱ
tersȱbyȱtheȱastronaut.ȱ conditions.ȱ ȱ Oneȱ ofȱ theȱ reasonsȱ forȱ choosingȱ
theseȱspecificȱthyroidȱcellsȱisȱtheȱrelevanceȱtheyȱ
ScienceȱTeam:ȱ haveȱ toȱ humanȱ physiologyȱ andȱ medicine.ȱȱ
F.ȱLacquaniti,ȱ Thyroidȱ tissueȱ isȱ anȱ idealȱ targetȱ forȱ spaceȱ
UniversitàȱTorȱVergata,ȱRome,ȱItalyȱ radiationȱresearch.ȱ
M.ȱZago,ȱW.ȱMiller,ȱS.ȱGravano,ȱ
TheȱcellsȱwillȱbeȱtestedȱafterȱreturningȱtoȱEarthȱ
IRCCSȱSantaȱLuciaȱFoundation,ȱItalyȱ
forȱ DNAȱ modificationsȱ becauseȱ ofȱ radiationȱ
P.ȱPastacaldi,ȱ
andȱ magneticȱ fields,ȱ andȱ theȱ effectȱ ofȱ weightȬ
AziendaȱOspedalieraȱPisana,ȱPisa,ȱItaly.ȱ
lessnessȱonȱcellȱbehavior.ȱȱThisȱkindȱofȱresearchȱ
F.ȱPosteraro,ȱ helpsȱtoȱimproveȱourȱknowledgeȱofȱtheȱeffectȱofȱ
OspedaleȱdellaȱVersilia,ȱLidoȱdiȱCamaioreȱ(LU),ȱ theȱ spaceȱ environmentȱ onȱ theȱ humanȱ body,ȱ
Italyȱ especiallyȱ withȱ longerȬtermȱ missionsȱ plannedȱ
V.ȱZolesi,ȱ inȱtheȱfutureȱ(e.g.,ȱMars).ȱ
KayserȱItalia,ȱLivorno,ȱItalyȱ
ScienceȱTeam:ȱ
Fischer Rat Thyroid Low serum 5% F.ȱCurcio,ȱUniversityȱofȱUdine,ȱItalyȱ
(FRTL5) S.ȱAmbesi,ȱUniversityȱofȱUdine,ȱItalyȱ
Thisȱexperimentȱisȱaimedȱatȱassessingȱtheȱeffectsȱ
SPORE
ofȱ theȱ spaceȱ environmentȱ (weightlessnessȱ andȱ
radiation)ȱ onȱ normalȱ inȱ vitroȱ culturesȱ ofȱ Theȱ SPOREȱ educationalȱ experiment’sȱ purposeȱ
soȬcalledȱ FRTL5ȱ ratȱ thyroidȱ cells.ȱ ȱ Thisȱ isȱ theȱ studyȱ ofȱ PY17ȱ bacterialȱ spores’ȱ responseȱ
experimentȱwillȱuseȱcellsȱalreadyȱexposedȱtoȱtheȱ toȱ exposureȱ toȱ weightlessnessȱ andȱ ionizingȱ
spaceȱ environmentȱ duringȱ theȱ FRTLȬ5ȱ radiations,ȱ whichȱ areȱ characteristicȱ ofȱ theȱ ISSȱ
experimentȱ onȱ theȱ 10Ȭdayȱ Eneideȱ missionȱ withȱ environment.ȱ ȱ Theȱ experimentȱ wasȱ conceivedȱ
ESAȱastronautȱRobertoȱVittoriȱinȱAprilȱ2005.ȱ byȱhighȱschoolȱstudents.ȱ
PY17ȱisȱtheȱnameȱgivenȱtoȱaȱcultureȱofȱtheȱwildȱ
typeȱ stockȱ sporesȱ ofȱ Bacillusȱ subtilis.ȱȱ
NinetyȬsixȱsealedȱcuvettesȱcontainingȱtheȱsporesȱ
willȱbeȱequallyȱsplitȱintoȱthreeȱexperimentȱconȬ
tainers.ȱ ȱ Theȱ experimentȱ willȱ lastȱ theȱ durationȱ
ofȱ theȱ mission.ȱ ȱ Theȱ bacterialȱ sporesȱ areȱ harmȬ
lessȱtoȱhumans.ȱ
ȱ
FTRL5ȱequipmentȱ(Image:ȱȱS.ȱAmbesi)ȱ
64
ȱ
EXPERIMENTS OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
ȱ
Duringȱ theȱ mission,ȱ Paoloȱ Nespoliȱ willȱ beȱ
involvedȱ inȱ twoȱ liveȱ amateurȱ radioȱ contactsȱ
fromȱ theȱ ISS.ȱ ȱ Heȱ willȱ answerȱ questionsȱ fromȱ
schoolȱ childrenȱ andȱ universityȱ studentsȱ atȱ theȱ
IISȱ DeambrosisȬNattaȱ schoolȱ inȱ Sestriȱ Levante,ȱ
Genoa,ȱ Italyȱ andȱ theȱ Universityȱ ofȱ L’Aquilaȱ
respectively.ȱ
ScienceȱTeam:ȱ
M.ȱMezzacappa,ȱ
LiceoȱScientificoȱ“Majorana”ȱdiȱIsernia,ȱItalyȱ
A.ȱIscra,ȱ
IstitutoȱdiȱIstruzioneȱSuperioreȱ“Vittorioȱ
EmanueleȱIIȱ–ȱRuffini”ȱdiȱGenova,ȱItalyȱ
L.iȱNaclerio,ȱ
UniversitàȱdelȱMolise,ȱItalyȱ
ȱ
ARISS (and additional education
CompetitionȱwinnerȱatȱESA’sȱESRINȱfacilityȱ
activities)
inȱFrascati,ȱItalyȱasksȱaȱquestionȱofȱESAȱ
ARISSȱstandsȱforȱAmateurȱRadioȱonȱtheȱISS.ȱȱItȱ astronautȱRobertoȱVittoriȱonȱtheȱISS.ȱȱ
isȱ anȱ internationalȱ associationȱ ofȱ nationalȱ amaȬ 21ȱAprilȱ2005.ȱ(Image:ȱȱESA)ȱ
teurȱ radioȱ societiesȱ fromȱ theȱ countriesȱ particiȬ
ProjectȱTeamȱ
patingȱ inȱ theȱ ISSȱ program.ȱ ȱ Theȱ associationȱ
formsȱ aȱ valuableȱ partȱ ofȱ ESA’sȱ educationȱ proȬ G.ȱBertels,ȱBrussels,ȱBelgiumȱ
gram,ȱhelpingȱ toȱ stimulateȱ childrenȱ andȱ youngȱ ESAȬHMEȱEducationȱOffice,ȱ
people’sȱ interestȱ inȱ science,ȱ technicalȬbasedȱ ESTEC,ȱNoordwijk,ȱTheȱNetherlandsȱ
subjectsȱ andȱ spaceȱ inȱ general.ȱ ȱ Theȱ goalȱ isȱ toȱ
stimulateȱ interestȱ forȱ futureȱ careersȱ inȱ theseȱ
areas.ȱ
OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
EXPERIMENTS 65
ȱ
ȱ
Thisȱpageȱintentionallyȱleftȱblank.ȱ
66
ȱ
EXPERIMENTS OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
LockheedȱMartinȱtechnicianȱDennisȱSilbernagelȱtorquesȱboltȱfastenersȱonȱtheȱredesignedȱ–Yȱbipodȱ
fittingȱonȱETȬ120ȱatȱNASA’sȱMichoudȱAssemblyȱFacilityȱinȱNewȱOrleansȱinȱNovemberȱ2004.ȱȱTheȱ
bipodȱredesignȱwasȱoneȱofȱtheȱReturnȱtoȱFlightȱchangesȱtoȱtheȱexternalȱtankȱtoȱminimizeȱpotentialȱ
debrisȱbyȱeliminatingȱtheȱlargeȱinsulatingȱfoamȱcoveringȱtheȱbipodȱareaȱinȱfavorȱofȱelectricȱheaters.ȱ
OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
EXTERNAL TANK REPAIRS 67
ȱ
ȱ
ETȬ120ȱ wasȱ fueledȱ twiceȱ atȱ theȱ Kennedyȱ Spaceȱ onȱ ETȬ120ȱ toȱ furtherȱ understandȱ foamȱ lossȱ
Center,ȱ Fla.,ȱ inȱ preparationȱ forȱ launchȱ ofȱ mechanisms.ȱ
STSȬ114.ȱ ȱ Theȱ resultingȱ Thermalȱ Protectionȱ
Systemȱ (foam)ȱ conditionsȱ wereȱ reportedȱ andȱ Dissectionsȱ alsoȱ revealedȱ TPSȱ crackingȱ atȱ theȱ
documented.ȱ ȱ ETȬ120ȱ eventuallyȱ wasȱ replacedȱ liquidȱ hydrogenȱ PALȱ rampȱ andȱ liquidȱ hydroȬ
byȱanotherȱtankȱbeforeȱtheȱlaunchȱofȱSTSȬ114.ȱ genȱIce/Frostȱrampȱlocations.ȱȱOtherȱTPSȱappliȬ
cationsȱconsideredȱ“atȱrisk”ȱtoȱtheȱoverallȱSpaceȱ
ETȬ120ȱ returnedȱ toȱ theȱ Michoudȱ Assemblyȱ ShuttleȱProgramȱforȱthermalȱcrackingȱalsoȱwereȱ
Facilityȱ inȱ Newȱ Orleansȱ onȱ Oct.ȱ 18,ȱ 2005,ȱ forȱ removedȱfromȱETȬ120ȱandȱevaluated.ȱȱAllȱotherȱ
TPSȱmodificationsȱandȱwasȱusedȱasȱaȱdissectionȱ dissectedȱ TPSȱ applicationsȱ wereȱ returnedȱ toȱ
testȱarticleȱduringȱanȱSTSȬ114ȱfoamȱlossȱinvestiȬ flightȬreadyȱ configuration.ȱ ȱ Inȱ additionȱ toȱ theȱ
gation.ȱ ȱ Foamȱ lossȱ eventsȱ onȱ theȱ Protuberanceȱ TPSȱ attentionȱ ETȬ120ȱ received,ȱ otherȱ systems,ȱ
Airȱ Loadȱ (PAL)ȱ andȱ Ice/Frostȱ rampsȱ duringȱ includingȱ theȱ structure,ȱ electrical,ȱ propulȬ
STSȬ114ȱ requiredȱ dissectionsȱ toȱ beȱ performedȱ sion/mechanicalȱ subsystems,ȱ wentȱ throughȱ aȱ
verificationȱreassessmentȱprocess.ȱ
ȱ
LanceȱMercier,ȱLockheedȱMartinȱtechnician,ȱmeasuresȱfoamȱpriorȱtoȱremovingȱitȱfromȱETȬ120’sȱliquidȱ
hydrogenȱtankȱprotuberanceȱairloadsȱ(PAL)ȱrampȱinȱNovemberȱ2005.ȱFollowingȱSTSȬ114,ȱstudiesȱȱ
andȱtestingȱdeterminedȱthatȱbothȱtheȱliquidȱoxygenȱandȱtheȱliquidȱhydrogenȱPALȱrampsȱcouldȱbeȱȱ
removedȱfromȱtheȱexternalȱtankȱtoȱminimizeȱpotentialȱfoamȱloss.ȱȱTheȱtwoȱPALȱramps,ȱmadeȱentirelyȱ
ofȱfoam,ȱweighedȱalmostȱ37ȱpounds.ȱȱETȬ119ȱwasȱtheȱfirstȱtankȱtoȱflyȱwithoutȱPALȱramps.ȱ
68
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EXTERNAL TANK REPAIRS OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
ȱ
Aȱrecoveryȱplanȱwasȱpresentedȱandȱacceptedȱbyȱ .12ȱpoundsȱ ofȱ TPSȱ massȱ forȱ eachȱ bracket.ȱ ȱ Lessȱ
theȱ program,ȱ andȱ theȱ Externalȱ Tankȱ Projectȱ foamȱonȱtheȱbracketsȱisȱacceptableȱforȱtheȱshutȬ
initiatedȱ aȱ recovery/repairȱ planȱ effortȱ toȱ returnȱ tle’sȱ ascent.ȱ ȱ Itȱ isȱ nowȱ knownȱ thatȱ SLAȱ isȱ notȱ
theȱtankȱtoȱflightȱstatus.ȱȱTheȱgoalȱforȱtheȱtank’sȱ requiredȱonȱtheȱbrackets.ȱ
TPSȱrepairsȱwasȱtoȱkeepȱdebrisȱriskȱatȱtheȱsameȱ
levelȱ orȱ betterȱ thanȱ theȱ existingȱ configuration.ȱȱ LO2ȱ andȱ LH2ȱ (Liquidȱ Hydrogen)ȱ PALȱ Rampsȱ
ETȬ120ȱ repairȱ workȱ beganȱ inȱ Octoberȱ 2006ȱ toȱ wereȱremoved.ȱ
supportȱ theȱ Augustȱ 2007ȱ launchȱ onȱ needȱ misȬ Bipodȱ Harnessȱ Modificationsȱ –ȱ Wireȱ harnessȱ
sionȱ forȱ shuttleȱ Endeavour’sȱ STSȬ118ȱ mission.ȱȱ sealing/bonding,ȱ flownȱ asȱ aȱ returnȬtoȬflightȱ
ETȬ120ȱ isȱ theȱ primaryȱ tankȱ forȱ Discovery’sȱ modificationȱ onȱ ETȬ119ȱ duringȱ theȱ STSȬ121ȱ
STSȬ120ȱmission.ȱ missionȱ wasȱ performedȱ toȱ precludeȱ aȱ debrisȱ
ETȬ120ȱ wasȱ shippedȱ byȱ bargeȱ fromȱ theȱ eventȱ similarȱ toȱ theȱ oneȱ observedȱ onȱ STSȬ114.ȱȱ
MichoudȱAssemblyȱFacilityȱonȱJulyȱ24,ȱ2007ȱandȱ Voidsȱ withinȱ cablingȱ andȱ underneathȱ theȱ
arrivedȱ atȱ theȱ Kennedyȱ Spaceȱ Center,ȱ Fla.,ȱ onȱ harnessesȱ haveȱ theȱ potentialȱ toȱ causeȱ
Julyȱ29.ȱ cryoingestionȱ andȱ cryopumpingȱ failure.ȱ ȱ Aȱ
processȱwasȱdevelopedȱtoȱsealȱcablesȱandȱbondȱ
ET-120 – BEFORE AND AFTER: HOW harnessesȱwithȱminimalȱdefects.ȱ
THE ET-120 TANK FOR STS-120 IS
DIFFERENT FROM ET-120 FOR STS-114
LH2ȱ Ice/Frostȱ Rampȱ modificationsȱ haveȱ beenȱ
madeȱ atȱ 14ȱ locationsȱ (stations1151Ȭ1980).ȱȱ
LO2ȱ(LiquidȱOxygen)ȱIce/FrostȱRampsȱmodificaȬ
tionsȱhaveȱbeenȱmadeȱatȱfourȱlocationsȱ(stationsȱ
XT,ȱ718,ȱ760,ȱ794ȱandȱ828).ȱȱAȱcompleteȱredesignȱ
isȱ plannedȱ andȱ willȱ flyȱ nextȱ yearȱ onȱ ETȬ128ȱ
duringȱtheȱSTSȬ124ȱmission.ȱ
LO2ȱFeedlineȱBracketsȱ–ȱFourȱfeedlineȱbracketsȱ
(stationsȱ 1129,ȱ 1623,ȱ 1377,ȱ andȱ 1871)ȱ onȱ ETȬ120ȱ
wereȱmodifiedȱwithȱaȱdifferentȱfoamȱconfiguraȬ
tionȱ asȱ anȱ interimȱ measureȱ beforeȱ aȱ newȱ titaȬ
niumȱ bracketȱ designȱ fliesȱ onȱ ETȬ128/STSȬ124.ȱȱ
BXȱfoamȱandȱSuperȬLightweightȱAblatorȱ(SLA)ȱ
wereȱ removedȱ fromȱ theȱ upperȱ portionȱ ofȱ theȱ ȱ
fourȱ brackets,ȱwhichȱ wereȱresprayedȱonlyȱwithȱ AȱUnitedȱSpaceȱAllianceȱexternalȱtankȱ
BXȱfoamȱandȱrestoredȱtoȱnearȱtheȱoriginalȱmoldȱ technicianȱmapsȱoutȱtheȱcuttingȱareaȱofȱtheȱ
line.ȱ ȱ Bracketȱ BXȱ foamȱ isȱ aboutȱ oneȬinchȱ thickȱ LO2ȱfeedȱlineȱbracketȱwhereȱBX265ȱfoamȱ
andȱ theȱ underlyingȱ SLAȱ isȱ aboutȱ oneȬhalfȬinchȱ insulationȱandȱsuperȱlightweightȱablator,ȱȱ
thick,ȱbutȱtheȱSLAȱisȱdenser,ȱorȱheavierȱthanȱtheȱ orȱSLA,ȱcorkȱinsulationȱisȱtoȱbeȱremoved.ȱȱȱ
BXȱ foam.ȱ ȱ Approximatelyȱ fiveȱ inchesȱ ofȱ TPSȱ isȱ TheȱBX265ȱfoamȱinsulationȱwasȱlaterȱ
beingȱ removed,ȱ whichȱ eliminatesȱ aboutȱ reappliedȱwithoutȱtheȱSLA.
