The International Language Esperanto A Course

i tiu kurso estis adaptita el la iama 10-leciona Esperanto-kurso a Free Esperanto Course. La materialo estis rearanata por ke i !unkciu ka" rete ka" por po#ta papera koresponda kurso ka" kiel kurso-li$ro en %eesta" kurso". &ra!ike in prila$oris 'ino (essella )arn*os Ferenc ka" +o,o (icente. -unordigis .enato Corsetti.

Introduction

WHAT IS ESPERANTO? Esperanto, the international language, is a language developed to make it easier for people of different cultures to communicate. Its author, Dr. L. L. Zamenhof (185 !1 1"#, pu$lished his %Lingvo Internacia% in 188" under the pseudon&m %Dr. Esperanto%. It is no' spoken $& at least t'o million people, in over 1(( countries. )here are thousands of $ooks and over 1(( periodicals pu$lished currentl&. *ut 'hat makes it an& more international than +rench, English or ,ussian- Incorrectl& termed .artificial. (the right 'ord is .planned.#, Esperanto is specificall& intended for international/intercultural use, so those 'ho use it meet each other on an e0ual footing, since neither is using his or her native language. 1ith national languages, the average person isn.t a$le to e2press himself as 'ell as a native speaker or the gifted linguist. )hanks to its simple, logical, regular design, an&one can learn Esperanto fairl& rapidl&. A LIVING LANGUAGE Esperanto is a living language, used for ever&thing people use an& other language for. *ut it.s much easier to learn than a national language. Even people 'ho can.t remem$er a 'ord of a language the& studied for &ears in high school or college need onl& months of intensive stud& to $ecome fluent in Esperanto. It is also more useful than national languages if &our goal in learning a language is to get to kno' people from different places, since virtuall& ever&one 'ho speaks Esperanto has learned it for this reason. ABOUT THIS COURSE )his course is $ased on EL34.s +ree 5ostal 6ourse, 'hich is, in turn, $ased on a ver& popular postal course in use toda& in England. )he course is a $it old!fashioned, and 'e are 'orking on a more appealing version. In the meantime, &ou 'ill have to $ear 'ith it. 7pon successful completion of the ten lessons, &ou 'ill receive a frama$le 6ertificate of 6ompletion. GETTING CONNECTED 8ere are the addresse of the 1orld Esperanto 4ssociation 4frican 9ffice : 4frica 9fice;o de 7E4, *5 <1=, Lokossa!>ono, ,?pu$li0ue du *enin afrika.ofice;o@uea.org '''.esperanto.net )he 1orld 4ssociation is: 7niversala Esperanto!4socio, 3ieu'e *innen'eg 1"=, 3L!A(15 *B ,otterdam, )he 3etherlands, CA1 1( <A= 1(<< or CA1 1( <A= 15A ,uea@inter.nl.net

Lesson /ne
Language is all a$out things (nouns# and their actions (ver$s# of energetic things: 9ne thing birdo a $ird su$;ect noun 4cts on 4nother thing kaptas... insekton. catches.. an insect. ver$ o$;ect noun

Esperanto is %grammar!coded%: &ou can tell 'hat part each 'ord pla&s in a sentence from the 'ord endings: -o, -on single su$;ect noun, single o$;ect noun -oj, -ojn plural su$;ect noun, plural o$;ect noun )o sho' 'hen the action takes place, the ver$ tense (time# is changed $& putting these endings on the ver$ roots: past tense !is sho's an action completed present tense !as descri$es it as it happens future tense !os action still to $egin Birdoj kaptis insektojn. *irds caught insects. Birdoj kaptos insektojn. *irds 'ill!catch insects. Ever& noun and ever& ver$ follo's the a$ove rules 'ithout e2ception. In Esperanto, things have no gender (the& are not male or female, as in man& other languages.# )here is onl& one 'ord for .the., no matter if the noun is singular or plural, su$;ect or o$;ect. )herefore: La birdoj kaptas la insektojn. La birdo kaptis la insekton. In Esperanto the 'ord order matters less than in English. 4ll the follo'ing sentences descri$e the same action (onl& the emphasis is changed#: Viro legas libron. Viro libron legas. Libron legas viro. Libron viro legas. Legas viro libron. Legas libron viro. 4 man reads a $ook. 8ere are some 'ords in Esperanto (the apostrophe indicates an incomplete 'ord, a root#: 3ouns Der$s (roots# >ore nouns

amiko (friend# far (do, make# kafo (coffee# filo (son# forges (forget# kuko (cake# frato ($rother# hav (have# lakto (milk# instruisto (teacher# trink (drink# pano ($read# knabo ($o&# vend (sell# sukero (sugar# patro (father# vid (see# teo (tea# Each Esperanto letter has onl& one sound, al'a&s. 8ere is a guide to some of the sounds. )he stress is al'a&s on the ne2t!to!last s&lla$le of a 'ord. AEI ! palm there three glor& too " E ts (in lots#F oj E o& (in $o&#F # E g (in go# kn are al'a&s pronounced separatel&: k-nabo GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Study Aid for Lesson One ,ead Lesson 1 thoroughl&, $ut $efore tr&ing the e2ercises $elo', tr& these translations and check &our ans'ers 'ith ours. (1e have supplied some 'ords and endings to help &ou get started#. 1. )he friend 'ill!sell milk. lakton. H. >other drinks coffee 'ith milk and sugar. $atrino -n kun kaj A. )he teachers forgot the tea. -j -n. <. )he $o&s 'ill!make the cake. -n. %. La knabinoj vidos la instruiston. &knabinoj E girlsI '. La instruisto vidis la knabinojn. (. La filoj trinkas teon sen lakto. &sen E 'ithoutI ). La birdoj vidis la insektojn. 4fter checking these sentences, do the e2ercises of Lesson 1. If there is an&thing &ou do not understand, $e sure to ask &our tutor. 1e 'ill tr& to $e prompt, $ut $e patient, and most of all: Bonvenon al Esperanto (1elcome to Esperanto#J 4ns'ers to the a$ove e2ercises *. La amiko vendos lakton. +. $atrino trinkas kafon kun lakto kaj sukero. ,. La instruistoj forgesis la teon.

-. La knaboj faros la kukon. 5. )he girls 'ill see the teacher. =. )he teacher sa' the girls. ". )he sons drink tea 'ithout milk. 8. )he $irds sa' the insects. GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Ek.er"oj, Le"iono !nu (E2ercises, Lesson 9ne# )ake &our time and translate the follo'ing sentences into Esperanto. E2amples: )he men sold cakes. La viroj vendis kukojn. )he man sold a cake. La viro vendis kukon. K3ote: the 'ord .a. does not e2ist in EsperantoF the simple noun is enough. 4lso, a dash indicates that the t'o English 'ords are translated $& one Esperanto 'ord.I 1. +ather makes a cake. H. )he $o& 'ill!have the sugar. A. )he son forgot the milk. <. )he $o&s drink tea. 5. )he friend sold the $read. =. )he teacher sees a $o&. ". )he son has a friend. 8. )he $rother made $read. . )he $o&s 'ill!have cake. 1(. +ather forgot the sugar. /olvo 1. +ather makes a cake. $atro faras kukon. H. )he $o& 'ill!have the sugar. La knabo havos la sukeron. A. )he son forgot the milk. La filo forgesis la lakton. <. )he $o&s drink tea. La knaboj trinkas teon. 5. )he friend sold the $read. La amiko vendis la panon. =. )he teacher sees a $o&. La instrusito vidas knabo. ". )he son has a friend. La filo havas amikon. 8. )he $rother made $read. La frato faris panon. . )he $o&s 'ill!have cake. La knaboj havos kukon. 1(. +ather forgot the sugar. $atro forgesis la sukeron. 11. )he $o&s had friends. La knaboj havis amikojn. 1H. )he sons sa' the $read. La filoj vidis la panon. 1A. )he $rothers sell sugar. La fratoj vendas sukeron. 11. )he $o&s had friends. 1H. )he sons sa' the $read. 1A. )he $rothers sell sugar. 1<. )he teacher forgets the $o&. 15. )he friend 'ill!drink milk. 1=. )he sons are!making cakes. 1". +ather 'ill!sell the cake. 18. )he friend had $read. 1 . )he $o&s 'ill!see the teachers. H(. )he teachers drink coffee.

1<. )he teacher forgets the $o&. La instruisto forgesas la knabon. 15. )he friend 'ill!drink milk. La amiko trinkos lakton. 1=. )he sons are!making cakes. La filoj faras kukojn. 1". +ather 'ill!sell the cake.

$atro vendos la kukon. 18. )he friend had $read. La amiko havis panon. 1 . )he $o&s 'ill!see the teachers. La knaboj vidos la instruistojn. H(. )he teachers drink coffee. La instruistoj trinkas kafon.

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 1ell, 'e hope 'e haven.t scared &ou off in this first meeting 'ith Esperanto. Bust remem$er ! the language a$ilit& &ou used in the a$ove e2ercises might take months to reach in secondar& school +rench or Lpanish. )his course $egins simpl&, $ut $& Lesson 1( &ou 'ill understand sophisticated Esperanto 'ith comple2 s&nta2. 7pon satisfactor& completion of the series of ten lessons, &ou 'ill receive a frama$le .6ertificate of 6ompletion.. GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 3o' learn some num$ers and colors: 0 nulo (sa&: noo!lo# * unu (sa&: oo!noo# flava (+L48!vah# &ello' + du (sa&: doo# verda (DE,!dah# green , tri (sa&: t!ri# blua (*L99!ah# $lue - kvar blanka (*L43!ka# 'hite % kvin nigra (3EE!gra# $lack ' ses gri.a (M,EE!Nah# gre& ( sep bruna (*,99!nah# $ro'n ) ok ru1a (,99!d;ah# red (%g% as in %gem%, %gentle%# 2 na3 (sa&: no'# *0 dek ** dek unu ... +0 dudek +* dudek unu ... ,0 tridek ,* tridek unu ... *00 "ent (sa&: tsent#

Lesson T0o

)hanks for tr&ing Lesson 1. 8ere is the ne2t lesson. Oeep it upJ Let.s revie' the %grammar!coding% for a second: su$;ect thing(s# -o -oj action -as -is -os o$;ect thing(s# -on -ojn

)'o!thirds of the pattern so far deals 'ith %things% (nouns#. 3o' let.s take a look at ho' to descri$e these things: good coffee, good tea (ad;ectives#. Lomething that descri$es, such as %good,% is called an ad;ective. In Esperanto, ad;ectives are grammar coded 'ith an %!a% ending. 4s in some other languages ($ut not in English# the ad;ective ending (%-a%# has to %agree% 'ith the noun it descri$es. )hat is, if the noun is plural, the ad;ective must also $e plural. If the noun is an o$;ect (%-n%#, the ad;ective must also $e an o$;ect. su$;ect thing(s# action o$;ect thing(s# bona patro havos bonan filon a good father 'ill have a good son bonaj patroj havos bonajn filojn good fathers 'ill have good sons (3ote: %aj% is pronounced like the English 'ord %e&e%.# Doca$ular&: In each lesson 'e 'ill introduce a$out t'ent& ne' 'ords to &ouF learn these $ut remem$er to revie' the 'ords in the previous lesson. 7se the 'ords $elo' to practice 'hat &ou.ve ;ust learned. )he e2ercises in this lesson are split into three parts. Doca$ular&, lesson t'o 4d;ectives 3ouns Der$ ,oots bela ($eautiful# akvo ('ater# am (love# granda ($ig# butiko (shop# lav ('ash# nova (ne'# limonado (lemonade# pet (ask, re0uest# sana (health&# papero (paper# port (carr&, 'ear# seka (dr&# plumo (pen# renkont (meet# varma ('arm# taso (cup# skrib ('rite# GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Ek.er"oj, Le"iono 4u 5parto unu6 1. 4 health& $o& drinks 'arm milk.

H. )he ne' shop sells dr& cakes. A. )he $ig teacher met the ne' friends. <. )he good friends 'ill!make a $eautiful cake. GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG ,eminder: -a -o -as -an -on -aj -oj -is -ajn -ojn -os 1e haven.t $een a$le to give &ou enough voca$ular& to let us var& these e2ercises ver& much, $ut in Esperanto the s&stem of regular 'ord $uilding ('ith prefi2es and suffi2es# lets us e2pand our voca$ular& 'ith little effort. +or e2ample, the %mal-% makes 'ords of opposite meaning: bona E good malbona E $ad pura E clean malpura E dirt& sana E health& malsana E ill, sick am E love malam E hate amiko E friend (male# malamiko E enem& (male# and similarl& the %-in-% makes 'ords specificall& female. patro E father patrino E mother and thus for all female living creatures: kato E cat katino E female cat )he .vir. prefi2 is the original 'a& to mark something as e2plicitl& male: virkato. >ost people avoid using the root form as a .male. form. It is rare that &ou have to mark se2 ! it is proper to sa&, for e2ample, Lall& estas instruisto, instead of sa&ing Lall& estas instruistino. GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Ek.er"oj, Le"iono 4u 5parto du6 5. )he small girl met the ugl& sisters. =. )he old cup has ne' lemonade. ". )he ne' cup has old milk. 8. >other 'ill!'ash the small cups. . )he small $o& carried the ne' $read. 1(. 6old 'ater 'ashes a small $o&. GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG %7e% in front of an& ver$ makes it negative, the action that doesn.t happen, or didn.t happen, or 'on.t happen. ne havas E doesn.t (don.t# haveF ne faras E doesn.t do 8ere is ;ust one ver$ (%to $e%# displa&ed in the usual 'a& (all Esperanto ver$s follo' the same ruleJ#: Meneral form (infinitive# to $e esti 5resent tense 5-as form# I am mi estas &ou are vi estas

he is she is it is 'e are &ou are the& are one is

li estas 8i estas 1i estas ni estas vi estas ili estas oni estas

est is the ver$ root and al'a&s appears 'herever the ver$ is used. Does this ver$ even have a root in English- (am, is, are# In the a$ove ver$ displa&, note: 8i (she# is pronounced e2actl& like the English %she% 1i (it# is pronounced like the English %geeJ%, as in %Beep% vi (&ou# is $oth singular and plural, like the English %&ou.% ()here is a 'ord %"i%, singular, $ut it is used much as the English singular %thou% ! not ver& oftenJ# 3ote, too, that although pronouns do not end in !o 'hen the& are %su$;ect things%, the& do take the !n 'hen the& are %o$;ect things%: La patrino lavas la knabon. 9i lavas lin. )he mother 'ashes the $o&. Lhe 'ashes him. 3o' that 'e have learned the pronouns: mi vi li 8i 1i ni vi ili oni I &ou he she it 'e &ou the& one 'e can form the possessive ad;ectives: mia via lia 8ia 1ia nia via ilia (pronounced ee!LEE!a# onia m& &our his her its our &our their one.s 'hich are reall& ad;ectives $ecause the& identif& (descri$e# the nouns the& are attached to. :ia plumo E m& pen. )he ending %-a% on possessive ad;ectives follo's the same rules a$out agreement as ad;ectives: :ia amiko amas mian fratinon. :iaj amikoj amas miajn fratinojn. GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Ek.er"oj, Le"iono 4u 5parto tri6 11. I forgot m& pen. 1H. 1e don.t have paper. 1A. >& daughter re0uested 'arm milk. 1<. 8er old friend didn.t 'rite. 15. Pou 'ill meet their old friends. 1=. Lhe 'ill have the 'arm 'ater.

