CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 1

Layla-Tal Medina 2007-67099-1 Preliminary Considera ions-Con!e" o# S a e POLITICAL LAW $ is %e &ran!% o# "'&li! la( (%i!% deals (i % %e or)ani*a ion and o"era ions o# %e )o+ernmen al or)ans o# %e S a e and de#ines %e rela ions o# %e S a e (i % %e in%a&i an s o# i s erri ory, 1 What is constitutional law? Is %a &ran!% o# "oli i!al la( (%i!% #i-es %e or)ani*a ion o# )o+ernmen . de ermines %e !om"e en!e o# %e adminis ra i+e a' %ori ies (%o e-e!' e %e la( and indi!a es o %e indi+id'al. remedies #or %e +iola ion o# %is ri)% s, What is a Constitution? 1, 2, A Cons i ' ion is %e #'ndamen al or)ani! la( o# a S a e (%i!% !on ains %e "rin!i"les on (%i!% %e )o+ernmen is #o'nded and re)'la es %e di+ision and e-er!ise o# so+erei)n "o(ers, A &ody o# r'les and ma-ims in a!!ordan!e (i % (%i!% %e "o(ers o# so+erei)n y are %a&i 'ally e-er!ised,

T%e s a e "er ains o a le)al !on!e" . (%ile %e na ion re#ers o a ra!ial or e %ni! !on!e" , 4as distinguished from government T%e )o+ernmen is only an elemen o# %e s a e, T%e )o+ernmen is an a)en . and %e S a e is %e "rin!i"al, T%e )o+ernmen e- ernali*es %e (ill o# %e S a e, T/0 0L0M0NTS O3 T/0 STAT0 1, Peo"le- %e in%a&i an s o# %e s a e5 %eir n'm&er m's no &e oo small as no o &e a&le o de#end %emsel+es. and no oo )rea as %ey (o'ld &e di##i!'l o adminis er, T%ey m's &e also o# &o % se-es so %ey !o'ld also &e a&le o "er"e 'a e %emsel+es, T%e "eo"le may de+elo" and s%are !er ain !%ara! eris i!s s'!% as a !ommon lan)'a)e. reli)ion. and a se o# !'s oms and radi ions %a (ill 'ni e %em in o a more !losely 6ni en i y 6no(n as %e na ion, Terri ory-#i-ed "or ion o# %e s'r#a!e o# %e ear %. in%a&i ed &y %e "eo"le o# %e s a e, T%e erri ory m's no &e oo small as o &e 'na&le o "ro+ide #or %e needs o# %e "eo"le5 nor s%o'ld i &e oo lar)e as o &e di##i!'l o adminis er, T%e erri ory !an e- end o o+er a +as e-"anse. li6e C%ina or 1'ssia. or &e as small as A&' 7%a&i, TE!!"TO!#

2,

T/0 SUP10MAC2 O3 T/0 CONSTITUTION T%e Cons i ' ion is %e mos &asi! and mos "aramo'n la( o (%i!% all o %er la(s m's !on#orm and o (%i!% all "ersons in!l'din) %e %i)%er o##i!ials o# %e land m's de#er, No a! s%all &e +alid %o(e+er no&le i s in en ions i# i is in !on#li! (i % %e Cons i ' ion, T%e Cons i ' ion m's rei)n s'"reme, Concept of State --A !omm'ni y o# "ersons. more or less n'mero's. "ermanen ly o!!'"yin) a #i-ed erri ory and "ossessed o# an inde"enden )o+ernmen or)anised #or "oli i!al ends o (%i!% %e )rea &ody o# in%a&i an s render %a&i 'al o&edien!e, State, as distinguished from nation
1

COMPONENTS O a, &, !, 8, a, &,

erres rial domain- %e land mass mari ime or #l'+ial domain-inland and e- ernal (a ers aerial domain- %e air s"a!e a&o+e %e land and (a er, 9o+ernmen - is4 %e a)en!y or ins r'men ali y %ro')% (%i!% %e (ill o# %e s a e is #orm'la ed. e-"ressed and realised, %e ins i ' ion or a))re)a e o# ins i ' ions &y (%i!% an inde"enden so!ie y ma6es and !arries o' %ose r'les o# a! ion (%i!% are ne!essary o ena&le men o li+e in a so!ial S a e. or (%i!% are im"osed '"on %e "eo"le #ormin) %a so!ie y &y %ose (%o "ossess %e "o(er or a' %ori y o# "res!ri&in) %em,

3UNCTIONS T%e )o+ernmen minis ran , "er#orms (o #'n! ions: %e !ons i 'en and %e

P%ili""ine Poli i!al La(. Isa)ani Cr'*. ",1

1,

Cons i 'en -!ons i ' e %e &onds o# so!ie y, Cons i 'en #'n! ions !onsis o# #i-in) o# le)al rela ions &e (een %'s&and and (i#e. "aren s and !%ildren5 6ee"in) o# order and "ro+idin) "ro e! ion #rom +iolen!e5 re)'la ion o# %e %oldin). ransmission and in er!%an)e o# "ro"er y5 de ermina ion o# lia&ili ies #or de& or !rime5 de ermina ion o# !on ra! 'al ri)% s &e (een indi+id'als5 de#ini ion and "'nis%men o# !rimes. adminis ra ion o# ;'s i!e in !i+il !ases5 adminis ra ion o# "oli i!al d' ies. "ri+ile)es. and rela ions o# !i i*ens. and dealin)s o# %e s a e (i % #orei)n "o(ers. "reser+a ion o# s a e #rom e- ernal dan)ers. and %e ad+an!emen o# in erna ional in eres s, Minis ran #'n! ions-are %ose a6en o ad+an!e %e )eneral in eres s o# so!ie y:s'!% as "'&li! (or6s. "'&li! !%ari y. re)'la ion o# rade and ind's ry,
7o! rine o# Parens Pa riae -)'ardian o# %e ri)% s o# %e "eo"le 'nder !er ain disa&ili ies