OCTOBER 2007
ȱ
EXTERNAL TANK REPAIRS 69
ȱ
ȱ
Intertankȱ Acreageȱ Machining/Ventingȱ –ȱ Theȱ
areaȱ ofȱ ventedȱ intertankȱ TPSȱ foamȱ wasȱ
increasedȱ toȱ reduceȱ theȱ potentialȱ forȱ foamȱ lossȱ
becauseȱofȱ“popcorning,”ȱwhichȱresultsȱfromȱairȱ
bubblesȱbecomingȱtrappedȱinȱfoam,ȱthenȱflakingȱ
offȱ andȱ fallingȱ awayȱ fromȱ heatingȱ andȱ
expansionȱduringȱlaunch.ȱ
TheȱSpaceȱShuttleȱProgramȱremainsȱcommittedȱ
toȱunderstandingȱexternalȱtankȱfoamȱinȱorderȱtoȱ
moreȱaccuratelyȱassessȱpotentialȱrisksȱandȱmakeȱ
improvementsȱ toȱ theȱ tank.ȱ ȱ Aȱ numberȱ ofȱ
improvementsȱwereȱmadeȱpriorȱtoȱSTSȬ114ȱandȱ ȱ
moreȱ wereȱ madeȱ beforeȱ STSȬ121.ȱ ȱ Whileȱ Theȱsuperȱlightweightȱablator,ȱorȱSLA,ȱȱ
externalȱtankȱfoamȱlossȱneverȱcanȱbeȱcompletelyȱ corkȱinsulationȱhasȱbeenȱremovedȱfromȱȱ
eliminated,ȱ theȱ programȱ continuesȱ toȱ makeȱ theȱexternalȱtankȱandȱaȱUnitedȱSpaceȱȱ
tankȱ improvementsȱ toȱ minimizeȱ foamȱ andȱ iceȱ Allianceȱexternalȱtankȱtechnicianȱsandsȱȱ
lossȱ byȱ lookingȱ atȱ areasȱ whereȱ debrisȱ mayȱ beȱ offȱtheȱresidueȱfromȱtheȱLO2ȱfeedȱlineȱȱ
shed,ȱ prioritizingȱ themȱ andȱ methodicallyȱ bracket.ȱȱTheȱBX265ȱfoamȱinsulationȱȱ
eliminatingȱthemȱoneȱatȱaȱtime.ȱ wasȱlaterȱreappliedȱwithoutȱtheȱSLA.ȱ
70
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EXTERNAL TANK REPAIRS OCTOBER 2007
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ȱ
OCTOBER 2007
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SHUTTLE REFERENCE DATA 71
ȱ
ȱ
initiatedȱ (theȱ timeȱ dependsȱ inȱ partȱ onȱ theȱ timeȱ systemȱ failure,ȱ forȱ example,ȱ aȱ largeȱ cabinȱ
ofȱaȱspaceȱshuttleȱmainȱengineȱfailure)ȱtoȱorientȱ pressureȱ leakȱ orȱ coolingȱ systemȱ failure,ȱ occursȱ
theȱ orbiter/externalȱ tankȱ configurationȱ toȱ aȱ afterȱ theȱ lastȱ RTLSȱ opportunity,ȱ makingȱ itȱ
headsȬupȱ attitude,ȱ pointingȱ towardȱ theȱ launchȱ imperativeȱtoȱlandȱasȱquicklyȱasȱpossible.ȱ
site.ȱ ȱ Atȱ thisȱ time,ȱ theȱ vehicleȱ isȱ stillȱ movingȱ
awayȱfromȱtheȱlaunchȱsite,ȱbutȱtheȱspaceȱshuttleȱ Inȱ aȱ TALȱ abort,ȱ theȱ vehicleȱ continuesȱ onȱ aȱ
mainȱ enginesȱ areȱ nowȱ thrustingȱ toȱ nullȱ theȱ ballisticȱ trajectoryȱ acrossȱ theȱ Atlanticȱ Oceanȱ toȱ
downrangeȱvelocity.ȱȱInȱaddition,ȱexcessȱorbitalȱ landȱ atȱ aȱ predeterminedȱ runway.ȱ ȱ Landingȱ
maneuveringȱ systemȱ andȱ reactionȱ controlȱ sysȬ occursȱ aboutȱ 45ȱ minutesȱ afterȱ launch.ȱ ȱ Theȱ
temȱ propellantsȱ areȱ dumpedȱ byȱ continuousȱ landingȱ siteȱ isȱ selectedȱ nearȱ theȱ normalȱ ascentȱ
orbitalȱ maneuveringȱ systemȱ andȱ reactionȱ conȬ groundȱ trackȱ ofȱ theȱ orbiterȱ toȱ makeȱ theȱ mostȱ
trolȱ systemȱ engineȱ thrustingsȱ toȱ improveȱ theȱ efficientȱ useȱ ofȱ spaceȱ shuttleȱ mainȱ engineȱ
orbiterȱ weightȱ andȱ centerȱ ofȱ gravityȱ forȱ theȱ propellant.ȱȱTheȱlandingȱsiteȱalsoȱmustȱhaveȱtheȱ
glideȱphaseȱandȱlanding.ȱ necessaryȱ runwayȱ length,ȱ weatherȱ conditionsȱ
andȱU.S.ȱStateȱDepartmentȱapproval.ȱȱTheȱthreeȱ
Theȱ vehicleȱ willȱ reachȱ theȱ desiredȱ mainȱengineȱ landingȱ sitesȱ thatȱ haveȱ beenȱ identifiedȱ forȱ aȱ
cutoffȱ pointȱ withȱ lessȱ thanȱ 2ȱ percentȱ excessȱ launchȱareȱZaragoza,ȱSpain;ȱMoron,ȱSpain;ȱandȱ
propellantȱ remainingȱ inȱ theȱ externalȱ tank.ȱ ȱ Atȱ Istres,ȱFrance.ȱ
mainȱ engineȱ cutoffȱ minusȱ 20ȱ seconds,ȱ aȱ pitchȱ
downȱ maneuverȱ (calledȱ poweredȱ pitchȬdown)ȱ Toȱ selectȱ theȱ TALȱ abortȱ mode,ȱ theȱ crewȱ mustȱ
takesȱtheȱmatedȱvehicleȱtoȱtheȱrequiredȱexternalȱ placeȱ theȱ abortȱ rotaryȱ switchȱ inȱ theȱ TAL/AOAȱ
tankȱ separationȱ attitudeȱ andȱ pitchȱ rate.ȱ ȱ Afterȱ positionȱ andȱ depressȱ theȱ abortȱ pushȱ buttonȱ
mainȱ engineȱ cutoffȱ hasȱ beenȱ commanded,ȱ theȱ beforeȱ mainȱ engineȱ cutoffȱ (Depressingȱ itȱ afterȱ
externalȱ tankȱ separationȱ sequenceȱ begins,ȱ mainȱ engineȱ cutoffȱ selectsȱ theȱ AOAȱ abortȱ
includingȱ aȱ reactionȱ controlȱ systemȱ maneuverȱ mode).ȱ ȱ Theȱ TALȱ abortȱ modeȱ beginsȱ sendingȱ
thatȱ ensuresȱ thatȱ theȱ orbiterȱ doesȱ notȱ recontactȱ commandsȱtoȱsteerȱtheȱvehicleȱtowardȱtheȱplaneȱ
theȱ externalȱ tankȱ andȱ thatȱ theȱ orbiterȱ hasȱ ofȱ theȱ landingȱ site.ȱ ȱ Itȱ alsoȱ rollsȱ theȱ vehicleȱ
achievedȱ theȱ necessaryȱ pitchȱ attitudeȱ toȱ beginȱ headsȱ upȱ beforeȱ mainȱ engineȱ cutoffȱ andȱ sendsȱ
theȱglideȱphaseȱofȱtheȱRTLS.ȱ commandsȱ toȱ beginȱ anȱ orbitalȱ maneuveringȱ
systemȱ propellantȱ dumpȱ (byȱ burningȱ theȱ
Afterȱtheȱreactionȱcontrolȱsystemȱmaneuverȱhasȱ propellantsȱ throughȱ theȱ orbitalȱ maneuveringȱ
beenȱ completed,ȱ theȱ glideȱ phaseȱ ofȱ theȱ RTLSȱ systemȱenginesȱandȱtheȱreactionȱcontrolȱsystemȱ
begins.ȱ ȱ Fromȱ thenȱ on,ȱ theȱ RTLSȱ isȱ handledȱ engines).ȱ ȱ Thisȱ dumpȱ isȱ necessaryȱ toȱ increaseȱ
similarlyȱtoȱaȱnormalȱentry.ȱ vehicleȱ performanceȱ (byȱ decreasingȱ weight)ȱ toȱ
placeȱ theȱ centerȱ ofȱ gravityȱ inȱ theȱ properȱ placeȱ
Transoceanic Abort Landing forȱvehicleȱcontrolȱandȱtoȱdecreaseȱtheȱvehicle’sȱ
Theȱ TALȱ abortȱ modeȱ wasȱ developedȱ toȱ landingȱ weight.ȱ ȱ TALȱ isȱ handledȱ likeȱ aȱ normalȱ
improveȱ theȱ optionsȱ availableȱ whenȱ aȱ spaceȱ entry.ȱ
shuttleȱ mainȱ engineȱ failsȱ afterȱ theȱ lastȱ RTLSȱ Abort to Orbit
opportunityȱ butȱ beforeȱ theȱ firstȱ timeȱ thatȱ anȱ
AOAȱcanȱbeȱaccomplishedȱwithȱonlyȱtwoȱspaceȱ Anȱ ATOȱ isȱ anȱ abortȱ modeȱ usedȱ toȱ boostȱ theȱ
shuttleȱ mainȱ enginesȱ orȱ whenȱ aȱ majorȱ orbiterȱ orbiterȱtoȱaȱ safeȱorbitalȱaltitudeȱwhenȱperformȬ
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anceȱhasȱbeenȱlostȱandȱitȱisȱimpossibleȱtoȱreachȱ maintainȱ orbiterȱ integrityȱ forȱ inȬflightȱ crewȱ
theȱ plannedȱ orbitalȱ altitude.ȱ ȱ Ifȱ aȱ spaceȱ shuttleȱ escapeȱ ifȱ aȱ landingȱ cannotȱ beȱ achievedȱ atȱ aȱ
mainȱ engineȱ failsȱ inȱ aȱ regionȱ thatȱ resultsȱ inȱ aȱ suitableȱlandingȱfield.ȱ
mainȱ engineȱ cutoffȱ underȱ speed,ȱ theȱ Missionȱ
Controlȱ Centerȱ willȱ determineȱ thatȱ anȱ abortȱ Contingencyȱabortsȱdueȱtoȱsystemȱfailuresȱotherȱ
modeȱ isȱ necessaryȱ andȱ willȱ informȱ theȱ crew.ȱȱ thanȱ thoseȱ involvingȱ theȱ mainȱ enginesȱ wouldȱ
Theȱorbitalȱmaneuveringȱsystemȱenginesȱwouldȱ normallyȱresultȱinȱanȱintactȱrecoveryȱofȱvehicleȱ
beȱusedȱtoȱplaceȱtheȱorbiterȱinȱaȱcircularȱorbit.ȱ andȱ crew.ȱȱLossȱ ofȱ moreȱ thanȱ oneȱ mainȱ engineȱ
may,ȱ dependingȱ onȱ engineȱ failureȱ times,ȱ resultȱ
Abort Once Around inȱ aȱ safeȱ runwayȱ landing.ȱ ȱ However,ȱ inȱ mostȱ
threeȬengineȬoutȱ casesȱ duringȱ ascent,ȱ theȱ
TheȱAOAȱabortȱmodeȱisȱusedȱinȱcasesȱinȱwhichȱ
orbiterȱ wouldȱ haveȱ toȱ beȱ ditched.ȱ ȱ Theȱ inflightȱ
vehicleȱ performanceȱ hasȱ beenȱ lostȱ toȱ suchȱ anȱ
crewȱ escapeȱ systemȱ wouldȱ beȱ usedȱ beforeȱ
extentȱ thatȱ eitherȱ itȱ isȱ impossibleȱ toȱ achieveȱ aȱ
ditchingȱtheȱorbiter.ȱ
viableȱorbitȱorȱnotȱenoughȱorbitalȱmaneuveringȱ
systemȱpropellantȱisȱavailableȱtoȱaccomplishȱtheȱ Abort Decisions
orbitalȱ maneuveringȱ systemȱ thrustingȱ maneuȬ
verȱtoȱplaceȱtheȱorbiterȱonȱorbitȱandȱtheȱdeorbitȱ Thereȱ isȱ aȱ definiteȱ orderȱ ofȱ preferenceȱ forȱ theȱ
thrustingȱ maneuver.ȱ ȱ Inȱ addition,ȱ anȱ AOAȱ isȱ variousȱabortȱmodes.ȱȱTheȱtypeȱofȱfailureȱandȱtheȱ
usedȱinȱcasesȱinȱwhichȱaȱmajorȱsystemsȱproblemȱ timeȱofȱtheȱfailureȱdetermineȱwhichȱtypeȱofȱabortȱ
(cabinȱ leak,ȱ lossȱ ofȱ cooling)ȱ makesȱ itȱ necessaryȱ isȱ selected.ȱ ȱ Inȱ casesȱ whereȱ performanceȱ lossȱ isȱ
toȱ landȱ quickly.ȱ ȱ Inȱ theȱ AOAȱ abortȱ mode,ȱ oneȱ theȱ onlyȱ factor,ȱ theȱ preferredȱ modesȱ areȱ ATO,ȱ
orbitalȱmaneuveringȱsystemȱthrustingȱsequenceȱ AOA,ȱ TALȱ andȱRTLS,ȱ inȱ thatȱ order.ȱȱTheȱmodeȱ
isȱ madeȱ toȱ adjustȱ theȱ postȬmainȱ engineȱ cutoffȱ chosenȱisȱtheȱhighestȱoneȱthatȱcanȱbeȱcompletedȱ
orbitȱ soȱ aȱ secondȱ orbitalȱ maneuveringȱ systemȱ withȱtheȱremainingȱvehicleȱperformance.ȱ
thrustingȱ sequenceȱ willȱ resultȱ inȱ theȱ vehicleȱ Inȱ theȱ caseȱ ofȱ someȱ supportȱ systemȱ failures,ȱ
deorbitingȱandȱlandingȱatȱtheȱAOAȱlandingȱsiteȱ suchȱasȱcabinȱleaksȱorȱvehicleȱcoolingȱproblems,ȱ
(Whiteȱ Sands,ȱ N.M.;ȱ Edwardsȱ Airȱ Forceȱ Base,ȱ theȱ preferredȱ modeȱ mightȱ beȱ theȱ oneȱ thatȱ willȱ
Calif.;ȱorȱtheȱKennedyȱSpaceȱCenter,ȱFla).ȱȱThus,ȱ endȱ theȱ missionȱ mostȱ quickly.ȱ ȱ Inȱ theseȱ cases,ȱ
anȱAOAȱresultsȱinȱtheȱorbiterȱcirclingȱtheȱEarthȱ TALȱ orȱ RTLSȱ mightȱ beȱ preferableȱ toȱ AOAȱ orȱ
onceȱandȱlandingȱaboutȱ90ȱminutesȱafterȱliftoff.ȱ ATO.ȱ ȱ Aȱ contingencyȱ abortȱ isȱ neverȱ chosenȱ ifȱ
Afterȱ theȱ deorbitȱ thrustingȱ sequenceȱ hasȱ beenȱ anotherȱabortȱoptionȱexists.ȱ
executed,ȱtheȱflightȱcrewȱfliesȱtoȱaȱlandingȱatȱtheȱ Missionȱ Controlȱ Houstonȱ isȱ primeȱ forȱ callingȱ
plannedȱ siteȱ muchȱ asȱ itȱ wouldȱ forȱ aȱ nominalȱ theseȱ abortsȱ becauseȱ itȱ hasȱ aȱ moreȱ preciseȱ
entry.ȱ knowledgeȱ ofȱ theȱ orbiterȇsȱ positionȱ thanȱ theȱ
Contingency Aborts crewȱcanȱobtainȱfromȱonȬboardȱsystems.ȱȱBeforeȱ
mainȱ engineȱ cutoff,ȱ Missionȱ Controlȱ makesȱ