1". Pour ne' teacher forgot &our sugar. 18. )he $o&s hate our ne' teacher. 1 . )he& sell tea and (ka;# coffee. H(. 1e 'ill sell her cake and his pens. 3ote: kaj (and# is pronounced like the ki in kite. /olvo + 1. 4 health& $o& drinks 'arm milk. /ana knabo trinkas varman lakton. H. )he ne' shop sells dr& cakes. La nova butiko vendas sekajn kukojn. A. )he $ig teacher met the ne' friends. La granda instruisto renkontis la novajn amikojn. <. )he good friends 'ill!make a $eautiful cake. La bonaj amikoj faros belan kukon. 5. )he small girl met the ugl& sisters. La malgranda knabino renkontis la malbelajn fratinojn. =. )he old cup has ne' lemonade. La malnova taso havas novan limonadon. ". )he ne' cup has old milk. La nova taso havas malnovan lakton. 8. >other 'ill!'ash the small cups. $atrino lavos la malgrandajn tasojn. . )he small $o& carried the ne' $read. La malgranda knabo portis la novan panon. 1(. 6old 'ater 'ashes a small $o&. :alvarma akvo lavas malgrandan knabon. 11. I forgot m& pen. :i forgesis mian plumon. 1H. 1e don.t have paper. 7i ne havas paperon. 1A. >& daughter re0uested 'arm milk. :ia filino petis varman akvon. 1<. 8er old friend didn.t 'rite. 9ia malnova amiko ne skribis. 15. Pou 'ill meet their old friends. Vi renokontos iliajn malnovajn amikojn. 1=. Lhe 'ill have the 'arm 'ater. 9i havos la varman akvon. 1". Pour ne' teacher forgot &our sugar. Via nova instruisto forgesis vian sukeron. 18. )he $o&s hate our ne' teacher. La knaboj malamas nian novan instruiston. 1 . )he& sell tea and (ka;# coffee. Ili vendas teon kaj kafon. H(. 1e 'ill sell her cake and his pens. 7i vendos 8ian kukon kaj liajn plumojn.

Lesson Three
It ma& seem like 'e packed a lot into Lesson )'o, $ut here are the main things &ou have learned so far: su$;ect thing(s# -o -oj :ia patrino -7iaj fratinoj -action -as -is -os lavas --vidis o$;ect thing(s# -on -ojn mian fraton. viajn instruistinojn.

Pou don.t have to 'rite sentences in the a$ove 'ord order, $ut it is the most common form, and for English!speakers it.s easier to learn ;ust this pattern at first. 9nce &ou realiNe that %grammar coding% tells &ou 'hat part each 'ord pla&s in a sentence (its function#, &ou could, for poetr& or emphasis, arrange the coded 'ords in an& other order 'ithout changing the original meaning. Let.s take a look at a couple of e2amples of different 'ord order and ans'er a couple of 0uestions (remem$er to pa& attention to the endings of the 'ords#. GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Ek.er"oj, Le"iono ;ri 5parto unu6 :ian fraton lavis mia patrino. 1. 1ho 'as 'ashed1ho did the 'ashingInstruistinojn viajn fratinoj niaj vidis. H. 1ho did the seeing1ho 'as seenGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG In this 1(!lesson course 'e are going to stick to the su$;ect!ver$!o$;ect 'ord order, $ut in 'ell!'ritten Esperanto te2ts other 'ord orders are fre0uentl& used for reasons of emphasis and te2t coherence. If &ou use Esperanto &ou 'ill rapidl& ac0uire a feeling for 'ord order. )he $est 'ord order to use depends mainl& on the conte2t, so it is difficult to give precise %rules%. Let.s go on no', right to this lesson.s 'ord list $elo'. Doca$ular&, lesson three 3ouns Der$s (infinitives# 4d;ectives horo (hour# atendi (to 'ait for# blanka ('hite# jaro (&ear# fumi (to smoke# blua ($lue# mateno (morning# kuri (to run# bruna ($ro'n# minuto (minute# sati (to $e satisfied# flava (&ello'#

nokto (night# promeni (to stroll# gri.a (gra&# semajno ('eek# respondi (to ans'er# nigra ($lack# tago (da&# soifi (to $e thirst&# ru1a (red# vespero (evening# vivi (to live# verda (green# demandi (to in0uire, ask a 0uestion# 3ote the difference $et'een demandi (related to 0uestions# and peti (related to re0uests or %petitions%#. *oth can $e translated as %ask% in English. ,emem$er, ; is pronounced like &, so jaro E P48!ro'. 4dver$s: 4dver$s are like ad;ectives, $ut instead of descri$ing nouns, adver$s descri$e ver$s and ad;ectives, usuall& telling ho', 'hen, or 'here. (4dver$s in English usuall& end in !l&#. In Esperanto, adver$s derived from other 'ords al'a&s end in !e. 1e can use the $asic idea of a 'ord in different 'a&s $& simpl& changing the grammar!coded ending: sano E health 8i havas bonan sanon sana E health& 8i estas sana sani E to $e health& 8i sanas sane E healthil& 8i sane vivas 4dver$s usuall& precede the 'ord the& descri$e. 3ote: )he pronunciation of adver$s, ending in %-e%, needs some attention. In general, ever& vo'el makes up one s&lla$le (sound unit# of an Esperanto 'ord. )herefore, 'e must read the t'o!part sound of %sane% as %L48!neh% and not as the one!part sound of the English 'ord %sane%. Lesson four 'ill concentrate more on the correct sounds of Esperanto. ,ight no', let.s ;ust sa& that Esperanto %e% should $e pronounced as the %e% in %met%. Due to different pronunciations throughout the English!speaking 'orld, it is impossi$le to give e2act Esperanto pronunciation in 'riting. su$;ect thing ver$ adver$ o$;ect thing -a -o -as -e -an -on -aj -oj -is -ajn -ojn -os GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Ek.er"oj, Le"iono ;ri 5parto du6 A. >& $rother 'ill!stroll in!the!morning (%morningl&%#. <. 8is friend replied 'arml&. 5. )he $ro'n pen 'rites 'ell (%goodl&%#. =. )he gre& teacher runs $adl&. ". 9ur father smokes in!the!evening (%eveningl&%#.

8. 8e loves her. . 8e loves her sister. 1(. Lhe loves him. GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 3um$ers (cardinal num$ers are not grammar!coded: no endings# nulo 0 dek *0 tridek ,0 unu * dek unu ** tridek unu ,* du + dek du *+ tridek du ,+ tri , dek tri *, ... kvar - dek kvar *- kvardek -0 kvin % ... kvindek %0 ses ' and so on to sesdek '0 sep ( dudek +0 "ent *00 ok ) dudek unu +* mil * 000 na3 2 ... miliono * 000 000 3um$ers (ordinal num$ers have the ending %-a%, like ad;ectives, and take the plural %-j% and o$;ect %-n%, like ad;ectives# unua first dudeka t'entieth dua second sepdek unua sevent&!first tria third "enta hundredth unue firstl& trie thirdl& due secondl& kvare fourthl& 3ote: the %a3% is pronounced as %o'% in co'. 3ote: the adver$ form of the num$ers is sometimes translated as: unue E in the first placeF trie E in the third place, etc. GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Ek.er"oj, Le"iono ;ri 5parto tri6 11. )he first man loves the second 'oman. 1H. )he second 'oman hates the first man. 1A. )'o $o&s firstl& asked for three cakes. 1<. In!the!second!place the& asked for lemonade. 15. )he shop makes $ad $ro'n $read. 1=. )he shop makes $ro'n $read $adl&. GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Intransitive ver$s do not sho' action from a su$;ect to an o$;ectF instead, intransitive ver$s are used to sho' the state of the su$;ect. 4d;ectives after intransitive ver$s descri$e the su$;ect. Li estas sana. 9i estas instruisto (or: instruistino#. 8e is health&. Lhe is a teacher. )he o$;ect %-n% is not used after such ver$s. GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

Ek.er"oj, Le"iono ;ri 5parto kvar6 1". Li2t& minutes are one hour. 18. )'ent&!four hours are one da& (and night#. 1 . Leven da&s are one 'eek. H(. )he third $o& is m& second son. If &ou 'ould like a pronunciation record or other material in Esperanto, 'rite to &our national Esperanto organiNation. )he address is in the 1elcome Letter. )his is not mandator& for this lesson series, $ut hearing spoken Esperanto is a great help. /olvo 0, :ian fraton lavis mia patrino. 1. 1ho 'as 'ashed- >& $rother. 1ho did the 'ashing- >& mother. Instruistinojn viajn fratinoj niaj vidis H. 1ho did the seeing- 9ur sisters. 1ho 'as seen- Pour teachers. A. >& $rother 'ill!stroll in!the!morning (%morningl&%#. :ia frato promenos matene. <. 8is friend replied 'arml&. Lia amiko respondis varme. 5. )he $ro'n pen 'rites 'ell (%goodl&%#. La bruna plumo skribas bone. =. )he gre& teacher runs $adl&. La gri.a instruisto kuras malbone. ". 9ur father smokes in!the!evening (%eveningl&%#. 7ia patro fumas vespere. 8. 8e loves her. Li amas 8in. . 8e loves her sister. Li amas 8ian fratinon. 1(. Lhe loves him.

9i amas lin. 11. )he first man loves the second 'oman. La unua viro amas la duan inon. 1H. )he second 'oman hates the first man. La dua ino malamas la unuan viron. 1A. )'o $o&s firstl& asked for three cakes. 4u knaboj unue petis tri kukojn. 1<. In!the!second!place the& asked for lemonade. 4ue ili petis limonadon. 15. )he shop makes $ad $ro'n $read. La butiko faras malbonan brunan panon. 1=. )he shop makes $ro'n $read $adl&. La butiko faras brunan panon malbone. 1". Li2t& minutes are one hour. /esdek minutoj estas unu horo. 18. )'ent&!four hours are one da& (and night#. 4udek-kvar horoj estas unu tago. 1 . Leven da&s are one 'eek. /ep tagoj estast unu semajno. H(. )he third $o& is m& second son. La tria knabo estas mia dua filo.

Lesson Four

3o' let.s look at statements, 0uestions, and ans'ers: 4 statement: La pano estas $runa. )he $read is $ro'n. 4 0uestion: <u la pano estas bruna= Is the $read $ro'n)he ans'er: (a# >es, la pano estas bruna. ($# 7e, la pano ne estas bruna, 1i estas blanka. 3ote: Ever& 0uestion is $ased on a statementF 'e identif& that statement, placing the .dou$ting. 'ord Qu (literall&, .'hether.# in front, and then 'e are asking %Is this true-% 4lso note that the 'ord order in Esperanto is not changedF onl& the 'ord .Qu. is placed in front of the statement. English 0uestion: 1ill the $o&s sell the cake7nderl&ing statement: ()he $o&s 'ill sell the cake.# (La knaboj vendos la kukon.# Esperanto 0uestion: <u la knaboj vendos la kukon= 4ll .&es!or!no. 0uestions are handled in the same 'a&. GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Ek.er"oj, Le"iono ?var 5parto unu6 6hange the follo'ing statements into 0uestions: :ia filo forgesis la teon. -@ Lia patro faras panon. -@ La tago estas gri.a. -@ GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG In the first three lessons, &ou have learned ho' to 'rite simple statements correctl&, and no' kno' ho' to make 0uestions and give ans'ers. 4s soon as &ou have learned all the sounds of Esperanto (detailed, as $est as possi$le in 'riting, see $elo'# 'e can start in on conversations, in Lesson +ive. (,emem$er to complete the e2ercises at the $ottom.# )he Esperanto alpha$et: ab"Adefg1hBijCklmnoprs8tu3v. 3ote that the names of the letters (used 'hen spelling aloud, etc.# are a, bo, "o, Ao, do, e, fo, go, 1o, ho, Bo, i, etc. )hat is, the consonants get an .o. after them, and the name of each vo'el is the sound of the vo'el itself. 3ote that %3o% is pronounced sort of like English .'o.. )here are H= letters in the English alpha$etF H8 in Esperanto. In Esperanto there is no 0, ', 2, or &. In Esperanto there are = letters not found in English (all = have accent marks#: A, 1, B, C, 8 Kall

circumfle2esI, and 3 Ka u!$reveI. )he Esperanto letters .j. and .3. are not vo'els and can com$ine 'ith real vo'els (a, e, i, o, and u# to make .vo'el glides. 'hich must $e learned as separate sounds ($elo'#. 5ronunciation Muide ,emem$er, in Esperanto: one letter ! one sound. 3o e2ceptions. Do'el Lounds (accented/emphasiNed vo'els are capitaliNed# a as in >a, fatherD blA7ka sAna grAnda vArma e as in send, met: bEla plEna vErda pEti i as in me, three: vIvi Ami trInki fIlo o as in more, or: vo d mo kIo n va u as in t'o, soon: !nu pl!mo s!no butIko 6onsonant Lounds (mainl& as in English, e2cept:# " pronounced .ts. in nests: dAn"o le"i no bi"Iklo A pronounced .ch.in church: AAmbro sandvIAo AokolAdo g pronounced .g. in great: sagEto gust!mi geografIo 1 pronounced .g. in Meorge: mAn1i l 1i sE1o B pronounced .ch.in *ach: jABto B ro EBo j pronounced .&. in &et: jEs jAro j!na C pronounced .s. in leisure: CurnAlo teatrACo Cal!.o 8 pronounced .sh.in shoe: 8Ati p 8o 8!o 3 is used most often in the com$ination .a3. or .e3. (other'ise it has a .'. sound, as in 'eather#. ,emem$er: 4ll sounds presented in this 5ronunciation Muide are appro2imations. )he& are the closest appro2imations for 3orth 4merican English!speakers. Do'el Mlides (diphthongs#. )he follo'ing com$inations $et'een a vo'el (a, e, o, u# and .j. or .3. make one sound: aj pronounced as .e&e.: mAjo kAj semAjno oj pronounced as in .$o&.: knAboj vojA1i 1 jo ej pronounced as in .the&.: plEj mEjlo lernEjo uj pronounced .oo!ee. (0uickl&# t!j Angl!jo mon!jo a3 pronounced as in .co'.: nA!E Anta3 CA!Edo e3 pronounced as in .'a&'ard.: E3r po ne3trAla E3klIdo In all the e2amples a$ove, the vo'el of the stressed (or accented# s&lla$le has $een capitaliNed. )his follo's the rule 'ithout e2ception that ever& 'ord in Esperanto is stressed on the ne2t!to!last s&lla$le.

8ere is a list of 'ords (and translations# that represent sounds in Esperanto Knot ;ust those covered a$oveI. 5ractice them carefull& and &our pronunciation 'ill get $etter and $etter. Anglujo England lernejo school anta3 $efore majo >a& aAeti to $u& man1i to eat bi"iklo $ic&cle mejlo mile Aambro room monujo purse Aokolado chocolate ne3trala neutral dan"o dance ovo egg domo house plej most... eBo echo plena full E3ropo Europe po8o pocket E3klido Euclid sageto dart geografio geograph& sandviAo sand'ich gustumi to taste se1o seat, chair 1ojo ;o& suno sun Boro choir 8ati to like jaBto &acht 8uo shoe juna &oung teatraCo (theatrical# pla& Calu.o ;ealous& tuj immediatel& Ca3do )hursda& voja1i to travel Curnalo ne'spaper kio 'hat (thing# le"iono lesson $est advice: practiceJ practiceJ libro $ook practiceJ lo1i to reside GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Ek.er"oj, Le"iono ?var 5parto du6 (translate, $ut don.t ans'erJ# 1. Is father making a cakeH. Did the son forget the milkA. 1ill father sell the cakes<. Does a health& $o& drink 'arm milk5. 1ill the daughter eat a sand'ich=. Did the ne' teacher forget &our sugar". Do the& sell tea and coffee8. Did the sick girl 'rite $adl&. Is he health&1(. 4re seven da&s one 'eek4ns'er in EsperantoF use complete sentences, not ;ust ;es or ne.