1,

2,

In ernal- (%i!% means %e s'"rema!y o# "erson or &ody o# "ersons in %e S a e o+er %e indi+id'als or asso!ia ion o# indi+id'als (i %in %e area o# i s ;'risdi! ion5 %e "o(er o# %e s a e o !on rol i s domes i! a##airs, 0- ernal- %e a&sol' e inde"enden!e o# one S a e as a (%ole (i % re#eren!e o %e o %er S a es, 0- ernal so+erei)n y is no %in) more %an %e #reedom o# %e S a e #rom s'&;e! ion o or !on rol &y a #orei)n S a e5 %a is. %e s'"rema!y S a e as a)ains all #orei)n (ills, I is also %e "o(er o# %e S a e o dire! i s rela ions (i % o %er S a es,

2,

C%ara! eris i!s o# a So+erei)n 1, 2, 8, <, =, 6, 7, "ermanen e-!l'si+e !om"re%ensi+e a&sol' e indi+isi&le inaliena&le im"res!ri" i&le

$e %ure and $e

acto governments

La'rel +s, Misa

A de &ure )o+ernmen %as ri)% #'l i le &' no "o(er or !on rol. &e!a'se i may %a+e &een (i %dra(n or i %as no ye a! 'ally en ered in o e-er!ise, On %e o %er %and. a de facto )o+ernmen is a )o+ernmen o# #a! :i a! 'ally e-er!ises "o(er or !on rol. &' %as no le)al i le, 8, So+erei)n ya, means %e s'"reme. 'n!on rolla&le "o(er. %e a&sol' e ri)% o )o+ern, &, T%e s'"reme (ill o# %e S a e. %e "o(er o ma6e la(s. and en#or!e %em &y all %e means o# !oer!ion i !ares o em"loy,

Two 'inds of Sovereign 1, 2, Le)al- a' %ori y (%i!% %as %e "o(er o iss'e #inal !ommands5 %e s'"rema!y o# a "erson5 %e "ossession o# 'nlimi ed "o(er o ma6e la(s, Poli i!al- %e "o(er &e%ind %e le)al so+erei)n5 %e s'm o# %e in#l'en!es %a o"era e '"on i 5 %e "o(er o# %e "eo"le,

>Sin!e %e "reser+a ion o# %e alle)ian!e o# %e o&li)a ion o# #ideli y and o&edien!e o# a !i i*en or s'&;e! o %is )o+ernmen or so+erei)n does no demand #rom %im a "osi i+e a! ion &' only "assi+e a i 'de or #or&earan!e #rom ad%erin) o %e enemy &y )i+in) %e la er aid and !om#or . %e o!!'"an %as no "o(er. as a !orollary o# %e "re!edin) !onsidera ion. o re"eal or s's"end %e o"era ion o# la( o# reason. essen ial #or %e "reser+a ion o# %e alle)ian!e o# %e in%a&i an s o %eir le)i ima e )o+ernmen . or !om"el %em o ad%ere and )i+e aid and !om#or o %im5 &e!a'se i is e+iden %a s'!% a! ion is no demanded &y %e e-i)ien!ies o# %e mili ary ser+i!e or no ne!essary #or %e !on rol o# %e in%a&i an s and sa#e y and "ro e! ion o# %is army. and &e!a'se i is an amo'n o "ra! i!ally rans#errin) em"orarily o %e o!!'"an %eir alle)ian!e o %e i 'lar )o+ernmen or so+erei)n y,? $@'s i!e 3eli!isimo 3eria

Two aspects of Sovereign

Effect of Change of Sovereignt( ) T%e "oli i!al la(s o# %e #ormer so+erei)n. (%e %er !om"a i&le or no (i % %ose o# %e ne( so+erei)n. are a' oma i!ally a&ro)a ed. 'nless %ey are e-"ressly re-ena! ed &y a##irma i+e a! o# %e ne( so+erei)n, M'ni!i"als la(s remain in #or!e, (Macariola v. Asuncion, 114 SCRA 77)

Effect of *elligerent Occupation + No !%an)e in so+erei)n y, /o(e+er. "oli i!al la(s. e-!e" %ose o# reason. are s's"ended5 m'ni!i"al la(s remain in #or!e 'nless !%an)ed &y %e &elli)eren o!!'"an , principle of &us postliminium $ A %e end o# %e o!!'"a ion. "oli i!al la(s are a' oma i!ally re+i+ed, A Peralta v. Director of Prisons, 7= P%il, 2B=)