Contingencyȱ abortsȱ areȱ causedȱ byȱ lossȱ ofȱ moreȱ periodicȱ callsȱ toȱ theȱ crewȱ toȱ tellȱ themȱ whichȱ
thanȱ oneȱ mainȱ engineȱ orȱ failuresȱ inȱ otherȱ sysȬ abortȱ modeȱ isȱ (orȱ isȱ not)ȱ available.ȱ ȱ Ifȱ groundȱ
tems.ȱȱLossȱofȱoneȱmainȱengineȱwhileȱanotherȱisȱ communicationsȱ areȱ lost,ȱ theȱ flightȱ crewȱ hasȱ
stuckȱ atȱ aȱ lowȱ thrustȱ settingȱ alsoȱ mayȱ necessiȬ onȬboardȱmethods,ȱsuchȱasȱcueȱcards,ȱdedicatedȱ
tateȱaȱcontingencyȱabort.ȱȱSuchȱanȱabortȱwouldȱ displaysȱandȱdisplayȱinformation,ȱtoȱdetermineȱ
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theȱabortȱregion.ȱȱWhichȱabortȱmodeȱisȱselectedȱ followingȱaȱproblemȱwithȱpurgeȱpressureȱreadȬ
dependsȱonȱtheȱcauseȱandȱtimingȱofȱtheȱfailureȱ ingsȱ inȱ theȱ oxidizerȱ preburnerȱ onȱ mainȱ engineȱ
causingȱ theȱ abortȱ andȱ whichȱ modeȱ isȱ safestȱ orȱ No.ȱ 2.ȱ ȱ Columbia’sȱ threeȱ mainȱ enginesȱ wereȱ
improvesȱ missionȱ success.ȱ ȱ Ifȱ theȱ problemȱ isȱ aȱ replacedȱonȱ theȱlaunchȱpad,ȱandȱ theȱ flightȱ wasȱ
spaceȱ shuttleȱ mainȱ engineȱ failure,ȱ theȱ flightȱ rescheduledȱ behindȱ Discovery’sȱ launchȱ onȱ
crewȱandȱMissionȱControlȱCenterȱselectȱtheȱbestȱ STSȬ56.ȱ Columbiaȱ finallyȱ launchedȱ onȱ
optionȱavailableȱatȱtheȱtimeȱaȱmainȱengineȱfails.ȱ Aprilȱ26,ȱ1993.ȱ
Ifȱ theȱ problemȱ isȱ aȱ systemȱ failureȱ thatȱ jeopardȬ (STS-51) Aug. 12, 1993
izesȱ theȱ vehicle,ȱ theȱ fastestȱ abortȱ modeȱ thatȱ
Theȱ countdownȱ forȱ Discovery’sȱ thirdȱ launchȱ
resultsȱinȱtheȱearliestȱvehicleȱlandingȱisȱchosen.ȱȱ
attemptȱ endedȱ atȱ theȱ TȬ3ȱ secondȱ markȱ whenȱ
RTLSȱ andȱ TALȱ areȱ theȱ quickestȱ optionsȱ
onboardȱcomputersȱdetectedȱtheȱfailureȱofȱoneȱofȱ
(35ȱminutes),ȱ whereasȱ anȱ AOAȱ requiresȱ aboutȱ
fourȱsensorsȱinȱmainȱengineȱNo.ȱ2ȱwhichȱmonitorȱ
90ȱminutes.ȱȱWhichȱofȱtheseȱisȱselectedȱdependsȱ
theȱ flowȱ ofȱ hydrogenȱ fuelȱ toȱ theȱ engine.ȱ ȱ Allȱ ofȱ
onȱtheȱtimeȱofȱtheȱfailureȱwithȱthreeȱgoodȱspaceȱ
Discovery’sȱmainȱenginesȱwereȱorderedȱreplacedȱ
shuttleȱmainȱengines.ȱ
onȱtheȱlaunchȱpad,ȱdelayingȱtheȱshuttle’sȱfourthȱ
TheȱflightȱcrewȱselectsȱtheȱabortȱmodeȱbyȱposiȬ launchȱattemptȱuntilȱSept.ȱ12,ȱ1993.ȱ
tioningȱ anȱ abortȱ modeȱ switchȱ andȱ depressingȱ
(STS-68) Aug. 18, 1994
anȱabortȱpushȱbutton.ȱ
Theȱ countdownȱ forȱ Endeavour’sȱ firstȱ launchȱ
SHUTTLE ABORT HISTORY attemptȱ endedȱ 1.9ȱ secondsȱ beforeȱ liftoffȱ whenȱ
onȬboardȱ computersȱ detectedȱ higherȱ thanȱ
RSLS Abort History acceptableȱ readingsȱ inȱ oneȱ channelȱ ofȱ aȱ sensorȱ
monitoringȱ theȱ dischargeȱ temperatureȱ ofȱ theȱ
(STS-41 D) June 26, 1984
highȱ pressureȱ oxidizerȱ turbopumpȱ inȱ mainȱ
Theȱ countdownȱ forȱ theȱ secondȱ launchȱ attemptȱ engineȱNo.ȱ3.ȱȱAȱtestȱfiringȱofȱtheȱengineȱatȱtheȱ
forȱDiscovery’sȱmaidenȱflightȱendedȱatȱTȬ4ȱsecȬ Stennisȱ Spaceȱ Centerȱ inȱ Mississippiȱ onȱ
ondsȱ whenȱ theȱ orbiter’sȱ computersȱ detectedȱ aȱ Septemberȱ2ndȱconfirmedȱthatȱaȱslightȱdriftȱinȱaȱ
sluggishȱvalveȱinȱmainȱengineȱNo.ȱ3.ȱȱTheȱmainȱ fuelȱ flowȱ meterȱ inȱ theȱ engineȱ causedȱ aȱ slightȱ
engineȱwasȱreplacedȱandȱDiscoveryȱwasȱfinallyȱ increaseȱ inȱ theȱ turbopump’sȱ temperature.ȱ ȱ Theȱ
launchedȱonȱAug.ȱ30,ȱ1984.ȱ testȱfiringȱalsoȱconfirmedȱaȱslightlyȱslowerȱstartȱ
forȱ mainȱ engineȱ No.ȱ 3ȱ duringȱ theȱ padȱ abort,ȱ
(STS-51 F) July 12, 1985
whichȱ couldȱ haveȱ contributedȱ toȱ theȱ higherȱ
Theȱ countdownȱ forȱ Challenger’sȱ launchȱ wasȱ temperatures.ȱ ȱ Afterȱ Endeavourȱ wasȱ broughtȱ
haltedȱ atȱ TȬ3ȱ secondsȱ whenȱ onȬboardȱ comȬ backȱ toȱ theȱ Vehicleȱ Assemblyȱ Buildingȱ toȱ beȱ
putersȱdetectedȱaȱproblemȱwithȱaȱcoolantȱvalveȱ outfittedȱ withȱ threeȱ replacementȱ engines,ȱ
onȱmainȱengineȱNo.ȱ2.ȱȱTheȱvalveȱwasȱreplacedȱ NASAȱ managersȱ setȱ Oct.ȱ 2ȱ asȱ theȱ dateȱ forȱ
andȱChallengerȱwasȱlaunchedȱonȱJulyȱ29,ȱ1985.ȱ Endeavour’sȱsecondȱlaunchȱattempt.ȱ
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Abort to Orbit History 17,000ȱ mphȱ (28,000ȱ kilometersȱ perȱ hour),ȱ
reachesȱorbit.ȱ
(STS-51 F) July 29, 1985
Theȱ mainȱ engineȱ operatesȱ atȱ greaterȱ temperaȬ
Afterȱ anȱ RSLSȱ abortȱ onȱ Julyȱ 12,ȱ 1985,ȱ ChalȬ tureȱ extremesȱ thanȱ anyȱ mechanicalȱ systemȱ inȱ
lengerȱ wasȱ launchedȱ onȱ Julyȱ 29,ȱ 1985.ȱ ȱ Fiveȱ commonȱ useȱ today.ȱ ȱ Theȱ fuel,ȱ liquefiedȱ hydroȬ
minutesȱ andȱ 45ȱ secondsȱ afterȱ launch,ȱ aȱ sensorȱ genȱ atȱ Ȭ423ȱ degreesȱ Fahrenheitȱ (Ȭ253ȱ degreesȱ
problemȱ resultedȱ inȱ theȱ shutdownȱ ofȱ centerȱ Celsius),ȱ isȱ theȱ secondȱ coldestȱ liquidȱ onȱ Earth.ȱȱ
engineȱNo.ȱ1,ȱresultingȱinȱaȱsafeȱ“abortȱtoȱorbit”ȱ Whenȱ itȱ andȱ theȱ liquidȱ oxygenȱ areȱ combusted,ȱ
andȱsuccessfulȱcompletionȱofȱtheȱmission.ȱ theȱtemperatureȱinȱtheȱmainȱcombustionȱchamȬ
berȱ isȱ 6,000ȱ degreesȱ Fahrenheitȱ (3,316ȱ degreesȱ
SPACE SHUTTLE MAIN ENGINES Celsius),ȱhotterȱthanȱtheȱboilingȱpointȱofȱiron.ȱ
Developedȱ inȱ theȱ 1970sȱ byȱ NASA’sȱ Marshallȱ
Theȱ mainȱ enginesȱ useȱ aȱ stagedȱ combustionȱ
SpaceȱFlightȱCenterȱinȱHuntsville,ȱAla.,ȱtheȱspaceȱ
cycleȱsoȱthatȱallȱpropellantsȱenteringȱtheȱenginesȱ
shuttleȱmainȱengineȱisȱtheȱmostȱadvancedȱliquidȬ
areȱ usedȱ toȱ produceȱ thrustȱ orȱ powerȱ —ȱ moreȱ
fueledȱ rocketȱ engineȱ everȱ built.ȱ ȱ Everyȱ spaceȱ
efficientlyȱ thanȱanyȱ previousȱ rocketȱengine.ȱȱInȱ
shuttleȱ mainȱengineȱ isȱ testedȱandȱprovenȱ flightȬ
aȱstagedȱcombustionȱcycle,ȱpropellantsȱareȱfirstȱ
worthyȱatȱNASA’sȱStennisȱSpaceȱCenterȱinȱsouthȱ
burnedȱpartiallyȱatȱhighȱpressureȱandȱrelativelyȱ
Mississippi,ȱbeforeȱinstallationȱonȱanȱorbiter.ȱȱItsȱ
lowȱ temperatureȱ —ȱ thenȱ burnedȱ completelyȱ atȱ
mainȱ featuresȱ includeȱ variableȱ thrust,ȱ highȱ perȬ
highȱ temperatureȱ andȱ pressureȱ inȱ theȱ mainȱ
formanceȱ reusability,ȱ highȱ redundancyȱ andȱ aȱ
combustionȱ chamber.ȱ ȱ Theȱ rapidȱ mixingȱ ofȱ theȱ
fullyȱintegratedȱengineȱcontroller.ȱ
propellantsȱ underȱ theseȱ conditionsȱ isȱ soȱ comȬ
Theȱ shuttle’sȱ threeȱ mainȱ enginesȱ areȱ mountedȱ pleteȱthatȱ99ȱpercentȱofȱtheȱfuelȱisȱburned.ȱ
onȱ theȱ orbiterȱ aftȱ fuselageȱ inȱ aȱ triangularȱ patȬ
Atȱ normalȱ operatingȱ level,ȱ eachȱ engineȱ generȬ
tern.ȱ ȱ Spacedȱ soȱ thatȱ theyȱ areȱ movableȱ duringȱ
atesȱ 490,847ȱ poundsȱ ofȱ thrustȱ (measuredȱ inȱ aȱ
launch,ȱ theȱ enginesȱ areȱ usedȱ —ȱ inȱ conjunctionȱ
vacuum).ȱ ȱ Fullȱ powerȱ isȱ 512,900ȱ poundsȱ ofȱ
withȱ theȱ solidȱ rocketȱ boostersȱ —ȱ toȱ steerȱ theȱ
thrust;ȱ minimumȱ powerȱ isȱ 316,100ȱ poundsȱ ofȱ
shuttleȱvehicle.ȱ
thrust.ȱ
Eachȱ ofȱ theseȱ powerfulȱ mainȱ enginesȱ isȱ 14ȱ feetȱ
Theȱ engineȱ canȱ beȱ throttledȱ byȱ varyingȱ theȱ
(4.2ȱ meters)ȱ long,ȱ weighsȱ aboutȱ 7,000ȱ poundsȱ
outputȱ ofȱ theȱ preȬburners,ȱ thusȱ varyingȱ theȱ
(3,150ȱkilograms)ȱandȱisȱ7.5ȱfeetȱ(2.25ȱmeters)ȱinȱ
speedȱ ofȱ theȱ highȬpressureȱ turbopumpsȱ and,ȱ
diameterȱatȱtheȱendȱofȱitsȱnozzle.ȱ
therefore,ȱtheȱflowȱofȱtheȱpropellant.ȱ
Theȱ enginesȱ operateȱ forȱ aboutȱ 8Ȭ1/2ȱ minutesȱ
Atȱ aboutȱ 26ȱ secondsȱ intoȱ launch,ȱ theȱ mainȱ
duringȱ liftoffȱ andȱ ascentȱ —ȱ burningȱ moreȱ thanȱ
enginesȱ areȱ throttledȱ downȱ toȱ 316,000ȱ poundsȱ
500,000ȱgallonsȱ(1.9ȱmillionȱliters)ȱofȱsuperȬcoldȱ
ofȱ thrustȱ toȱ keepȱ theȱ dynamicȱ pressureȱ onȱ theȱ
liquidȱhydrogenȱandȱliquidȱoxygenȱpropellantsȱ
vehicleȱ belowȱ aȱ specifiedȱ levelȱ —ȱ aboutȱ
storedȱinȱtheȱhugeȱexternalȱtankȱattachedȱtoȱtheȱ
580ȱpoundsȱperȱsquareȱfootȱorȱmaxȱq.ȱȱThen,ȱtheȱ
undersideȱ ofȱ theȱ shuttle.ȱ ȱ Theȱ enginesȱ shutȱ
enginesȱ areȱ throttledȱ backȱ upȱ toȱ normalȱ
downȱjustȱbeforeȱtheȱshuttle,ȱtravelingȱatȱaboutȱ
operatingȱ levelȱ atȱ aboutȱ 60ȱ seconds.ȱ ȱ Thisȱ
reducesȱstressȱonȱtheȱvehicle.ȱȱTheȱmainȱenginesȱ
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areȱ throttledȱ downȱ againȱ atȱ aboutȱ sevenȱ chamberȱ thatȱ improvesȱ theȱ engine’sȱ reliabilityȱ
minutes,ȱ 40ȱ secondsȱ intoȱ theȱ missionȱ toȱ byȱ reducingȱ pressureȱ andȱ temperatureȱ inȱ theȱ
maintainȱ threeȱg’sȱ —ȱ threeȱ timesȱ theȱ Earth’sȱ chamber.ȱ
gravitationalȱ pullȱ —ȱ againȱ reducingȱ stressȱ onȱ
theȱ crewȱ andȱ theȱ vehicle.ȱ ȱ Thisȱ accelerationȱ Afterȱtheȱorbiterȱlands,ȱtheȱenginesȱareȱremovedȱ
levelȱ isȱ aboutȱ oneȬthirdȱ theȱ accelerationȱ andȱ returnedȱ toȱ aȱ processingȱ facilityȱ atȱ
experiencedȱonȱpreviousȱcrewedȱspaceȱvehicles.ȱ Kennedyȱ Spaceȱ Center,ȱ Fla.,ȱ whereȱ theyȱ areȱ
recheckedȱandȱreadiedȱforȱtheȱnextȱflight.ȱȱSomeȱ
Aboutȱ10ȱsecondsȱbeforeȱmainȱengineȱcutoffȱorȱ componentsȱ areȱ returnedȱ toȱ theȱ mainȱ engine’sȱ
MECO,ȱtheȱcutoffȱsequenceȱbegins;ȱaboutȱthreeȱ primeȱcontractor,ȱPrattȱ&ȱWhitneyȱRocketDyne,ȱ
secondsȱlaterȱtheȱmainȱenginesȱareȱcommandedȱ WestȱPalmȱBeach,ȱFla.,ȱforȱregularȱmaintenance.ȱȱ
toȱbeginȱthrottlingȱatȱ10ȱpercentȱ thrustȱperȱsecȬ Theȱ mainȱ enginesȱ areȱ designedȱ toȱ operateȱ forȱ
ondȱtoȱ65ȱpercentȱthrust.ȱȱThisȱisȱheldȱforȱaboutȱ 7.5ȱaccumulatedȱhours.ȱ
6.7ȱseconds,ȱandȱtheȱenginesȱareȱshutȱdown.ȱ
SPACE SHUTTLE SOLID ROCKET