11. Is milk 'hite1H. Is 'ater dr&1A. Is the sun 'arm1<. Is &our mother a man15. 4re &ou 'earing an empt& shoe1=. Do t'o and t'o make four- K7se %estas%I 1". Do &ou eat 'ater18. Is coffee $lue1 . 4re seven da&s one 'eekH(. Do &ou drink cakes(Lorr& a$out the sill& 0uestions, $ut the ans'ers are eas&.# /olvo 0:ia filo forgesis la teon. -@ <u, mia filo forgesis la teon. Lia patro faras panon. -@ <u, lia patro faras panon. La tago estas gri.a. -@ <u, la tago estas gri.a. 1. Is father making a cake<u patro faras kukon= H. Did the son forget the milk<u la filo forgesis la lakton= A. 1ill father sell the cakes<u patro vendos la kukojn= <. Does a health& $o& drink 'arm milk<u sana knabo trinkas varman lakton= 5. 1ill the daughter eat a sand'ich<u la filino man1os sandviAon= =. Did the ne' teacher forget &our sugar<u la nova instruisto forgesis la sukeron= ". Do the& sell tea and coffee<u ili vendas teon a3 kafon= 8. Did the sick girl 'rite $adl&<u la malsana knabino skribis malbone= . Is he health&<u li estas sana= 1(. 4re seven da&s one 'eek<u sep tagoj estas unu semajno= 11. Is milk 'hite>es, lakto estas blanka. 1H. Is 'ater dr&7e, akvo ne estas seka. 1A. Is the sun 'arm>es, la suno estas varma. 1<. Is &our mother a man7e, mia patrino ne estas viro. 15. 4re &ou 'earing an empt& shoe7e, mi ne portas malplenan 8uon. 1=. Do t'o and t'o make four- K7se %estas%I >es, du kaj du estas kvar. 1". Do &ou eat 'ater7e, mi ne man1as akvon. 18. Is coffee $lue7e, kafo ne estas blua. 1 . 4re seven da&s one 'eek>es, sep tagoj estas unu semajno. H(. Do &ou drink cakes7e, mi ne trinkas kukojn.

Lesson Fi1e

/alutonF (8elloJ MreetingsJ# Bonan tagonF Mood da&J Bonan matenonF Mood morningJ Bonan vesperonF Mood eveningJ Bonan noktonF Mood nightJ ?iel vi fartas= 8o' are &ou- (farti E to fare, $e# Bone, dankon. ?aj vi= +ine, thanks. 4nd &ou/ufiAe bone. Lo!so. (literall&, sufficientl& 'ell# 7e tre bone. 3ot so good. Bonan apetitonF En;o& &our foodJ (*on appetitJ# >e via sanoF )o &our healthJ /ame al vi, dankon. Lame to &ou, thanks. Gis la revido. Lee &ou later. (literall&, until the re!seeing# Adia3. Mood$&e. (4dieu#. 6onversation: If t'o people can talk a$out themselves for 5 minutes each, then the& can easil& have at least a 1( minute conversation. *& the end of this 1( lesson course, &ou should have 'ritten do'n all &our vital statistics and personal details (true or falseJ# and &ou should kno' them $& heart. 4fter that, &ou should $e a$le to give a $rief talk a$out &ourself in Esperanto, even if &ou have to prompt &ourself 'ith a .cheat!sheet. in English. Let.s take a look at an e2ample a$out Bohn *ro'n: :ia nomo estas >ohano Bruno. :i lo1as en !sono. :i komen"is lerni Esperanton anta3 kvar semajnoj. Gi estas tre fa"ila lingvo. :i lo1as en domo kun mia ed.ino kaj niaj infanoj. 7i havas unu filinon kaj du filojn. :i havas korespondantojn en tri landoj. )here are <5 ver& useful 'ords 'hich are a part of a regular s&stem of correlated 'ords (kno'n technicall&, therefore, as %correlatives%#. )he meaning of an& correlative is the com$ined meaning of the root ($eginning# and the ending: (simple, isn.t it-# ki- K'hatI -o thing -a kind of, sort of ti- KthatI -e place -u one, or person i- KsomeI -om 0uantit& (amount# -am time Ai- Kever&I -al reason, for...reason -el manner, in...'a& neni- KnoH -es one.sF person.s

e2amples: tio E that thing iam E sometime nenie E no 'here )&pical correlatives and their e0uall& t&pical English e0uivalents: English Esperanto ho'- (in# 'hat manner kiel 'hen- (at# 'hat time kiam 'here- (at, in# 'hat place kie 'h&- (for# 'hat reason kial ho' much- (in# 'hat amount kiom al'a&s (at# ever& time Aiam thus (in# that 'a&, manner tiel no$od& no one, no person neniu some'here (at# some place ie 5a& attention to the accent: ne-7I-e, ?I-u, ;I-al, etc. 3ote that in English prepositions ma& $e included in the meaning of the Esperanto correlative. )he endings %a% and %u% take the grammar coding %-n% and/or %-j% 'here appropriate. )he ending %o% takes the grammar coding %-n% 'here appropriate. If a 0uestion contains a 0uestion 'ord such as %kio% or %kie%, one does not use the &es/no 0uestion 'ord %Au%: 1hat is that- E ?io estas tio= 1here is that- E ?ie estas tio= 6ompare 'ith: 4re &ou drinking- E <u vi trinkas= GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Ek.er"oj, Le"iono ?vin ()ranslate into Esperanto# 1. 1hat (thing# is that (thing#H. 1here is m& cupA. 1hich is m& $ook- R <. 1ho ate m& cake- R 5. 1hen 'ill &ou eat=. Ever&thing is 'et. ". I forgot ever&thing. 8. >& pen is some'here. . )hen I drank m& tea. 1(. 8o' much (do# &ou have- Kdo is not to $e translatedI 11. 8o' (does# she run1H. 1h& are &ou smoking- Kuse simple ver$ formI 1A. 3o$od&.s coffee has milk. 1<. 8o' (did# &ou make it15. I am not that!kind!of girl. 1=. 1e have all!kinds!of cups.

1". 1hat kind of sand'ich do &ou have18. 1hat did &ou ask forR 3ote the difference $et'een kio and kiu.

1 . Is ever&one dr&H(. 1ho is that-

kio E 'hat thingF e.g., plumo, taso, limonado, etc. kiu E 'hich thingF e.g., la nigra plumo, la unua domo, etc. kiu also means 'ho. ?iu vi estas= GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG /olvo 0% 1. 1hat (thing# is that (thing#?io estas tio= H. 1here is m& cup?ie estas mia taso= A. 1hich is m& $ook- R ?iu estas mia libro= <. 1ho ate m& cake- R ?iu man1is mian kukon= 5. 1hen 'ill &ou eat?iam vi man1os= =. Ever&thing is 'et. <io estas malseka. ". I forgot ever&thing. :i forgesis Aion. 8. >& pen is some'here. :ia plumo estas ie. . )hen I drank m& tea. ;iam mi trinis mian teon. 1(. 8o' much (do# &ou have- Kdo is not to $e translatedI ?iom vi havas= 11. 8o' (does# she run?iel 8i kuras= 1H. 1h& are &ou smoking- Kuse simple ver$ formI ?ial vi fumas= 1A. 3o$od&.s coffee has milk. 7enies kafo havas lakton. 1<. 8o' (did# &ou make it?iel vi faris 1in= 15. I am not that!kind!of girl. :i ne estas tia knabino. 1=. 1e have all!kinds!of cups. 7i havas Aiajn tasojn. 1". 1hat kind of sand'ich do &ou have?ian sandviAon vi havas= 18. 1hat did &ou ask for?ion vi petis= 1 . Is ever&one dr&<u Aiu estas seka= H(. 1ho is that?iu estas tiu=

Le"iono 0' Lesson 2i3

4 real 0uick overvie' of the lessons so far: su$;ect thing(s# action o$;ect thing(s# ad;ective/noun ver$/adver$ ad;ective/noun -as -a5j6 -o5j6 -is -e -a5j6n -o5j6n -os Bona knabino lernis rapide malfa"ilan lingvon. :albonaj knabinoj lernos malrapide fa"ilajn lingvojn. )o form 0uestions, place %Au% in front of the statements: La knabo man1as. <u la knabo man1as= GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Ek.er"oj, Le"iono /es 5parto unu6 Kki-, ti-, i-, Ai-, neni!I plus Ko, a, e, u, om, am , el, al, esI forms <5 correlative (interrelated# 'ords. Mive $elo' the meanings of the roots (5# and endings ( #: ki o a ti e u i om am Ai el al neni es GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG )r& 'ithout referring $ack to lesson five. If &ou find &ourself referring too often, &ou ma& 'ant to revie' the lesson $efore continuing. )he correlatives are hard to learn out of conte2t, $ut the com$inations 'ill come naturall& after a 'hile. Difficult sound: one of the hardest sounds for English speakers to master is the .". or /ts/ sound. Imagine it as $elo' and it.s easier than it seems: dan"o le"iono bi"iklo sa&: D43)!so let!si!93!o $it!LI!klo Doca$ular& note: )he English 'ord .old. ma& $e the opposite of $oth .ne'. and .&oung.. )herefore there are t'o translations for .old. in Esperanto: juna (&oung# ! maljuna (old# or nova (ne'# ! malnova (old#. 5a& attentionJ 5repositions (little 'ords 'hich sho' the relationship $et'een t'o other 'ords.#

cup on ta$leF saucer under cupF milk 'ith sugar in coffee Lome prepositions in Esperanto: al to 1is until, up to Ae near, 'ith kun 'ith, together de of, from por for dum 'hile, during pro for ($ecause of# en in sub under sur on (position# :i estas membro de la >unulara Esperantista ?lubo, kaj mi iris al la Esperanto-?ongreso, kiu oka.is en /an-Iran"isko. 7i voja1is de 7ov->orko dum tri tagoj en nia a3tobuseto, kaj ne haltis 1is ni alvenis al 4alaso, en ;eksaso. ;ie ni vi.itis niajn geamikojn kaj man1is. 7i portis sandviAojn por la tagman1o, kaj ili estis sub la se1oj sur kiuj ni sidis. 7i dankis niajn geamikojn pro la bona kongreso. KDoca$ular&: >unularo: a group of &oung peopleF oka.i: to take placeF a3tobuseto: mini$usF alveni al: to arrive atF tagman1o: lunchF geamikoj: friends (male and female#F iri: to goI. 3ote the use of %pro% after %dankis%. 5repositions can $e trick& S there is no 'ord!for!'ord correspondence $et'een prepositions in English and Esperanto. )he %5lena Dortaro% (Esperanto!Esperanto dictionar&# is a good source of e2amples. >ore prepositions in Esperanto: anstata3 instead of kontra3 against anta3 in front of, $efore per 'ith ($& means of# apud near, ne2t to post after (time# da of (0uantities# pri a$out, concerning ekster outside (of# sen 'ithout el out of, from 'ithin super a$ove inter among, $et'een tra through La knabo sen hejmtasko staris anta3 la instruistoJ anstata3 la hejmtasko, li prenis el koverto leteron pri la afero. Estis bela tago ekster la Aambro, kaj la instruisto staris apud la fenestro, tra kiu venis brila sunlumo, per kiu li legis la leteron. Inter la vortoj estis tiom da tipaj knabaj eraroj, ke post nelonge, la knabo klinis super la tablo, kaj pantoflo batis kontra3 lia postaCo.

KDoca$ular&: hejmtasko: home'orkF stari: to standF preni: to takeF koverto: envelopeF afero: caseF fenestro: 'indo'F veni: to comeF sunlumo: sunlightF legi: to readF vorto: 'ordF tipa: t&picalF klini: $o', lean overF pantoflo: slipperF bati: to hitF postaCo: $ehind, $ottomI GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Ek.er"oj, Le"iono /es 5parto du6 Kespondu Ai tiujn demandojn en EsperantoD (4ns'er these 0uestions in Esperanto# *. ?ia klubo 1i estas= Le"iono 0' 5age H< +. ?ion ni portis kun ni= ,. ?ie ili estis= -. ?io oka.is en /an-Iran"isko= %. 4um kiom da tagoj ni voja1is= '. <u iu staris anta3 la instruisto= (. ?io venis tra la fenestro= ). ?iom da hejmtaskoj faris la knabo= 2. ?iel la instruisto batis lin 5per kio=6 *0. ?ial la instruisto batis lin= (Aar E $ecause# GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG >ore a$out prepositions: 1hen an .o$;ect thing. occurs in a sentence, and 'hen that .o$;ect thing. is a pronoun (I, he, she, etc.# it takes the o$;ect or accusative form (me, him, her, etc#. )hus 'e sa& that the preposition in English .governs. or re0uires the accusative form. )he onl& place in English 'here the accusative is different from the nominative (su$;ect form# is in the pronouns. 4 cake for him. 4 letter for her. In Esperanto, a preposition governs the nominative (su$;ect# form of a thing, either noun or pronoun. ?uko por li. (not linJ# Letero por 8i. (not 8inJ# Pou 'ill $e 'ell understood if &ou follo' this rule. *ut don.t $e surprised if &ou see a preposition follo'ed $& a %-n% 'ordJ Let.s see 'h&: )here is a difference $et'een %I 'alked in the garden% and %I 'alked into the garden%. In the first case, I 'as alread& in the garden, 'alking around, and in the second case, I 'as outside the garden and 'alked to a position inside the garden. Instead of %I 'alked into the garden% 'e can sa&: %I 'alked to in!the!garden%, 'hich translates: %:i promenis al en-la-1ardeno.% and 'e actuall& sa&:%:i promenis en la 1ardenon.%

4h haJ )he last %-n% indicates the omitted preposition, usuall& .al., 'hich sho'ed movement to'ard something. )herefore 'e can sa&, %)he accusative %-n% after a preposition sho's motions to'ard.% :i iris en la Aambron. (into the room# :i promenas ekster la domon. (to the outside of# Do not use %-n% after: al, 1is, de, el. )he& alread& sho' motion. 4lso: 7se %!n% 'ith dates to sho' an omitted preposition: :i estis en 7ov->orko pasintan mardon K(on# last )uesda&I. GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Ek.er"oj, Le"iono /es 5parto tri6 )ranslate into Esperanto. 11. I came on a $ic&cle. 1H. I c&cled into Lan +rancisco. 1A. I c&cled in Lan +rancisco. 1<. Lhe runs on the grass (her$o#. 15. 8e 'ill run onto the grass. 1=. 8e ran $ehind the tree (ar$o#. 1". 8e smoked $ehind the tree. 18. Lhe traveled 'ith a friend. 1 . 8e 'rote 'ith a pen. H(. 8e put (meti# the pen under the paper. /olvo 0' ki 'hat o things a kind/sort ti that e place u one/person i some om 0uantit&/amount am time Ai ever& el manner/'a& al reason neni no es one.s/person.s *. ?ia klubo 1i estas= Gi estas junulara esperantista klubo. +. ?ion ni portis kun ni= 7i portis kun ni sandviAojn por la tagman1o. ,. ?ie ili estis= Ili estis sub la se1oj sur kiuj ni sidis. -. ?io oka.is en /an-Iran"isko= La Esperanto ?ongreso oka.is en /anIran"isko. %. 4um kiom da tagoj ni voja1is= 7i voja1is dum tri tagoj. '. <u iu staris anta3 la instruisto= >es, la knabo sen hejmtasko staris anta3 la instruisto. (. ?io venis tra la fenestro= Brila sunlumo venis tra la fenestro. ). ?iom da hejmtaskoj faris la knabo= La knabo faris neniom da hejmtaskoj.

2. ?iel la instruisto batis lin 5per kio=6 La instruisto batis lin per pantoflo. *0. ?ial la instruisto batis lin= 5Aar E $ecause6 <ar li ne faris lian hejmtaskon ... 11. I came on a $ic&cle. :i venis per bi"iklo. 1H. I c&cled into Lan +rancisco. :i bi"iklis en /an-Iran"iskon. 1A. I c&cled in Lan +rancisco. :i bi"iklis en /an-Iran"isko. 1<. Lhe runs on the grass (her$o#.

9i kuras sur la herbo. 15. 8e 'ill run onto the grass. 9i kuras sur la herbon. 1=. 8e ran $ehind the tree (ar$o#. Li kuris malanta3 la arbon. 1". 8e smoked $ehind the tree. Li fumis malanta3 la arbo. 18. Lhe traveled 'ith a friend. 9i voja1is kun amiko. 1 . 8e 'rote 'ith a pen. Li skribis per plumo. H(. 8e put (meti# the pen under the paper. Li metis la plumon sub la paperon.

Le"iono 0( Lesson 2e1en

In school students can e2pect to stud& +rench for a$out 5 &ears, <( 'eeks in the &ear, < lessons a 'eek at a$out (on the average# A( minutes for each lesson. 9r, roughl&, a$out <(( hours. *& the end of this time, onl& a$out 1(T of the students 'ould receive a passing grade on a decent e2am, and not all of those 'ould $e understood in +rance. Esperanto is a$out 5 to 1( times easier to learn than +rench, so &ou 'ould e2pect to take a$out <( to 8( hours of stud& to achieve a compara$le language level in Esperanto, $ut in these ten net'ork lessons &ou ma& spend a total of onl& 1( hours. Lo &ou can easil& see that this course 'ill not have &ou speaking fluent Esperanto $& Lesson )en, $ut it 'ill have introduced &ou to the $asic principles of the language, 'hich $& no' should not appear so .foreign. to &ou if &ou 'ere to pick up a te2t$ook or elementar& reader. ,o'ing across the ocean 'ould $e more satisf&ing (and a little $it easier# if &ou could see the milestones going $&. 9ther'ise, once out of sight of land, it is an act of faith 'hether &ou are making an& progress at all. In the same 'a& in learning a language, are &ou reall& learning more than &ou are forgettingIn a .correspondence. course such as this one, it is impossi$le to test &our speaking and listening a$ilities. )hat 'ill come at some later level in &our 0uest for complete control over the International Language. ,ight no', 'e 'ill have to $e content 'ith 'ritten tests and e2ercises. *elo', &ou 'ill find a series of voca$ular& and grammar (%fill!in!the!$lank%# e2ercises to $e used as sort of a test. )r& to complete and send in these e2ercises 'ithout referring $ack to previous lessons. If &ou do look $ack, then &ou never reall& 'ill kno' ho' much &ou.ve learned so far. Lo, do the e2ercises and stud& the little $it of ne' material. GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Ek.er"oj, Le"iono /ep Doca$ular& )est ()ranslate into English#: *. akvo +. al ,. ami -. amiko %. Anglujo '. atendi (. a3tobuseto ). bela 2. bi"iklo *0. blanka **. blua *+. bona *,. bruna *-. butiko *%. "igaredo *'. Aambro *(. Ae *). Aokolado *2. dan"o +0. de +*. dek ++. demandi +,. domo +-. du +%. dum +'. en +(. esti +). fari +2. flava ,0. forgesi ,*. frato ,+. fumi ,,. granda ,-. 1is ,%. 1ojo ,'. havi ,(. hejmo ,). horo ,2. ili -0. instruisto -*. juna -+. kafo -,. kaj --. kial -%. kiam

-'. kiel -(. kies -). kiom -2. knabo %0. kuko

%*. kun %+. kuri %,. kvar %-. kvin %%. lakto

%'. lavi %(. man1i %). patro %2. skribi '0. verda

Mrammar )est (,eplace .missing $its.#: 7se the follo'ing .missing $its.: a, aj, aj, al, an, Ae, Aion, Aiuj, de, dum, e, e, en, estas, 1is, havas, ili, in, ist, iu, jun, kaj, kiel, kies, kio, kun, la, mal, ne, o, o, oj, ojn, on, on, por, sub, sur, tio, as, as, tiu, tiom. =1. )he $o& GGG knabGGG =H. 4 good $o& GGG bonGGG knabo =A. 4nd a girl GGG knabGGGo =<. )he girl is $ad La knabino GGG GGG =5. Lhe has a cigarette 9i GGG "igaredGGG ==. >en smoke cigarettes VirGGG fumas "igaredGGG =". Mood girls don.t smoke BonGGG knabinoj GGG fumas =8. *ut the& 0uickl& learn /ed GGG rapidGGG lernGGG = . )he pupils are &oung La lernantoj estas junGGG "(. )he& have a ne' school Ili havas novGGG lernejon "1. )he teacher is old La instruGGGo estas malGGGa "H. .1hat.s that-. he asks .GGG estas GGG-. li demandas Ltart 'orking 0uietl& Eklaboru silentGGG "<. 1hose $ook is thatGGG libro estas GGG"5. 8o' (did# &ou do so!muchGGG vi faris GGG"=. Do ever&thing again Kefaru GGG "". )o the clu$ in 5aris la klubo GGG $ari.o "8. In the mini$us from London GGG la a3tobuseto GGG Londono " . 1ith lemonade under the seats GGG limonado GGG la se1oj 8(. +or drinking 'hilst 'e ;ourne& GGG trinkado GGG ni voja1as 81. 9n the free'a& as far as 5aris GGG la 8oseo GGG $ari.o 8H. 1e all run on to the $each 7i GGG kurGGG sur la pla1GGG 8A. 4nd someone s'ims in the sea ?aj GGG na1as en la marGGG

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Let.s take a look no' at some ver& important ver$s...

voli ('ant#, povi (can, $e a$le#, devi (must, have to# :i volas veni :i volas kompreni I 'ant to come I 'ant to understand :i povas veni :i povas kompreni I am a$le to come I am a$le to understand I can come I can understand :i devas veni :i devas kompreni I must come I must understand I have to come I have to understand K4l'a&s use the infinitive ver$ after voli, povi, devi.I plaAi al, 8ati, ami Io a3 iu plaAas al mi. Lomething or someone is pleasing to me. I like someone or something (a mild, noncommittal ver$# :i 8atas ion. I esteem, greatl& like something. (inanimate o$;ects, etc.# :i amas iun. I love someone (or pets#. Libroj plaAas al mi. *ooks are pleasing to me. I like $ooks. BettL plaAas al mi. *ett& is pleasing to me. I like *ett&. :i 8atas Aokoladajn kuketojn. I reall& like chocolate cupcakes. :i amas vian filinon. I love (am in love 'ith# &our daughter. koni vs. s"ii :i konas... I kno' 9+, I am a'are of such a person, place or thing, or happening. :i s"ias... I kno' something, have studied it. <u vi konas >ohanon= Do &ou kno' Bohn<u vi s"ias Esperanton= Do &ou kno' Esperanto<u vi konas Esperanton= 4re &ou familiar 'ith Esperanto/olvo 0( 1. akvo 'ater H. al to A. ami to love <. amiko friend A1. frato $rother AH. fumi to smoke AA. granda $ig A<. 1is until

5. Anglujo England =. atendi to 'ait ". a3tobuseto mini$us 8. bela $eautiful . bi"iklo $ic&cle 1(. blanka 'hite 11. blua $lue 1H. bona good 1A. bruna $ro'n 1<. butiko shop 15. "igaredo cigarette 1=. Aambro room 1". Ae at 18. Aokolado chocolate 1 . dan"o dance H(. de of/from H1. dek ten HH. demandi to ask HA. domo house H<. du t'o H5. dum 'hile H=. en in H". esti to $e H8. fari to make/do H . flava &ello' A(. forgesi to forget =1. )he $o& la knabo =H. 4 good $o& Bona knabo =A. 4nd a girl ?aj knabino =<. )he girl is $ad La knabino estas malbona =5. Lhe has a cigarette 9i havas "igaredon ==. >en smoke cigarettes Viroj fumas "igaredojn

A5. 1ojo ;o& A=. havi to have A". hejmo home A8. horo hour A . ili the& <(. instruisto teacher <1. juna &oung <H. kafo coffee <A. kaj and <<. kial 'h& <5. kiam 'hen <=. kiel ho' <". kies 'hose <8. kiom ho' man&/much < . knabo $o& 5(. kuko cake 51. kun 'ith 5H. kuri to run 5A. kvar four 5<. kvin five 55. lakto milk 5=. lavi to 'ash 5". man1i to eat 58. patro father 5 . skribi to 'rite =(. verda green "A. Ltart 'orking 0uietl& Eklaboru silente "<. 1hose $ook is that?ies libro estas tiu= "5. 8o' (did# &ou do so!much?iel vi faris tiom"=. Do ever&thing again Kefaru Aion "". )o the clu$ in 5aris Al la klubo Ae $ari.o "8. In the mini$us from London En la a3tobuseto de Londono

=". Mood girls don.t smoke Bonaj knabinoj ne fumas =8. *ut the& 0uickl& learn /ed ili rapide lernas = . )he pupils are &oung La lernantoj estas junaj "(. )he& have a ne' school Ili havas novan lernejon "1. )he teacher is old La instruisto estas maljuna "H. .1hat.s that-. he asks ?io estas tio= li demandas

" . 1ith lemonade under the seats ?un limonado sub la se1oj 8(. +or drinking 'hilst 'e ;ourne& $or trinkado dum ni voja1as 81. 9n the free'a& as far as 5aris /ur la 8oseo 1is $ari.o 8H. 1e all run on to the $each 7i Aiuj kuras sur la pla1on 8A. 4nd someone s'ims in the sea ?aj iu na1as en la maro

Le"iono 0) Le"iono k
1e need to consider actions (ver$s# in more detail. 1e have alread& dealt 'ith the simple ver$s ending in %is%, %as%, and %os%. 3o' 'e take a look at compound (t'o!part# ver$s, in

'hich the first part gives the general time of the action and the second part gives the state of the action. *efore looking at the Esperanto use of compound ver$s, let.s look at the use of compound ver$s in English. GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Ek.er"oj, Le"iono k 5parto unu6

In the follo'ing diagram, under .Meneral )ime., 'rite either &esterda&, no', tomorro'. 7nder .Ltate of 4ction., 'rite completed, on!going, or not &et. Meneral )ime Ltate of 4ction 8e is reading 8e 'as reading 8e 'ill have eaten 8e is a$out to go 8e 'ill $e reading 8e has eaten 8e 'as a$out to 'rite 8e had eaten 8e 'ill $e a$out to go GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 3otice that the first part of the t'o!part ver$, 'hich 'e call the au2iliar& or helping ver$, is .to $e. e2cept 'hen the action has $een completedF in that case, English uses the aUiliar& ver$ .to have.. In Esperanto, the au2iliar& ver$ is al'a&s esti (to $e#. (&esterda&# Li estis V/ man1inta (completed# (no'# Li estas -- leganta (proceeding# (tomorro'# Li estos /V skribonta (not &et# )he idea is simple, $ut the e2planation is some'hat confusing and difficultF hang in thereJ Let.s look no' at a fuller demonstration of 6ompound Der$s in Esperanto.... 6ompound Der$ )enses ! 4ctive (inta, anta, onta# Beanne has regular ha$its. 7sing simple ver$ tenses 'e sa&: ever& da& at 8:(( %Lhe eats her $reakfast.% M9i man1as sian matenman1on.M (sia ! his/her o'n# ever& da& at 8:(5 %Lhe reads her paper.% M9i legas sian Curnalon.M ever& da& at 8:1( %Lhe 'rites a letter.% M9i skribas leteron.M

*ut none of these actions is instantaneous, and 'e can sho' this $etter $& using the compound ver$ tenses: and sa& at 8:(( %Lhe is eating her $reakfast.% M9i estas man1anta sian matenman1on.M and sa& at 8:(5 %Lhe is reading her paper.% M9i estas leganta sian Curnalon.M and sa& at 8:1( %Lhe is 'riting a letter.% M9i estas skribanta leteron.M Luppose 'e are sp&ing on her, and 'e report $& phone at 8:(5F then at 8:(5 'e 'ould sa&: present state of time action %Lhe has eaten her $reakfast.% M9i estas man1inta sian matenman1on.M %Lhe is reading her paper.% M9i estas leganta sian Curnalon.M %Lhe is a$out to 'rite a letter.% M9i estas skribonta leteron.M Later during the da&, 'e ma& have to confirm in 'riting 'hat 'e previousl& reported. )hen 'e 'ould sa& that $& 8:(5: %Lhe had eaten her $reakfast% M9i estis man1inta sian matenman1on.M %Lhe 'as reading her paper.% M9i estis leganta sian Curnalon.M %Lhe 'as a$out to 'rite a letter.% M9i estis skribonta leteron.M 4lso, 'e must tell the ne2t da&.s sp& 'hat to e2pect. 1e tell her that if she gets there $& 8:(5, she 'ill find that: %Lhe 'ill have eaten her $reakfast.% M9i estos man1inta sian matenman1on.M %Lhe 'ill $e reading her paper.% M9i estos leganta sian Curnalon.M %Lhe 'ill $e a$out to 'rite a letter.% M9i estos skribonta leteron.M 6ompound Der$ )enses ! 4ctive 5articiples (action is preformed $& the su$;ect of the sentence# inta (action recentl& completed#. anta (action still on!going# onta (action soon to $egin# 5lease note: $ecause participles are actuall& ad;ectives, K6f. kuranta knabo, a running $o&I the& must agree in num$er 'ith the su$;ect. +or e2ample, Ili estas manWinta; )he& have eaten 3i estis ironta; 1e 'ere a$out to go Di estos skri$anta; Pou 'ill $e 'riting GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Ek.er"oj, Le"iono k 5parto du6 (translate into Esperanto, using compound ver$s#:

1. +ather is reading a $ook Kli$roI. H. >other is making a cake. A. )he $o&s are a$out to 'rite. <. )he $o& is a$out to drink tea. 5. 1ho has 'ashed the small $o&=. +ather 'as reading a $ook. ". 1ho has eaten m& cake8. >other 'as making a $eautiful cake. . )he $o& 'as a$out to 'rite. 1(. )he& 'ere going to 'rite. 11. >& $rother has 'ashed KlaviI m& car Ka3toI. 1H. >& sister had eaten m& cake. 1A. +ather 'ill $e reading a $ook. 1<. I 'ill $e selling tea and coffee. 15. )he $o& 'ill $e a$out to 'rite a letter. 1=. 8e 'ill have eaten. 1". 8e is shooting KpafiI. 18. 8e is going to score KtrafiI. 1 . 8e has scored. Le"iono 0) 5age AH H(. 8e had scored. 5erk upJ )he 'orst is overJ Bust some odd $its left over for the ne2t t'o lessons. /olvo 0) Meneral )ime Ltate of 4ction 8e is reading no' on!going 8e 'as reading &esterda& on!going 8e 'ill have eaten tomorro' completed 8e is a$out to go no' not &et 8e 'ill $e reading tomorro' on!going 8e has eaten &esterda& completed 8e 'as a$out to 'rite &esterda& not &et 8e had eaten &esterda& completed 8e 'ill $e a$out to go tomorro' not &et 1. +ather is reading a $ook KlibroI. $atro estas leganta libron. H. >other is making a cake. $atrino estas faranta kukon. A. )he $o&s are a$out to 'rite. La knaboj estas skribonta. <. )he $o& is a$out to drink tea. La knaboj estas trinkonta teon. 5. 1ho has 'ashed the small $o&?iu estas lavinta la malgrandan knabon= =. +ather 'as reading a $ook. $atro estis leganta libron. ". 1ho has eaten m& cake?iu estas man1inta mian kunkon= 8. >other 'as making a $eautiful cake. $atrino estis faranta belan kukon.

. )he $o& 'as a$out to 'rite. La knabo estis skribonta. 1(. )he& 'ere going to 'rite. Ili estis skribonta. 11. >& $rother has 'ashed &laviH m& car &a3toH. :ia frato estas lavinta mian a3ton. 1H. >& sister had eaten m& cake. :ia fratino estis man1inta mian kukon. 1A. +ather 'ill $e reading a $ook. $atro estos leganta libron. 1<. I 'ill $e selling tea and coffee. :i estos vendanta teon kaj kafon.