Theȱ engineȱ performanceȱ hasȱ theȱ highestȱ thrustȱ BOOSTERS
forȱ itsȱ weightȱ ofȱ anyȱ engineȱ yetȱ developed.ȱ ȱ Inȱ
fact,ȱ oneȱ spaceȱ shuttleȱ mainȱ engineȱ generatesȱ TheȱtwoȱSRBsȱprovideȱtheȱmainȱthrustȱtoȱliftȱtheȱ
sufficientȱ thrustȱ toȱ maintainȱ theȱ flightȱ ofȱ 2Ȭ1/2ȱ spaceȱ shuttleȱ offȱ theȱ padȱ andȱ upȱ toȱ anȱ altitudeȱ
747ȱairplanes.ȱ ofȱ aboutȱ 150,000ȱ feet,ȱ orȱ 24ȱ nauticalȱ milesȱ
(28ȱstatuteȱ miles).ȱ ȱ Inȱ addition,ȱ theȱ twoȱ SRBsȱ
Theȱ spaceȱ shuttleȱ mainȱ engineȱ isȱ alsoȱ theȱ firstȱ carryȱtheȱentireȱweightȱofȱtheȱexternalȱtankȱandȱ
rocketȱengineȱtoȱuseȱaȱbuiltȬinȱelectronicȱdigitalȱ orbiterȱ andȱ transmitȱ theȱ weightȱ loadȱ throughȱ
controller,ȱ orȱ computer.ȱ ȱ Theȱ controllerȱ willȱ theirȱstructureȱtoȱtheȱmobileȱlauncherȱplatform.ȱ
acceptȱ commandsȱ fromȱ theȱ orbiterȱ forȱ engineȱ
start,ȱ changeȱ inȱ throttle,ȱ shutdown,ȱ andȱ moniȬ Eachȱ boosterȱ hasȱ aȱ thrustȱ (seaȱ level)ȱ ofȱ aboutȱ
torȱ engineȱ operation.ȱ ȱ Inȱ theȱ eventȱ ofȱ aȱ failure,ȱ 3,300,000ȱ poundsȱ atȱ launch.ȱ ȱ Theyȱ areȱ ignitedȱ
theȱ controllerȱ automaticallyȱ correctsȱ theȱ probȬ afterȱ theȱ threeȱ spaceȱ shuttleȱ mainȱ engines’ȱ
lemȱorȱsafelyȱshutsȱdownȱtheȱengine.ȱ thrustȱ levelȱ isȱ verified.ȱ ȱ Theȱ twoȱ SRBsȱ provideȱ
71.4ȱ percentȱ ofȱ theȱ thrustȱ atȱ liftoffȱ andȱ duringȱ
NASAȱ continuesȱ toȱ increaseȱ theȱ reliabilityȱ andȱ firstȬstageȱ ascent.ȱ ȱ SeventyȬfiveȱ secondsȱ afterȱ
safetyȱ ofȱ shuttleȱ flightsȱ throughȱ aȱ seriesȱ ofȱ SRBȱ separation,ȱ SRBȱ apogeeȱ occursȱ atȱ anȱ altiȬ
enhancementsȱ toȱ theȱ spaceȱ shuttleȱ mainȱ tudeȱ ofȱ aboutȱ 220,000ȱ feet,ȱ orȱ 35ȱ nauticalȱ milesȱ
engines.ȱ ȱ Theȱ enginesȱ wereȱ modifiedȱ inȱ 1988,ȱ (40ȱ statuteȱ miles).ȱ ȱ SRBȱ impactȱ occursȱ inȱ theȱ
1995,ȱ 1998,ȱ andȱ 2001.ȱ ȱ Modificationsȱ includeȱ oceanȱ aboutȱ 122ȱ nauticalȱ milesȱ (140ȱ statuteȱ
newȱ highȬpressureȱ fuelȱ andȱ oxidizerȱ miles)ȱdownrange.ȱ
turbopumpsȱ thatȱ reduceȱ maintenanceȱ andȱ
operatingȱ costsȱ ofȱ theȱ engine,ȱ aȱ twoȬductȱ Theȱ SRBsȱ areȱ theȱ largestȱ solidȬpropellantȱ
powerheadȱ thatȱ reducesȱ pressureȱ andȱ motorsȱ everȱ flownȱ andȱ theȱ firstȱ designedȱ forȱ
turbulenceȱinȱtheȱengine,ȱandȱaȱsingleȬcoilȱheatȱ reuse.ȱȱEachȱisȱ149.16ȱfeetȱlongȱandȱ12.17ȱfeetȱinȱ
exchangerȱthatȱlowersȱtheȱnumberȱofȱpostȱflightȱ diameter.ȱ ȱ Eachȱ SRBȱ weighsȱ aboutȱ 1,300,000ȱ
inspectionsȱ required.ȱ ȱ Anotherȱ modificationȱ poundsȱatȱlaunch.ȱȱTheȱpropellantȱforȱeachȱsolidȱ
incorporatesȱ aȱ largeȬthroatȱ mainȱ combustionȱ rocketȱ motorȱ weighsȱ aboutȱ 1,100,000ȱ pounds.ȱȱ
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Theȱ inertȱ weightȱ ofȱ eachȱ SRBȱ isȱ aboutȱ ignȱ wasȱ implementedȱ toȱ addȱ reinforcementȱ
192,000ȱpounds.ȱ bracketsȱandȱfittingsȱinȱtheȱaftȱringȱofȱtheȱskirt.ȱ
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aftȱ pivotȬpointȱ flexibleȱ bearingȱ isȱ theȱ gimbalȱ Theseȱ includeȱ aȱ transmitter,ȱ antenna,ȱ
mechanism.ȱ strobe/converter,ȱ batteryȱ andȱ saltȬwaterȱ switchȱ
electronics.ȱȱTheȱlocationȱaidsȱareȱdesignedȱforȱaȱ
Theȱ coneȬshapedȱ aftȱ skirtȱ reactsȱ theȱ aftȱ loadsȱ minimumȱ operatingȱ lifeȱ ofȱ 72ȱ hoursȱ andȱ whenȱ
betweenȱ theȱ SRBȱ andȱ theȱ mobileȱ launcherȱ refurbishedȱ areȱ consideredȱ usableȱ upȱ toȱ
platform.ȱ ȱ Theȱ fourȱ aftȱ separationȱ motorsȱ areȱ 20ȱtimes.ȱȱTheȱflashingȱlightȱisȱanȱexception.ȱȱItȱ
mountedȱ onȱ theȱ skirt.ȱ ȱ Theȱ aftȱ sectionȱ containsȱ hasȱanȱoperatingȱlifeȱofȱ280ȱhours.ȱȱTheȱbatteryȱ
avionics,ȱ aȱ thrustȱ vectorȱ controlȱ systemȱ thatȱ isȱusedȱonlyȱonce.ȱ
consistsȱ ofȱ twoȱ auxiliaryȱ powerȱ unitsȱ andȱ
hydraulicȱ pumps,ȱ hydraulicȱ systemsȱ andȱ aȱ Theȱ SRBȱ noseȱ capsȱ andȱ nozzleȱ extensionsȱ areȱ
nozzleȱextensionȱjettisonȱsystem.ȱ notȱrecovered.ȱ
Theȱ forwardȱ sectionȱ ofȱ eachȱ boosterȱ containsȱ Theȱ recoveryȱ crewȱ retrievesȱ theȱ SRBs,ȱ frusȬ
avionics,ȱ aȱ sequencer,ȱ forwardȱ separationȱ tum/drogueȱ chutes,ȱ andȱ mainȱ parachutes.ȱ ȱ Theȱ
motors,ȱ aȱ noseȱ coneȱ separationȱ system,ȱ drogueȱ nozzlesȱareȱplugged,ȱtheȱsolidȱrocketȱmotorsȱareȱ
andȱ mainȱ parachutes,ȱ aȱ recoveryȱ beacon,ȱ aȱ dewatered,ȱandȱtheȱSRBsȱareȱtowedȱbackȱtoȱtheȱ
recoveryȱ light,ȱ aȱ parachuteȱ cameraȱ onȱ selectedȱ launchȱ site.ȱ ȱ Eachȱ boosterȱ isȱ removedȱ fromȱ theȱ
flightsȱandȱaȱrangeȱsafetyȱsystem.ȱ water,ȱ andȱ itsȱ componentsȱ areȱ disassembledȱ
andȱwashedȱwithȱfreshȱandȱdeionizedȱwaterȱtoȱ
Eachȱ SRBȱ hasȱ twoȱ integratedȱ electronicȱ limitȱsaltȬwaterȱcorrosion.ȱȱTheȱmotorȱsegments,ȱ
assemblies,ȱ oneȱ forwardȱ andȱ oneȱ aft.ȱ ȱ Afterȱ igniterȱ andȱ nozzleȱ areȱ shippedȱ backȱ toȱ ATKȱ
burnout,ȱ theȱ forwardȱ assemblyȱ initiatesȱ theȱ Thiokolȱforȱrefurbishment.ȱ
releaseȱofȱtheȱnoseȱcapȱandȱfrustum,ȱaȱtransitionȱ
pieceȱ betweenȱ theȱ noseȱ coneȱ andȱ solidȱ rocketȱ Eachȱ SRBȱ incorporatesȱ aȱ rangeȱ safetyȱ systemȱ
motor,ȱandȱturnsȱonȱtheȱrecoveryȱaids.ȱȱTheȱaftȱ thatȱ includesȱ aȱ batteryȱ powerȱ source,ȱ
assembly,ȱ mountedȱ inȱ theȱ externalȱ tank/SRBȱ receiver/decoder,ȱantennasȱandȱordnance.ȱ
attachȱring,ȱconnectsȱwithȱtheȱforwardȱassemblyȱ
Hold-Down Posts
andȱ theȱ orbiterȱ avionicsȱ systemsȱ forȱ SRBȱ
ignitionȱ commandsȱ andȱ nozzleȱ thrustȱ vectorȱ Eachȱ solidȱ rocketȱ boosterȱ hasȱ fourȱ holdȬdownȱ
control.ȱ ȱ Eachȱ integratedȱ electronicȱ assemblyȱ postsȱ thatȱ fitȱ intoȱ correspondingȱ supportȱ postsȱ
hasȱ aȱ multiplexer/demultiplexer,ȱ whichȱ sendsȱ onȱ theȱ mobileȱ launcherȱ platform.ȱ ȱ HoldȬdownȱ
orȱ receivesȱ moreȱ thanȱ oneȱ message,ȱ signalȱ orȱ boltsȱholdȱtheȱSRBȱandȱlauncherȱplatformȱpostsȱ
unitȱ ofȱ informationȱ onȱ aȱ singleȱ communicationȱ together.ȱ ȱ Eachȱ boltȱ hasȱ aȱ nutȱ atȱ eachȱ end,ȱ butȱ
channel.ȱ onlyȱtheȱtopȱnutȱisȱfrangible.ȱȱTheȱtopȱnutȱconȬ
tainsȱ twoȱ NASAȱ standardȱ detonatorsȱ (NSDs),ȱ
Eightȱ boosterȱ separationȱ motorsȱ (fourȱ inȱ theȱ
whichȱareȱignitedȱatȱsolidȱrocketȱmotorȱignitionȱ
noseȱ frustumȱ andȱ fourȱ inȱ theȱ aftȱ skirt)ȱ ofȱ eachȱ
commands.ȱ
SRBȱ thrustȱ forȱ 1.02ȱ secondsȱ atȱ SRBȱ separationȱ
fromȱtheȱexternalȱtank.ȱȱEachȱsolidȱrocketȱsepaȬ Whenȱ theȱ twoȱ NSDsȱ areȱ ignitedȱ atȱ eachȱ holdȬ
rationȱmotorȱisȱ31.1ȱinchesȱlongȱandȱ12.8ȱinchesȱ down,ȱ theȱ holdȬdownȱ boltȱ travelsȱ downwardȱ
inȱdiameter.ȱ becauseȱ ofȱ theȱ releaseȱ ofȱ tensionȱ inȱ theȱ boltȱ
(pretensionedȱbeforeȱlaunch),ȱNSDȱgasȱpressureȱ
Locationȱ aidsȱ areȱ providedȱ forȱ eachȱ SRB,ȱ frusȬ
andȱ gravity.ȱ ȱ Theȱ boltȱ isȱ stoppedȱ byȱ theȱ studȱ
tum/drogueȱ chutesȱ andȱ mainȱ parachutes.ȱȱ
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decelerationȱ stand,ȱ whichȱ containsȱ sand.ȱ ȱ Theȱ capacitorȱ toȱ 40ȱ voltsȱ dcȱ (minimumȱ ofȱ 20ȱ voltsȱ
SRBȱ boltȱ isȱ 28ȱ inchesȱ longȱ andȱ 3.5ȱ inchesȱ inȱ dc).ȱ
diameter.ȱ ȱ Theȱ frangibleȱ nutȱ isȱ capturedȱ inȱ aȱ
blastȱcontainer.ȱ Theȱ fireȱ 2ȱ commandsȱ causeȱ theȱ redundantȱ
NSDsȱtoȱfireȱthroughȱaȱthinȱbarrierȱsealȱdownȱaȱ
Theȱ solidȱ rocketȱ motorȱ ignitionȱ commandsȱ areȱ flameȱ tunnel.ȱ ȱ Thisȱ ignitesȱ aȱ pyroȱ boosterȱ
issuedȱ byȱ theȱ orbiter’sȱ computersȱ throughȱ theȱ charge,ȱ whichȱ isȱ retainedȱ inȱ theȱ safeȱ andȱ armȱ
masterȱ eventsȱ controllersȱ toȱ theȱ holdȬdownȱ deviceȱ behindȱ aȱ perforatedȱ plate.ȱ ȱ Theȱ boosterȱ
pyrotechnicȱ initiatorȱ controllersȱ onȱ theȱ mobileȱ chargeȱ ignitesȱ theȱ propellantȱ inȱ theȱ igniterȱ iniȬ
launcherȱplatform.ȱȱTheyȱprovideȱtheȱignitionȱtoȱ tiator;ȱandȱcombustionȱproductsȱofȱthisȱpropelȬ
theȱ holdȬdownȱ NSDs.ȱ ȱ Theȱ launchȱ processingȱ lantȱ igniteȱ theȱ solidȱ rocketȱ motorȱ initiator,ȱ
systemȱ monitorsȱ theȱ SRBȱ holdȬdownȱ PICsȱ forȱ whichȱfiresȱdownȱtheȱlengthȱofȱtheȱsolidȱrocketȱ
lowȱ voltageȱ duringȱ theȱ lastȱ 16ȱ secondsȱ beforeȱ motorȱ ignitingȱ theȱ solidȱ rocketȱ motorȱ propelȬ
launch.ȱ ȱ PICȱ lowȱ voltageȱ willȱ initiateȱ aȱ launchȱ lant.ȱ
hold.ȱ
Theȱ GPCȱ launchȱ sequenceȱ alsoȱ controlsȱ certainȱ
SRB Ignition criticalȱ mainȱ propulsionȱ systemȱ valvesȱ andȱ
monitorsȱtheȱengineȬreadyȱindicationsȱfromȱtheȱ
SRBȱ ignitionȱ canȱ occurȱ onlyȱ whenȱ aȱ manualȱ
SSMEs.ȱȱTheȱMPSȱstartȱcommandsȱareȱissuedȱbyȱ
lockȱpinȱfromȱeachȱSRBȱsafeȱandȱarmȱdeviceȱhasȱ
theȱonȬboardȱcomputersȱatȱTȱminusȱ6.6ȱsecondsȱ
beenȱ removed.ȱ ȱ Theȱ groundȱ crewȱ removesȱ theȱ
(staggeredȱ startȱ —ȱ engineȱ three,ȱ engineȱ two,ȱ
pinȱ duringȱ prelaunchȱ activities.ȱ ȱ Atȱ Tȱ minusȱ
engineȱoneȱ—ȱallȱaboutȱwithinȱ0.25ȱofȱaȱsecond),ȱ
fiveȱ minutes,ȱ theȱ SRBȱ safeȱ andȱ armȱ deviceȱ isȱ
andȱ theȱ sequenceȱ monitorsȱ theȱ thrustȱ buildupȱ
rotatedȱ toȱ theȱ armȱ position.ȱ ȱ Theȱ solidȱ rocketȱ
ofȱeachȱengine.ȱȱAllȱthreeȱSSMEsȱmustȱreachȱtheȱ
motorȱ ignitionȱ commandsȱ areȱ issuedȱ whenȱ theȱ
requiredȱ90ȱpercentȱthrustȱwithinȱthreeȱseconds;ȱ
threeȱ SSMEsȱ areȱ atȱ orȱ aboveȱ 90ȱ percentȱ ratedȱ
otherwise,ȱanȱorderlyȱshutdownȱisȱcommandedȱ