15. )he $o& 'ill $e a$out to 'rite a letter. La knabo estos skribonta leteron. 1=. 8e 'ill have eaten. Li estos man1inta. 1". 8e is shooting KpafiI. Li estas pafanta. 18. 8e is going to score KtrafiI. Li estas trafonta. 1 . 8e has scored. Li estas trafinta. H(. 8e had scored. Li estis trafinta.

Le"iono 02 Le"iono 7a3

1o'J )hat last lesson had a lot in it, so let.s do something a little simpler. 3um$ers: unu du tri kvar kvin ses +ractions: duono triono kvarono kvinono sesono 1/A E (unu# trionoF A/< E tri kvaronojF "/1= E sep deksesonojF 5/8 E kvin okonoj 3ote the follo'ing: (contrast the e2pressions# I look, and then I see. >i rigardas, ka; tiam mi vidas. I listen, and then I hear. :i a3skultas, kaj tiam mi a3das. I think, then after'ards I have an opinion. :i pensas, kaj poste mi havas opinion. KI think that... >i opinias, ke...I 8is father drank his lemonade. (1hose lemonade-# Lia patro trinkis lian limonadon. (39) the father.s lemonade# Lia patro trinkis sian limonadon. (PEL, the father.s lemonade# sia (third person# refers to the su$;ect of the sentence: (his o'n, her o'n, one.s o'n, their o'n#. )he $o2 is $lue, isn.t itLa skatolo estas blua, Au ne= K1atch &our ans'erJ )he $o2 isn.t $lue, is it- 1hat 'ould BEL mean-I La skatolo ne estas blua, Au= Lhades of meaning $& using the suffi2es -eg and -et: bonega e2cellent varmega hot bona good varma 'arm boneta fair varmeta luke'arm malboneta poor malvarmeta cool malbona $ad malvarma cold malbonega terri$le malvarmega freeNing Der$ prefi2es and suffi2es: ek-, -ad-, -i1-, and -ig! La suno ekbrilis. )he sun $egan to shine. ek La birdoj ekkantis. )he $irds $egan to sing. La ondoj ekdan"is. )he 'aves $egan to dance. )he 'aves suddenl& danced. La suno briladis. )he sun kept on shining. )he sun shone and shone.

ad La birdoj kantadis. )he $irds kept on singing. )he $irds sang and sang. La ondoj dan"adis. )he 'aves kept on dancing. )he 'aves danced and danced. Le"iono 02 5age A< La sablo seki1is. )he sand $ecame (got# dr&. )he sand dried up. i1 La aero varmi1is. )he air $ecame (got# 'arm. )he air 'armed up. La homoj ru1i1is )he people $ecame (got# red. )he people reddened ($lushed#. La suno sekigis la sablon. )he sun made the sand dr&. )he sun dried up the sand. ig La suno varmigis la aeron. )he sun made the air 'arm. )he sun 'armed up the air. La suno ru1igis la homojn. )he sun made the people red. )he sun reddened the people GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Ek.er"oj, Le"iono 7a3 5parto unu6 )ranslate into Esperanto: 1. 8e ate three!fourths of KdeI the cake. H. I think that Esperanto is an eas& language KlingvoI. A. 8er mother 'ashed her dress KroboI. K)he dress 'as the daughter.sI <. )heir mothers 'ashed their (o'n# dresses. 5. )he evenings are cool, aren.t the&GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG (,ead in Esperanto# Ae la junulara klubo La vivo Ae nia klubo estas tre interesa. >e la (-a 5sepa6, diskludilo ekludas, kaj ludadas 1is la )-a, kiam 1i silenti1as. 7i studadas inter la )-a kaj la 2-a, kaj anka3 la instruisto paroladas al ni 5Nli faras paroladon6. >e la 2-a, ni man1etas kaj la diskoj eksonas denove, kaj la dan"ado da3ras 1is la *0-a kiam ni ekiras hejmen. Esperanto interesas min. :i interesi1is anta3 du monatoj, kaj tiam mi ali1is al la kluboJ mi anka3 interesigis mian fratinon, kaj varbis 8in. 4um la unua horo, ni ludas tablotenison kaj bilardon. :i pliboni1as je tabloteniso, sed malpliboni1as je bilardo. 4um la dua horo, ni havas legadon, skribadon, kaj esperantan kantadon.

$oste, du fra3linoj varmigas la kafon, kaj kiam la kafo sufiAe varmi1as, oni malfermas la bufedon. La kafo estas sufiAe varma je la 2-a. La novaj membroj rapide interesi1as pri la aliaj geknaboj Ae la klubo. Ili ofte ekrigardas unu la alian, kaj de tempo al tempo fra3lino ekploras se 8ia amiko interesi1as pri alia fra3lino. Kdisk-lud-il-o: record pla&erF ludi: to pla&F studi: to stud&F monato: monthF anka3: alsoF paroli: to speakF parol-ad-i: to lectureF soni: to soundF denove: againF da3ri: to continueF iri: to goF ali1i: to ;oinF varbi: to recruitF fra3lo: $achelorF fermi: to closeF bufedo: $uffetF ofte: oftenF plori: to cr&F alia: anotherF tempo: time.I 3ote: pli E moreF plej E mostF malpli E lessF malplej E least. Lo: pli bona: $etterF plej bona: $estF malpli bona: 'orseF malplej bonaD 'orst. GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Ek.er"oj, Le"iono 7a3 5parto du6 4ns'er in English and Esperanto: '. ?iom da horoj la disko sonas= (. ?iam mi ali1is al la klubo= ). ?io oka.as kiam la kafo estas sufiAe varma= 2. ?ial fra3lino ekploras de tempo al tempo= GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG )ime: %?ioma (ho'!man&!eth# horo (hour# estas=% +or hours, %Estas la unua, la dua, la tria, ktp (%etc.%#. +or hours plus minutes, %Estas la tria, dudek% or %Estas la tria kaj dudek 5,D+06%. 4lso used: %Estas la sepa kaj duono 5(D,06% or %Estas la sepa kaj kvarono (":15#.% Indirect Lpeech: (note the use of tense in Esperanto# %direct% 8e said, %I came from 3e' Pork.% Li diris, M:i venis de 7ov->orko.M %indirect% 8e said (that# he came from 3e' Pork. Li diris, ke li venis de 7ov->orko. %direct% 8e said, %I.m 'aiting for m& suitcase.% Li diris, M:i atendas mian vali.on.M %indirect% 8e said (that# he 'as 'aiting for his suitcase. Li diris, ke li atendas sian vali.on. %direct% 8e said, %I shall go to 5aris.%

Li diris, M:i iros al $ari.o.M %indirect% 8e said (that# he 'as going to 5aris. Li diris, ke li iros al $ari.o. In indirect speech, al'a&s use the ver$ that 'ould $e used in the direct speech e0uivalent. )his is sometimes called %the logical tense%. 4lso note that &ou must al'a&s use %ke% (that# even if it is not used in the English sentence. GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Ek.er"oj, Le"iono 7a3 5parto tri6 )ranslate into Esperanto: 1(. Lhe said, %I 'rite $adl&.% 11. Lhe said that she 'rote $adl&. 1H. )he& said, %1e 'ashed the cups.% 1A. )he& said the& had 'ashed the cups. 1<. Pou said, %I 'ill drink lemonade.% 15. Pou said &ou 'ould drink lemonade. 1=. 8e said he 'as unhapp&. Khapp& E feliAaI 1". Lhe said she 'ould come. 18. )he& said the& had eaten the cake. 1 . )he& said, %1e are going!to!eat the cake.% H(. )he& said the& 'ere going!to!eat the cake. /olvo 02

1. 8e ate three!fourths of KdeI the cake. Li man1is tri kvaronojn de la kuko. H. I think that Esperanto is an eas& language KlingvoI. :i opinias ke Esperanto estas fa"ila lingvo. A. 8er mother 'ashed her dress KroboI. K)he dress 'as the daughter.sI 9ia patrino lavis 8ian robon. <. )heir mothers 'ashed their (o'n# dresses. Iliaj patrinoj lavis sianj robojn. 5. )he evenings are cool, aren.t the&La vesperoj estas malvarmeta, Au ne= '. ?iom da horoj la disko sonas=

La disko sonas dum unu horo. (. ?iam mi ali1is al la klubo= <ar Esperanto interesas min. ). ?io oka.as kiam la kafo estas sufiAe varma= ?iam la kafo estas sufiAe varma oni malfermas la bufedon. 2. ?ial fra3lino ekploras de tempo al tempo= <ar 8ia amiko interesi1as pri alia fra3lino. 1(. Lhe said, %I 'rite $adl&.% 9i diris, M:i skribas malbone.M 11. Lhe said that she 'rote $adl&. 9i diris ke 8i skribas malbone. 1H. )he& said, %1e 'ashed the cups.%

Ili diris, M7i lavis la tasojn.M 1A. )he& said the& had 'ashed the cups. Ili diris ke ili lavis la tasojn. 1<. Pou said, %I 'ill drink lemonade.% Vi diris, M:i trinkos limonadon.M 15. Pou said &ou 'ould drink lemonade. Vi diris ke vi trinkos limonadon. 1=. 8e said he 'as unhapp&. Khapp& E feliQaI Li diris ke li estis malfeliAa.

1". Lhe said she 'ould come. 9i diris ke 8i venos. 18. )he& said the& had eaten the cake. Ili diris ke ili man1is la kukon. 1 . )he& said, %1e are going!to!eat the cake.% Ili diris, M7i man1os la kukon.M H(. )he& said the& 'ere going!to!eat the cake. Ili diris ke ili man1os la kukon.

Le"iono *0 Le"iono 4ek

,egular 'ord $uilding: 4pplica$le to all animal families: o2 co' calf herd bovo bovino bovido bovaro

sheep e'e lam$ flock 8afo 8afino 8afido 8afaro dog $itch pupp& pack hundo hundino hundido hundaro horse mare foal herd Aevalo ... ... ... ra$$it ra$$it !! !! kuniklo ... ... ... Mot the idea- In Esperanto it.s eas&, $ut in English it.s hardJ 4 fe' more 'ord $uilding suffi2es and prefi2es: ge- gepatroj gesinjoroj geknaboj of $oth parents ladies and $o&s and girls se2es gentlemen -an klubano vila1ano nov-jorkano mem$er of clu$ mem$er villager 3e' Porker -eg pluvego ridego bonega enormous do'npour heart& laugh e2cellent -ej klubejo trinkejo ne"esejo place for clu$house pu$ restroom (16# -et libreto man1eto monteto tin& $ooklet snack hill -ul junulo blindulo belulino person &outh $lind person a $eaut& bo- bofrato bopatrino in!la' $rother!in!la' mother!in!la' Logic dictates 'hen to use prefi2es and suffi2es, $ut there are no precise rules. Lo use them 'hen the& make sense. 6an an&thing $e easier?io estas la puno por bigamio= 4u bopatrinojF Lummar& of ver$ forms: (1hat makes the follo'ing so great is that it can $e used 'ith all ver$sF no e2ceptionsJ# Limple ver$ forms (use 'ith an& noun or pronoun su$;ect#. dormi KinfinitiveI to sleep dormis Kpast timeI (&esterda&# dormas Kpresent timeI (no'# dormos Kfuture timeI (tomorro'# dormus KconditionalI /e mi estus riAa, mi estus kontenta. If I 'ere rich, I 'ould $e content. (descri$es situation that aren.t true.# dormuJ KimperativeI 4 commandJ A3 silentu, a3 foriru. Either $e 0uiet or go a'a&.

6ommon ver$ affi2es: re: repeat of actionF again re- -i1- ek: sudden start or short duration Kver$ rootI -ad- ad: continual action ek- -ig- i1: to $ecome ig: to make (something happen# 6ompound ver$s ! active (4ction $& the su$;ect of sentence# 9i estis man1inta sian matenman1on. 9i estas leganta sian Curnalon. 9i estos skribonta leteron. 3ote: participles can have a plural form: :i estas man1inta. 7i estas man1intaj. 4nd participles can $e used as ad;ectives: La dormanta knaboD )he sleeping $o&. 6ompound ver$s ! passive (4ction on the su$;ect of sentence# 6ompare: active: Li estas leganta la Curnalon. 8e is reading the ne'spaper. passive: La Curnalo estas legata de li. )he paper is $eing!read $& him. 6ompare 'ith lesson 8: La matenman1o estis V/ man1ita de 8i. La Curnalo estas -- legata de 8i. La letero estos /V skribota de 8i. ita, $een !edF ata, $eing !edF ota, a$out to $e !ed. 9ur apologies for packing all that stuff in such a small mail S $ut ;ust tr& to cover the same information a$out an& other language in an&thing smaller than a te2t$ook. )he compound ver$s are used a lot less in Esperanto than in English. 7se of the simple form is usuall& good enough. Instead of %Li estis man1inta%, 'e sa& %Li man1is.% 5articiples can $e used as nouns. aminto someone 'ho 'as loving active: amanto someone 'ho is loving amonto someone 'ho 'ill!$e loving amito someone 'ho 'as loved passive: amato someone 'ho is loved amoto someone 'ho 'ill!$e loved 3oun participles can have feminine KamantinoI and plural KamatojI forms.

)he& can $e formed from an& ver$ Kparolanto, dormintoj, falontino (the girl 'ho is a$out to fall#I. 3ote the difference $et'een -anto and -isto: instruanto: one 'ho teaches (not professionall&# instruisto: a teacher (professional# 4 little more a$out the correlatives in lesson 5: tio E that thing Ai tio E this thing tiu E that (one, person# Ai tiu E this one, person tie E there, that place Ai tie E this place, here kiom E ho' much, ho' man&F kiom da E ho' man& (of# something ?iom da amikoj vi havas= 8o' man& friends do &ou have- ?iom 1i kostas= 8o' much does it costkies E 'hose ?ies plumo 1i estas= 1hose pen is itans'er: Gi estas la plumo de >ohano. (3o shorter 'a& of sa&ing %Bohn.s pen%# Lunda& >onda& )uesda& 1ednesda& )hursda& +rida& Laturda& dimanAo lundo mardo merkredo Ca3do vendredo sabato Banuar& +e$ruar& >arch 4pril >a& Bune Bul& januaro februaro marto aprilo majo junio julio 4ugust Leptem$er 9cto$er 3ovem$er Decem$er a3gusto septembro oktobro novembro de"embro La Lingvo $or 7i ()une: >& *onnie Lies 9ver the 9cean# /ur montoj kaj step indianoj, <asadas kun ru1-famili, ?aj se vi postulas parolon, el kanjon eliras la kriD X E/-$EK-A7-; estas la lingvo por ni, por niF E/ $EK A7 ; estas la lingvo por niF En densa afrika 1angalo, la bonaj amikoj de ni >am solvis la lingvan problemon, $er tamtam eliras la kriD X <e norda poluso eskimoj, lo1adas en ne1o, gla"iJ /e ili be.onas parolon, a3di1as la tutsama kriJ X /ur tuta la vasta terglobo, en urboj el Aiu na"i ;rovi1as sam-ide-an-aro, de buboj elsonas la kriD