thrust,ȱ noȱ SSMEȱ failȱ and/orȱ SRBȱ ignitionȱ PICȱ
andȱsafingȱfunctionsȱareȱinitiated.ȱ
lowȱvoltageȱisȱindicatedȱandȱthereȱareȱnoȱholdsȱ
fromȱtheȱLPS.ȱ Normalȱ thrustȱ buildupȱ toȱ theȱ requiredȱ 90ȱ perȬ
centȱthrustȱlevelȱwillȱresultȱinȱtheȱSSMEsȱbeingȱ
Theȱ solidȱ rocketȱ motorȱ ignitionȱ commandsȱ areȱ
commandedȱ toȱ theȱ liftoffȱ positionȱ atȱ Tȱminusȱ
sentȱ byȱ theȱ orbiterȱ computersȱ throughȱ theȱ
threeȱ secondsȱ asȱ wellȱ asȱ theȱ fireȱ 1ȱ commandȱ
MECsȱtoȱtheȱsafeȱandȱarmȱdeviceȱNSDsȱinȱeachȱ
beingȱissuedȱtoȱarmȱtheȱSRBs.ȱȱAtȱTȱminusȱthreeȱ
SRB.ȱȱAȱPICȱsingleȬchannelȱcapacitorȱdischargeȱ
seconds,ȱ theȱ vehicleȱ baseȱ bendingȱ loadȱ modesȱ
deviceȱ controlsȱ theȱ firingȱ ofȱ eachȱ pyrotechnicȱ
areȱ allowedȱ toȱ initializeȱ (movementȱ ofȱ
device.ȱ Threeȱ signalsȱ mustȱ beȱ presentȱ
25.5ȱinchesȱ measuredȱ atȱ theȱ tipȱ ofȱ theȱ externalȱ
simultaneouslyȱforȱtheȱPICȱtoȱgenerateȱtheȱpyroȱ
tank,ȱ withȱ movementȱ towardsȱ theȱ externalȱ
firingȱ output.ȱ ȱ Theseȱ signalsȱ —ȱ arm,ȱ fireȱ 1ȱ andȱ
tank).ȱ
fireȱ2ȱ—ȱoriginateȱinȱtheȱorbiterȱgeneralȬpurposeȱ
computersȱ andȱ areȱ transmittedȱ toȱ theȱ MECs.ȱȱ Atȱ Tȱ minusȱ zero,ȱ theȱ twoȱ SRBsȱ areȱ ignitedȱ
Theȱ MECsȱ reformatȱ themȱ toȱ 28Ȭvoltȱ dcȱ signalsȱ underȱ commandȱ ofȱ theȱ fourȱ onȬboardȱ
forȱ theȱ PICs.ȱ ȱ Theȱ armȱ signalȱ chargesȱ theȱ PICȱ computers;ȱ separationȱ ofȱ theȱ fourȱ explosiveȱ
boltsȱ onȱ eachȱ SRBȱ isȱ initiatedȱ (eachȱ boltȱ isȱ
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28ȱinchesȱ longȱ andȱ 3.5ȱ inchesȱ inȱ diameter);ȱ theȱ theȱaftȱskirtȱbetweenȱtheȱrockȱandȱtiltȱactuators.ȱȱ
twoȱ TȬ0ȱ umbilicalsȱ (oneȱ onȱ eachȱ sideȱ ofȱ theȱ Theȱ twoȱ systemsȱ operateȱ fromȱ Tȱ minusȱ
spacecraft)ȱ areȱ retracted;ȱ theȱ onȬboardȱ masterȱ 28ȱsecondsȱ untilȱ SRBȱ separationȱ fromȱ theȱ
timingȱ unit,ȱ eventȱ timerȱ andȱ missionȱ eventȱ orbiterȱandȱexternalȱtank.ȱȱTheȱtwoȱindependentȱ
timersȱ areȱ started;ȱ theȱ threeȱ SSMEsȱ areȱ atȱ hydraulicȱsystemsȱareȱconnectedȱtoȱtheȱrockȱandȱ
100ȱpercent;ȱandȱtheȱgroundȱlaunchȱsequenceȱisȱ tiltȱservoactuators.ȱ
terminated.ȱ
Theȱ APUȱ controllerȱ electronicsȱ areȱ locatedȱ inȱ
Theȱsolidȱrocketȱmotorȱthrustȱprofileȱisȱtailoredȱ theȱ SRBȱ aftȱ integratedȱ electronicȱ assembliesȱ onȱ
toȱreduceȱthrustȱduringȱtheȱmaximumȱdynamicȱ theȱaftȱexternalȱtankȱattachȱrings.ȱ
pressureȱregion.ȱ
Theȱ APUsȱ andȱ theirȱ fuelȱ systemsȱ areȱ isolatedȱ
Electrical Power Distribution fromȱ eachȱ other.ȱ ȱ Eachȱ fuelȱ supplyȱ moduleȱ
(tank)ȱ containsȱ 22ȱ poundsȱ ofȱ hydrazine.ȱ ȱ Theȱ
Electricalȱ powerȱ distributionȱ inȱ eachȱ SRBȱ
fuelȱ tankȱ isȱ pressurizedȱ withȱ gaseousȱ nitrogenȱ
consistsȱofȱorbiterȬsuppliedȱmainȱdcȱbusȱpowerȱ
atȱ 400ȱ psi,ȱ whichȱ providesȱ theȱ forceȱ toȱ expelȱ
toȱeachȱSRBȱviaȱSRBȱbusesȱA,ȱBȱandȱC.ȱȱOrbiterȱ
(positiveȱ expulsion)ȱ theȱ fuelȱ fromȱ theȱ tankȱ toȱ
mainȱ dcȱbusesȱA,ȱBȱandȱCȱsupplyȱmainȱ dcȱ busȱ
theȱfuelȱdistributionȱline,ȱmaintainingȱaȱpositiveȱ
powerȱtoȱcorrespondingȱSRBȱbusesȱA,ȱBȱandȱC.ȱȱ
fuelȱ supplyȱ toȱ theȱ APUȱ throughoutȱ itsȱ operaȬ
Inȱ addition,ȱ orbiterȱ mainȱ dcȱ busȱ Cȱ suppliesȱ
tion.ȱ
backupȱ powerȱ toȱ SRBȱ busesȱ Aȱ andȱ B,ȱ andȱ
orbiterȱ busȱ Bȱ suppliesȱ backupȱ powerȱ toȱ SRBȱ Theȱ fuelȱ isolationȱ valveȱ isȱ openedȱ atȱ APUȱ
busȱC.ȱ Thisȱ electricalȱ powerȱ distributionȱ startupȱ toȱ allowȱ fuelȱ toȱ flowȱ toȱ theȱ APUȱ fuelȱ
arrangementȱ allowsȱ allȱ SRBȱ busesȱ toȱ remainȱ pumpȱ andȱ controlȱ valvesȱ andȱ thenȱ toȱ theȱ gasȱ
poweredȱinȱtheȱeventȱoneȱorbiterȱmainȱbusȱfails.ȱ generator.ȱ ȱ Theȱ gasȱ generator’sȱ catalyticȱ actionȱ
decomposesȱ theȱ fuelȱ andȱ createsȱ aȱ hotȱ gas.ȱ ȱ Itȱ
Theȱ nominalȱ dcȱ voltageȱ isȱ 28ȱ voltsȱ dc,ȱ withȱ anȱ feedsȱ theȱ hotȱ gasȱ exhaustȱ productȱ toȱ theȱ APUȱ
upperȱ limitȱ ofȱ 32ȱ voltsȱ dcȱ andȱ aȱ lowerȱ limitȱ ofȱ twoȬstageȱ gasȱ turbine.ȱ ȱ Fuelȱ flowsȱ primarilyȱ
24ȱvoltsȱdc.ȱ throughȱ theȱ startupȱ bypassȱ lineȱ untilȱ theȱ APUȱ
Hydraulic Power Units speedȱisȱsuchȱthatȱtheȱfuelȱpumpȱoutletȱpressureȱ
isȱ greaterȱ thanȱ theȱ bypassȱ line’s.ȱ ȱ Thenȱ allȱ theȱ
Thereȱ areȱ twoȱ selfȬcontained,ȱ independentȱ fuelȱisȱsuppliedȱtoȱtheȱfuelȱpump.ȱ
HPUsȱ onȱ eachȱ SRB.ȱ ȱ Eachȱ HPUȱ consistsȱ ofȱ anȱ
auxiliaryȱ powerȱ unit,ȱ fuelȱ supplyȱ module,ȱ Theȱ APUȱ turbineȱ assemblyȱ providesȱ mechaniȬ
hydraulicȱ pump,ȱ hydraulicȱ reservoirȱ andȱ calȱ powerȱ toȱ theȱ APUȱ gearbox.ȱ ȱ Theȱ gearboxȱ
hydraulicȱ fluidȱ manifoldȱ assembly.ȱ ȱ Theȱ APUsȱ drivesȱ theȱ APUȱ fuelȱ pump,ȱ hydraulicȱ pumpȱ
areȱ fueledȱ byȱ hydrazineȱ andȱ generateȱ andȱ lubeȱ oilȱ pump.ȱ ȱ Theȱ APUȱ lubeȱ oilȱ pumpȱ
mechanicalȱ shaftȱ powerȱ toȱ aȱ hydraulicȱ pumpȱ lubricatesȱ theȱ gearbox.ȱ ȱ Theȱ turbineȱ exhaustȱ ofȱ
thatȱ producesȱ hydraulicȱ pressureȱ forȱ theȱ SRBȱ eachȱ APUȱ flowsȱ overȱ theȱ exteriorȱ ofȱ theȱ gasȱ
hydraulicȱsystem.ȱȱTheȱtwoȱseparateȱHPUsȱandȱ generator,ȱcoolingȱit,ȱandȱisȱthenȱdirectedȱoverȬ
twoȱ hydraulicȱ systemsȱ areȱ locatedȱ onȱ theȱ aftȱ boardȱthroughȱanȱexhaustȱduct.ȱ
endȱ ofȱ eachȱ SRBȱ betweenȱ theȱ SRBȱ nozzleȱ andȱ Whenȱ theȱ APUȱ speedȱ reachesȱ 100ȱ percent,ȱ theȱ
aftȱskirt.ȱȱTheȱHPUȱcomponentsȱareȱmountedȱonȱ APUȱprimaryȱcontrolȱvalveȱcloses,ȱandȱtheȱAPUȱ
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speedȱ isȱ controlledȱ byȱ theȱ APUȱ controllerȱ Theȱ spaceȱ shuttleȱ ascentȱ thrustȱ vectorȱ controlȱ
electronics.ȱ ȱ Ifȱ theȱ primaryȱ controlȱ valveȱ logicȱ portionȱ ofȱ theȱ flightȱ controlȱ systemȱ directsȱ theȱ
failsȱ toȱ theȱ openȱ state,ȱ theȱ secondaryȱ controlȱ thrustȱofȱtheȱthreeȱshuttleȱmainȱenginesȱandȱtheȱ
valveȱ assumesȱ controlȱ ofȱ theȱ APUȱ atȱ twoȱSRBȱnozzlesȱtoȱcontrolȱshuttleȱattitudeȱandȱ
112ȱpercentȱ speed.ȱ ȱ Eachȱ HPUȱ onȱ anȱ SRBȱ isȱ trajectoryȱduringȱliftoffȱandȱascent.ȱȱCommandsȱ
connectedȱ toȱ bothȱ servoactuatorsȱ onȱ thatȱ SRB.ȱȱ fromȱtheȱguidanceȱsystemȱareȱtransmittedȱtoȱtheȱ
Oneȱ HPUȱ servesȱ asȱ theȱ primaryȱ hydraulicȱ ATVCȱ drivers,ȱ whichȱ transmitȱ signalsȱ proporȬ
sourceȱforȱtheȱservoactuator,ȱandȱtheȱotherȱHPUȱ tionalȱtoȱtheȱcommandsȱtoȱeachȱservoactuatorȱofȱ
servesȱ asȱ theȱ secondaryȱ hydraulicsȱ forȱ theȱ theȱmainȱenginesȱandȱSRBs.ȱȱFourȱindependentȱ
servoactuator.ȱ Eachȱ servoactuatorȱ hasȱ aȱ flightȱ controlȱ systemȱ channelsȱ andȱ fourȱ ATVCȱ
switchingȱ valveȱ thatȱ allowsȱ theȱ secondaryȱ channelsȱ controlȱ sixȱ mainȱ engineȱandȱ fourȱ SRBȱ
hydraulicsȱtoȱpowerȱtheȱactuatorȱifȱtheȱprimaryȱ ATVCȱdrivers,ȱwithȱeachȱdriverȱcontrollingȱoneȱ
hydraulicȱ pressureȱ dropsȱ belowȱ 2,050ȱ psi.ȱ ȱ Aȱ hydraulicȱ portȱ onȱ eachȱ mainȱ andȱ SRBȱ servoacȬ
switchȱcontactȱonȱtheȱswitchingȱvalveȱwillȱcloseȱ tuator.ȱ
whenȱ theȱ valveȱ isȱ inȱ theȱ secondaryȱ position.ȱȱ
Eachȱ SRBȱ servoactuatorȱ consistsȱ ofȱ fourȱ indeȬ
Whenȱtheȱvalveȱisȱclosed,ȱaȱsignalȱisȱsentȱtoȱtheȱ
pendent,ȱ twoȬstageȱ servovalvesȱ thatȱ receiveȱ
APUȱ controllerȱ thatȱ inhibitsȱ theȱ 100ȱ percentȱ
signalsȱfromȱtheȱdrivers.ȱȱEachȱservovalveȱconȬ
APUȱ speedȱ controlȱ logicȱ andȱ enablesȱ theȱ
trolsȱ oneȱ powerȱ spoolȱ inȱ eachȱ actuator,ȱ whichȱ
112ȱpercentȱ APUȱ speedȱ controlȱ logic.ȱ ȱ Theȱ
positionsȱ anȱ actuatorȱ ramȱ andȱ theȱ nozzleȱ toȱ
100ȱpercentȱ APUȱ speedȱ enablesȱ oneȱ APU/HPUȱ
controlȱtheȱdirectionȱofȱthrust.ȱ
toȱ supplyȱ sufficientȱ operatingȱ hydraulicȱ
pressureȱtoȱbothȱservoactuatorsȱofȱthatȱSRB.ȱ Theȱfourȱservovalvesȱinȱeachȱactuatorȱprovideȱaȱ
forceȬsummedȱ majorityȱ votingȱ arrangementȱ toȱ
Theȱ APUȱ 100ȱ percentȱ speedȱ correspondsȱ toȱ
positionȱ theȱ powerȱ spool.ȱ ȱ Withȱ fourȱ identicalȱ
72,000ȱ rpm,ȱ 110ȱ percentȱ toȱ 79,200ȱ rpm,ȱ andȱ
commandsȱ toȱ theȱ fourȱ servovalves,ȱ theȱ actuatorȱ
112ȱpercentȱtoȱ80,640ȱrpm.ȱ
forceȬsumȱ actionȱ preventsȱ aȱ singleȱ erroneousȱ
Theȱ hydraulicȱ pumpȱ speedȱ isȱ 3,600ȱ rpmȱ andȱ commandȱ fromȱ affectingȱ powerȱ ramȱ motion.ȱȱIfȱ
suppliesȱ hydraulicȱ pressureȱ ofȱ 3,050,ȱ plusȱ orȱ theȱerroneousȱcommandȱpersistsȱforȱmoreȱthanȱaȱ
minusȱ 50,ȱ psi.ȱ ȱ Aȱ highȬpressureȱ reliefȱ valveȱ predeterminedȱ time,ȱ differentialȱ pressureȱ
providesȱ overpressureȱ protectionȱ toȱ theȱ sensingȱ activatesȱ aȱ selectorȱ valveȱ toȱ isolateȱ andȱ
hydraulicȱsystemȱandȱrelievesȱatȱ3,750ȱpsi.ȱ removeȱ theȱ defectiveȱ servovalveȱ hydraulicȱ
pressure,ȱpermittingȱtheȱremainingȱchannelsȱandȱ
Theȱ APUs/HPUsȱ andȱ hydraulicȱ systemsȱ areȱ servovalvesȱtoȱcontrolȱtheȱactuatorȱramȱspool.ȱ
reusableȱforȱ20ȱmissions.ȱ
Failureȱ monitorsȱ areȱ providedȱ forȱ eachȱ channelȱ
Thrust Vector Control toȱ indicateȱ whichȱ channelȱ hasȱ beenȱ bypassed.ȱȱ
EachȱSRBȱhasȱtwoȱhydraulicȱgimbalȱservoactuaȬ Anȱisolationȱvalveȱonȱeachȱchannelȱprovidesȱtheȱ
tors:ȱȱoneȱforȱrockȱandȱoneȱforȱtilt.ȱȱTheȱservoacȬ capabilityȱofȱresettingȱaȱfailedȱorȱbypassedȱchanȬ
tuatorsȱprovideȱtheȱforceȱandȱcontrolȱtoȱgimbalȱ nel.ȱ
theȱnozzleȱforȱthrustȱvectorȱcontrol.ȱ
Eachȱactuatorȱramȱisȱequippedȱwithȱtransducersȱ
forȱ positionȱ feedbackȱ toȱ theȱ thrustȱ vectorȱ conȬ
trolȱsystem.ȱȱWithinȱeachȱservoactuatorȱramȱisȱaȱ
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splashdownȱloadȱreliefȱassemblyȱtoȱcushionȱtheȱ Theȱ SRBsȱ separateȱ fromȱ theȱ externalȱ tankȱ
nozzleȱ atȱ waterȱ splashdownȱ andȱ preventȱ damȬ withinȱ 30ȱ millisecondsȱ ofȱ theȱ ordnanceȱ firingȱ
ageȱtoȱtheȱnozzleȱflexibleȱbearing.ȱ command.ȱ
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Theȱ SLWTȱ isȱ theȱ sameȱ sizeȱ asȱ theȱ previousȱ Theȱ 154ȬfootȬlongȱ externalȱ tankȱ isȱ theȱ largestȱ
design.ȱ ȱ Butȱ theȱ liquidȱ hydrogenȱ tankȱ andȱ theȱ singleȱcomponentȱofȱtheȱspaceȱshuttle.ȱȱItȱstandsȱ
liquidȱ oxygenȱ tankȱ areȱ madeȱ ofȱ aluminumȱ tallerȱ thanȱ aȱ 15Ȭstoryȱ buildingȱ andȱ hasȱ aȱ
lithium,ȱ aȱ lighter,ȱ strongerȱ materialȱ thanȱ theȱ diameterȱ ofȱ aboutȱ 27ȱ feet.ȱ ȱ Theȱ externalȱ tankȱ
metalȱ alloyȱ usedȱ forȱ theȱ shuttle’sȱ currentȱ tank.ȱȱ holdsȱ overȱ 530,000ȱ gallonsȱ ofȱ liquidȱ hydrogenȱ
Theȱ tank’sȱ structuralȱ designȱ hasȱ alsoȱ beenȱ andȱ liquidȱ oxygenȱ inȱ twoȱ separateȱ tanks.ȱ ȱ Theȱ
improved,ȱ makingȱ itȱ 30ȱ percentȱ strongerȱ andȱ hydrogenȱ (fuel)ȱ andȱ liquidȱ oxygenȱ (oxidizer)ȱ
5ȱpercentȱlessȱdense.ȱ areȱ usedȱ asȱ propellantsȱ forȱ theȱ shuttle’sȱ threeȱ
mainȱengines.ȱ
Theȱ SLWT,ȱ likeȱ theȱ standardȱ tank,ȱ isȱ manufacȬ
turedȱatȱMichoudȱAssembly,ȱnearȱNewȱOrleans,ȱ
byȱLockheedȱMartin.ȱ
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BAȱ BearingȱAssemblyȱ
BBCȱ BusȱBoltȱControllerȱ
BCȱ BusȱControllerȱ
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BCDUȱ BatteryȱCharge/DischargeȱUnitȱ
BCUȱ BackupȱControllerȱUnitȱȱ
BDUȱ BackupȱDriveȱUnitȱ
BGȱ BetaȱGimbalȱ
BGAȱ BetaȱGimbalȱAssemblyȱ
BGDTSȱ BetaȱGimbalȱDeploymentȱTransitionȱStructureȱ
BGHSȱ BetaȱGimbalȱHousingȱSubassemblyȱ
BITȱ BuiltȬInȱTestȱ
BITEȱ BuiltȬInȱTestȱEquipmentȱ
BMRRMȱ BearingȱMotorȱandȱRollȱRingȱModuleȱ
BONEMACȱ BoneȱMarrowȱMacrophagesȱinȱSpaceȱ
BPSMUȱ BatteryȱPoweredȱSpeakerȱMicrophoneȱUnitȱ
BRSȱ BottomȱRightȱSideȱ
BSPȱ BasebandȱSignalȱProcessorȱ
BTSȱ BoltȱTightȱSwitchȱ
C&Cȱ CommandȱandȱControlȱ
C&DHȱ CommandȱandȱDataȱHandlingȱ
C&Mȱ ControlȱandȱMonitorȱ
C&Tȱ CommunicationȱandȱTrackingȱ
C&Wȱ CautionȱandȱWarningȱ
C/AȬcodeȱ Coarse/AcquisitionȬcodeȱ
C/Lȱ CrewȱLockȱ
CAȱ ControlȱAttitudeȱ
CASȱ CommonȱAttachȱSystemȱ
CBMȱ CommonȱBerthingȱMechanismȱ
CBOSSȱ CellularȱBiotechnologyȱOperatingȱScienceȱSystemȱ
CCAAȱ CommonȱCabinȱAirȱAssemblyȱ
CCASEȱ CommercialȱCassetteȱExperimentȱ
CCDȱ CursorȱControlȱDeviceȱ
CCMSȱ ConcentricȱCableȱManagementȱSystemȱ
CCSȱ CommunicationȱandȱControlȱSystemȱ
CCTVȱ ClosedȬCircuitȱTelevisionȱ
CDDTȱ CommonȱDisplayȱDevelopmentȱTeamȱ
CDRAȱ CarbonȱDioxideȱRemovalȱAssemblyȱ
CDSȱ CommandȱandȱDataȱSoftwareȱ
CETAȱ CrewȱandȱEquipmentȱTranslationȱAidȱ
CEUȱ ControlȱElectronicsȱUnitȱ
CFAȱ CircularȱFanȱAssemblyȱ
CGBAȱ CommercialȱGenericȱBioprocessingȱApparatusȱ
CHeCSȱ CrewȱHealthȱCareȱSystemȱ
CHXȱ CondensingȱHeatȱExchangerȱ
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CIDȱ CircuitȱInterruptȱDeviceȱ
CIOBȱ CargoȱIntegrationȱandȱOperationsȱBranchȱ
CLAȱ CameraȱandȱLightȱAssemblyȱ
CLPAȱ CameraȱLightȱandȱPan/TiltȱAssemblyȱ
CMGȱ ControlȱMomentȱGyroscopeȱ
CMGȬTAȱ ControlȱMomentȱGyroscopeȬThrusterȱAssistȱ
CO2ȱ CarbonȱDioxideȱ
COASȱ CrewȱOpticalȱAlignmentȱSightȱ
CORȱ CommunicationȱOutageȱRecorderȱ
COTSȱ CommercialȬOffȬTheȬShelfȱ
CPȱ ColdȱPlateȱ
CPCGȬHȱ CommercialȱProteinȱCrystalȱGrowthȬHighȱ
CRȱ ChangeȱRequestȱ
CRESȱ CorrosionȱResistantȱSteelȱ
CRIMȱ CommercialȱRefrigeratorȱIncubatorȱModuleȱ
CRIMȬMȱ CommercialȱRefrigeratorȱIncubatorȱModuleȬModifiedȱ
CRPCMȱ CanadianȱRemoteȱPowerȱControllerȱModuleȱ
CSAȱ ComputerȱSystemsȱArchitectureȱ
CSAȬCPȱ CompoundȱSpecificȱAnalyzerȬCombustionȱProductsȱ
CSCIȱ ComputerȱSoftwareȱConfigurationȱItemȱ
CSMȱ CargoȱSystemsȱManualȱ
CSSȱ CrewȱSupportȱStationȱ
CTBȱ CargoȱTransferȱBagȱ
CVIUȱ CommonȱVideoȱInterfaceȱUnitȱ
CVTȱ CurrentȱValueȱTableȱ
CVVȱ CarbonȱDioxideȱVentȱValveȱ
CWCȱ ContingencyȱWaterȱCollectionȱ
DAAȱ DockedȱAirȬtoȬAirȱ
DAG1ȱ DockedȱA/Gȱ1ȱ
DAIUȱ DockedȱAudioȱInterfaceȱUnitȱ
DAPȱ DigitalȱAutopilotȱ
dcȱ directȱcurrentȱ
DCȱ DockingȱCompartmentȱ
DCPȱ DisplayȱandȱControlȱPanelȱ
DCSUȱ DirectȱCurrentȱSwitchingȱUnitȱ
DDCUȱ DCȬtoȬDCȱConverterȱUnitȱ
DDCUȬCPȱ DCȬtoȬDCȱConverterȱUnitȬColdȱPlateȱ
DDCUȬEȱ ExternalȱDDCUȱ
DDCUȬHPȱ DCȬtoȬDCȱConverterȱUnitȬHeatȱPipeȱ
DDCUȬIȱ InternalȱDDCUȱ
DFLȱ DataȱFormatȱLoadȱ
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DLAȱ DriveȱLockingȱAssemblyȱ
DMCUȱ DockingȱMechanismȱControlȱUnitȱ
DMSȬRȱ DataȱManagementȱSystemȬRussianȱ
dp/dtȱ deltaȱpressure/deltaȱtimeȱ
DPAȱ DigitalȱPreassemblyȱ
DPSȱ DataȱProcessingȱSystemȱ
DTOȱ DevelopmentȱTestȱObjectiveȱ
DTVȱ DigitalȱTelevisionȱ
E/Lȱ EquipmentȱLockȱ
EȬStopȱ EmergencyȱStopȱ
EACPȱ EMUȱAudioȱControlȱPanelȱ
EAIUȱ EMUȱAudioȱInterfaceȱUnitȱ
EASȱ EarlyȱAmmoniaȱServicerȱ
EATCSȱ ExternalȱActiveȱThermalȱControlȱSubsystemȱ
ECLSSȱ EnvironmentalȱControlȱandȱLifeȱSupportȱSystemȱ
ECUȱ ElectronicsȱControlȱUnitȱ
EDȱ EngagementȱDriveȱ
EDDAȱ ExternalȱManeuveringȱUnitȱDon/DoffȱAssemblyȱ
EEȱ EndȱEffectorȱ
EEATCSȱ EarlyȱExternalȱActiveȱThermalȱControlȱSystemȱ
EETȱ ExperimentȱElapsedȱTimeȱ
EETCSȱ EarlyȱExternalȱThermalȱControlȱSystemȱ
EFGFȱ ElectricalȱFlightȬreleasableȱGrappleȱFixtureȱ
EGILȱ ElectricalȱGenerationȱandȱIntegratedȱLightingȱSystemsȱEngineerȱ
EIAȱ ElectricalȱInterfaceȱAssemblyȱ
EMPEVȱ EmergencyȱManualȱPressureȱEqualizationȱValueȱ
EMUȱ ExtravehicularȱMobilityȱUnitȱ
EOAȱ EVAȱOhmmeterȱAssemblyȱ
EPCEȱ ElectricalȱPowerȱConsumingȱEquipmentȱ
EPGȱ ElectricalȱPowerȱGeneratorȱ
EPSȱ ElectricalȱPowerȱSystemȱ
ERȱ EdgeȱRouterȱ
ESAȱ ExternalȱSamplingȱAdapterȱ
ESPȱ ExternalȱStowageȱPlatformȱ
ESSMDMȱ EnhancedȱSpaceȱStationȱMultiplexer/Demultiplexerȱ
ESUȱ EndȱStopȱUnitȱ
ETCSȱ ExternalȱThermalȱControlȱSystemȱ
ETIȱ ElapsedȱTimeȱIndicatorȱ
ETRSȱ EVAȱTemporaryȱRailȱStopȱ
ETSDȱ EVAȱToolȱStorageȱDeviceȱ
ETVCGȱ ExternalȱTelevisionȱCamerasȱGroupȱ
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ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS OCTOBER 2007
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EUEȱ ExperimentȱUniqueȱEquipmentȱ
EVȱ Extravehicularȱ
EVȬCPDSȱ ExtravehicularȬChargedȱParticleȱDirectionalȱSpectrometerȱ
EVAȱ ExtravehicularȱActivityȱ
EVRȱ ExtravehicularȱRoboticsȱ
EVSUȱ ExternalȱVideoȱSwitchingȱUnitȱ
EXPRESSȱ EXpediteȱtheȱPRocessingȱofȱExperimentsȱtoȱtheȱSpaceȱStationȱ
EXTȱ ExperimentalȱTerminalȱ
EWISȱ ExternalȱWirelessȱInstrumentationȱSystemȱ
FAWGȱ FlightȱAssignmentȱWorkingȱGroupȱ
FCȱ FirmwareȱControllerȱ
FCCȱ FlatȱControllerȱCircuitȱ
FCTȱ FlightȱControlȱTeamȱ
FCVȱ FlowȱControlȱValveȱ
FDȱ FlightȱDayȱ
FDAȱ FaultȱDetectionȱAnnunciationȱ
FDIRȱ Failure,ȱDetection,ȱIsolationȱandȱRecoveryȱ
FDSȱ FireȱDetectionȱandȱSuppressionȱ
FETȱ FieldȱEffectȱTransistorȱ
FGBȱ FunctionalȱCargoȱBlockȱ
FHRCȱ FlexȱHoseȱRotaryȱCouplerȱ
FIȱ FaultȱIsolatorȱ
FPUȱ FluidȱPumpingȱUnitȱ
FQDCȱ FluidȱQuickȱDisconnectȱCouplingȱ
FRDȱ FlightȱRequirementsȱDocumentȱ
FRGFȱ FlightȱReleasableȱGrappleȱFixtureȱ
FSEȱ FlightȱSupportȱEquipmentȱ
FSSȱ FluidȱSystemȱServicerȱ
FWCIȱ FirmwareȱConfigurationȱItemȱ
GASȱ GetȱAwayȱSpecialȱ
GCȱ GrowthȱCellȱ
GCAȱ GrowthȱCellȱAssemblyȱ
GFEȱ GovernmentȬFurnishedȱEquipmentȱ
GFIȱ GroundȱFaultȱInterrupterȱ
GJOPȱ GenericȱJointȱOperationsȱPanelȱ
GLONASSȱ GLObalȱNavigationalȱSatelliteȱSystemȱ
GN&Cȱ Guidance,ȱNavigationȱandȱControlȱ
GNCȱ GuidanceȱNavigationȱComputerȱ
GPCȱ GeneralȱPurposeȱComputerȱ
GPRVȱ GasȱPressureȱregulatingȱValveȱ
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GPSȱ GlobalȱPositioningȱSystemȱ
GUIȱ GraphicalȱUserȱInterfaceȱ
H2ȱ Hydrogenȱ
HABȱ HabitatȱModuleȱ
HCȱ HandȱControllerȱ
HCAȱ HollowȱCathodeȱAssemblyȱ
HCORȱ HighȬRateȱCommunicationȱOutageȱRecorderȱ
HDRȱ HighȱDataȱRateȱ
HDRLȱ HighȱDateȱRateȱLinkȱ
HEPAȱ HighȱEfficiencyȱParticulateȱAirȱ
HGAȱ HighȱGainȱAntennaȱ
HHLȱ HandheldȱLidarȱ
HPȱ HeatȱPipeȱ
HPGTȱ HighȱPressureȱGasȱTankȱ
HRFȱ HumanȱResearchȱFacilityȱ
HRFȬPUFȬDKȱ HumanȱResearchȱFacilityȱPuffȱDataȱKitȱ
HRFȬResȱ HumanȱResearchȱFacilityȱResupplyȱ
HRFMȱ HighȱRateȱFrameȱMultiplexerȱ
HRMȱ HighȱRateȱModemȱ
HRSȱ HandȱReactionȱSwitchȱ
I/Fȱ Interfaceȱ
I/Oȱ Input/Outputȱ
IACȱ InternalȱAudioȱControllerȱ
IASȱ InternalȱAudioȱSubsystemȱ
IATCSȱ InternalȱActiveȱThermalȱControlȱSystemȱ
ICCȱ IntegratedȱCargoȱCarrierȱ
ICOMȱ Intercomȱ
IDAȱ IntegratedȱDiodeȱAssemblyȱ
IDRDȱ IncrementȱDefinitionȱRequirementsȱDocumentȱ
IEAȱ IntegratedȱEquipmentȱAssemblyȱ
IFHXȱ InterfaceȱHeatȱExchangerȱ
IFIȱ ItemȱforȱInvestigationȱ
IFMȱ InȬflightȱMaintenanceȱ
IMCAȱ IntegratedȱMotorȱControlȱAssemblyȱ