X Indianoj, nigruloj, eskimojJ urbanoj kaj buboj kaj mi >am u.as la Oamenhof-lingvon, 4o, vivu, prosperu la kriD X (3ote: 4n apostrophe denotes an %o% 'hich as $een left out for poetic or musical reasons, do not do this in prose.# 8EP, I).L >E, 394>, P97, O9,EO)43)9J I 'ant to add something here. )he replacement of the final %o% in a noun 'ithout the -j or -n endings $& an apostrophe, or of the %a% in %la% $& an apostrophe 'hen there.s a vo'el either to $efore or after the %la% (lest it $e unpronounca$le# is allo'ed, though used almost e2clusivel& in poetr&. )his is called elision (eli.io#. Look at )'inkle )'inkle Little Ltar in Esperanto: Brilu, brilu eta stel, 4iamanto de l P"iel. ;iel alta super ;er, ?io estas vi, en ver= Brilu, brilu eta stel, 4iamanto de l P"iel. /telo E star, diamanto E diamond, P"ielo E sk&, tero E earth/land/ground. Lorr& to take &our time. *ack to the lesson... 1ith this lesson &ou 'ill find the final set of e2ercises. 1e 'ould $e ver& happ& to receive from &ou an& comments &ou ma& have a$out the course and a note a$out &our plans for Esperanto ! traveling, reading, corresponding, etc. Lend them to the central address (the one in the monthl& posting#. )here are man& good $ooks for $eginning reading. 1rite to the $ook service of &our national Esperanto association. )he& 'ill $e glad to send &ou a $ook list and suggest suita$le reading material. Pou can also tr& the $ook service of the 7niversala Esperanto!4socio, 'hich claims to have the $iggest Esperanto!$ookstore. +or addresses, see lesson 1. 1e strongl& recommend that &ou ;oin &our local Esperanto clu$ or societ& and participate in the activities. 9r if there isn.t a clu$ in &our region, start one upJ Vi jam finis vian unuan kurson de Esperanto. 7i de.iras por vi plej bonan suk"esonF Gis la revidoF GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Ek.er"oj, Le"iono 4ek

)ranslate into Esperanto. K6lose as possi$le 'ith comments in $racket to clarif& the English. >ultiple translations are possi$le. )hink in EsperantoF tr&ing to translate 'ord!for!'ord ma& not helpJI 1. )he $o&. H. 4 good $o&. A. 4nd a girl. <. )he girl is $ad. 5. Lhe has a $eer. =. ,eal men drink $eer. Kreal E veraI ". Mood girls don.t smoke. 8. *ut the& 0uickl& learn. . )he pupils are &oung. Kpupil E %one 'ho is learning%I 1(. )he& have a ne' school. 11. )he teacher is old. 1H. 1hat.s that1A. 1h& do &ou keep on talking1<. Ltart 'orking 0uietl&. 15. 1hose $ook is that1=. 8o' did &ou do so much1". Do ever&thing again. 18. 1e 'ent to the clu$ at 8ouston. 1 . 1e 'ill go in the mini$us from 6algar&. H(. 1ith $eer under the seats. H1. +or drinking 'hile 'e travel. Kmake %drinking% an e2tended activit&I HH. 9n the free'a& as far as the sea. HA. 1e all run onto the $each. H<. 4nd someone s'ims in the sea. $all pilko $each pla1o $londe blonda 6algar& ?algario free'a& 8oseo gain ('in# gajno game ludo goal golo 5aris $ari.o 0uiet silenta H5. 1ould &ou like to goH=. 8e caught the $all. H". LhootJ Pou.ll score something. H8. 8e has caught the $all. H . 8e is shooting. A(. 8e is going to score. A1. 8e had gone. AH. )he goal has $een scored. AA. )he game 'as going to $e 'on. A<. Do &ou kno' a $londe- Ka female $londeI A5. 1ho kno's ho' to cookA=. I must meet her. A". I.d love such a 'ife. A8. Lharpen m& knife. A . I like m& food. <(. >& parents are shopping. <1. I 'ant a tin& dog. K%tin& dog% is one 'ordI <H. If I had a pupp&... <A. It 'ould $ecome $igger. <<. I can imagine it there. <5. )here it is, 'ith a huge $one. <=. 1h& not go to 5aris<". 9ur clu$ mem$ers 'ent there. <8. Drink some of their 'ine. < . 1e have s'eet 'ines here. 5(. 1hat time is it-

sea maro seat se1o s'eet dolAa to imagine imagi to eat man1i to cut tranAi to score trafi to s'im na1i to shoot pafi

So!"o#$ 1. )he $o&. La knabo. H. 4 good $o&. Bona knabo. A. 4nd a girl. ?aj knabino. <. )he girl is $ad. La knabino estas malbona. 5. Lhe has a $eer. 9i havas bieron. =. ,eal men drink $eer. Kreal E veraI Veraj viroj trinkas bieron. ". Mood girls don.t smoke. Bonaj knabinoj ne fumas. 8. *ut the& 0uickl& learn. /ed ili rapide lernas. . )he pupils are &oung. Kpupil E %one 'ho is learning%I La lernantoj estas junaj. 1(. )he& have a ne' school. Ili havas novan lernejon. 11. )he teacher is old. La instruisto estas maljuna. 1H. 1hat.s that?io estas tio= 1A. 1h& do &ou keep on talking?ial vi paroladas= 1<. Ltart 'orking 0uietl&. Eklaboru silente. 15. 1hose $ook is that?ies libro estas tiu= 1=. 8o' did &ou do so much?iel vi faris tiom= 1". Do ever&thing again. Kefaru Aion. 18. 1e 'ent to the clu$ at 8ouston. 7i iris al la klubo Ae Qustono. 1 . 1e 'ill go in the mini$us from 6algar&. 7i iros per la buseto de ?algario. H(. 1ith $eer under the seats. ?un biero sub la se1oj. H1. +or drinking 'hile 'e travel. Kmake %drinking% an e2tended activit&I $or trinkado dum ni voja1as. HH. 9n the free'a& as far as the sea. /ur la 8oseo 1is la maro. /olvo *0 5age 55 HA. 1e all run onto the $each. 7i Aiuj kuras sur la pla1on. H<. 4nd someone s'ims in the sea. ?aj iu na1as en la maro. H5. 1ould &ou like to go<u vi 8atus iri=

H=. 8e caught the $all. Li kaptis la pilkon. H". LhootJ Pou.ll score something. $afuF Vi trafos ion. H8. 8e has caught the $all. Li estas kaptinta la pilkon. H . 8e is shooting. Li estas pafanta. A(. 8e is going to score. Li estas trafonta. A1. 8e had gone. Li estis irinta. AH. )he goal has $een scored. La golo estas trafita. AA. )he game 'as going to $e 'on. La ludo estis gajnota. A<. Do &ou kno' a $londe- Ka female $londeI <u vi konas blondulinon= A5. 1ho kno's ho' to cook?iu s"ias kiel kuiri= A=. I must meet her. :i devas renkonti 8in. A". I.d love such a 'ife. :i amus tian ed.inon. A8. Lharpen m& knife.

Akrigu mian tranAilon. A . I like m& food. :i 8atas mian man1aCon. <(. >& parents are shopping. :ia gepatroj estas butikumantaj. <1. I 'ant a tin& dog. K%tin& dog% is one 'ordI :i volas hundeton. <H. If I had a pupp&... /e mi havus hundidon ... <A. It 'ould $ecome $igger. Gi pligrandi1us. <<. I can imagine it there. :i povas imagi 1i tie. <5. )here it is, 'ith a huge $one. ;ie 1i estas, kun grandega osto. <=. 1h& not go to 5aris?ial ne iru al $ari.o= <". 9ur clu$ mem$ers 'ent there. 7ia klubanoj iris tien. <8. Drink some of their 'ine. ;rinku iom da ilia vino. < . 1e have s'eet 'ines here. 7i havas dolAajn vinojn Ai tie. 5(. 1hat time is it?ioma horo estas=

(oca$ular*
A aAetRi $u& adia3 good$&e aerRo air aferRo case, affair, thing AfrikRo 4frica akrRa sharp akvRo 'ater al to('ards# aliRa other amRi love

amikRo friend anglRo Englishman anka3 also anstata3 instead of anta3 in front of, $efore apetitRo appetite aprilRo 4pril apud $eside arbRo tree atendRi 'ait for atestRi testif& a3 or a3dRi hear a3gustRo 4ugust a3skultRi listen a3tRo car a3tobusRo $us B batRi hit belRa $eautiful be.onRi need bi"iklRo $ic&cle bierRo $eer bigamiRo $igam& bilardRo $illiards, pool birdRo $ird blankRa 'hite blindRa $lind blondRa $londe bluRa $lue bonRa good bovRo co', $ull, o2 brilRi shine brunRa $ro'n bubRo $rat bufedRo $uffet butikRo shop

butikumRi go ($e# out shopping

S "elRo target, goal "ent hundred AevalRo horse Ai this ('ith correlative# "i thou "igaredRo cigarette

< AambrRo room Aar $ecause, since (con;.# AasRi hunt, chase Ae at AokoladRo chocolate Au (interr.# (is it true that...# 4 da of (0uantit&# dan"Ri dance dankRi thank da3rRi continue, last de of, from de"embrRo Decem$er dek ten demandRi ask (a 0uestion# denove again densRa dense devRi must de.irRi 'ish, desire dimanARo Lunda& dirRi sa& diskRo record, disc dolARa s'eet

domRo house dormRi sleep du t'o dum 'hile, during

fumRo smoke

# gajnRi 'in geografiRo geograph& gla"iRo ice globRo glo$e, sphere golRo goal grandRa $ig gri.Ra gre& gustRo taste

E ed.Ro hus$and eBRo echo ekster outside ek.er"Ri e2ercise el out of en in erarRo error eskimRo Eskimo EsperantRo esperanto estRi $e E3ropRa European

G 1angalRo ;ungle 1ardenRo garden 1i it 1is until 1ojRi $e glad

I fa"ilRa eas& falRi fall familiRo famil& farRi do, make fartRi fare februarRo +e$ruar& feliARa happ& fenestrRo 'indo' fermRi close filRo son finRi finish / end (trans.# flavRa &ello' for for a'a& forgesRi forget fratRo $rother fra3lRo $achelor

Q haltRi stop (intrans.# havRi have hejmRo home herbRo grass homRo person BorRo choir horRo hour hundRo dog

I ideRo idea

ili the& imagRi imagine indianRo indian (3 4merican# infanRo child insektRo insect instruRi teach inter among, $et'een interesRi interest (trans.# interesRo interest irRi go

> jaBtRo &acht jam alread& januarRo Banuar& jarRo &ear je (indef. preposition# jes &es juliRo Bul& junRa &oung juniRo Bune

kaptRi catch katRo cat ke that klinRi $o', lean over (trans.# klubRo clu$, group knabRo $o& kokakolRo 6oke komen"Ri $egin (trans.# komprenRi understand konRi kno', $e ac0. 'ith kongresRo congress, convention kontentRa content kontra3 against korespondRi correspond kostRi cost kovertRo envelope kriRi cr& kuirRi cook kukRo cake kun 'ith kuniklRo ra$$it kurRi run kursRo course kvar four kvin five

T Calu.Ro ;ealous& Ca3dRo )hursda& CurnalRo ne'spaper Cus ;ust (no'# L la the laborRi 'ork laktRo milk landRo countr&, land lavRi 'ash le"ionRo lesson legRi read lernRi learn leterRo letter li he

? kafRo coffee kaj and kanjonRo can&on kantRi sing

librRo $ook limonadRo lemonade lingvRo language lo1Ri reside ludRi pla& lumRo light lundRo >onda&

: majRo >a& man1Ri eat marRo sea mardRo )uesda& martRo >arch matenRo morning mejlRo mile membrRo mem$er mensogRi lie merkredRo 1ednesda& metRi put, place mil thousand milionRo million minutRo minute monRo mone& monatRo month montRo mountain

ni 'e nigrRa $lack noktRo night nomRo name nordRo north novRa ne' novembrRo 3ovem$er nul Nero nulRo nil, name of nr. Nero nutraCRo food, nourishment

oftRe often ok eight oka.Ri take place, happen oktobrRo 9cto$er ol than ondRo 'ave oni one opiniRi think, have an opinion ostRo $one ovRo egg

$ pafRi shoot panRo $read pantoflRo slipper paperRo paper parolRi speak partRo part pasRi pass patrRo father pensRi think per $& means of petRi ask (re0uest#

7 na"iRo nation na1Ri s'im na3 nine ne no, not ne"esRa necessar& ne1Ro sno' ne3tralRa neutral

pilkRo $all plaARi $e pleasing pla1Ro $each plej most plenRa full pli more plorRi cr& plumRo pen, feather pluvRo rain polusRo pole (north and south# por for portRi carr&, 'ear po8Ro pocket post after postulRi re0uire, demand povRi $e a$le to prenRi take pri a$out, concerning problemRo pro$lem promenRi 'alk prosperRi prosper punRi punish purRa clean, pure

K rapidRa 0uick renkontRi meet respondRi ans'er riARa rich ridRi laugh rigardRi look (at# robRo dress ru1Ra red

sabatRo Laturda& sablRo sand sagRo arro' salutRi greet samRa same sanRa health& sandviARo sand'ich satRi $e satisfied s"iRi kno' (something# se if sed $ut se1Ro chair sekRa dr& semajnRo 'eek sen 'ithout sep seven septembrRo Leptem$er ses si2 si refle2ive pronoun silentRa 0uiet skatolRo $o2 skribRi 'rite soifRa thirst& solvRi solve sonRi sound starRi stand stepRo steppe studRi stud& sub under sufiARa sufficient suk"esRi succeed sukerRo sugar sunRo sun super a$ove sur on 9

8afRo sheep

8atRi like 8i she 8oseRo motor'a&, free'a& al to('ards# 8uRo shoe

! unu one urbRo to'n u.Ri use

; tablRo ta$le tablRoRtenisRo ta$le tennis, ping!pong tagRo da& tamtamRo tomtom tasRo cup taskRo task teRo tea teatrRo threatre tempRo time tenisRo tennis terRo earth tipRo t&pe tra through trafRi score, hit tranARi cut tre ver& tri three trinkRi drink trovRi find tuj immediatel& tutRa 'hole V vali.Ro suitcase varbRi recruit varmRa 'arm vastRa vast, huge venRi come vendRi sell vendredRo +rida& verRa true verdRa green vesperRo evening vi &ou vidRi see vila1Ro village vinRo 'ine virRo man vivRi live vi.itRi visit voja1Ri travel volRi 'ant vortRo 'ord

Esperanto A!!i3es
affi2 meaning bola' e2amples of use

relationship $& marriage, bopatrino E mother!in!la', !in!la' $ofrato E brother!in!

dis- dis!, dispersal, separation, disCeti E to scatter a$out, scattering, dismem$erment disdoni E to distri$ute, disa3digi E to $roadcast,

disigi E to separate, to take apart, disi1i E to disintegrate, to fall apart ek- momentar&, sudden, ekiri E to start, commencement, ekbrili E to flash, $eginning of action ekvidi E to notice, or $rief lasting action ekkrii E to shout out, eki E to $egin, to start, ni ekuF E let.s get started eks- e2!, former eksre1o E e2!king, eksed.ino E e2!'ife, eksigi E to discharge (from office#, to impeach, eksi1i E to resign fi- shameful, nast&, fiago E shameful act, morall& $ad, figa.eto E %smutt&% magaNine, moral degradation, fialudi E innuendo, evil insinuation, contempt fikomer"isto E s'indler, fia E nast&, horrid, fiaAa E repulsing in an& regard ge- of $oth se2es together gepatroj E parents, gejunuloj E &outh, &oung people, gesinjoroj E ladies and gentleman, gea E of $oth se2es, unise2 mal- opposite malgranda E small, malami E to hate, malaperi E to vanish, to disappear, malriAa E poor, malbona E $ad, malbela E ugl&, malforta E 'eak, malfa"ila E difficult, maldekstra E left, malfermi E to open, malkonsenti E to disagree,

mala E opposite, male E on the contrar&, contrar& to mis- mis!, amiss, 'rongl& miskompreni E to misunderstand, miskompreno E misunderstanding, misu.i E to misuNe, misu.o E a$use pra- remote (time#, primordialit&, prapatroj E ancestors, remoteness of relationship praavo E great!grandfather, of great anti0uit&, primeval pranepo E great!grandson, great (in famil& relationship# prahistorio E prehistor&, ancient, fore! pratempo E the ancient past, pratempa, praa E ancient re- re!, return, repetition, resendi E to send $ack, $ack, over again reveni E to come $ack, to return (intr#, redoni E to give $ack, to return (tr#, rebrili E to reflect, reverki E to re!'rite (a $ook, etc.# -aA- scorn, disparagement, domaAo E hovel, shack, shant&, contempti$le, disgusting, skribaAi E to scra'l, $ad kind infanaAo E $rat, virinaAo E hag, AevalaAo E sorr& nag, veteraAo E filth& 'eather, aAulo E creep, thug, aAaCo E a$omination -ad- fre0uent, repetitive, continuation of action na1ado E s'imming, or ha$itual action, pafado E shooting, prolonged action, kuirado E cooking

agadi E to act, agado E action, activit&, movado E movement, parolado E a speach, kuradi E to keep on running -aC- thing (concrete idea#, a concrete manifestation of an a$straction, the e2ternal manifestation of an activit&, a characteristic piece of $ehaviour, the flesh of an animal, product, dish segaCo E sa'dust, bovaCo E $eef, 8afaCo E mutton, kokinaCo, kokidaCo E chicken, fluaCo E li0uid, pakaCo E package, thing packed, sendaCo E shipment, thing sent, infanaCo E a childish act, ovaCo E scram$led eggs, 1entilaCo E polite, courteous act, verdaCo E greener&, something green, man1aCo E food, fragaCo E stra'$err& ;am, sekaCoj E dr& goods, dolAaCoj E s'eets, candies, aCo E a thing, o$;ect, EsperantaCoj E pu$lications or other collecti$les related to Esperanto -an- mem$er (of a group#, inha$itant (of a place or countr&#, partisan, participant, adherent ano E mem$er, klubano E clu$ mem$er, kursano E a course participant, kongresano E congressman, delegate, vila1ano E villager, urbanoj E to'nspeople, nederlandano E dutchman, londonano E londoner, amerikanoj E americans, kristano E christian

-ar- collective, group, set, a collection of like things arbaro E forest, 'oods, vortaro E dictionar&, libraro E li$rar&, a3dantaro E audience, homaro E mankind, aro E collection, set anaro E mem$ers. $od&, -Aj- pet!name (masculine# Ktruncation of root optionalI paAjo E dadd&, >oAjo E Bohnn&, Boe, ;omAjo E )om, )omm& -ebl- !a$le, !i$le, possi$ilit& legebla E legi$le, portebla E porta$le, videbla E visi$le, man1ebla E edi$le, kredebla E credi$le, $elieva$le, kredeble E possi$l&, pro$a$l&, eble E perhaps, ebla E possi$le, eble"o E possi$ilit& -e"- 0ualit&, a$stract idea, !ness, !ship blanke"o E 'hiteness, rapide"o E speed, silke"a E silk&, amike"o E friendship, klare"o E clearness, profesore"o E professorship, mole"o E softness, malmole"o E hardness,

e"o E 0ualit& -eg- augmentative, great siNe, intense degree domego E mansion, petegi E to $eseech, to implore, bonega E e2cellent, ridegi E to guffa', varmega E hot, ega E great, ege E ver& -ej- place alloted to or characteriNed $&, space kuirejo E kitchen, lernejo E school, lo1ejo E apartment, vendejo E store, herbejo E meado', hundejo E dog kennel, pre1ejo E temple, church, ejo E place -em- propensit&, disposition, tendenc& komprenema E understanding, parolema E talkative, babilema E lo0uacious, laborema E hard 'orking, industrious, 8parema E thrift&, mortema E mortal, ludema E pla&ful, kredema E credulous, kolerema E irasci$le, suspektema E open to suspicion, samseksema E homose2ual, malsamseksema E heterose2ual, amba3seksema E $ise2usual, ema E inclined, disposed, prone, apt,

malema E un'illing, reluctant, eme E 'illingl&, readil&, emo E tendenc&, inclination, disposition -end- to $e !ed, 'hich!must!$e!done, necessit& of action pagenda E pa&a$le, to $e pa&ed, due, detruenda E to $e destro&ed, solvenda E must $e solved, farenda E to $e done, must $e done -er- item, unit, fragment, small particle of a 'hole, element panero E crum$, pluvero E raindrop, Aenero E link, monero E coin, pulvero E dust particle, fajrero E spark, sablero E grain of sand, diserigi E to split up, grind do'n, ero E element, particle, part -estr- leader, ruler, head, chief estro E chief, estri E to govern, direct, lead, 8tatestro E head of state, guberniestro E state governor, sta"iestro E station master, urbestro E ma&or, regnestro E ruler, lernejestro E head!master, principal, school director, 8ipestro E capitain, ship.s master -et- diminutive dormeti E to doNe, to slum$er, libreto E $ooklet,

lageto E pond, dometo E cottage, varmeta E luke!'arm, rideti E to smile, eta E small, minimal -id- offspring, the descendant of, ido E child, infant, descendant, scion, the &oung of an animal idoj E progen&, i.raelido E israelite, re1ido E prince, hundido E pupp&, katido E kitten, Aevalido E colt, bovido E calf, kokido E chick -ig- to make, to render, purigi E to clean, to purif&, to cause, to $ring a$out ebligi E to make possi$le, mortigi E to kill, plenigi E to fill, blankigi E to 'hiten, ruinigi E to ruin, bruligi E to $urn something (tr#, timigi E to frighten, plibonigi E to improve something (tr#, lumigi E to put on the light, bindigi E to have $ound, starigi E to stand (tr#, s"iigi E to let kno', to inform, igi E to make someone or to cause something to $e -i1- causative, to $ecome, get, ed.i1i E to get married action of $ecoming (to $ecome a hus$and#, ed.ini1i E to get married (to $ecome a 'ife#,

naski1i E to $e $orn, ru1i1i E to $lush, blanki1i E to gro' 'hite, 'hiten, pliboni1i E to improve (intr#, sidi1i E to sit do'n, to $ecome seated, movi1i E to move of itself, enliti1i E to get into $ed, ruli1i E to roll (intr#, s"ii1i E to get to kno', $ecome a'are, i1i E to $ecome $& self -il- instrument, means, ilo E tool, tool, implement hakilo E a2e, 8losilo E ke&, kudrilo E needle, tranAilo E knife, ra.ilo E raNor, flugilo E 'ing, montrilo E pointer, arro' -in- female, feminine virino E 'oman, patrino E mother, re1ino E 0ueen, fratino E sister, onklino E aunt, Aevalino E mare, kokino E hen, ino E female -ind- 'orthiness, 'orth& to $e !ed, 'orth !ing la3dinda E praise'orth&, admirinda E 'orth& of admiration, admira$le, aminda E lovea$le, 'orth& of love, memorinda E memora$le, vidinda E 'orth seeing,

vi.itinda E 'orth a trip, inda E 'orth& -ing- holder, socket, sheath (for one o$;ect# glavingo E sca$$ard, plumingo E penholder, kandelingo E candlestick -ist- person ha$ituall& occupied, or concerned 'ith something, professional or enthusiastic, amateur, adherent, partisan instruisto E teacher, artisto E artist, pentristo E painter, poli"isto E policeman, ma8inisto E machinist, bi"iklisto E c&clist, maristo E sailor, 8uisto E shoemaker, drogisto E druggist, marksisto E mar2ist, Esperantisto E Esperantist -nj- pet!name (feminine#, Ktruncation of root optionalI panjo E momm& :anjo E >ar&, 7enjo E 3ellie -obl- multiple unuobla E single, duobla E dou$le, t'ofold, trioble E tripl&, three times, kvaroble E fourfold, 0uadrupl&, dekduoble E t'elve times, dudekoble E t'ent& times, "entoble E a hundredfold, multobligi, obligi E to multipl&

-on- fraction duono E half, duonigi E to halve, sesono E si2th, "entono E a hundredth part -op- collective unuope E one $& one, singl&, duope E t'o $& t'o, in t'os, kvaropo E 0uartet, kvarope E four a$reast, $& fours, "entope E $& hundreds, a hundred at a time -uj- (1# container, receptacle monujo E purse, inkujo E inkstand, ujo E generic container (H# land, countr& Anglujo E England, Esperantujo E Esperanto!land (ever&'here 'here E!o is spoken#, (A# tree or $ush pomujo E apple tree, pirujo E pear!tree, plumujo E plum!tree, vinberujo E vine -ul- person (possesing a certain 0ualit&#, characterised $& junulo E &outh, &oung man, belulino E $eaut&, bravulo E $rave man, blindulo E $lind person,

surdulo E deaf person, mutulo E mute person, riAulo E rich man, drinkulo E drunkard, sa1ulo E 'ise man, sage, samseksemulo E homose2ual, ga&, kunulo E companion, fremdulo E stranger, ulo E person, individual -um- indefinite relation malvarmumi E to catch cold, plenumi E to fulfil, tendumi E to camp, literumi E to spell, okulumi E to ogle, foliumi E to $ro'se, to glance (through a $ook#, kolumo E colar, manumo E 'irst $and, plandumo E sole (of shoe#, ventumi E to fan, ventumilo E a fan, aerumi E to ventilate, komunumo E communit&, kru"umi E to crucif&, amikumi E to $e friends, Esperantumi E to use Esperanto (and to en;o& it# -ism- -ism, theor&, s&stem, characteristic $ehaviour, pattern platonismo E platonism, protektismo E protectionism, alkoholismo E alcoholism, magnetismo E magnetism, fetiAismo E fetishism, anglismo E anglicism

Esperanto Correlati1es
I?I;I(some# ('hat# (that# IA ?IA ;IA Lome kind 1hat kind of, )hat kind of, an& kind 'hat (a# of, such a of IAL +or some reason IA: Lometime, an&time ?IAL 1h&, for 'hat reason ?IA: 1hen, at 'hat time <I(ever&# <IA Ever& kind of, all kinds of 7E7I(no# 7E7IA 3o kind of

-A 0ualit&

-AL reason -A: time -E place

;IAL <IAL Lo, for that +or ever& reason reason ;IA: )hen, at that time ;IE )here,in that place

7E7IAL +or no reason

<IA: 7E7IA: 4l'a&s, at all 3ever, at no times time <IE 7E7IE Ever&'here, 3o'here, in ever& place in no place

IE ?IE Lome'here, 1here,in an&'here, 'hat place in some place IE7 ?IE7 4n&'here, 1here to, to to an& place 'hat place

-E7 direction -EL manner

;IE7 )here, to that place

<IE7 7E7IE7 Ever&'here, 3o'here, to ever& place to no place <IEL In ever& 'a& 7E7IEL In no 'a&

IEL ?IEL ;IEL Lomeho', 8o', in 'hat )hat 'a&, in some 'a& 'a& thus, like that, so IE/ ?IE/ Lomeone.s, 1hose, an&one.s 'hich one.s I ?I Lomething, 1hat, 'hat an&thing thing I : ?I : ;IE/ )hat one.s ;I )hat, that thing ;I :

-E/ propert& thing - :

<IE/ Ever&one.s, ever&$od&.s <I Ever&thing, all things <I :

7E7IE/ 3o one.s, no$od&.s 7E7I 3othing 7E7I :

0uantit&

Lome, some 8o' much, Lo much, 0uantit&, ho' man&, as man&, some'hat 'hat 0uantit& that 0uantit& I! ?I! Lomeone, 1ho, 'hat some$od&, person, Lome, an&... 1hich,'hat...

)he 'hole 0uantit&, all of it

3ot a $it, none, no 0uantit& 7E7I! 3o one, no$od&. 3one,no...

-! person or specific o$;ect

;I! <I! )hat Ever&one, person, that ever&$od&. one. )hat ... Ever&, all, each

An 4pdate on Esperanto
In a 'orld increasingl& a'are of minorit& rights and linguistic and cultural diversit&, the international language Esperanto is gaining rene'ed attention from polic&!makers. . . . 3on! governmental organiNations and coalitions are pressing to have the international language 0uestion placed on the agendas of the 7nited 3ations and the European 7nion. . . . In Bul& 1 =, the 3ito$e L&mposium of International 9rganiNations $rought together a group of independent e2perts in 5rague, 6Nech ,epu$lic, 'hich e2amined the present state of Esperanto and called for its inclusion in current de$ates on language rights and language polic&: the 5rague >anifesto, a modern restatement of the values and goals underl&ing the Esperanto movement, emphasiNes linguistic democrac& and the preservation of linguistic diversit&. . . . Esperanto speakers in the ne's recentl& include 1 < 3o$el laureate in economics ,einhard Lelten, 1 = 1orld 6hess 6hampion ZsuNsa 5olgar, and )ivadar Loros, father of financier Meorge Loros. . . . Indigenous Dialogues, a programme to strengthen dialogue among indigenous peoples across the 'orld, $&passes former colonial languages $& using Esperanto as a means of communication. . . . 8ere are some additional facts a$out the present state of Esperanto. Pur%ose &nd ori'ins )he $asis of 'hat $ecame the international language Esperanto 'as pu$lished in 1arsa' in 188" $& Dr. Le;Ner Lud'ik Zamenhof. )he idea of a planned international language, intended not to replace ethnic languages $ut to serve as an additional, second language for all, 'as not ne', $ut Zamenhof sa' that such a language must develop through collective use, so he limited his initial proposal to a minimalist grammar and small voca$ular&. Esperanto is no' a full!fledged language 'ith a 'orld'ide speech communit& and full linguistic resources. >an& of ZamenhofYs ideas anticipated those of the founder of modern linguistics, the structuralist +erdinand de Laussure ('hose $rother ,ene spoke Esperanto#. C(&r&)teristi)s. Esperanto is $oth spoken and 'ritten. Its le2icon derives primaril& from 1estern European languages, 'hile its s&nta2 and morpholog& sho' strong Llavic influences. Esperanto morphemes are invariant and almost indefinitel& recom$ina$le into

different 'ords, so the language also has much in common 'ith isolating languages like 6hinese, 'hile its internal 'ord structure has affinit& 'ith agglutinative languages like )urkish, L'ahili and Bapanese. De"e!o%*ent. 4t first, the language consisted of a$out 1((( roots, from 'hich 1(,((( or 1H,((( 'ords could $e formed. )oda&, Esperanto dictionaries often contain 15,((( or H(,((( roots, from 'hich hundreds of thousands of 'ords can $e formed, and the language continues to evolve: an Esperanto 4cadem& monitors current trends. 9ver time, the language has $een used for virtuall& ever& conceiva$le purpose, some of them controversial or pro$lematic: the language 'as for$idden, and its users persecuted, $& $oth Ltalin, as the language of %cosmopolitans,% and 8itler, as the language of Be's (Zamenhof, creator of the language, 'as Be'ish#. )hrough use of the language in the home, there are no' as man& as a thousand native speakers of Esperanto. Users. )he 7niversal Esperanto 4ssociation (7E4#, 'hose mem$ership forms the most active part of the Esperanto communit&, has national affiliates in =H countries and individual mem$ers in almost t'ice that num$er. 3um$ers of te2t$ooks sold and mem$ership of local societies put the num$er of people 'ith some kno'ledge of the language in the hundreds of thousands and possi$l& millions. )here are Esperanto speakers all over the 'orld, 'ith nota$le concentrations in countries as diverse as 6hina, Bapan, *raNil, Iran, >adagascar, *ulgaria and 6u$a. Te&)(in' Es%er&nto. 6ommunicative a$ilit& in Esperanto can $e rapidl& ac0uired, so it provides an ideal introduction to foreign!language stud&. 1ithin 'eeks, students can $egin to use Esperanto for correspondence, and 'ithin months for school trips a$road. 5ositive effects of the prior learning of Esperanto on the stud& of $oth first and second languages are suggested $& e2perimental and anecdotal evidence. 1hile it is taught in some schools, most people learn it through self!stud& or correspondence (using regular or electronic mail#, or through local Esperanto clu$s. )here are te2t$ooks and self!instruction materials in more than 1(( languages. 4 ne' 'e$site for teachers of Esperanto, '''.esperanto.net, gives some idea of the current educational activit&. Offi)i&! re)o'nition. In 1 5< the 7nesco Meneral 6onference recogniNed that the achievements of Esperanto match 7nescoYs aims and ideals, and official relations 'ere esta$lished $et'een 7nesco and 7E4. 6olla$oration $et'een the t'o organiNations continues. In 1 "" 7nescoYs Director Meneral, >r. 4madou!>ahtar >Y*o', addressed the =Hnd 1orld Esperanto 6ongress. In 1 85 the Meneral 6onference called on mem$er states and international organiNations to promote the teaching of Esperanto in schools and its use in international affairs. 7E4 also has consultative status 'ith the 7nited 3ations, 73I6E+, the 6ouncil of Europe, the 9rganiNation of 4merican Ltates, and the International 9rganiNation for LtandardiNation (IL9#.