IMCSȱ IntegratedȱMissionȱControlȱSystemȱ
IMUȱ ImpedanceȱMatchingȱUnitȱ
IMVȱ IntermoduleȱVentilationȱȱ
INCOȱȱ InstrumentationȱandȱCommunicationȱOfficerȱ
INSTMȱ Instrumentationȱ
INTȱ Internalȱ
INTSYSȱ InternalȱSystemsȱ
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IOCȱ Input/OutputȱControllerȱ
IOCUȱ Input/OutputȱControllerȱUnitȱ
IPȱ InternationalȱPartnerȱ
IRUȱ InȬFlightȱRefillȱUnitȱ
ISAȱ InternalȱSamplingȱAdapterȱ
ISISȱ InternationalȱSpaceȱStationȱInterfaceȱStandardȱ
ISLȱ IntegratedȱStationȱLANȱ
ISOȱ InventoryȱandȱStowageȱOfficerȱ
ISPRȱ InternationalȱStandardȱPayloadȱRackȱ
ISSȱ InternationalȱSpaceȱStationȱ
ISSPOȱ InternationalȱSpaceȱStationȱProgramȱOfficeȱ
ISSSHȱ InternationalȱSpaceȱStationȱSystemsȱHandbookȱ
ITȱ IntegratedȱTrussȱ
ITCSȱ InternalȱThermalȱControlȱSystemȱ
ITSȱ IntegratedȱTrussȱSegmentȱ
IUAȱ InterfaceȱUmbilicalȱAssemblyȱ
IVȱ Intravehicularȱȱ
IVAȱ IntravehicularȱActivityȱ
IVSUȱ InternalȱVideoȱSwitchȱUnitȱ
IWISȱ InternalȱWirelessȱInstrumentationȱSystemȱ
JAXAȱ JapanȱAerospaceȱExplorationȱAgencyȱ
JEMȱ JapaneseȱExperimentȱModuleȱ
JEUȱ JointȱElectronicȱUnitȱ
KSCȱ KennedyȱSpaceȱCenterȱ
kWȱ Kilowattȱ
LAȱ LaunchȱAftȱ
Labȱ Laboratoryȱȱ
LANȱ LocalȱAreaȱNetworkȱ
LBȱ LocalȱBusȱ
LBȬRWSȱ RWSȱLocalȱBusȱ
LCAȱ LabȱCradleȱAssemblyȱ
LCCȱ LaunchȱCommitȱCriteriaȱ
LCDȱ LiquidȱCrystalȱDisplayȱ
LDIȱ LocalȱDataȱInterfaceȱ
LDRȱ LowȱDataȱRateȱ
LDUȱ LinearȱDriveȱUnitȱ
LEDȱ LightȬEmittingȱDiodeȱ
LEEȱ LatchingȱEndȱEffectorȱ
LEUȱ LEEȱElectronicȱUnitȱ
LFDPȱ LoadȱFaultȱDetectionȱProtectionȱ
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LGAȱ LowȱGainȱAntennaȱ
LH2ȱ LiquidȱHydrogenȱ
LLAȱ LowȱLevelȱAnalogȱ
LMCȱ LightweightȱMultipurposeȱCarrierȱ
LO2ȱ LiquidȱOxygenȱ
LONȱ LaunchȱOnȱNeedȱ
LTȱ LowȱTemperatureȱ
LTAȱ LaunchȱtoȱActivationȱ
LTLȱ LowȱTemperatureȱLoopȱ
LTUȱ LoadȱTransferȱUnitȱ
LVLHȱ LocalȱVerticalȱLocalȱHorizontalȱ
MAȱ MechanicalȱAssemblyȱ
MAMȱ ManualȱAugmentedȱRoleȱ
MBAȱ MotorizedȱBoltȱAssemblyȱȱ
MBEȱ MetalȱBellowsȱExpanderȱ
MBMȱ ManualȱBerthingȱMechanismȱ
MBSȱ MobileȱRemoteȱServiceȱBaseȱSystemȱ
MBSUȱ MainȱBusȱSwitchingȱUnitȱ
MCȱ MidcourseȱCorrectionȱ
MCAȱ MajorȱConstituentȱAnalyzerȱ
MCASȱ MBSȱCommonȱAttachȱSystemȱ
MCCȱ MissionȱControlȱCenterȱ
MCCȬHȱ MissionȱControlȱCenterȬHoustonȱ
MCCȬMȱ MissionȱControlȱCenterȬMoscowȱ
MCDSȱ MultifunctionȱCRTȱDisplayȱSystemȱ
MCSȱ MotionȱControlȱSystemȱ
MCUȱ MBSȱComputerȱUnitȱ
MDAȱ MotorȱDriveȱAssemblyȱ
MDLȱ MiddeckȱLockerȱ
MDMȱ Multiplexer/Demultiplexerȱ
MEDȱOPSȱ MedicalȱOperationsȱ
MEPSȱ MicroencapsulationȱElectrostaticȱProcessingȱSystemȱ
MEPSIȱ MicroȬElectromechanicalȱSystemȬbasedȱPicoȱSatelliteȱInspectorȱ
MERȱ MissionȱEvaluationȱRoomȱ
METȱ MissionȱElapsedȱTimeȱ
METOXȱ MetalȱOxideȱ
MFCVȱ ManualȱFlowȱControlȱValveȱ
MHSȱ MCUȱHostȱSoftwareȱ
MILȬSTDȱ MilitaryȱStandardȱ
MILAȱ ModeȱIndicatingȱLightȱAssemblyȱ
MIPȱ MissionȱIntegrationȱPlanȱ
94
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ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS OCTOBER 2007
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MISSEȱ MaterialsȱInternationalȱSpaceȱStationȱExperimentȱ
MLIȱ MultiȬLayerȱInsulationȱ
MM/ODȱ Micrometeoroid/OrbitalȱDebrisȱ
MMTȱ MissionȱManagementȱTeamȱ
MODȱ MissionȱOperationsȱDirectorateȱ
MPEVȱ ManualȱPressureȱEqualizationȱValveȱ
MPLMȱ MultipurposeȱLogisticsȱModuleȱ
MPMȱ ManipulatorȱPositioningȱMechanismȱ
MRLȱ ManipulatorȱRetentionȱLatchȱ
MRSȱ MobileȱRemoteȱServicerȱ
MRSBSȱ MobileȱRemoteȱServicerȱBaseȱSystemȱ
MSDȱ MassȱStorageȱDeviceȱ
MSFCȱ MarshallȱSpaceȱFlightȱCenterȱ
MSGȱ MicrogravityȱScienceȱGloveboxȱ
MSSȱ MobileȱServicingȱSystemȱ
MTȱ MobileȱTransporterȱ
MTCLȱ MobileȱTransporterȱCaptureȱLatchȱ
MTLȱ ModerateȱTemperatureȱLoopȱ
MTSȱ ModuleȬtoȬTrussȱSegmentȱ
MTSASȱ ModuleȬtoȬTrussȱSegmentȱAttachmentȱSystemȱ
MTWsNȱ MoveȱtoȱWorksiteȱNumberȱ
ȱ ModuleȬtoȬTrussȱSegmentȱAttachmentȱSystemȱ
N2ȱ Nitrogenȱ
N.ȱmi.ȱ Nauticalȱmileȱ
NASAȱȱ NationalȱAeronauticsȱandȱSpaceȱAdministrationȱ
NCCȱ NominalȱCorrectiveȱCombinationȱburnȱ
NCGȱ NonȱCondensableȱGasȱ
NCSȱ NodeȱControlȱSoftwareȱ
NCUȱ NetworkȱControlȱUnitȱ
NETȱ NoȱEarlierȱThanȱ
NIAȱ NitrogenȱInterfaceȱAssemblyȱ
NiH2ȱ NickelȱHydrogenȱ
NIVȱ NitrogenȱIntroductionȱValveȱ
NSIȱ NASAȱStandardȱInitiatorȱ
NSTSȱ NationalȱSpaceȱTransportationȱSystemȱ
NTAȱ NitrogenȱTankȱAssemblyȱ
O2ȱ Oxygenȱ
OCAȱ OrbitalȱCommunicationsȱAdapterȱ
OCADȱ OperationalȱControlȱAgreementȱDocumentȱ
OCJMȱ OperatorȬCommandedȱJointȱPositionȱModeȱ
OCPMȱ OperatorȬCommandedȱPORȱModeȱ
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OCSȱ OperationsȱandȱControlȱSoftwareȱ
ODINȱ OrbitalȱDesignȱIntegrationȱSystemȱ
ODSȱ OrbiterȱDockingȱSystemȱ
OIȱ OperationalȱIncrementȱ
OIUȱ OrbiterȱInterfaceȱUnitȱ
OIVȱ OxygenȱIsolationȱValveȱ
OMIȱ OnȬOrbitȱMaintainableȱItemȱ
OMSȱ OrbitalȱManeuveringȱSystemȱ
OPCGAȱ ObservableȱProteinȱCrystalȱGrowthȱApparatusȱ
OPPȱ OSVSȱPatchȱPanelȱ
Opsȱ Operationsȱ
OPSȱLANȱ OperationsȱLocalȱAreaȱNetworkȱ
ORBTȱ OptimizedȱRBarȱTargetingȱTechniqueȱ
ORCAȱ OxygenȱRechargeȱCompressorȱAssemblyȱ
ORUȱ OrbitalȱReplacementȱUnitȱ
OSEȱ OrbiterȱSupportȱEquipmentȱ
OSOȱ OperationsȱSupportȱOfficerȱ
OSVSȱ OrbiterȱSpaceȱVisionȱSystemȱ
OTDȱ ORUȱTransferȱDeviceȱ
OVȱ OrbiterȱVehicleȱ
P&Sȱ PointingȱandȱSupportȱ
PȬCodeȱ PrecisionȱCodeȱ
P/Lȱ Payloadȱ
P/TVȱ Photo/Televisionȱȱ
P3/P4ȱ Portȱ3/Portȱ4ȱ
PASȱ PayloadȱAttachȱSystemȱ
PBAȱ PortableȱBreathingȱApparatusȱ
PCȱ PersonalȱComputerȱ
PCAȱ PressureȱControlȱAssemblyȱ
PCAMȱ ProteinȱCrystallizationȱApparatusȱforȱMicrogravityȱ
PCBMȱ PassiveȱCommonȱBerthingȱMechanismȱ
PCCȱ PowerȱConverterȱControllerȱ
PCGȬSTESȱ ProteinȱCrystalȱGrowthȬSingleȱThermalȱEnclosureȱSystemȱ
PCMCIAȱ PersonalȱComputerȱMemoryȱCardȱInternationalȱAdapterȱ
PCPȱ PressureȱControlȱPanelȱ
PCRȱ PortableȱComputerȱReceptacleȱȱ
PCSȱ PortableȱComputerȱSystemȱ
PCTȱ PostȬContactȱThrustingȱ
PCUȱ PlasmaȱConnectorȱUnitȱ
PCVPȱ PumpȱandȱControlȱValveȱPackageȱ
PDGFȱ PowerȱandȱDataȱGrappleȱFixtureȱ
96
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PDIȱ PayloadȱDataȱInterfaceȱ
PDIPȱ PayloadȱDataȱInterfaceȱPanelȱ
PDRSȱ PayloadȱDeploymentȱandȱRetrievalȱSystemȱ
PDTAȱ PowerȱDataȱTransferȱAssemblyȱ
PDUȱ PowerȱDriveȱUnitȱ
PEHGȱ PayloadȱEthernetȱHubȱGatewayȱ
PFȱ PayloadȱForwardȱȱ
PFCSȱ PumpȱFlowȱControlȱSubassemblyȱ
PFEȱ PortableȱFireȱExtinguisherȱ
PFMCȱ Pump/FanȱMotorȱControllerȱ
PFRȱ PortableȱFootȱRestraintȱȱ
PGBAȬSȱ PlantȱGenericȱBioprocessingȱApparatusȬStowageȱ
PGSCȱ PortableȱGeneralȱSupportȱComputerȱ
PGTȱ PistolȱGripȱToolȱ
PHALCONȱ Power,ȱHeating,ȱArticulation,ȱLighting,ȱandȱControlȱOfficerȱ
PJPAMȱ PreȬstoredȱJointȱPositionȱAutosequenceȱModeȱ
PLBȱ PayloadȱBayȱ
PMȱ PumpȱModuleȱ
PMAȱ PressurizedȱMatingȱAdapterȱ
PMCUȱ PowerȱManagementȱControlȱUnitȱ
PMDISȱ PerceptualȱMotorȱDeficitsȱInȱSpaceȱ
PMPȱ PayloadȱMountingȱPanelȱ
POAȱ Payload/ORUȱAccommodationȱ
POCȱ PortableȱOnboardȱComputerȱȱ
PORȱ PointȱofȱReferenceȱ
POSTȱ PowerȱONȱSelfȬTestȱ
PPȱ PlanningȱPeriodȱ
PPAȱ PumpȱPackageȱAssemblyȱ
PPAMȱ PreȬstoredȱPORȱAutosequenceȱModeȱ
ppO2ȱ partialȱpressureȱofȱoxygenȱ
PPRVȱ PositiveȱPressureȱReliefȱValveȱ
PPTȱ Precipitateȱȱ
PRDȱ PayloadȱRetentionȱDeviceȱ
PRLAȱ PayloadȱRetentionȱLatchȱAssemblyȱ
ProxȬOpsȱ ProximityȱOperationsȱ
PSNȱ PowerȱSourceȱNodeȱ
PSPȱ PayloadȱSignalȱProcessorȱȱ
PTBȱ PayloadȱTrainingȱBufferȱ
PTCSȱ PassiveȱThermalȱControlȱSystemȱ
PTRȱ PortȱThermalȱRadiatorȱ
PTUȱ Pan/TiltȱUnitȱ
PVȱ Photovoltaicȱ
OCTOBER 2007
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PVCAȱ PhotovoltaicȱControllerȱApplicationȱ
PVCEȱ PhotovoltaicȱControllerȱElementȱ
PVCUȱ PhotovoltaicȱControllerȱUnitȱ
PVMȱ PhotovoltaicȱModuleȱ
PVRȱ PhotovoltaicȱRadiatorȱ
PVRGFȱ PhotovoltaicȱRadiatorȱGrappleȱFixtureȱ
PVTCSȱ PhotovoltaicȱThermalȱControlȱSystemȱ
PWPȱ PortableȱWorkȱPlatformȱ
PWRȱ PortableȱWaterȱReservoirȱ
PYRȱ PitchȱYawȱRollȱ
QDȱ QuickȱDisconnectȱ
R/Fȱ Refrigerator/Freezerȱ
R&Rȱ RemovalȱandȱReplacementȱ
RACUȱ RussianȬtoȬAmericanȱConverterȱUnitȱ
RAIUȱ RussianȱAudioȱInterfaceȱUnitȱ
RAMȱ RandomȱAccessȱMemoryȱ
RAMVȱ RheostatȱAirȱMixȱValveȱ
RBȱ RadiatorȱBeamȱ
RBBȱ RightȱBlanketȱBoxȱ
RBIȱ RemoteȱBusȱIsolatorȱ
RBVMȱ RadiatorȱBeamȱValveȱȱ
RCCȱ ReinforcedȱCarbonȬCarbonȱ
RCSȱ ReactionȱControlȱSystemȱ
RDAȱ RetainerȱDoorȱAssemblyȱ
RFȱ RadioȱFrequencyȱ
RFCAȱ RackȱFlowȱControlȱAssemblyȱ
RFGȱ RadioȱFrequencyȱGroupȱ
RGAȱ RateȱGyroȱAssembliesȱ
RHCȱ RotationalȱHandȱControllerȱ
RHXȱ RegenerativeȱHeatȱExchangerȱ
RICȱ RackȱInterfaceȱControllerȱ
RJMCȱ RotaryȱJointȱMotorȱControllerȱ
RMSȱ RemoteȱManipulatorȱSystemȱ
ROBOȱ RoboticsȱOperationsȱSupportȱOfficerȱȱ
ROSȱ RussianȱOrbitalȱSegmentȱ
RPȱ Receiver/Processorȱȱ
RPCȱ RemoteȱPowerȱControllerȱ
RPCMȱ RemoteȱPowerȱControllerȱModuleȱ
RPDAȱ RemoteȱPowerȱDistributionȱAssemblyȱ
RPMȱ RbarȱPitchȱManeuverȱ
RPOPȱ RendezvousȱandȱProximityȱOperationsȱProgramȱ
98