+eetin's &nd tr&"e!. >ore than a hundred international conferences and meetings are held each &ear in Esperanto ! 'ithout translators or interpreters. )he $iggest is the 1orld 6ongress of Esperanto, held in Zagre$ (H((1#, +ortaleNa, *raNil (H((H#, Mothen$urg, L'eden (H((A#, *ei;ing (H((<#, and Dilnius, Lithuania (H((5#. 1orld 6ongresses 'ill take place in +lorence, Ital& (H((=#, Pokohama (H(("#. )he first s&mposium of Esperanto speakers in 4ra$ countries took place in 4mman in H(((, the si2th 4ll!4mericas 6ongress 'as held in 6u$a in H((<, and the fourth 4sian 6ongress took place in Oathmandu in H((5. )he H((5 list of the 5asporta Lervo, a service run $& 7E4Ys &outh section, contains addresses of 1A=< hosts in 8 countries providing free overnight accommodation to Esperanto!speaking travelers. Rese&r)( &nd Li,r&ries. >an& universities include Esperanto in courses on linguisticsF a fe' offer it as a separate su$;ect. 5articularl& note'orth& are Eotvos Lorand 7niversit& in *udapest, 'ith a degree option in Esperanto, and the 7niversit& of 5oNnan, 5oland, 'ith a degree program in interlinguistics. )he >odern Language 4ssociation of 4mericaYs 4nnual *i$liograph& records more than A(( scholarl& pu$lications on Esperanto ever& &ear. )he li$rar& of the Esperanto 4ssociation of *ritain has more than H(,((( items. 9ther large li$raries include the International Esperanto >useum in Dienna (part of the 3ational Li$rar& of 4ustria#, the 8odler Li$rar& at the 7E4Ys head0uarters in ,otterdam, and the Esperanto collection in 4alen, Merman&. )he Dienna and 4alen collections can $e consulted through the Internet and the international lending s&stem. Profession&! )ont&)ts &nd s%e)i&! interests. 9rganiNations for Esperanto speakers include those for doctors, 'riters, rail'a& 'orkers, scientists, musicians, and numerous others. )he& often pu$lish their o'n ;ournals, hold conferences and help to e2pand the language for professional and specialiNed use. )he International 4cadem& of Lciences of Lan >arino facilitates colla$oration at the universit& level. 9riginal and translated pu$lications appear regularl& in such fields as astronom&, computing, $otan&, entomolog&, chemistr&, la' and philosoph&. 9rganiNations e2ist for special!interest groups such as Lcouts and Muides, the $lind, chess and Mo pla&ersF and 7E4Ys &outh section, )EB9, holds fre0uent international meetings and pu$lishes its o'n periodicals. *uddhists, Lhintoists, 6atholics, Zuakers, 5rotestants, >ormons and *ahaYis have their o'n organiNations, and man& social!activist groups use the language. Liter&ture. )he flourishing literar& tradition in Esperanto has $een recogniNed $& 5E3 International, 'hich accepted an Esperanto affiliate at its =(th 6ongress in Leptem$er 1 A. 3ota$le present!da& 'riters in Esperanto include the novelists )revor Lteele (4ustralia#, Istvan 3emere (8ungar&# and Lpomenka Ltimec (6roatia#F the poets 1illiam 4uld (Lcotland#, >ikhail Mishpling (,ussia/Israel# and 4$el >ontagut (6atalonia#F and the essa&ists and translators 5ro$al Dasgupta (India#, +ernando de Diego (DeneNuela# and Ourisu Oei (Bapan#. 4uld 'as nominated for the 3o$el 5riNe in Literature in $oth 1 and H((( for his contri$utions to poetr&.

Tr&ns!&tions. Literar& translations pu$lished recentl& include 8eming'a&Ys )he 9ld >an and the Lea, )olkienYs )he Lord of the ,ings, Marcia >ar0ueNYs 9ne 8undred Pears of Lolitude, 7mar Oha&&amYs ,u$ai&at, MrassYs )he )in Drum, >arco 5oloYs *ook of 1onders, and 6ao [ue0inYs great famil& saga Dream of the ,ed 8ouse. +or children, 4steri2, 1innie! the!5ooh and )in!)in have $een ;oined $& Ltre'elpeter and 5ippi Longstocking, and the complete >oomintroll $ooks of 'orld!reno'ned +innish author )ove Bansson, as 'ell as the 9N $ooks of L. +rank *aum, have $een made availa$le on the 1orld 1ide 1e$. )ranslations out of Esperanto include >askerado, a $ook pu$lished in Esperanto in 1 =5 $& )ivadar Loros, father of the financier Meorge Loros, detailing the survival of his famil& during the 3aNi occupation of *udapest. )his 'ork 'as recentl& pu$lished in English in *ritain (H(((# and the 7nited Ltates (H((1#, and has no' appeared also in ,ussian, Merman, and )urkish. T(e&tre &nd Cine*&. 5la&s $& dramatists as diverse as Moldoni, Ionesco, Lhakespeare and 4lan 4&ck$ourn have $een performed in recent &ears in Esperanto. >an& pla&s of Lhakespeare e2ist in Esperanto translation: the most recent performance in Esperanto 'as a production of Oing Lear in 8anoi, Dietnam, in Decem$er H((1, 'ith a local cast. 4lthough 6haplinYs )he Mreat Dictator used Esperanto!language signs in its sets, feature!length films are less common. 4 nota$le e2ception is 1illiam LhatnerYs cult film Incu$us, 'hose dialogue is entirel& in Esperanto. +usi). >usical genres in Esperanto include popular and folk songs, rock, ca$aret, solo and choir pieces, and opera. 5opular composers and performers, including *ritainYs Elvis 6ostello and the 7L4Ys >ichael Backson, have recorded in Esperanto, 'ritten scores inspired $& the language, or used it in their promotional materials. Leveral tracks from the all!Esperanto 1arner >usic al$um Esperanto, launched in Lpain in 3ovem$er 1 =, placed high on the Lpanish pop charts. 6lassical orchestra and chorus pieces 'ith te2ts in Esperanto include Lou 8arrisonYs La Ooro Lutro and David MainesYs first s&mphon&, $oth from the 7L. >usic in Esperanto can $e found on!line, including several sites devoted to Esperanto karaoke. Periodi)&!s. 9ver 1(( magaNines and ;ournals are pu$lished regularl& in Esperanto, including the monthl& ne's magaNine >onato, the literar& magaNine +onto, and 7E4Ys o'n ;ournal Esperanto. )he $i'eekl& ne's digest Evento; offers an electronic edition as 'ell, as does >onatoF a num$er of magaNines provide on!line archives. 9ther periodicals include pu$lications in medicine and science, religious magaNines, periodicals for &oung people, educational periodicals, literar& magaNines, and special!interest pu$lications. R&dio &nd te!e"ision. ,adio stations in 4ustria, *raNil, 6hina, 6u$a, Estonia, 8ungar&, Ital& and 5oland $roadcast regularl& in Esperanto, as does Datican ,adio. Leveral programs are also availa$le over the Internet. )D stations in various countries $roadcast Esperanto courses, including a recent 1=!part adaptation of the **6Ys >uNN& in Mondoland on the 5olish 6hannel 9ne net'ork.

Internet. Electronic net'orks are the fastest!gro'ing means of communication among Esperanto speakers. )here are several hundred mailing lists in Esperanto, for discussion of topics ranging from the famil& use of the language to the general theor& of relativit&. Esperanto is 'idel& used in such chatroom protocols as I6Z, I,6 and 5al)alk. 1e$ pages in Esperanto num$er in the hundreds of thousands. Lome can $e found through the Dirtual Esperanto Li$rar& at http://'''.esperanto.net/ve$/, others $& t&ping %Esperanto% in an& search engine. UEA ser"i)es. 7E4 pu$lishes $ooks, magaNines, and a &ear$ook listing Esperanto organiNations and local representatives around the 'orld. )hese pu$lications, along 'ith information on records, cassettes, etc., are listed in 7E4Ys $ook catalogue, also availa$le on the 1orld 1ide 1e$. )he 4ssociationYs *ook Lervice has more than 5((( titles in stock. 4n English!language series pu$lished $& 7E4, Esperanto Documents (ILL3 (1=5!H5"5#, includes studies and reports on the current situation of Esperanto, 'hich are availa$le from its 6entral 9ffice in ,otterdam.

-or furt(er infor*&tion on Es%er&nto, contact UEA at Nieuwe Binnenweg 176, NL-3015 BJ Rotterdam, T e Net er!and" #te!$ %31-10-&36-10&&' (a) &36-1751' e-mai! in(o*uea$org+, at 777 United Nation" ,!a-a, New .or/, N. 10017, U0A #te!$ %1-111-627-70&1' (a) 3&3-&177+, or 4ia it" we5"ite at tt6788www$uea$org$ or 1orld Esperanto 4ssociation 4frican 9ffice 4frica 9fice;o de 7E4, *5 <1= Lokossa!>ono ,?pu$li0ue du *enin afrika.ofice;o@uea.org '''.esperanto.net . . . Manifesto of the movement for the international language Esperanto

We/ *e*,ers of t(e 0or!d0ide *o"e*ent for t(e %ro*otion of Es%er&nto/ address t(is +&nifesto to &!! 'o"ern*ents/ intern&tion&! or'&ni1&tions &nd %eo%!e of 'ood

0i!!2 declare our uns(&3e&,!e )o**it*ent to t(e o,4e)ti"es set out (ere2 &nd call on &!! or'&ni1&tions &nd indi"idu&!s to 4oin us in 0or3in' for t(ese 'o&!s +or more than a centur& Esperanto, 'hich 'as launched in 188" as a pro;ect for an au2iliar& language for international communication and 0uickl& developed into a rich living language in its o'n right, has functioned as a means of $ringing people together across the $arriers of language and culture. )he aims that inspire the users of Esperanto are still as important and relevant as ever. 3either the 'orld'ide use of a fe' national languages, nor advances in communications technolog&, nor the development of ne' methods of language teaching is likel& to result in a fair and effective language order $ased on the follo'ing principles, 'hich 'e hold to $e essential. # DE+OCRAC5 4n& s&stem of communication 'hich confers lifelong privileges on some 'hile re0uiring others to devote &ears of effort to achieving a lesser degree of competence is fundamentall& antidemocratic. 1hile Esperanto, like an& language, is not perfect, it far outstrips other languages as a means of egalitarian communication on a 'orld scale. 9e maintain t at !anguage ine:ua!it; gi4e" ri"e to communicati4e ine:ua!it; at a!! !e4e!", inc!uding t e internationa! !e4e!$ 9e are a mo4ement (or democratic communication$ 6 GLOBAL EDUCATION 4ll ethnic languages are $ound to certain cultures and nations. +or e2ample, the child 'ho learns English learns a$out the culture, geograph& and political s&stems of the English! speaking 'orld, primaril& the 7nited Ltates and the 7nited Oingdom. )he child 'ho learns Esperanto learns a$out a 'orld 'ithout $orders, 'here ever& countr& is home. 9e maintain t at education in an; !anguage i" 5ound to a certain 4iew o( t e wor!d$ 9e are a mo4ement (or g!o5a! education$ 7 E--ECTIVE EDUCATION

9nl& a small percentage of foreign!language students attain fluenc& in the target language. In Esperanto, fluenc& is attaina$le even through home stud&. Darious studies have sho'n that Esperanto is useful as a preparation for learning other languages. It has also $een recommended as a core element in courses in language a'areness. 9e maintain t at t e di((icu!tie" in !earning et nic !anguage" wi!! a!wa;" 5e a 5arrier (or man; "tudent" w o wou!d 5ene(it (rom /nowing a "econd !anguage$ 9e are a mo4ement (or e((ecti4e !anguage !earning$ 8 +ULTILINGUALIS+ )he Esperanto communit& is almost uni0ue as a 'orld'ide communit& 'hose mem$ers are universall& $ilingual or multilingual. Ever& mem$er of the communit& has made the effort to learn at least one foreign language to a communicative level. In man& cases this leads to a love and kno'ledge of several languages and to $roader personal horiNons in general. 9e maintain t at t e "6ea/er" o( a!! !anguage", !arge and "ma!!, " ou!d a4e a rea! c ance o( !earning a "econd !anguage to a ig communicati4e !e4e!$ 9e are a mo4ement (or 6ro4iding t at o66ortunit; to a!!$ 9 LANGUAGE RIGHTS )he une0ual distri$ution of po'er $et'een languages is a recipe for permanent language insecurit&, or outright language oppression, for a large part of the 'orld\s population. In the Esperanto communit& the speakers of languages large and small, official and unofficial meet on e0ual terms through a mutual 'illingness to compromise. )his $alance of language rights and responsi$ilities provides a $enchmark for developing and ;udging other solutions to language ine0ualit& and conflict. 9e maintain t at t e wide 4ariation" in 6ower among !anguage" undermine t e guarantee", e)6re""ed in man; internationa! in"trument", o( e:ua! treatment regard!e"" o( !anguage$ 9e are a mo4ement (or !anguage rig t"$ : LANGUAGE DIVERSIT5

3ational governments tend to treat the great diversit& of languages in the 'orld as a $arrier to communication and development. In the Esperanto communit&, ho'ever, language diversit& is e2perienced as a constant and indispensa$le source of enrichment. 6onse0uentl& ever& language, like ever& $iological species, is inherentl& valua$le and 'orth& of protection and support. 9e maintain t at communication and de4e!o6ment 6o!icie" w ic are not 5a"ed on re"6ect and "u66ort (or a!! !anguage" amount to a deat "entence (or t e ma<orit; o( !anguage" in t e wor!d$ 9e are a mo4ement (or !anguage di4er"it;$ ; HU+AN E+ANCIPATION Ever& language $oth li$erates and imprisons its users, giving them the a$ilit& to communicate among themselves $ut $arring them from communication 'ith others. Designed as a universall& accessi$le means of communication, Esperanto is one of the great functional pro;ects for the emancipation of humankind ] one 'hich aims to let ever& individual citiNen participate full& in the human communit&, securel& rooted in his or her local cultural and language identit& &et not limited $& it. 9e maintain t at e)c!u"i4e re!iance on nationa! !anguage" ine4ita5!e 6ut" u6 5arrier" to t e (reedom" o( e)6re""ion, communication and a""ociation$ 9e are a mo4ement (or uman emanci6ation$ +or further information on Esperanto: 1orld Esperanto 4ssociation 4frican 9ffice 4frica 9fice;o de 7E4, *5 <1= Lokossa!>ono ,?pu$li0ue du *enin afrika.ofice;o@uea.org '''.esperanto.net

4frika 9fice;o de 7E4 BP 8#: Lo3oss&<+ono Res%u,!i3o Benino=R>%u,!i?ue du Benin te!@ A66B<B9B:9#68 Ret&dreso@ &fri3& ofi)e4oCue& or'