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RSȱ RussianȱSegmentȱ
RSCȱ RMSȱSideviewȱCameraȱ
RSPȱ ResupplyȱStowageȱPlatformȱ
RSRȱ ResupplyȱStowageȱRackȱ
RSTSȱ RackȱStandaloneȱTemperatureȱSensorȱ
RSUȱ RollerȱSuspensionȱUnitȱ
RTȱ RemoteȱTerminalȱ
RTȬBoxȱ ReactionȱTimeȱBoxȱ
RTASȱ RocketdyneȱTrussȱAttachmentȱSystemȱ
RTDȱ ResistiveȱThermalȱDeviceȱ
RTLȱ ReadyȱtoȱLatchȱ
RWSȱ RoboticȱWorkstationȱ
Sȱ Starboardȱ
S&Mȱ StructuresȱandȱMechanismsȱ
S3/S4ȱ Starboardȱ3/Starboardȱ4ȱ
SAȱ SolarȱArrayȱ
SABBȱ SolarȱArrayȱBlanketȱBoxȱ
SAGEȱ SpaceȱArabidoposisȱGenomicsȱExperimentȱ
SARJȱ SolarȱAlphaȱRotaryȱJointȱ
SARJ_Cȱ SARJȱControllerȱ
SARJ_Mȱ SARJȱManagerȱ
SASAȱ SȬbandȱAntennaȱSupportȱAssemblyȱ
SAWȱ SolarȱArrayȱWingȱ
SCAȱ SwitchgearȱControllerȱAssemblyȱ
SCIȱ SignalȱConditioningȱInterfaceȱ
SCUȱ ServiceȱandȱCoolingȱUmbilicalȱ
SDȱ SmokeȱDetectorȱ
SDOȱ SolenoidȱDriverȱOutputȱ
SDSȱ SampleȱDeliveryȱSystemȱ
SEMȱ ShuntȱElectronicsȱModuleȱ
SEPSȱ SecondaryȱElectricalȱPowerȱSubsystemȱ
SFCAȱ SystemȱFlowȱControlȱAssemblyȱ
SFUȱ SquibȱFiringȱUnitȱ
SGANTȱ SpaceȬtoȬGroundȱAntennaȱ
SHOSSȱ SpacehabȱOceaneeringȱSpaceȱSystemȱ
SHOTȱ SpaceȱHardwareȱOptimizationȱTechnologyȱ
SIGIȱ SpaceȱIntegratedȱGlobalȱPositioningȱSystem/InertialȱNavigationȱSystemȱ
SJRMȱ SingleȱJointȱRateȱModeȱ
SLDPȱ SpacelabȱDataȱProcessingȱ
SLPȱ SpacelabȱLogisticsȱPalletȱ
SMȱ ServiceȱModuleȱ
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SMCCȱ ShuttleȱMissionȱControlȱCenterȱ
SMDPȱ ServiceȱModuleȱDebrisȱPanelȱ
SOCȱ StateȱofȱChargeȱ
SOVȱ ShutoffȱValveȱ
SPCEȱ ServicingȱPerformanceȱandȱCheckoutȱEquipmentȱ
SPDȱ SpoolȱPositioningȱDeviceȱ
SPDAȱ SecondaryȱPowerȱDistributionȱAssemblyȱ
SPDMȱ SpecialȱPurposeȱDexterousȱManipulatorȱ
SPGȱ SingleȬPointȱGroundȱ
SRMSȱ ShuttleȱRemoteȱManipulatorȱSystemȱ
SSASȱ SegmentȬtoȬSegmentȱAttachȱSystemȱ
SSBAȱ SpaceȱStationȱBufferȱAmplifierȱ
SSCȱ StationȱSupportȱComputerȱ
SSMDMȱ SpaceȱStationȱMultiplexer/Demultiplexerȱ
SSORȱ SpaceȬtoȬSpaceȱOrbiterȱRatioȱ
SSPȱ StandardȱSwitchȱPanelȱ
SSPTSȱ StationȬtoȬShuttleȱPowerȱTransferȱSystemȱȱ
SSRMSȱ SpaceȱStationȱRemoteȱManipulatorȱSystemȱ
SSSHȱ SpaceȱShuttleȱSystemsȱHandbookȱ
SSSRȱ SpaceȬtoȬSpaceȱStationȱRadioȱ
SSUȱ SequentialȱShuntȱUnitȱ
STCRȱ StarboardȱThermalȱControlȱRadiatorȱ
STESȱ SingleȱThermalȱEnclosureȱSystemȱ
STRȱ StarboardȱThermalȱRadiatorȱ
SVSȱ SpaceȱVisionȱSystemȱ
TAȱ ThrusterȱAssistȱ
TAAȱ TriaxialȱAccelerometerȱAssemblyȱ
TAHȱ TrayȱActuationȱHandleȱ
TBAȱ TrundleȱBearingȱAssemblyȱ
TCȱ TerminalȱComputerȱ
TCCSȱ TraceȱContaminantȱControlȱSubassemblyȱ
TCCVȱ TemperatureȱControlȱandȱCheckȱValveȱ
TCSȱ TrajectoryȱControlȱSensorȱ
TDȱ TranslationȱDriveȱ
TDRSȱ TrackingȱandȱDataȱRelayȱSatelliteȱ
TDRSSȱ TrackingȱandȱDataȱRelayȱSatelliteȱSystemȱ
TEAȱ TorqueȱEquilibriumȱAttitudeȱ
TFRȱ TranslationȱFootȱRestraintȱ
THCȱ TemperatureȱandȱHumidityȱControlȱ
THORȱ ThermalȱOperationsȱandȱResourcesȱOfficerȱ
TIȱ TerminalȱPhaseȱInitiationȱ
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TORFȱ TwiceȱOrbitalȱRateȱFlyaroundȱ
TORUȱ TeleoperatorȱControlȱModeȱ
TORVAȱ TwiceȱOrbitalȱRateȱ+Rbarȱtoȱ+VbarȱApproachȱ
TPLȱ TransferȱPriorityȱListȱ
TRACȱ TestȱofȱReactionȱandȱAdaptionȱCapabilitiesȱ
TRCȱ TransmitterȱReceiverȱControllerȱ
TRRJȱ ThermalȱRadiatorȱRotaryȱJointȱ
TSPȱ TwistedȱShieldedȱPairȱ
TTCRȱ TrailingȱThermalȱControlȱRadiatorȱ
TUSȱ TrailingȱUmbilicalȱSystemȱ
TVISȱ TreadmillȱVibrationȱIsolationȱSystemȱ
TWMVȱ ThreeȬWayȱMixingȱValveȱ
UBȱ UserȱBusȱȱ
UCCASȱ UnpressurizedȱCargoȱCarrierȱAttachȱSystemȱ
UDGȱ UserȱDataȱGenerationȱ
UFȱ UtilizationȱFlightȱ
UHFȱ UltrahighȱFrequencyȱ
UIAȱ UmbilicalȱInterfaceȱAssemblyȱ
ULCASȱ UnpressurizedȱLogisticsȱCarrierȱAttachȱSystemȱ
UIPȱ UtilityȱInterfaceȱPanelȱ
ULFȱ UtilizationȱLogisticsȱFlightȱȱ
UMAȱ UmbilicalȱMechanismȱAssemblyȱ
UOPȱ UtilityȱOutletȱPanelȱ
USAȱ UnitedȱSpaceȱAllianceȱȱ
USLȱ U.S.ȱLaboratoryȱ
USOSȱ UnitedȱStatesȱOnȬOrbitȱSegmentȱ
UTAȱ UtilityȱTransferȱAssemblyȱ
VAJȱ VacuumȱAccessȱJumperȱ
VBSPȱȱ VideoȱBasebandȱSignalȱProcessorȱ
VCPȱ VideoȱCameraȱPortȱ
VCSAȱ VideoȱCameraȱSupportȱAssemblyȱȱ
VDSȱ VideoȱDistributionȱSystemȱ
VDUȱ VideoȱDistributionȱUnitȱ
VESȱ VacuumȱExhaustȱSystemȱ
VGSȱ VideoȱGraphicsȱSoftwareȱ
VRCVȱ Vent/ReliefȱControlȱValveȱ
VRIVȱ Vent/ReliefȱIsolationȱValveȱ
VRSȱ VESȱResourceȱSystemȱ
VRVȱ Vent/ReliefȱValveȱ
VSCȱ VideoȱSignalȱConverterȱ
OCTOBER 2007
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VSSAȱ VideoȱStanchionȱSupportȱAssemblyȱ
W/Sȱ Worksiteȱ
WETAȱ WVSȱExternalȱTransceiverȱAssemblyȱ
WHSȱ WorkstationȱHostȱSoftwareȱ
WIFȱ WorksiteȱInterfaceȱ
WRMȱ WaterȱRecoveryȱManagementȱ
WSȱ WaterȱSeparatorȱ
WVAȱ WaterȱVentȱAssemblyȱ
XPOPȱ XȬaxisȱPointingȱOutȱofȱPlaneȱ
ZCGȬSSȱ ZeoliteȱCrystalȱGrowth—SampleȱStowageȱ
ZSRȱ ZeroȬgȱStowageȱRackȱ
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MEDIA ASSISTANCE
ȱ
NASA TELEVISION TRANSMISSION Status Reports
NASAȱ Televisionȱ isȱ carriedȱ onȱ anȱ MPEGȬ2ȱ Statusȱ reportsȱ onȱ launchȱ countdownȱ andȱ misȬ
digitalȱ signalȱ accessedȱ viaȱ satelliteȱ AMCȬ6,ȱ atȱ sionȱ progress,ȱ onȬorbitȱ activitiesȱ andȱ landingȱ
72ȱdegreesȱ westȱ longitude,ȱ transponderȱ 17C,ȱ operationsȱwillȱbeȱpostedȱat:ȱ
4040ȱ MHz,ȱ verticalȱ polarization.ȱ Forȱ thoseȱ inȱ
http://www.nasa.gov/shuttle
Alaskaȱ orȱ Hawaii,ȱ NASAȱ Televisionȱ willȱ beȱ
seenȱonȱAMCȬ7,ȱatȱ137ȱdegreesȱwestȱlongitude,ȱ Thisȱsiteȱalsoȱ containsȱ informationȱ onȱ theȱcrewȱ
transponderȱ 18C,ȱ atȱ 4060ȱ MHz,ȱ horizontalȱ andȱwillȱbeȱupdatedȱregularlyȱwithȱphotosȱandȱ
polarization.ȱ Inȱ bothȱ instances,ȱ aȱ Digitalȱ Videoȱ videoȱclipsȱthroughoutȱtheȱflight.ȱ
Broadcastȱ(DVB)ȬcompliantȱIntegratedȱReceiverȱ
Decoderȱ(IRD)ȱ(withȱmodulationȱofȱQPSK/DBV,ȱ
Briefings
dataȱ rateȱ ofȱ 36.86ȱ andȱ FECȱ 3/4)ȱ willȱ beȱ neededȱ Aȱmissionȱpressȱbriefingȱscheduleȱwillȱbeȱissuedȱ
forȱ reception.ȱ Theȱ NASAȱ Televisionȱ scheduleȱ beforeȱ launch.ȱ Theȱ updatedȱ NASAȱ televisionȱ
andȱlinksȱtoȱstreamingȱvideoȱareȱavailableȱat:ȱ scheduleȱ willȱ indicateȱ whenȱ missionȱ briefingsȱ
areȱplanned.ȱ
http://www.nasa.gov/ntv
NASAȱ TV’sȱ digitalȱ conversionȱ willȱ requireȱ
More Internet Information
membersȱ ofȱ theȱ broadcastȱ mediaȱ toȱ upgradeȱ Informationȱ onȱ theȱ Internationalȱ Spaceȱ Stationȱ
withȱ anȱ ‘addressable’ȱ Integratedȱ Receiverȱ isȱavailableȱat:ȱ
DeȬcoder,ȱ orȱ IRD,ȱ toȱ participateȱ inȱ liveȱ newsȱ
eventsȱ andȱ interviews,ȱ mediaȱ briefingsȱ andȱ http://www.nasa.gov/station
receiveȱ NASA’sȱ Videoȱ Fileȱ newsȱ feedsȱ onȱ aȱ
Informationȱ onȱ safetyȱ enhancementsȱ madeȱ
dedicatedȱ Mediaȱ Servicesȱ channel.ȱ NASAȱ misȬ
sinceȱtheȱColumbiaȱaccidentȱisȱavailableȱat:ȱ
sionȱcoverageȱwillȱairȱonȱaȱdigitalȱNASAȱPublicȱ
Servicesȱ(“FreeȱtoȱAir”)ȱchannel,ȱforȱwhichȱonlyȱ http://www.nasa.gov/returntoflight/
aȱbasicȱIRDȱwillȱbeȱneeded.ȱ system/index.html
OCTOBER 2007
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OCTOBER 2007
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PUBLIC AFFAIRS CONTACTS 105
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ȱ
JuneȱMaloneȱ DRYDEN FLIGHT RESEARCH CENTER
PublicȱAffairsȱSpecialistȱ CALIFORNIA
NewsȱChief/MediaȱManagerȱ
256Ȭ544Ȭ0034ȱ AlanȱBrownȱ
june.e.malone@nasa.gov NewsȱChiefȱ
661Ȭ276Ȭ2665ȱ
SteveȱRoy alan.brown@nasa.gov
PublicȱAffairsȱSpecialist
SpaceȱShuttleȱPropulsion LeslieȱWilliamsȱ
256Ȭ544Ȭ0034ȱ PublicȱAffairsȱSpecialistȱ
steven.e.roy@nasa.gov 661Ȭ276Ȭ3893ȱ
leslie.a.williams@nasa.gov
STENNIS SPACE CENTER
MISSISSIPPI GLENN RESEARCH CENTER
CLEVELAND, OHIO
LindaȱTheobaldȱ
PublicȱAffairsȱSpecialistȱ LoriȱRachulȱ
228Ȭ688Ȭ3249ȱ NewsȱChiefȱ
linda.l.theobald@nasa.gov 216Ȭ433Ȭ8806ȱ
lori.j.rachul@nasa.gov
PaulȱFoermanȱ
NewsȱChiefȱ KatherineȱMartinȱ
228Ȭ688Ȭ1880ȱ PublicȱAffairsȱSpecialistȱ
paul.foerman-1@nasa.gov 216Ȭ433Ȭ2406ȱ
katherine.martin@nasa.gov
RebeccaȱStreckerȱ
PublicȱAffairsȱSpecialistȱ LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER
228Ȭ688Ȭ3346ȱ
HAMPTON, VIRGINIA
rebecca.a.strecker@nasa.gov
MarnyȱSkoraȱ
AMES RESEARCH CENTER Head,ȱNewsȱMediaȱOfficeȱ
MOFFETT FIELD, CALIFORNIA 757Ȭ864Ȭ3315ȱ
marny.skora@nasa.gov
MikeȱMewhinneyȱ
NewsȱChiefȱ ChrisȱRinkȱ
650Ȭ604Ȭ3937ȱ PublicȱAffairsȱOfficerȱ
michael.mewhinney@nasa.gov 757Ȭ864Ȭ6786ȱ
christopher.p.rink@nasa.gov
JonasȱDinoȱ
PublicȱAffairsȱSpecialistȱ KathyȱBarnstorffȱ
650Ȭ604Ȭ5612ȱ PublicȱAffairsȱOfficerȱ
jonas.dino@nasa.gov 757Ȭ864Ȭ9886ȱ
katherine.a.barnstorff@nasa.gov
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UNITED SPACE ALLIANCE BOEING
MikeȱCurieȱ EdȱMemiȱ
SpaceȱProgramȱOperationsȱContractȱ MediaȱRelationsȱ
HoustonȱOperationsȱ BoeingȱNASAȱSystemsȱ
281Ȭ483Ȭ9251ȱ 281Ȭ226Ȭ4029ȱ
321Ȭ861Ȭ3805ȱ edmund.g.memi@boeing.com
michael.j.curie@usa-spaceops.com
TracyȱYatesȱ
FloridaȱOperationsȱ
321Ȭ861Ȭ3956ȱ
tracy.e.yates@usa-spaceops.com
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